Which has more atoms: 1 kgavmb i:;r x.z:ep* eg. of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix : *m.r:p.x ev ibezga;B.

Name several properties of materials that could beg cbgk a ;la4ab bswxy4(*;8v1 exploited to make a thermomete;y(;4k* ab8cswv1a lgbbx4 gar.

Which is larger, 1 C6evsic/a *fs(/ kn;oo.+ vgqq $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equi9sfs)7ga2 h7ufk dt+ zlibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the te2tdsk 7afgsfu )7zh9+mperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of irv .36 vl+7gh5wkasa)zhwy m* zon. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be 6k 7m3g)y v *h+sawzlz 5a.vhwon the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansifbqz 5di;*q1;t 4zu: vh-dhf pon $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furn jvpug*1aghz v r;y4)2ace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different gr v4aghy1j* ; )2puzvmetals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often havelpal9.0,fnaj .wennbj mc.2j *z6s+o a section in the shape of a U.pnj.aj l,* 6.cn.+msjafnze0 2bwo l9 Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of l4t:qoy 0 nte2dead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first pjd(a2zn wk) d/-/w*fkc3kajplaced in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rk-j/ 3 pdfkak(z2 n j*a/w)cdwises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled mneky0 d8.wd2 o;ji 5w1h,d8tpm +spdoore rapidly than adjacent0,i8ewjddk1w5 o8s. mon ;ypd pt+hd2 parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that (ma-.qtye/r (c cq*mt its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the iyt /mace*-(( mqc.qrtncreased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 k.t 4wcb3k r(q$^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause kq0yjw j x/b)icx2 x0x4t1,nz8 rt)s jits bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What hasjzxtx)08 k i1 x0,t42jncxyqjwr)/sb happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by push x*05 bv4x/aszzlms)lv(:owy ing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum y5svx b zz)vl mso40lx aw(:/*of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere32xj a/vx /qml+y:7zcrdmv2u :6t fpn submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 20x2/::ujz32 /6rdmyc+p7lfvv q tnxma $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law f*n/4w5is0d cd e,r ywaollows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic enec ie*dds n ww/a45yr,0rgy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words howyfzo (93lid 0n Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio9tc5h0kq ah ,.vsh*dp of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must +u lu,vl1y) qvhave to leave the Earth andq lyv,1)l+uuv never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly th6wsj5im86qk +g ej.y oan water at room temperature. What can you infer abojw66yk.jso +g58 qme iut the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncc99 -6,yfg yvy3wp lvqomfortable than a hot dry day at the y, 6y lvgw-f3vc 9qpy9same temperature.

Is it possible to boil water avy:;oq3ng3a kh .oc ny4qz/e i9at0m x8mgy4) t room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is t+8tvn9vu 6la22y /l mk zms(mrhe same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Est(mn/l 2u96+ 2yrmmzlv8k a vxplain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overhea:+s( pxex /m/ e.icuvqted automobile engine.+:iqvx mc x pu(.e/s/e

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (y es *oqu(a *k.l*+4+dzwpmroFig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper peqi,(8vn 6g bfynny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the nu9qmcwiv9dd msr:x c:6;*w wgpkw6: (y mber in a silver ring of the c iq:dxk:dcgrp w m96wsw;(*y9w 6: mvsame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What fx23dalb,.mi a+qn 5eis this on the Celsius scale?xqf e, abman2d.5i l3+   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 13d-u )q,)zjyessj i 6q7+ slj4g6 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cgki33e36ckppsp 3is, m at 0.g,3piksps ep 33ki36c0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabo9x5zb,gv :bzr,4 js x9unk) h8tzua2s 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron akgq *sl-fi+ 1jm* uc:hpproximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 ls miqf**hk+g1 ujc :-$^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often useoh -93wfrlo g,d and the rivet is cooled (usually in rlog o9h3-,f wdry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4:xb m (*k2mdps $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in d obas * 3,an;.laz+qrwiameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated fro*,awzlarqo+ s ba;.3 nm 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim *nuo.f mkm8k3with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wate 7k ndvkt zp4mjp:okq)n-0 94wr at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a 4q w0 /qsz, k+k:bn6nu0fcoe oring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can gj;kji+4+7 twdb vg 37xgye ;-z hknen:lf;4m expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coeffic7yi;e74tz;vj n ; - 3md wnxgjfgkl4+ :+ghkbeient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density f; 5w5chz/z crx i lest63ng+b01rn)f$\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has s+ p mi;zq9oaz*4djzs: 8zo,mcoefficient of linear expsm+; zio zzp j*:4dz8somq 9,aansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid/ 4ogkab527 jszxfon1- 9 rx17 fiueuxlpyr 32, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of br pmv-wa7s yu ;fkkh((zk(y d2:ass and keeps perfect time at 17 k7 shpud-vy m: k;fzy aw((2(k$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer*5+mew6yry5 zxq-1 :ge bomdl has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a vo*6 1r5: yom-qexe dlgm+5wbzylume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m/e7w3gv7f roj9z9exqp 1azw37n1 b pa is rotating about its axle on ez9zr1pj7po/f b9q x new337 1wgv aa7frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much sv )wbmk4- essgg*8 ymt 5b:*bltress is required to keep it at this length if the temperam gs8mky:*b t-b wvg)bels* 45ture increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area6gnrv. n+p ib1 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 2 n2vfq1+ln h*xfza/* ;w8c ghs0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale:bct*wg s913bxzb -kqi 2z-gh 2
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrge8wt )( rzs)zenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and a0*g+ yx/psxnSun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combu7d jbng4:chrg3m/:di stion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 2c:d/hg :mb7ij3n4gr d 0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at4)sxrur(wt1gc) g.hw STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank containfk w1.jaw 0i5mo y3v+ks 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of u;e5 w405hykxrug9 lx nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.04ta6xp9l y:lx$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holk 72mpznz-dh0 ding 105.0 kg of argon gas at pdm2 k7nzzh-0385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofnwo+6om t 7n5bbm(,.g gby*w c8 g(mwi $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the c5gl))ixc4p3 b ;djyt balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outsiccj 5);y4 p b)3tdxiglde. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled witsw :(n4rjjy; ,nzcvrhfq3.:v- vdd9oh air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1 /uy5fw1;7arq7 ozrv x8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea le.:8rckmhl;6e gpx8s ;p7sdx b cl( 3jovel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecule 0lp5; yhx+.ekk+tj nks / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Ho/wk ; m6;ag(eaoohw5m(hxys ,w many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, cr wvj-5d6x5 f gg*g0e   $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5. 7 opqqgnw87rx. h1gfy.r(-y w1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of a+nss4wn 2yigqj0 x jsx2+n *znd.d58zir are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]s+zn s0d+4 n2wxj5xni .y8n2 szjq*dg   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecul k7 cxc,nggrp yq0v4g2:f*v *ie at STrg4g*ic0q7pf n *2c:kv y,xg vP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium / k u piqk.r:nr0xh6x6atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 i6xrkn0 u6:. h/xkrpqK.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules incr0v+e gdbre6 v7 h2i9 j;x*cao )t,cifrease if the temperature is increased fr2xi,gva6r jevf)0 ohi ;ecb7 dctr* 9+om 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in unitugixu ;vxs1fe(4k h :3s of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8,gsu u;xfe1v 4 :(ix3kh 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecgmj1i4 u ,t:iqg;e,dsules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by wha6,y8 orhi r;lot factor dor6o i; 8,yhroles $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given by ggi- ,6s zt15sclcs y ywz:+)a$v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the5p,qyv/ 9z7ez/vb dij same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds /5iy/,zd vq7jezvb9p is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules cont0p la86 myckondo *qx+ b)e,/dained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mol9 yu99jg 4v*p5naz4opwmjp;h ecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP?fp:csebn kp v-b16:g.    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecu8h2s7 a6niku alar mass is 89 u in a living cka2h8 asu6i7nell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P obqq48s0wn40yi zs 2gv: nwmu1 f a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ur5wx1cn (phl(l anium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what pha:hatidd 7mhi84h epowk9yfbfh b l 173z+l-*6 ses can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperatunld 9va5dh +75 +btxciqu4jiqn,*3bs4y zk0 gre is (a) 943hl qd t0njn*k4a7 cy i+ udv5bg x+sz9,q5ib0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when thsy))e g+p0d,ls2 hnn/xi n qyr4q.q6u e temperatuq0y/x )el,s+yqqr.igsup24n ndhn)6re is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at0 w.db 3djvvp8v5tx.fn06t sh a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains +h.hcuk1kx(f m xf(a .is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at wh.a fm k(1uh.h xcf(k+xich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when t og57uc/.qwtv he partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the reovu tcg. 5/qw7lative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wayzo-hx.foj7;y 6vrw ; ter on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker (r7 6-qxu;r )mzd k5tyfqefo 5if the water is boiling at a temperatur7t(-kf de) y5mxq qf 6rurzo5;e of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of v+(-lqza xpag/m h*1wa; 1aj.hnlqvj. olume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its debd3e6r ir13r(x0st*qm 3bpz uw point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed fo 6s ogjkdzo012znpj7b4s/ht 2r a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dist 0j j sso zodz241nb/g2khp67tance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny,l;6 tpps (l.jqz)9pdl ec+tj60 a c2lpks fj) tubes called tracheae. An average 9cj6 ). lf+k)zsq0a6 ; l(cellj ptt2dppjp,strachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape ;(1q8 ganzg cv ,ynu8omeasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated;:rijhl ,jdc)- l v9xe at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperaturemg-vf z 3-nfma*3,w5g lphf:b. How much error will be a*bnf:pvw3gm- mfgl5,- z h3fmade in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a he muk3 a8bn;ry6lium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of 3ky 86raumb;n the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6)cexu, /bs,at .5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temper, tx b,s)/ecuaature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom phjm4c3xn:oqyd344 wdga 5,o ner $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniqujk-,jzbc yn:;sb/.ol gk;h s) es is abo /gjlzbknc)- . :;oh;sbjsy ,kut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L w(iub f ;tp/ g7cnct,.xhen 10 m below the surfa,;p tc/7c .igu(n xbftce, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the 212+asjxx1xlgj*p95x t-zb bf0insrMoon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? za * 5j1lr+xxt9j-s2pfnb0g bix 2sx 1(Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 110o0e1-:nve ii phi)g +g/2r mdj$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770mf:nm x+ /xj+xhlddc9y.co :t .$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Ear.qib9 zt9hk*s7/e 5bewdraim .ji;/t th, estimate the total number of air molecusi7rm9t i5b qe w.zj h9kbde/.ia /;t*les in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of ni oda6b9,baza/k6s7y*qt r0 8auqi2 gdtrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure =;c .vy4jrs4 tnbz0gc * 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, tsc4;yn *4rbj z.0c gvmeasured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury atv5/b j ,9yuiaj, xtzx1 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolv,b0je3,d0 vm) d a7j o7em76tvsoypdine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around txxhku( s;ugk7 - r zgw tr)1i-g/xkw8*he Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tight;s4n,yt ex+s9noh ; haly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length staj f, xhtul3 1*dfk,)vnndard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at+q+9pp +w6i vou9byaj 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is 0ya xsv;m.rh, $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lidizg9d0 2bvfms0 :8byb vo*4fw is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrownyf vs0*v98gm b40wbf2:doi bz at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diametegj*37 hw4kv9ouae-rjr (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume a3uw79* khejjgov-4 r the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total wateohu bfz0r2: 0sr vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: rhs 0ubo20 :zf
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differ,ss.g6 m- vcsvs-oo ( sgpr1x gqz3k:+ence in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earqgo(src z-1- s.m + :sgsg,s6opv3kvxth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressuhhin-xs ;g;j2 9 fl:vrre, the coefficient of v 9hli;j-rh;g2 xs:nvf olume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.