Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of9)cho arxb1 i6 aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendh691 )boiaxrc ix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be e7p ;t lngi:*pmv(dgu9ilww: z;b2hc 5xploited to make a thermometerg ;;7 2*l5d( zilcwmwpiunvbgt: :p 9h.

Which is larger, 1 Cb (v)r( ahtdr(b:d 2zn-wb7 ns $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B.q i+yv5*u,rc:9tjo ku+ jyal is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, whatc:t*aj +i+5 uyr9 vq y,jluo.k can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip qz 4f2 +x y6qg5ikw7wzconsists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on thefg5 7wzqxi+ q2k6 w4yz outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lin5cgs q5 k)ha05e)lt w *xka(giear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a 3u87h q(rzxjv6o7s 0u x)iettdiagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass v6juzqox 7h0ts(t rui e7x)v83essel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends ofpqvgs )3y2 bzozb:0m mw7h0n4ten have a section in the shape of a U. Wo0:)pmy 2bbmzz3sqh0nv74 wghy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats0q9trvoyk pspw1 (g l5sod8h )d 4-t.j in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glas zq/b t 0kjt31)9jmjrms thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a 9)rb/ tzm jq3kj0m1t jbit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidlyf 9shv 2-j cv1fv:9poj6gmr6u th2jh6g-vmv6: fjfovpsc991 ur an adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linearo04b0am1hr c1nz/w y r expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat r/ rrnmch1 0w410bay zoesistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accura sr,b(b hhcb0,lq,4 bqte at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge s3re dvv(ax.ti 5z5 v1h,vs0fmo badly the can will not stand up. What has hapvi550 txf13s(h .edzavm vrv, pened?

When a gas is rapidly c (.mwh*(6 ms lj8cqpuqompressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what ha (c.m6ms8q(hlqu*wj p ppens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged-qa cda nx kj4pv vf+56qe*)0p in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased fj5-d* akp4 a 6)q xcven0qp+vfrom 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory axe:- yur l5,wof k7o5ond the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.-o kxl,7oey55: urfw o

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s lawn3l5fgur. ,( ngfzm/u follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphc l 71 ,q6 lggsgk8qq:cw(s(uhere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Eart: 8r4 3l8e; qvqf bmyp9ctuc5rzey5-qh refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it5z34c5fy q lree-u ;:t8qyp8v9 c bmrq is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Whatcpg+sth 1t;u:(qw r3 s)yzuj3 can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative tpsjy 3r 1 tt )hwcuqsg+:3;zu(o the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable6.at evtr(7fo8mx 1n;bsi u3 a than a hot dry day at the same tempef18m. b viro(n7;tex6aas tu3rature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20 tb.kc im73vy (b:lh87pqc*bqhm))w oy0 pt2z $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperh:ryat)7ge )3 djjuu 2ature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry g7e)trj2 :dyau)3jhu air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open4afj.) hfrx a: the radiator cap of an overheated automobilexa):fr ah.j4 f engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white e7j wqu3k9:imxeis*(cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there ic4it0 m3 m3rh 5aga(0aquygn q2l ny,7n a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to0s g j.3+yg9f:rxdqyl the number in a silver ring of the same fyqs39glj .0gyx:dr+ mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is thi) k.jcfp6xa l7s on the Celsius scale?lfkx76p .ac)j   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures jaxe3.kt *1gadr+ q u8recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol colisn7)t/hbicf-h9,;(d vwk dq umn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0b,hdfqt-h(wcd;kisn/)9i v7 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built y( k kfbn;f4d9of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron app/wqkks y.)3b eroximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much itsy3) s wk/bqk.e height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet h *ak9c9/in nop*mpr qz6wfq,z2l03hqole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be pkfq,ich ** 2m 6a/nrzp3oq nq9 pzwl09laced in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 tv( ,d6m9ax b;/cma u (,dkpki$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in vh3ft4 hp6)j9 gcga st.xx3 q9yolume if it is heated fgyqx6sfa3 )3htg 4jhxc pt .99rom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of wat;++ jbeuhp j h2dt srd:y.yk;i6h8xc8er at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 2ij k1jiy9 d gq-;8fnr;; zc7ip0 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placu9k wickro9usbl m2 61. 2qcno;k:ba2 ed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessccsd m0z +3a:qel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expans0ad3 mqc cs+z:ion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changeol:xw0z7ac7o6 rszr 6 in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of ling ,r:nec6bcf iinw* 99ear expe:cb irwg9nf*inc ,69 ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic s*f3tq ;bn;( 8ad bh r3,euvausolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time atu 0xuv1y.9ag: yl lt6m 17 90ltvxua g .61lmuy y:$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The ouk y/)e9y- hvbulb )h kyo-9u/vye has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about tp 4.y,x-c:xc *uhvruits axle on frictionr.:xcp4v-,y *tx uhucless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has th8s 1tqwy(ca n:e desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 3sy:1cw a8 q(nt5 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional eqp8s s ylt46yb0lu2 e-hi3n*area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 +b(vvnka3t+8xz 4ha j cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelbs)qbbc wpu9/h 1ig8y:i;n)i ,n) y3r 5xdorevin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what3pyh6w8 i*9zd4i6 h0stx sn ms temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interio ,so9+*n xgt,r.fwzkbr of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature tc pl9rl lg1g/cv0u/ev/i *e 3ts7ga*of ac 73/vtl0 l/c*9u g/gr*g 1tvlseei pabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP uc 7r01yh yflk2sing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contay8y yxn. gsc.p )o,x9 s 4n7+dkyb/oqxins 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogcer+alm g3 s.p bmm325s .zi;men ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliu(mm7:g6kjfl jr0y) zum gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holdinm:v:9sd7 rild,/qm tng 105.0 kg of argon gas at sdqn,7 mi/mt 9: r:dvl385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg /txgb+rq u6f5 of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside h62l xo6p h,t*gieg9ithe balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloongx phgi ,l266eo9hi* t is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with cckzyt i sq9 z)-66 btyl)km51air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 13g:g ykj e1il,sj/bu 38.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chi 8gici0u;nf-.nq ljk5ld’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mole0n5o ubuqi4y8zbw iw1 peefp;t 0(v67cules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water arpdsw,(ia,7vt (o7m xtkhr+g:a 3; 9ey1xk fvde there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) ;j ,0u4rkscl ky+h *zlmoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumqfxhb1c:b /02oo:rdoe 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath youbnqqi 5 tn2/5e inhale that were 5 tq5nq be2/inalso in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen kt 3 -x c jgrijsk toff4ul,b-d5y/4eb**p2-qmolecule at STPb jtsdqju4-*/f4e2b op-3xfg-, c*tlrk5i ky?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heliumwhg - /nowk-4v atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of abovwo-kh w/ 4n-gut 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms spee4x 7rv*nctzj 3pq.+ nod of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increasedxtr +3j7o n.*pzv 4cqn from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2f 8-:mvm70a9x quyliy , 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5,98x-a mf:uvmyl 07qi y 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a ga .ujy)ilkh97htx- a4ws at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by j 3zw i2tr s;dy;/,hnnwhat factor doesh2sijn,r yn dtz/3 ;w; $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is cl +/2o 5.lq 8alut-ua*9jnt js icgw3given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two pzg3akh 8 grp8pwph 4k54-+tpmaa+4 m gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the 44hh4+8+ p3zmamk w - gprpakpp5at8ginverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules ;8ob ;hcw ,)p 7rfvgklcontained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moleculvm0a cjkm3z: kw5l /v5e at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molag i;ap yg0*wnvmh ejg1,90n) ecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid wl8 j;bt 7syvt,pxg2k4a).qqlhose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 7 l)2k p x8.ba;l,q ytgjtqv4s37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure -,i ws 3yi hh-md1elr:P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, z ymvr7a 8b-ru8,ke 1g$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric prescezjid 33s2o(qb +x-q0st4 ze sure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm a bxopggb)ynoe 1 c1fr7v5e.ai9 .;8dand the temperature is (a) 90 8dcgibe7;p o. abrex1)gofn v.5y 1 9a$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if tu8rd7 ohuot i3b.3j0jhe humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature isou 0.rjuo dji 3b8h73t 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at 2 j g6 -gtx a5yqjj5(;c,pzcfka place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mokaw)* tyhjngmbm p:t+/f67o ; untains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which wate:mnbp +g/jf ) 6ym koa;w7th*tr boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressvg ) ( byg378.fbpajrhure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidityjp va 7frh .byg3(8gb) is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is q 64jw.v5zncmim:fwa7 u,9sx25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure co1 sav2nuowgh,q 5*f k.oker if the water is boiling at a temperature of n vo5w*.1,gas q2huf k120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volum/kv3gwt; 9 rjvlhv4vomvqx)m / +y )p9e 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 prf);p;ijg.lgz9,ri gq- -an$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4)cb-l./ 0frj :my:ydc v to diffuse a distlyfm /vrdj0cb .-: cy:ance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insectse ah *51vrft.9 p)0r+m hwljme to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area.hjh905ep)em+1 rtrfl aw vm* of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape meas6(q:e i1m)aguh +cp j7dgac1sure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratqaq4st0/ +qeh ed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was caliwbt * *ed:k1lrbrated at normal room temperature. How much error will b*r wt:ebdkl *1e made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a hekbfj7alpt 0pjaxd5h i7l; 1; +lium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the c1i+fa p7p;h;75jk0t a jlbdlxylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, awj 8q ;p-- fcew4,+* msfqaciwidth 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m;me*sjq,c-p wa4qi+fc 8 fa -w. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about ezi/bv, 5a c(64;0d loesrxhgone atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best avsp +mcw9d- d7hxs: 8rlailable vacuum techniques is about cpsd7:+r-lm wshx98 d $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full cap/g2mj u,wm;rj0.;wcrbj)uz auj3i, lacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if c mjg3,bujw rrw;0jl iza)um /u2,j;. he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning fro6hkly of2o xz ,t.msa)9; f7ykm the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of t92yykk7xt ;f,6o hs)foza. mlhe vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idealvo riek1 rr 70ahzj421 gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770m(z2 o+a,d uz-f wo2tov$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, y0la q.ee;v3-a,(y5jner r 7l2t za htin(/syestimate the total 2 5a ye/(rzaay etnv i0(jesynh-lrl 3.,7tq;number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in ac4,8(lhuxn s p 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygrix 4 n.tndzu8.yx ,,xen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/mi ,x8ut .id ,yrnx.nz4xn. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquidt(s - ejj;c-vw mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinesg9 bdty4l eb h:5v4z( at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equa * gd)/0waw5kg oqc*ovtor at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onnsf xl6e+yv wf)w(7 s9to a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adp *rxeo:r31ss p0vk0e pl(pw7 opted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully char0u)hg j) zs-awk1 5zx jrx+mn-ged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed frolxcfa6z9l 36l7ogq/ f 3)cxc7sb.evxm the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by te+a3 t1abu kbj0nnis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must a3tj+a 1u0kbbrebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical)6l ,a:ifs4dn t bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lal t6 4nsdi,a:fke. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total wat+u9pwg +xm fm0er vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: wp+mm 90xu+gf
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in thsbf 4(7rg s)xbe density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth whesrb)4x bs fg(7re the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to5x4n pzg2grqwn2( z u 9*nhd2q show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the zq 2zn4uq2x2 5 (dp9nr*gnwghcoefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their ceitm0fv* 02/kv5i bs qlu0.nckllars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20s5bv 00 n qklci0*fm/ti2.vu k$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg