Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic tabl 7 v flthu-csu*yg9078k nbe+oe or App-b977 f*8eys t ogvunklh+u0cendix B.

Name several properties of materials that coulqttra70 y2ql4 d be exploited to make a thermomet7r4q02a lyttqer.

Which is larger, 1 C iii y ;hc)bj;h/dr o ;*zjuv4wq:8m 9s$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with systkc+p 4 sa-xf;llz 75ysw;wblb- sc1s8 em B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, wh; swcwzk p bs5l 8ay+-;c7lxb1slf-s4at can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alumi t fd6zu-;a )+bmhwal*21m wdanum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of tua w2 z*l)d ftb-h1;wmm +ada6he curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coiyl6jrfa ;,h21 qrq6 wefficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat lc arp)y60qr 80 ftn.lused to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity wh.frly 0 8tr0lca p6)qnen it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at thnjfe:mc0lbm87/e nhln u 5:r/e ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Whbnl5u/ hr::8m/cml7f 0 eenjny?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floav, ua/zpn y;-zxt7p1h ts in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-g 3q)anrxqe ji;u: y7c6lass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends jqci6)7ya;r3n x:q ue a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it iz5:ohlu1x ag-1, .pdbwdcr 9ts heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent partsdt1lr :9xp.zdcg awh,b -o 51u. Explain.

The principal virtue;t;x- -vy *phcvy ofc. of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.ty-ohxy ;.-vc *vc;pf

Will a grandfather clock, accurate atb.wkb-v m j t*jg 5x,9v2arw0k 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda wil.,gp hsw1krv*w/a 1t sl cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What hw.v ssa,k/tpr *hwg11as happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pue1-p y0le/ bposhing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a p-y01boeepl /p iston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerge;fr7u)- l drgmd in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 7lfd r-g;ur)m20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Crtl6t-8 h9 1n vefxdn,harles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperatn 8t,f d-rl 196nehvtxure.

Explain in words how Gay g d1h6g2 q uy(r0+ooeag)n1op-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratm13*n:jasj cocj7 dw/q j)o ;zio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimu q bfnuf8zj2(4m speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moonnfz bj8q(u4f 2 has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickl-dkkm /k -esk,y than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecularkdm-,ek/- ks k properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dr2+f ;jds 0:v6ehtdvpekio5j4y day at the sam+ e4vfidjh;t2:j ok d 0vsep56e temperature.

Is it possible to boil4qc9 -oeqb )do water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidi /sx zn;s9b(idty is different. Which is more dense, thn; sz9 /sbxid(e dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiatorw(qt08k6cub t cap of an overheated automobile bckwt860(uqt engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud*le e5u0o ivcfrf ),(j in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gramxt5v)i kl;, k9pnue g+i +nog9 copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number ik2+ volym0v-lr-hi r3n a silver ring of the samo ykmrvli02v- rhl+3-e mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is thiswus.c0l0sor)) a ez7d v5c *jy on the Celsius scale?scav wudez0*c0l).o 5sjr) 7y   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recordedy /lvr3u3v2;-y( vytdq:glk *ujt p:v are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column ha4qu arak-4k,d s length 11.82 cm at 0.4a k, ak4rd-uq0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lmix lbv p1 ptf10;3zz2ong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) iugy zv+ouvj(r b6gz mj,/((y 9i1s:tgs built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Janiyg69 + , buv (ztmg/jz svr(yug1:(jouary (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that awswj3u/) xaw12 -la ftre larger than the rivet hole are often used and the3uatlf1)xja w-2ws w/ rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a9ilqiq1mz+ wb.cqs(- 8hx z5 vt 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What qam7-o**13q sk sw bqf mf64gswill be its change in volume if it is heat *m3g6*s-mkf7q4 sows1qfabqed from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 6fs)* xs y 34hbghz,mjh9f2lp 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL oa9b62au/ gpsd+h ue -5 *egyxzf water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placeds)3di,w w cdp6 in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it cagzm5g s t2dxx8vio325be: ,djn expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximatelgv:225, xb 5 mt gez3sddxo8ijy equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dedu1p;*r jr kmh85t/ kxnsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear ex,z b5dvurob 89v urd9bzob,5 8pansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic mipq nm02q47b pqz-i6j-v * gvsolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made5zw cr+pnzd)3 of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 3+ n z)rpwz5dc$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bt .z ln4nz:ylyvrgy 4ji.d* q4 llq,n-hn7f36ulb has a volume of 0.255 7lnny zfy6-nyq4 3vr4lnqzh *.l,lgtd: ji4.$cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating )dsr6gk;;g ciabout its axle on frictionless bearings with angularkig);g s c6;rd velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when dd hcch 1fv-vp3/*qm3 at 15°C. How much stress is required to keepmdvvh 3p*dc/fq -hc31 it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of croshro a561lbd ek+b.h)is-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 13e1t8x: evp0xue/rsk5-sof; f4.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Ke1w(5l hnptnh +lvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale? -1bp1 mbnd0:qfg 1v.z 0arq ps   $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Suna8udug:s fh()a mk8v( d/vo: n are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air af6j)k1 - r0bnhjc t0(in,fz/4k aghzmt atmospheric pressure and a temperature of6zh-g/1 j nf0(t0 ifrka ,jn)bczhmk4 about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at*0 g(dk-iph :dko 0 pho.0cpwq STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank containsq2biks(lbu *( 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contzt3 bhthw 0b; fui)vt)g764maains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas cg* 3ru 9kstg74ds,wais at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of a/ tp2a wy998m5wm nremrgon gas at 385 K?9at9we 8m m p/wny2rm5   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg k6/5 fxsh +v8dfej4cj of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lh+hf qxu+7lh)cr ( ;szift by heating the air inside the balloon, ( hz)hsfr+ch7+xul;q which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air aua7 azg1 f.;je5eo qa.nxp+w3t 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at, z s k *.:okt -oi/-l4u+ivr3m.5xngzxzucti 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled ballo(54ih7myvasc e ek. w1on escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number x njc2)m 0,xn1ds;hktof molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 17x v4,-ewqxvm .000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mols+1f c m:uujky r57,:vv-o szcq j7)iees,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5-w0zz+ r5j jbbx:3c nkn2 w vlf8re:0v.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath yo9d:mkyg5an 38qcevi9(,en k+qckn 5k u inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo(n aqk gmk9d :vq+kekn83595e,yn icc took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic en7mz lyni)c k)hp.w ;akp:b +x)ergy of an oxygen molecule at STPm.;n+i)xk7wkz)yh bc:lpp ) a?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surdqvqt+ x5/aox,s;wmh: -*qaoface of the Sun at a temperaqs;qx,vtoom5 a :a*d/hqw -x+ture of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase ifdq xmh)2-. dt5 p(tbne the temperature is increased from 0(2m-. )b5 ntedtdqxh p $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6,2d+t,d2+g6raa u odim 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Cala6+od rm2d id2gta u+,culate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a 8i1j 7pwh efnj1ij5.gc8;o ne gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while 28wqonkmke c 0pbc2,6its volume is held constant, by what fanqo em2,cwc6b80k 2pk ctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas 9 eox+mlj gcep- 62qb0is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gasb xshld/0*8kiet/(xa es at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratioi8(/st*kx bde/ah 0xl of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrbz ygpvo10( c18(s1lw 1ggaxnogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 k4gezpa:dow;) q +g7r$^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP? c0pvqct w,+-)jnmoa +    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose moln av7lcvo (a:yy*3,f lecular mass is 89 u in a living cell ato av lcl3fny y:7a,(v* 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writteneqyu-s+pxf1lj5s0 ,wd zr:p 1 P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ura8vjnz7.w- x*0d foo/ j3ivwl unium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases cai 1u 2,b5dd0x8cb.arba *p zukn $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperauxc, rmm9nzjf t4f;8(pw8ay.ture is (a) wfpy4mr89ac; .x mznft8 (,uj90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity iv(r glcxk ey)aw *y7d46h72y hs 50% on a day when the temperature ih(k a6l vhd7gw7 4)ry*xyec2 ys 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where waterk8jc l:y06vvuz8c8 f q boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimat m3vql: q6 hdn(pk gdl.h)8oubd:s ,4oe the temperature at which watehkop nq6h):3dmsbd:qdoul,8 4lv( . gr boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the rhp q;t.vv+ l,partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humid tpr+,qvl h.v;ity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperathp ,(a wu0uzs:ure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the c 5qm b uj8,o lby;fhgku;(5 vjh.7(ttwater is boiling at ab hk;(y5 vch,flo. t;b 7mg8juuq5tj( temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of voluz mz mx8/a2x grx19t1mme 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its de1b-+ lxn jih8 ;ln;n*i30lcb.he nks yw point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule piahi 4fho8+n)qb33 qqp. q( y(see Table 13–4) to diffuse a disoqi a8+3 hfnqiphq3(4 pbq .)ytance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from t;-o 8 bv*0kozjvd -xhpa9n2cg9bh 5ehhe surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is ab8h xv9eghd;*-o-h b 2aj co9nkzb5 0pvout 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at ubv 6za8r5;r+ q+6nue7 b0be ld-s mpc20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has /t66i6sb1egm(cr bos been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrae9.wyxqv e m763;kzou*9k t oe+ daja1f7mw.eted at normal room temperature. How much error will be mm*wxv7 zk3ue;eok fq917+a.y9eeo.jwda 6tmade in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a hej42hxepmlxar*; i4b t7q7cx(lium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge prexj74e q *h;(xip 7xcl2brt4massure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of ai:(wwifn3sa h 0r molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is( swhf3i:nwa 0 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mv.2 yjy-r lu9,)zqifv 3 /pdguatter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the be0b(y uhf *ukz 8kq55nost available vacuum techniques is about ( u5hbnkoqz 8 0*k5uyf$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lu9 af;t9+tsz2gu e7npungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? an;s+9zt 2g te fu9pu7Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Mo c;m68mggh.k0 qn dl7gon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature8m.6ch;nd0 gg kq mg7l? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increasedpk-rv9s0 o p965 fmhbd from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofe+ pzi;;tuc8* . g9nfzmkq.tg 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pr8 uyn uvlqvie7o5t626essure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air t y8nu2oi e756ul 6vvqmolecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogd6m)4 cg2svp ken molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pregdly5 scpw 5:uyi2 ,.rssure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is const s.pucwyr :li2,5 gy5dant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid m )buysbtam*l3z fpg 4c0-5i *gercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0ycmmsue xw:m:,7 6 :tva,z 0u /gmg0bu$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25ejsi/ rhd ko2 w i5 i*+nb13xb04hurn8$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar580s mfw.brh pt8ds i( at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted ksqs; ajonum8/l 5,.cymh 1 bz)x e:7pin the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully nvdokoo44 ith4q9h-5tull; 7 charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth irg9yf f;hc0n5s 46 h1hzy,ools $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertc:) xlyoyj h-i3 fr36kically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elast:-jl)f ychi3y6r3 koxically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 31hqrc y igr,4ex/ *5jdb/5knk.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfecdj,i/*rnqx er k1/cyhb4g5k5t gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in t.b+7k-upli qnulm2 9xhe air on the following two days: b2lnu.-7u + pm qxlk9i
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the densitykk8m 0z;pcl ;o of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tempera ;k 8okp0lzc;mture is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ide,l:cs :l /tbkfal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volu:l,t lf /s:bkcme expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, peoplewuia,vp 5skd:k1* pl2 constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a hous:di 51pvku,wak* slp2 e (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg