Which has more atoms: 1 htra7j-nlnaxk3 tta4 ks6 sv5 d/706mkg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appe h56a6 -7/ lasjds4vx7kt t0mtnkn 3randix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a therm( xf-evu i2ut(omet-xe tvi f((2uuer.

Which is larger, 1 C v ,p +u wak8.4/p,dsiajkgx4 e$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilib .vi3x;)sy owcax//wyrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperaturesx/3svayc; /xwoi y).w of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic str6cq*i o9muk+6n2gjp lh 9s9:s ifxu:v ip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside xmgu+q: u9 ivjo99cnk 6il6sf*p2: hs of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansiuchan14 c-:znon $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a fu ua ifc dt+fbh*r1rq(0b.;7lalcg 8 )arnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electriud.fqa bf ac (tg)hrab7l1i;+c80r*l c switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in th2snbx8qn 1ikaz2 )t p0e shape of a U28p2t) z1n0ks bxi naq. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lean.;6l-o7d gq1xfn(9xl1kv qx t a3px9 h0mfsdd floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermome :aiiw/5k . (3atsxpssfn q*w4ter is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. 4asx i/w .qfwt:(s i3psnk*a5 Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated os .as +1dtw 4y+hta h4k 6/gdzj4zdt3yr cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts.4dsd 1ahwda 4ygkyht++s 4zt 3/z 6.tj Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient nvva)m (dzv:m. )5t2 f4bzojyof linear expansion is much smalleaznd :f)(z) o5 4jb2tvm.myvv r than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate a5b11f+zoy-z0 cci- wcgflv e+t 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda wille 3a1 (eo:pxll cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand lpex:1o(3e la up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), itldg(wam *on si9g9z1qr s. 8t5;oa+zks temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperz1rwgdsa9 ano kzi59lgtm*s8+. q ;o(ature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on alp3go ntev 80)n aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrean 0o)8vtlep3 gse if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from wv -cy 65pfqv.vob 34skinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolutesyfv5b3.6 -vvw4c poq temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lu )rht8 uj l-7kk,w:wvyssac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the95iuqisu/ 0gc Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must hahk.ao.d a7dt.ve to leave the Earth and never return. Thhda.kt.7 .aode escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more qui)m2n sim j zsb-2xf.;pckly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the p bmx2i-jss z n2m;)f.molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfow( 24 3+meop n*k;*ctlznzehd9dg-h trtable than a hot dry day at the same te4* +;znc3hozp*dg29 tw-ekd nth(e m lmperature.

Is it possible to boil wmami:ur -r a h3nghy7.0xu;0 fater at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the sam;yuxurs6n2 2de but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the sx6r2uun2d;y same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheatedv/j6ush d-or flv ,h83 automobile e,h8vjv ul6/3 -drfohsngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (sodh8 e0 k nn(4e qg2wt;7u -zmr,gcq5Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there bbwclcd 8i.5n m2p7 g-in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number ofgx2l s54n ju5b atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of thenl5 ju 5sbg24x same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 6/ekkv fb 3a)a)8°F. What is this on the Celsius scale? akb)/ea3)fvk   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures rt0aqtr(s9 3 xeecorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glassnng1 up.l- xt9e ;;y+ xx5qb9s8fzimb thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0b;1eszn x9 +bfu; p.m9y 8gx- iqnt5lx $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (206+7 vk)kd pz wqo)on itp 35sqp+/zoah*b* nx( $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built cshf wc3qm3rym**0x ( +iw-b vof wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temws+r ivqwhb30y c-*x 3 mf*(cmperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, r5zja9g:(hxns6mmb4- om s y9xivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually g(zsx5hn9 6mx j9s mybm:o-4a in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterjsvo 4 6kk5p-b at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What (c+nnnsc)/ azq3m8 )3 ikkmr nwill be its change in volume if it is hear8+3ck3snm () nz/qkmn nc)ai ted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 me/isht0 gy/:h 17o3ceahaf r) w7g 5wqL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 48 3um;gvq qhemL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iromc8xp5 l7.ncrn. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expan923c an.ve21g l- cazjyd4 wphd in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansionjg4ch9a yv -p ael23.z d1n2wc is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the d-vt94f:t 76iqs qxbxk7cn7kng 7po 5zensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of4dh4dr1yco c7*/h tbk linear expansion dc4h y b k/cod*t7h41r$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, /8nq;1 hn4jii 2g7nqgn1v buz$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a granh1shmny4fr7 gtob v8qw61s,4d r*9q rdfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 m g9n yhwhr fs7 *,1tq8oq1r4rs4vbd6$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside d oploq;8 ucm12 ja7au5iameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume o7m;pooc8a1 lq2ju a u5f 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating a (4 e0r;bnvnptz: j:qfrfp6 l/bout its axle on fri n;v:qp:46fzfjrrb epln0 /t(ctionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length whevqkb g 5jy5a;-n at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the tempeg5; jbk5-yv aqrature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional a : pk+g+50zt c)ili6x;vx dnvtrea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1s0ege73 h 8bzo+nxu0 + enll6a34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scalfj-6wy2ct z1f e:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatur rqv+p1avlut7ugc 57fj:8-s j e yc8p;e on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about qz)dcn9 d qnva,8lfj2h4 l 5)6nvh-h i4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tempe.udv jpd- 49mrrature of .d49u-jmpv rdabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density o2yd yoyy)vu 66b3b az*f oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 212 9ecz*,jt2 v yhr i4wra :1p5cz)qcfa.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen1lholau ; ld).z+y.sd ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is a mek y01fv)7tee,er y4t 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon ga ujejcu5(pueup0 44+ zs at 385 K0uuujp+4c(pj5e ez 4 u?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg *g qo wwr9ckw: d(os*1of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves i )+o248g xm6xn+r rzusbkb9zl3ueqo.ts buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volr3k 2gu9q+ul.zemo zo+xxb4 6rnsb)8 ume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with; oh p5e.3virj* mx/ki air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.79o-n 2l w,0xra9 e o8kdld wjml)ev*ds4-qag0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escaw+7ppszx60 ,f v29jo k(z ntlopes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of ddtun brz 8w(mt0hw(b41 .bbn0:d 7kj molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Ho;bw),;xkz mmk:+ g8 rer7draew many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molrv,d1tz ;,za.zb+ g ur:j8j tqes,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume rxv .cecn8 n:b3, q1f /i6geki6drdu.5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that wer8.ot gfr1u 7jld7us3es9ww5pe also in the last breath Galileo tor wp.fw 537jeo9u8t 7d1sgulsok. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average transla e3yp apnaf8z)* ly.a7tional kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPe).a7nayalp zp8yf *3?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfaw x0, ;bo zo-3tb+orkhce of the Sun at a temperature of aboutk+-hobb ;x30rozo, wt 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the tea/5 yf1yoh;zv8g+kk, raff o 0ihud 1;mperature is ioa hoyg/ yf;hka+u z851r1,fvf 0kd ;increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in uzk4e.wk;1 5x r ellthchfn*-3nits of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms spke1. ;ce3zr4*5xtlkh-nhw f leed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecuosnl.8nb; d7 hb yk06/s 7gafoles in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas 0,wx95kl sn0*v t), xnmswgzhis doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor dos tsx) w05z*09mg, klnxw nh,ves $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gasm;+za 6te u.lw qv(3vz is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of ts .(jtrc/3v8 mr +grarwo gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds. c+mg8rrrr(3ja t v/s is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules co9et df z)k irdx8b/6d)ntained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule (olugt3;bbd85vo9hy at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betwe0xldsf;v e9ltducuw; 5 l. -.den nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mg ( cwg 0j;g(icqq+ zy6eprq9)i2di5xass is 89 u in a living cell at 3(6jg+)yg5;z(0p 2 cri qxwg9i iecqqd7 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be whnb0k:a 6ua un e*hdtl)uo7 l7(3wa6b ritten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u)ummq0hz et4ute o0tg/ jl412ranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phaseu b2/ubfsq6 s3s can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0oua;sas-, u 7dalkn64.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 97naa 6a,k- sosdu4;ul0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humiditywr7b7x0l uqgrr 0t)ce :3yam+ is 50% on a day when the temperarmrt077w3eug+r0 : a y)bclxqture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressul+ xn ,eqy9uwa: 9d brv2ou7r8re at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountaivte;. m om 1do4muj )mwit)/olub t9/6ns is 0.72 atm, estimate the tempera1mj) le o4oit9mm6/w/u)tmdotv ub. ; ture at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial preak2yvn*7tevlzea dqi/j :) 04ssure of water is 530 Pa and 0*/ izk)teq27n jayl v:daev4the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial press o w5lgg5jpu;.ure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pre*ra 2,xr:dt7y u cv0znssure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 1 z2y*uv,:7ntrxcdr a020 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rkt+cynvwe z f7h8 n7/3eoe. ks9nd1 innu6h;/oom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ol t/og.0h g*nif 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to g ,+:iend6qpj , h k(x, vxreecn7lw1.diffuse a distance of 1 cdne,k. ( +h,1 x ,6:lxeiwjenvpq7gr5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of icaf1w,yx,e3k0rsk 2c h6.f einsects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional fxcfe,kker1 y36hs.0 2w c,ia area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure hasb1 *lpqp/ bbm*c1vvlsf */ 5gy been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measuro rth. /0vb2i3y md,fhe has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was cal g/wznjts 8g8v -q1u4fibrated at normal room temperature. How much error wilt1gv4- z/8gf n8jqsuwl be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm 52mwmjl/bb4w:+grb ;o:dve q. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remb+dwm5l: mjb 2ovwr;qb :/eg4ains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room o+r)ejqk3ax 5 zf length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. As 3z+jarke)x q5sume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matt q*)n1zi2zee)wxw d*,6r hk ater is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using tqfscq 4iwg -rd/ cz 4so6)b(0mhe best available vacuum techniques is abo-b0 c4qimd(/4ssz co 6q)rwgf ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity ck8wi:l )x0(z5vckxbb2g- w iof 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his0ikx2(85v :wzi-bbgw)l k cxc lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed ofu2+ m/ d 32e2w6joz0mkdj;p w7vf ysag about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be madepwa0myejumzg7sjof62w 3k+ 2 2;vd/d of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from5rb;jv8 p -tvu/ xmhd -dsb/,j 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770ork7 i-v1vy /msmbi7rrv+-p* m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Esw/9h wn;v 5llarth, estimate the total number of air /;hv 59nslwlwmolecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of6nj fkat5x yzm**93gc nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospith-v 4pt/-ly yv6)lrcval has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will thehcy tv6y lr pvl-/-4v) cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid merc, pjnak,1qr,ruhw0 bys1,c 4wury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a,uxhnz,) :tevt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator tm7 :xp(;iqivat 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glassf,us.gn:oad6 f6o)j) o)a chu jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ahlk 0 2g abrc.6w w7tyfouzq 550xp::hdopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fu3 ecg*zys 8v2ivr4fmluz) k 4n2zv92ully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth isos nksvu ivi:;82h m r9kb5, alj835wn $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balimwb:oi1-pb m)7rz*cb:rz *mls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elasc)bz:b rwprmz i*7io 1-bm m:*tically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (stsd+:sku*gnf u4 8i5zpherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface? + :u54tn gdu8sz s*fki   cm

  Calculate the total water vapor prkd:q*v0 ivq.oessure in the air on the following two days: dv* .:0ivoqqk
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it i,ox /qia18ixbt :,ts is a solid debq ot ix,a:ix /t8is,1ep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas uw;u9gj k 9fi fp*3buva 5/qo*law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of ;ga9qfuui9/*kv5j o w3bp u f*volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly 2iu* rx)tua:e dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a e) uti2r a:u*xhouse (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg