Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic tablemjay9w5gxzi-44sxf 1 or A gji-519amyxz w44fx sppendix B.

Name several properties of materiallku 1x1mf);5 rjrz mi-s that could be exploited to make a thermometerrm11rij )k x-f;uz5m l.

Which is larger, 1 C b6b cgjirpk;-.a)kv 6$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium wkze ww-a( q3rk2w+ hma 07ti(zvco1) yg*g +dqith system B, but B is not in thermal equiawwytkv7 qokcqi g z3hr*+2wmez 01g(d+) (-alibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When hl:f8,. eusg klukqfc.f / h3ru+o(*is eated, the 8kffue g luqi:ku3 + h( r..sfl/*ocs,strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansiot* t((lmu3.y*ftzc ugn $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a sigs)1qc0 dfw1,o h5(v5r gse f:ng.cr smple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips o,(vg5s1qcdh1ewr5cnsgf .g : )fs r0 of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in 0i6tkrfz *.gxu ecg w6;yc,mnmr 3)u0 the shape of a U. Whyu6wfizgcku0 )r; ry. cmg*, tn x6m03e?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lzvv,yr0bg(c /g;e+1;gpqjip b2p ;ifead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glassda+ jwr 5;vy3y thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the m yw+r35vjy;daercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may brez rhm cp9 wm) a71 :4ppg*ookezpk+9;uak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain.g:e)kkh az4cuo +p9m;zm1p*pw p 79ro

The principal virtue of Pyrex glm3sbmhw4h; 9t ass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 3st9 ;mw bh4hm13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 2(/.r runw2en +uhhs zxsj50w- 0 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda 0e,0k ont vg3sh gbe//will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has e,ske n0g03oh// bt vghappened?

When a gas is rapidl*5i jkza4ksc:,rc f-v y compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gavszfk4*r-5cj cik ,:as expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged tq,cc 78vemz :in water increase or decrease :qecvz,c8t m 7if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s 0xud, p rugy75law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.u7g p,5xy u0dr

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows0e4 kok+/kz+t5sr yzx from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, thehfxrt(5 c0 as4xcz5 j. ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Eh n2+0kj6 sudharth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is abos 6h2k0+dhn juut one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quick/r hg d7yemcdn n: a32;e9(b a:ng8vr ksm.9vvly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the mod:(ns ee2vmark8ybn; rhgg3/.:7 nav d9m9c vlecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot hu*- hitaq1f.asm-g d4 lmid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperatu-1m gf* ldt4hsi- .aqare.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (m wkpt*rz8y7w*cc7.q,p lzob 4 c2jn3 20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is dif/l3ed4.:pkfx- ey lr gferent. Which is more dense, the dry air3-rfk/lee:.xpgyl 4d or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous tjzb e2.*+xplun1;1rgl z9p vvo open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile enrlvz g+ e jpuz;vb.*p91x21 lngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a litta msaoot o/,:3le white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copperp anv )g003l z 3;+4(inqodvml7o 7ndr joc9la penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in ay72aj l wx8+r c jl00lwx3z3ws silver ring orjz0l+ya702ww8l3 3x s cwjl xf the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to *ei/tf5ivq. yk 0g-uzbe 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?/ .if5*vkyeq0z-t g ui   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest lf+ f9gde*fpy u.,h*gtemperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cw86n2 zbbx n-umlz2 ko*v x05cm at 0.0 xv ml-02xbn58 u6*zbckn2wzo$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 19c/6 q1lpbs0gjr br87cl+72kb wshmz 2 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wroughd 2 u4x7uim vdj-:/m:) mhcjngt iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its heighm m27hj dnvc):ju-g:4xud m/it changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivg:iw-)qo3ddz3vl n u5et hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed i):qzg lvu - on3d35diwn the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atf*/ubak3/2c4,t + c dg v6wds(mabl vl 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be it45,d1javtxrl s change in volume if it is heatet,ar41xjvd 5 ld from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled6 gqj;(v z4cwk to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wat8+s1 dwy/dk jja6 i9pber at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a bqi)5yon )33v2rwv(mmte-mj ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow q 4f9aq-mh(qg e9vz p,ip6p)h vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coeff, vq4p zqaqhhem-9 6p9p)(gfiicient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the de:rgujz9 23l.ujq vbg 2nsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width,srndtw,5 vp y5 6mbbkal. ,kk3 ,o nzqz8tq4- w has coefficient of linear exp8z,qklytk,,nbrz-a4 qd v,35 tm6 kso 5wn.bpansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrog9cffsxu(8 7)uur0pnv tg ;b. pic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps per4feed q351 wlofect time at 17 e4 qwo1fde 5l3$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 : ;dmo1,g ya5vf1awnymm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255 oya1a;1:m d5gv nwyf, $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m i 6q.0-h 6 4guujmtvyws85l2rmyw.ztws rotating about its axle on frictionless j-wt2m.z6 rtuv6.u5yw08sm why qg l4bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stressrit6olzt9+ - b5c7l ny is required to keep it at this l+zloiln6 b y- tr7t95cength if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectiokmr3gi n. /nw8nal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134dl*w kkd: l y)i. .y6r;vjt0oe.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followin5:g vsl1npbj+ g temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fa4h l*kn4 lonpgtx4.l;hrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sunbazfe:uh;u gh*t y1: (d/a 08 0bjwcmz are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustivjq9tqmfklke/*5jb)o3 bld/ 4k6op 1 6rll4a on engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of aboblj/p f3o 54r 4q6mb69dk/ )1 jvlkolkt*aql eut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at j-4a6*+ hsf.bvkcdprSTP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contain2t- *p 9:0reqoztebym s 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at ST -qc+fy2gybk*;2i *3igasl5c0uo fpsP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gashr8pz9bb-tba m4.de g-9kj1j is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kghr plg nt3)9w7lt1/ wj*/rhhj of argon gas at 385 K?nlj r7/ttww39h 1 rhplhg/*)j    $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0zlu6p vhct n.:ew 5,.e kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside3* p/.c1dphzzwalzn.y ;t,rj the balloon, which makes it lessnp. d c3r1zwthal.zp,*y;z /j dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1y3gcifcu-i 85 5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen a powq *n:+j4v 2/gnrdxtxxl70t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled ballupta dn- 2 k:mi0np5d9oon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of m- 0i4 qhrw tw q,l1jaec c jjyl2.9whfq02qq+1olecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How man*gifju(f 5dmkg2cg 31y molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of enev9we*4 2c t(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1lii7-1yfmoz ;i-ddc r/qa 3* w$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath ynu6xff+ 1 n(y:nkuim 1 j;ixf-ou inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant denn ki6f f-( y i;jfm1+nu:x1nxusity.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of a.gp1 igoed -y77u9ffv n oxygen molecule at STP? vfu7p geoi.g9fyd1-7    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the su4ij pvf: b6o.qq.l9ffrface of the Sun at a temperature of about 60qf4f i.v.pj6 q:of b9l00 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase ia ;xna0ecw;y dmnk)1 4f the temperature is increased from 4nm0d )an; c1 ;wexaky0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following 5dsq62l (a6jazd c8lk l4jg: qrczp( 7speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calk5a2 qjdlzljgpsdcac7(r 46:( qlz68culate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gl(qji2yd.a;s/9 c k3vs8jl cz as at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while iv)qb +,z .ew.id)volgts volume is held constant, by what fozi..,d)q)vgwbl v +eactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms spee a. wibskqx0g:vc16ml 6+9bzi d of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the samedmoz h (;9(a e5z2aaoj temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular m( ;a j9eo z2zoad5ham(asses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containedc9nazbh27y.suuzcv 4 *072 vhw zue c+ in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed ofl7h4 ri77dxhzvo6f /fux3b -lfm6x ;v an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitr7rn /h 4osc9xt5z i:tkogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amosqj1xt0zy6b2t*u k9 ino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living ce oj*29kbqzt 16uysxt0ll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas cas c19s1q7g33m h i+:hg,why+erb s lqy.* rewbn be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ur 9d;yyp2.klvj anium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can34 apy z:qxoa1uj28a a $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm an eq );q,jxse a40wqv eblzm.60d the temperature is (a) 9s wq;4xa ve6)0e,qeqz b.j 0ml0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day (v s (gx m:uwb/y+5i htl6x4gimqj ,9ywhen the temperature u:+m ixmlh y59, t(i jg6/(vbq4 gxyswis 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils a u(r l mfrd aj,bhap33bjm;:7(t 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place r4 o7or0o43fo 6 jf osn1whc6oin the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boc3noj7o4 f hr46o w6oorfo0s1ils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature c5hyu71 w165n3exgpea 13 vg9mplr jo on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative hu1h 31mv7 pcgx 5pn6yl3 5eu9rg1aejw omidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a0u ibo9/csnz 0 bx5ru6 day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is bo 2f b2,4n,hw3b5nl4shk dq mpiiling at a temperature of4hnb wi42,,dk3b lq mfn s5p2h 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room o2okg j 4),uwuw9 y u7/pys8heyf volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pg tjjx,m9xmpc7-dm4 ;oint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a gl126fqccgm v8x1n d3e cycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance odq v6xng1m832c ef1ccf 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tlkrwx4h q)o8 0 wcbexce r qbh0o/4:iga94s*:ubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has xqc8wr*)ho skqe4ewx:c 00o ab4i:rhl94/ bgcross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has beenwsrzlvu /vx-0 uj/nh4);-d7j x dfl 9o calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure io5 /ye3lu (yzhas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normaq/ b 3vc5601xaao q.;qlpk *2wxi b:naa o5wdbl room temperature. How much error v.qpk aq;xoc3d5 w5/*aaq:ib0 b ao2b6xl n1wwill be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initial g q2pu9rle0/hly 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, th2/he rq gulp90e gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, wv m uc:zb3yo77idth 3.1 m, and heyovzc7m:3 ub 7ight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atwai u23 b/(w0c vyv5jcom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availa m z 8q(bcc93+,whxknoble vacuum techniques is abon8 xbmq(9wk,co3 zhc+ ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs av(vd h0z(rp)v2n erf1 q:4xkto full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is thivr2nx v0qvp)rz: 1h fea(d( k4s advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enteba(z*+2 e z01/a7fw ildovjpz rs Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, a/fz(0a awp72zl dv1eiob* zj+nd this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas iv7dc7d gy *kp2ib:1xf s increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume *pa* qm , faimf97n9,ahugz.eof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure atf90cf 7g4bce(kbh wt- the surface of the Earth, estimate9h(twe bfbc-g0f7kc4 the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed;( 8g kfnornx91x;dtu of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxyxgi-jv mp rj7)-cnj 91gen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K j-pn-mivjj) 19r xg 7cHow long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of lc; yw:mq s0q1tiquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at ro8hl6we kw 6 a 7y(z5hy6n y+hstif95ijh(f+0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Eareuz4y/ q s-tr- :dv6 gvyp;tj7j9.b z fm;e/vqth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tighte f /d9k pz,fy3 (ucl1q0ytcwzp2xo1) ly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ado/vxo wezwb8 - idy*f.8pted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 19l/ /wnk)i gh28b2mbra5 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from tul 52zq6ucjw 0he Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis batv c3m/ n,alh7lls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lca7t ,/vlh3mnid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble oab +d40eil 96gt ou0puf air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is0lua up4 ot9d06+ibeg the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two day2(l,x ca bqma/s: q2/ m xaa(blc,
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron a.du uz3a6o +wot STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where thezo u wuda.3o+6 temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant p070vtn-gnkhrvsylta 3 j6*g / ressure, th*kvaryjn-st gt0g l6 v7/nh30e coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidgi srgp2 y6m88ify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in8yi 8pgmg6s2 r a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg