Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the period4k+g. nn0xgvc.fi +ol ic table or Appenlvgg+noc 0k.xif+ . 4ndix B.

Name several properties of materials thaj/8rt +6bqsu mhw1fo 7t could be exploited to make a thermometeroqf78 wt/6b+sh jmr u1.

Which is larger, 1 C y 3,n/wa1b:pobwvvq3 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibriumht17de5 unfz 9 with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatur d1fn95ehutz 7es of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strus 9g4:; sj 9;v3m2 xjzewrjzbip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which meta3eszjxwruj : m2bz 49gs9v;;jl will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the co8584hgaglje m 7tvphcb/2,rmefficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostagq -q6w.2 qoc1e9lv/j ldb8 jat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing loqvc.19qw 6d jjq2a 8l/eb-gliquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the edn-tenf8 5 sr-nds often have a section in the shape of a U. Why8e t-5fnsndr-?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercuryq o7e n-.k yf9 jk;. )gusjr;xan75fpf at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub +jptojx cm.jw3875 v7xlg0 +vm dk3k bof water, the mercury initially desctx gwk+c jpoj7k35j xd. mv8v0l+b7m 3ends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled mo83n,djh. tz9 . ,j;xczj iguibre rapidly thdh ,zj, x;jcj8z9iing. tb3u .an adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficientax8cw:- petso0 0yr;d of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this give :-et0yrsc;8wpx d0ao s rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurat50 gm0pqw byw(e at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and toym8+ e4p ly97hvp/x yxp to bulge so badly the can will not stand up hepplxm/4y9 7yy+vx8. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compresr1:cf,*irq of2j4g xzsed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentc*:zrgoj r1x42 ,ffq ium of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in wateh qy9 necg8+l:(n(tiwr increase or decrease if the temperatur9n(+ ce8:gwqnyh tli (e is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and t,-j-gl qtx+ ef.al7hihe relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute tempjxq.f g-a, il+ehl-7terature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kfmz(7p3 isl7p inetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio o xd )nqjp o (n98:okrw/9k3eptf $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must ha0fys+4o70w5e teg2 r6cmik b hve to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the ft 7gwek2b05i4e6 oh+ r0mscyMoon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you ik85rjkmazuw0 2v r/u;nfer about the mol250m wuruz ajk8/rv;kecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable tibx nl()sr utxz9:h)j k1 :)tkhan a hot dry day at the same temr9xhjkutb:ix1tk )nz( ) :l)s perature.

Is it possible to boil water atq;7y90hw)gl xo s/gdv room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the +-k vd/ckfv i3t(r.40z vlfsdsame but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T?v.+f kl k34(0sdrzi vfc/ dt-v Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap ofgu9ec3u8f p r*dz1 c(q an overheated automobile engine (dp9fg1ccu3q*rz8 eu .

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)9k;in2q+ceg6j qkl 8-yyv t/h?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-grrmj jl7/x, 0nc ry* j7mcs7+czam copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold rg d*-sxpjws i q3-v*j1ing compare to the number in a silver ring ov- sjw1-x q *3g*psdijf the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often*l*hf k6lqf35qapb 3si6q wh 3 taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale? l h*63f65*qsqa 3 lwhk3bpfiq   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 1364 kmrrm j3ji8sxy7pf0 s4(p s/ $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the al 22ei; bgmafx nz(+80bee* duecohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.xef22n8bei +e0*g mb e(az;du0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lov3 th1h* z1d5blc+nvdng (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m .rge9ck8:z eotall. Estimr 8ecgz 9o:.ekate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger r13nm vd+s 0:r nqh0z*dtfqs. than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diamet1:0r0sszf tr nd.+nqv * dhmq3er is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterf kz7;ky r2q*g at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will b9uac- .v.pg qdahl0jv9fi z//e its change in volume if it v0 .. g9-dca iuqz/9vlp/hajf is heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fillr87 nod,y v: e(./ qeas70knv(ev9bywmj( byced to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of 1p8pkawwqrqyr,y* 0 )water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made o 1h l0ie8x77mbw9hu9kvs o,lyf iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it c. 7sr g/r/imq 4kw/laoan expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficienaqikwo4ls 7 /rm.g/ /rt of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densip n;+ycrz r8f41e7 qsjzp y+9bb)3povty $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coeffi mylcpqbhlp j 1toe114,u7;q ,cient of linear expansi; 1peo 1,,y1u 4hqctbjlpq7ml on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, qk/ fw+j2cl; j$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at -t2zopmzd)++ mee,tx 17 p2zmtem+z xdo e)t +-,$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside3zr8 (,.vmv i5w;j ppafgdl .j diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.25rj3d. azmvvjw ;p5fil.p ,(8 g5 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of raddmb1x 5b .ap,mi 4hk1xius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on fr4 ,x mbk.m5xi1h b1apdictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has t3;glz ) ae bgf6(yx8ewhe desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increasese;x3ez8 yg(bl f6gw) a to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional arqgi7:s3,m pfr ea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameterblrv x2oac571 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the K83.guteef7pa( a3ch kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the F:g)p3flhcy7 pbo6 q8 oahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of bvoj giyr .*-8the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospher9j3),q ugrq 3o t -hy5iflj5rmic pressure and a temperature f qi,-3 l jor93 )gh5rtjqymu5of about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas las60r6x; v5p9 5pugmzuh g;xt kw.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen (pw6v(- r 1c:w youey;g /m5sye$N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nai-: )ytfqw 7hitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas cphrky f0,50wdze m,x(i. hl,is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.1tvqwz e(2m p9m+ iji60-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385+ 2j6q (wptmi1vz9i me K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0xq ra v4ga*u)7 kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloi*obaf/, k,oton, wa,oi ko/fbt,*hich makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at dxxf8ck hpl. wb;;62e15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen as 9k ron.6ay* vbp8g.yb+ )wett 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’sm4bx(u48; dpevaygd 3 hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecult eob8ce df*;j9v8l- ces / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 Loaay6o7b d- 8n? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) n *8 fbc(h5ruar2np 9kmoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume079ap v+wkomkkg ob 3/ 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L brea lat4 apawm2f s1gk7d.d2+n ;jth you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of cotfnd2a.;41gaw2+kl d 7s j ampnstant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an n h vqg5o)3zi;oxygen molecule at STP? ng5i) h3vo;qz   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed ofgohhq/w18 a(,l koi 4xb 3)pog helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of akhpb1o/(a o ogqhli 3) 84,wxgbout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature i3mmf9 e9*hewixgeo drv .6x,+dng ;o (s increased 9 d nmmiehe 3g*vo(fx;, x6.woerg +d9from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the follk; ;s7unva 6y. hh5tuzowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1.uvnh7 uk zh5;asy t6;, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0 6et3;tnwruy:rss 5, 34tz+ q(y pkbao$^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is heldy*pnaf .pe)r;5 56bm:urtvt i constant, by what factor does e: yf rrpn)5 puatm5.ivb6t;*$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speyo 7nt-my9a79 c-gu j5,,vbjscj9 bvb ed of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of twgm0f6b5y i*r goke+ -to gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their m m fy5et*r+-bgo06 ikgolecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.(:4xbjftk2wp h g0b s35$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an ofzpbj )4vml1w)h 1 y*awtv 1w3xygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance bet f 2) ive js-8zz,e52aq;qhihvween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular m:54rtse (0; 95 79mtjkdwj 54lov mzfbflmneyass is 89 u in a living cell at 3te5j5;0 f 4n( w l 7 t9vbo4sz5m:mykdlr9mfej7 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wrj 5:mm( r2bufeitten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumc *y6zl *kjuw+, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases 7s:9(0tore 1yuwl t 9ymvt rb4can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the2eb zm/;q6a ea pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 96baqe aez;2 m/0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the h*fdourj go;, ff*1p9kumidity is 50% on a day when the temp rfjgdf ou pfko;1*9*,erature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressurec9m x. ibtb*ipvov.5 v3ccnmd0p sr;v8d 6e1( at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains iwz(pagtns(nc)y2w q m0)c2( vhd0.w bs 0.72 atm, estimate the temperaturemnw wzcb)cws20h(v0p2yn)qd ( .(agt at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure ofyh.cg/yz) p z e :9,exm3)ni(o3ed lnf water is 530 Pa and the relative hum3 d nghe )yynzpei) c/9f.x o:3,l(mezidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water 1 xjeclwj:0w /gm/ +cyon a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure ea . .ssntl+d/inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling ..s sdtn/el+aat a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room u3jl)yek7n8k2h ( yrk of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point) htqf 8)ulogjw,8r0n of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycio.7n +5 87tcm1 aavo0eli svmcne molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15 sm8o.0e vocmaa iv+n t57 l71c$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior throi7gpb1q8kmibu b7, e 0ugh tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional u877pgb1 mbkeq bi i0,area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been cali0+udo):htl8w ku hacb nso;:.tbrv/ 4brated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has 20ilrg)rs0ss been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at n;n6jmcm*15:aff x i chormal room temperature. How much error will be mad*c5faf;n :hm1c 6mi xje in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm.yfhj 9 z6xnzg0d*23yk After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas rg*fkhx y9zjd63zy 0 n2emains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a roomqnbo3qy9e bvp7hl: 5va 1:hq1 j1rg-b of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Asshq1 7-ph b yel:qqgr:3v91 bnjabv51oume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the denb/ty/ 0bn ifwog16-x of6-bgqfv1*t dsity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using th5b ny46pp pdkbc6n+h,e best available vacuum techniques is abo n6pp+4p5 hybdb,n ck6ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full ca,tfy3e 5- ko8w rd)llppacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what vo-lr,wef t d)ol85 pyk3lume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters E/+ 2m2i82afd6 qtykced.o q*bt; jn ejarth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; in22dbioa*+q;edn6q ktcm 8t y. f/je2 jdeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of anho*ag19b uk ;h ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumeg xnto6gf2ys7(f ub: ,t (me/m of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosphas3b -*4ox /zwfibep1;vhy ;heric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atm4h *b/za-bxyh ip;we1; fsov3osphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrmbm4efip :ny 4x)9hb /ogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen use4d+ct7 *ew.ztj, ejn r :*uejdd in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, mea7jt*+jdnt.dce re e4,* ju w:zsured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a kt.9wxj:c a uyy34yn 6bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolit djkbrk(;2u2;4 sr bbne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s eq/x*tz 6((wkwaj+ o3i5aeoxvm:q e3 qmuator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tpbbl-*;bn 5qi ubrkyp. 76g 4nightly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the e:w p/jt)4x en18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charge;cg209 zoubbq/( wxedie8; ai9qg+o rd, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth ;v3dd kfo in q3/ew:i.:;k jr4md 0eqxuhbj8:is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis bal(za ipc-nqj9 e*/w8ox ls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of ea*p-z9( qi8oj/ cnx w0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of axbc /cukq hmo8b:l);8ir from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How qc; 8 :bl8/hbo)umkxc large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pr3x bh(e apl a(4ljz9q2essure in the air on the following two days: e ab39plx24jaz(h(l q
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of ic0iu:z94 kmng ron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth wh n0kimuz 9:gc4ere the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an idb; adao 8t-rt0vvyp52os w0f. eal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is eqpa -v2of0;5s 0wtt8y .ardvb oual to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to pre1u(w yef1 m 0q:px*+0wcvqo;edqs t c7vent rot and mildew. If the ct;xe:o ww+0csu 0yp* qc1d 17qq(fevmellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg