Which has more atoms: 1 kg wjy4r.b;oz :- n6awmzof iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Apmr4o;w .jnya:-zwb z6pendix B.

Name several properti t,w2rzt5 (ptqh 3;mroes of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomet 5;htmrt, o( wpt2z3qrer.

Which is larger, 1 C kp rbl + yd8jankt-9xh3 -mo33$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, sdgf **0xm)2kjwc k2nqqnn4 3 but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the tqdwg 3nfn)* 4 mkncj q*x2s2k0emperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alum u85jyqn8 n/-krxf-b 2qh(qcwinum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside obq r 8jkn-fqy/ wuhnxc85 -2q(f the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lineahhkr7nrk rc2wd+c.)iju/3 r,bco ;q) r expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furl746hgrh-7 h6aeim u n.wh7ifnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how i ng6-h 7wa mhhie4h r6l.7ui7ft can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that ar:ikqw l050 xzk hta)t+e fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Whyizw+t 0x)tqk ahlk 50:?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mer5;) cj3ryvn hfcury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of;5 xfpb+0ajyw water, the mercury initially descends a bb+yp5a;f0 xj wit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container mahish* w2i*q8m y break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts.*m*h8w qis2h i Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass m;x4sv/*og8ufi3ad; j a10 qk h:wivs is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Em;javu1fs q/xo80:s ; hv diw 3i4*akgxplain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accura,tsmao ,js-0 wte at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so bad/ongjj)*)w pz0- pp hnly the can will not stand up. What has pngjz)onh/p0)p-jw * happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down add*mm yu5d8n/kr8 yse 9k6 w.fnbd.s2 piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a pis d umf5eds9.6yd / .kn2d*mb8 8nksyrwton, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged -5: 5+ap7 cozqznao fxin water increase or decr :qf 5cz-o7xpazno5+a ease if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follkdrs 95wn*0hzl k;ux 7ows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absn;h7*dx5zk9lsw k0 ruolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from u0(u-ak5kqul* 9.on6n bmayj kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ra)-pbtk csal ./tio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the min4v9nd+ggp1y rl se1eso8: 7d zimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmospherd z 1n4r89o:pysesld ge1+v7ge.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Whx3e ,+ g+ybh l7rxm)ua8t6cp wat can you infer about the mcl)m+8ewg7ya6bt r,h x+x u3 polecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the:bl8zztd0 yc. x5d01vp3xrvk sad08cxl:zkvr0b y 5zp1vt3 d.x me temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at5um*g ez7oll. room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature i(m)rf *mn f+grs the same but the humidity is different. Which is mrmg+n*rf()fmore dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator ck(*4sjgcy3wk ap of an overheated automobile engiyks4w( 3k*gj cne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white xytkle: e,l w-orf zv+2:/e 2jcloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a5rtgy l;5 kbzye.hbxst5 l+2) 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number oep-g (mtrz70o f atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silo(0z p7ertgm- ver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is ofxkx : (dpt xan+45nh:u4f/wgzten taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?fzth nwx n44d:ku :x5+g(p/xa   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempe2*y-pnyxo ol m6az*+7ltt- pa6 w2f :rz7tcturatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermom*8n)tuoq e)bs eter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.8 uet *bn))qos0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m ldh/vcy 3cjd xi2v 4.3 rmt16otm4 +juze8of7yong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fi *q0d,.xdwan y)9tx x/*w drwvg. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (averag 9xnxwrtdyq,. v0a *xwwd d)*/e temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are o1s.* : fjdq5s(n2*uy srfca prften used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hol*ps y*5a:r fd2sn cfr j(1.quse. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a9 yib*tt9s rc6;xor*v tuux2+ t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its changh xx;nz( w9luxz33*rp -nq +iae in volume if it is heated from 30 xx;nli n uxz-zwp(9+rq3 h3*a $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is 8jqc4nso 7*w *aake /sfilled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wate znjl:l aa)/t a *cf58v7itv2qr at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made t ye n*1 xfp*vec-)3vgof iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, nm3gi j8ayif6c)*z4 wm arrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is apprfijc3y4m 68a) w m*izgoximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density2kvzth uqn,58 b ccit:6ej1c( $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and wg5:az5/- f mubdt6wobw0m.nsidth w has coefficient of linear expa5wnzt56 0.gudb/ wmombsa- f:nsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, y*yljac5;c x,u/.muqkmky2 co-k :. p$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made ofs,dyb h gm(/+h brass and keeps perfect time at 17 bd/,yg(smh+h $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inoa 87.gt/ldnow 0a.q0qa,o xdside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb hog7ow.al/d ,d q ana.8qt0xo0as a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius23a7lnuz 8enk5fb8a i 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearing5kn a8fz2n73bl uae8 is with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired aaw/ /wv, wy16bw + v+lprw/fulength when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increase/ /w6+l, 1vy+wrwf/apwvab w us to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam u)x6ejq-e)rp)). q sjixk xr6e 25 bpdof cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1eo sw;(xt hu80 sj:l ;:2krnpo22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: j8viaq,c5 roz y:9qkxva( 4i +
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fah9 .rqr ct3*4en iz bg-gk/pzt-renheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior ofatk,ou xn .*8v the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pfzgz,ykv+dk*yfx+k)x2ym ok d 50s()ressure and a temperature of about0+ mxy2fs *k5 k )k(,zkyvdoz+dygf) x 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STPsnqz8.mvzd 1 ,0zijj3 using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nbg/:e zft/1hyitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitroge h3at7yq0v o2t/m.vvhlmq4 b8n ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas i:.y pq 0z1kxmmhw+ e3bs at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holdin7 /e9mcvv.g1 f* oqqlhki5 2qxg 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38kc2/17melh qf5qqx*o .vgv9i5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of /q(fh(d( x,u* nuep xu$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its bfvqu6 t6hy eh s8ph-:3uoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air ouu6hqhypv h8tf- 3:s6 etside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air : 8urnnfw tv,:at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1a0lcfljmuh70 o 9ir;mj .v;(r8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea levey bbrklo hec1w0b+ 2yrt.8i p4due/d4:o;2zil and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules 72vlgb2 w zyz2l6ne3o/ $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water a9bx:dnb9b*gvtv ,8yjkee3 c 7re there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number oda2x cimi,) ce,* oxx1f (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5wllqgjk+3s:. 4l6d *p7qs3 qynlcdq5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale7ut1vvt w)b r.96zjz f that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is a.f7zujtwr6bzt 9vv 1)bout 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translatb :m,3cro 7kesvlx36 sional kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST c3eorvs,lk3xs:m b 76P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tempepp l2t*u+k86)a)hs zzwegz k +rature of a6ptzks)2lu+) e h8k+ag* w zpzbout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas moa0hfjvy,qoy,: w ny.- lecules increase if the temperature i.wvyj fy n0q, ya:o-h,s increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 415pv,k o b;ayw, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 55p1,v o ;akbwy, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gmmpff1/ 5;xphj*c y9x as at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is9 e+gu3ji nj) s76bsby doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor does +bujgn6ei3b sj7y 9s)$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of m):/t gd9jid bdf j3n*kolecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratioju dsn8kz81 v;+us 8m: xar,ur of their rms speeds is equal to the inv 88rnz 8mavu su x1:j;,srudk+erse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in ay 9 u qij-auc/t630c4.kb0e n wgsd1tcn 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed ofwssqv*d(3+ am6) yxop an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogerztw8qfuu)2 li8rs ::n molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms spee(3 qlan0 /pjo:y 8+u:w tpnajtd of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living celljt ju80n wpa +yq/::opna3 (lt at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can bee rbauv6mq r/ 15jmj4 jfxrfv6 )k(4*r written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumz 7,t )y2ftb :bqnx28z ucqzy 5jxn/p;, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in 4sumu cij19 kmkmw25+y 6g3xo what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pt2v.-nmpiu:d(u -y/pg oi u5/pn s9hsressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)u2o.s9-5p(nipiyh-smt u:p g/uvd n / 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) ifijge (6k8,jvx the humidity is 50% on a day when the temj6(ive,8k x jgperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 90hw3k qxw,o4dsef h8b4* av0s ) $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountai lfx:h7- (xspans is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which (shflp:-a 7 xxwater boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of whpvydb+-. /kcater is 530 Pa an+-vkc .b /phdyd the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressu3ne2g:g j6 h qoc*w36jq mu4epre of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if8e7zas r8 pgj/ the water is boiling at a tepr7z 8sg e/a8jmperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room obrr+g +-ob66kk 6b0id1l irf ckh:ql: f volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point yxbc 04)jt.qo+uvrt3 of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needediogs /0:i w2q ycs0:pl for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distwiqp lys 2:/s0ic:0 ogance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surfhc4+dr+(tjv sq7e7yc 0 9kp(, ixlkgface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long7 ,fx kq90(kphdi7 y(cc +sr4g+ ljvet and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape mea qer-swliz60sm/d(7bbpg+ b* sure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrate96xjwxnyu5e4w k,i) b d at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much e(y hbe4dk z3:kd* ,pderror will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water,kd dedk yb(h:4ez* 3p, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in axj- q ,v39+pwpgznjllg. )fb0 helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have930 pljxg,fp+zw q-vg )nblj. been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, lztr 9+82pd( ynvu1jc*7ol znwidth 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperunnj1py l7+*tv8od 9zrl 2z(cature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about on 5s( l8(zna 9r0,qquo guk(swj7wimb2e atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attain cmcj ryd612nsnd,ix)eq 59.cable using the best available vacuum techniques is abou yc d)erj2d sn,c.x5ni19q6cmt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capaci/zdx u skfv 4df1i(dm8/xd1 0wty of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quicdv1sf/m4dxk0d (w/8z 1d uxifkly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returninh sa/nwdb 0f8g(fb6 ku1r13ip1il.bc g from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of s(ifrb8bd1bl1 . 6sf3ph niw10 cku /agpecial materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increanrvpoh4xhhc(lr6yh 4bj:1.. sed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770utwj57mu ac i,/dd s42m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressur45dx(/ mdor17l rmen ae at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosph7 5d ml e4xnma1r(dro/ere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained inn z2*afu(ox 8r a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 +rnsp 90v 5kofu4n3zj psi (5 n fk90pojzn3r4+uvs 13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats ir6+x3r p5ywy(2( jz*z/zbbl ddnd)hvn a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at tr:b4,3v* , xqwc1jodmdq 5dj0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s e:-et lf 8l3eikquator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto vw-u-(wn xsv0i e -jp/a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standg ch0ne9fr-if. g .n3tard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a 8 h)yrf hm8xpnwva18(pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Er: ;xqs,zvpq)hyu47w arth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls bfmpu( 6besoy6fp1+3 thrown vertically upward at its p+ b(ebup63 6offmy1. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherica ;f(1-lz luithl) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves hzlt(1;i-lf u as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the fekg3akd,q h/ /zs3 ;xnollowing two days: a//dghen,;k 3sxzk3q
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, q ts (d5b akxk(4ro0m2and when it is a solidxq dbk s42r((t05 amok deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to shz)ndz(h. f xctzuh3/*ow that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equac3nz(t*xhd) /uf. z hzl to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars t.m5;/ boyoyfg o prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kepto5mgyo.f / ;yb at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg