Which has more atoms: 1ooc*-zhme2+*be xd/ex dkov/n ,0 li ; kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Az eevdnhmo/o/*eb2kd; -ox* +x 0ci,lppendix B.

Name several properties of materials thb*3gzciacl*;k -am i+a ; yf6gat could be exploited to make a thermometer.y*km cg3z;; +lia g6cfb-aai *

Which is larger, 1 C 9zfgt h18 ;b px,m l66uztz5if$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermah, kmp7s ,5iiwl equilibriump,,w skih5i 7m with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of ironvjb.xld -tcr72: k(uj. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal wil ukctl.xj2v: dj-b(r 7l be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lineq6g* c 5)myyf 6n66/a9mgvcd irm ;hhlar expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace kn n*b*5h+ o7g4s2fi9 0xi0pyxhfbza(or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a g4 go05p*x nihabbk *7 iz2shxyn 0ff+9lass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often ha4c /bct701lc -shnu6- yc)ts gogr qn-ve a section in the shape of a U. tc lh t osc1 b0/grn-) cy6s7--4cgqnuWhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lef;th-j xf, w03 9r+7qjwpt htpjb o;e9ad floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placen ec5 hqlsk;+7y9ruz.1dq;hdje *n 2hd in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends 7h.cqhn52 rdy us d9k1zeq;*+nlj ;eha bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heatek ypvg9*mn) z ne/p,p:d or cooled more rapidly than adjacent pampppg,n9*e :vyn/ z)krts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glaszca jdr +g8 nxu7vk /-*cjb.6cs is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the 6 /cb-7kdu rj* zcxv.8 jgn+caincreased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clmf(r2b +rtc4gock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulg3v 0a/z22x rkwhe)6s8gr yupte so badly the can will not stand up. What has h p0/238rhzutx ay6s)2eg kwr vappened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing downk n;n2qkn mn65 a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving pistonnq mn6knnk25 ;.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminu7/.o2yjuo f++,kw j l8likzonm sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased wjiok/,ollzoj8+.2 + ufk7nyfrom 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relati:n j qkt8:em2ts,c)ieq:p fr8 ci)q- zon between average 88:sei q:):qki-c 2mz c,tretnjqp f)kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows froc+xmlinf6s) *+ c8hcbngr 8( om kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, tx8 . + g-wo.t8go3nnss5nq kszhe ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum ure x2wg0 2,ppspeed an object must have to leave the Earth and gup x e0r,22wpnever return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What canrrq fa ,ycm-/. you infer about the molecular propymc,f qra/r-. erties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncom qij9s70ifti23l -ichfortable than a hot dry day at the cji9q fh 32sliti -07isame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (2062bh 3xld3 9azema9c w $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is qh on2hx: e20)n r*jmethe same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? )2enxe2n:0hr hm oj*qExplain.

Explain why it is dangeqf*f82wmx *b arous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine.b xmw* ff2q*a8

Why does exhaled air appeh )y)f 1 *lbb(5hcwaa9,vhqbcwl2f*jar as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper .bmsor+4j 3.y;gc2 ) ,hhgd ezb1b7qc -g eijfpenny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare hvly: 97 u 8pvt71ilbczl 2g(fmb(hp- to the number in a silver ri vzl1 7hh(blbf:9 pvicugp82t7 (-lymng of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is f zo8ttp93/n u77 xegfthis on the Celsius scale?fo8f9txzp3 ut7e 7/g n   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and* y.k k 0aobeplghk4;yge m6.+ lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass t c 2u*at5;ocf99k zbh iaypp,q37u-r:-vb jchhermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 :kphtcac*bf5 op ui9zj9a,hu-yc;v 23 r-b7q$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long 2*rcs0lc ox*i(20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron apnkoc/mlg 6-s 4proximately 300 m tall. Estimate h sm gk6/nlco-4ow much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are laz p8t:pum/dx6rger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 6tupp:x d/8z m1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 4w 0ge: xtv w*dk(q:g+xo:ma n$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be i+/deo *-(guq0mn vj sj niez5.ts change in volume if it is he-*vzs/+. qgj0i( dujoenmen5ated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of wal),3cqw*q* pcye lyg 2ter at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 22cy7k 5 x e6 qv no5i-tfkhjj+2ezf.4f0 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is 7i e8yo klw.p:to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel s+(wlrrak l(j8 k0ll1wo it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the ell8j0(rlww a(kl1r+k ffective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change ino;qwu4*bl sm /o02 p73q kysfx the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate o.zwkj*mwi p4qnh ov;u 8 93c*sf length l and width w has coefficient of linear exws *9hi jp now*u; kqc.48zvm3pansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrm)uews8r a.w* i dok7: mk/i kbex)k*3opic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is hc7mywya-,a2os)p:x made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1aa:y ypx-)o2mw cs7h,7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury l)5mzo 4,r utqthermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a votzrl4 5um,q)o lume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m ndg u+w +zb5;ris rotating about its axle on frictionles+gzwn ub+dr5;s bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°Cz4 koo38i2ix:9-g 8q 8*cd5d zxcevx 1diyg lm. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperagixo i y8ddzv8xlgm-icq: 5e4 k9z2*13xoc 8dture increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 03iwgz7e j9* c6 pjmx1q(oqqz :.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1ucnebmc09 vo(aaac;xczy z9)4/: d, t34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelwlh9 +fy:i *cqvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature sbwauqb2; 2kp (c8g6non the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the inte)wm* 8b(uev)lsyx 2+zy ypw3nrior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion enkt a pw;p1d5(pgine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of ppdwp1akt; (5 about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law akskt opvdh m.l8.okw 795/6z1k; t;cbgl mr,.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg c2x+m+8ob7 5yh 7qtdp t3g:p/rgmkn)6r i wbdof nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen (zku-wk9kk 5)*dmma c ;$N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10)t6d hxmq -mp7.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 1-a(jm mu +5loq05.0 kg of argon gas at 38am-l5 m (+qouj5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kwzs wx7 qg*k.2g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside :yjka:lf*ci m,5my-0clw py; the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outsmylcjkilc5y,fy-wp0: a* :; m ide. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air a:v .g 7kw9u ;m-)ihrstacg 5xlt 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen t0qgs2 4w5koyq g 8j/aihzy90at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon l-,)dsa0g9z d;wp0re t 8+c hi6 qd3n)sovyd cescapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules /0ry x wx.a0*td,p vm,c $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many mol s yj33v3rq0rxecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (alavhp o0: d/0a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of voluml;zhb b8x.ifz7nfg 52dzk9n 5v3je-p e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molmoaj.xb rgkky80(dj m( ;mr,umc 9-y9ecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo toor( mcb d.myymkoj;kr(u g-0mj8,xa9 9 k. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average;fiw) ;bln- 3 qx.*:tcz2lh tl dyv,be translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? );elwtbc., z;n-vdl fhl* :tx2y iqb3    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms neary joz9tp+w -3n the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K. n-w3 oyp zjt9+   m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase ifd03 en :qir2hd the temperature is increa:i2e d0h r3dqnsed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km (:xp i)y0uh* e*lsgxrh8 prv1/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5,(h:8h* x rey 0 u)xvs*ipl1rpg 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules ym1sx4 b1d 3rd-/li g p/ofl76ln*il zin a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant,g6 u)md-d ,l/bkv0j bc.2btfj by what factor does cbjj .m 2,lbb-/u0kv dtf6) dg$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is give6.*3 8dnpvpx*kr v7mu;:e( imzu uscin by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, t c2a3-xki4jyz5.zeabz yx3n( he ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of t3ci(aa-y k xb.3ye2zjz n4x5zheir molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules 1*yvv e9 ow mxhiy1+;kcontained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxyge uat7v6 du gg(+/j3cjnn molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average dis )02ce o5sf-sbmi u4:w -a xyrlyi.sv(tance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of *zc0ghf y d3w6an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at z *y6ch0 gwf3d37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas cb22ky8sxy:nakei 5dm0xvm n)o i,6 e -an be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urrm*zw, :y8vqe anium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases:v0/hcpq4a6+p xlm bm can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when n4w ynswr17 cgai8/3xthe pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)8gwr7c s1a/n4yinw3x 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a daj,o:gic91eem :eh8sy y when the temperatur9ei:ege ,m:josc 1h8y e is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place whebbs 4h+lt-sz 7re water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular imdqz ch;k3t8 - u5;muplace in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at w mz8dut;i 3k-c ;5qmuhhich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of wz, *vrljqtvm27wr l 70ku :dn5ater is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%05 lv* v7t7r:uqzk2 mr dn,ljw? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial prb2kk b1 iyls7(essure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pres fs8 2pwiyiaa2v6c68fsure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120paiwv2 s8f8y6if2 ca6 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room vbsfy c22t44kof volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of jlyyvw ybu6 84,rk rdep(06. y5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule rw ,j.gtzb *:;.npz4a5miv gq (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanceqnm :.jvz5a,gz b;trwg.*4 ip of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the id/e-,) wjcz wu93oq8k -yljq gnterior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average tra,zjw wedj )uoc8-9-q3 kygql/chea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measugmz qcet,i nrimu3 q .i6o21kb u624.tre has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure.,bb1up+ruw sd(h k2 g has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was ca -vlg*wqa 7do w49g.dz3tcz8n librated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling-naw78dg4dvo3 ctl* . qgwzz 9 for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylind123su2 uys izzer is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas re1 2zuius3sz2ymains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, a ez6 md:+. +coz(sbnuend height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is6ez o(. d:um +sezb+nc 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density : s t5zmj2vi9tof matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum tt 4juz9+sx xy+pkwf i 438dfg+echniques is abofd3f+9 xjpk+tx4 +uis g 8zwy4ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capaci1xygzd 9w-fg6ty of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would hig19fxy w-gz d6s lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphe, yq*aa0orcvgp- 6ebt6d:nv:myf21ore at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehiaf602v pv-y g,cr :*a6tn: bed1oqmyocle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from lu on7+q5 2lhm110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofw ll6 jjjod -29brd-2q 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atm*.atm *8kc2joi2m1b yn h8hnkospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimamtn ok 1my2.ka8h **2nbci j8hte the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contain.x wuz-(d590hkpew kred in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen ufqcwjf si2.m9-l*fjc hy7e 6- sed in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at - l97f.ms*ecfw6cq2jjy i-fh atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liqu/7fc9yso 8uyoqfcu13id mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolixb5i suka ).x4s a2z7sne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator ado )lp9bvw7 i3t 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto cnta4(2ku ef 5dtc2d, a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in p.0d9gd 7 aw3 n+angofthe 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully c(my(t9ia o9ki harged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth i+*+ngo d fom kw)jm0dxzw ..0is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown verswn3h mf-ado.4 nz8e l2,/k untically upward at it. How many tennis balls p -a,lefzn sh23/uk mdnw.4o8ner second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3h *yfn 4 0zb,m;sqmvb2.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches thsb y20m zfbv*;qnh4,me surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two 2d;ndvoe oq/)days: d2;eq /ono v)d
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the densife1uev9c2m/ /w6no p lty of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where tuecn l9p/f6/2 meo1 vwhe temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure528ttb, hg;j2ckw. r:dc pbg l, the coefficient of vowd8p;h k5bt g:ljgr .,cb22tclume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.