Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alu- e8iig 2z6btt x33fxu m6k:vhminum? See the periodic table or Apkbit 6i -htfxugz:e3v2x 38m6pendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited9op,i 0/tjyo/ qv p4sgfst 9m 1)qfw6r to make a thermometer./qsvo, fof 9pjt)q0 y9w1rgs i6/ptm4

Which is larger, 1 C k c-iu0)wazvm p9nh4abpu-- 6$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with st+ xhdea ar8l17 bhf d-fe5::hystem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium wdxhe -:d8 af 5eb+ 7al1:hfhtrith system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rivetedfg u35 -v9lyay to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] yauy -l5g3fv9Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear ex)quj9hhw*l g8 pansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furn0 qoa * e4t;jsj+0c nrdu3+lcjace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strirju0q+4*ot e d+js 3c;ja0 nclps of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends ofteni- b/z2tyxjx ) have a section in the shape of xt-)z xb iy2/ja U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylindern 8iruag(7t6jv0 1gnw of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot r:z2)gvjtfo - tub of water, the mercury initially descends a z)-g:jftovr2 bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heatedcoxf r70 e7hya, t0*qu1id+ivlrw3d4 or cooled more rapidly t7*d0fr0 c1w,x+ydoiv3lr7etq u 4ai h han adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex gla jq 6jbhh9ft6oszgw(+ h- q +aflt-k;+ss is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increasedw;++ftj-qfhha - t(o6sb+ hlk6zg 9qj heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accy18wg9;laspw*x+1qca7h7 n xjjyc ;zsb(zf4 urate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause 0qze60qok ,cv qip43c its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will6ocz4 c veqq,300piqk not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its te w8+nk6vw+x ltkgz0eg btpv ;h;;7 (gmmperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what n tk v(hxevw86 7pgkwmlb+g;t0;+; zg happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase fz :00rswftmt.vw*+x or decr 0f+*:mw xs wzr.0tfvtease if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theorp)lchf2l es6r1 0va)9jxi9. /xhu qbky and the relation between a0 khx)bx91 e/s 6 2qr.9fliu)cjvhlpaverage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Luss nj/qif0; ink*ac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio ofrb7 2oul) ydad2a5q *k $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed anc)tt * c5.lduhartnm6k;g7;nhcj p( 0 object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. lhpr (*ct6n )kch t;cn ;5agt.0 ju7mdExplain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly th g(b8g*8wskeya8ln/ q an water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular propertie gsyl8wkq*/gea8 8b (ns of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortsn;yo+cp 4rw mbm5*a( able than a hot dry day at the saar5 m*b;sco(+ yw4mnpme temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at roomi/xoay87 uq. n temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but rzxf.2,)pai66zds xo the humidity is different o.xsfxr pia26 ,6d)zz. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an -8xm8jc v(cwroverheated automobile engine-mrv8 wxj(8c c.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in thvp 0esiea:5zwd ,9 r0o4odm87p 5to 7djaosk/e winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are ther4hpl . :qjt-mb 3cb24 j+juhpye in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number intl+ 2* n27mei)pkzmt l a silver ring of+*m2m7le zit ln2k tp) the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is to; gn2:f4zwse his on the Celsius scale?g 2:4w sz;ofen   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest diw y(*l57vz;*b)w r f z2yppxtemperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol c.t)** itwzrxd )7htx column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 h)ir*t).wxzx* t7ctd $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 lsmjz,2,elr6af--uio9fs5x m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig0pdwt+r) dyy(nv 1n)e. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its heightdpyn e)nw d1 rv)(+t0y changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet holef a:462 ga2kdo yr t.4wjavt.e are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm :4rawt4j6.vkagt2 . y f2deaoin diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ab xlobc y+nz +ae.+y.(t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume 6gk5uops-u ;l if it is heated from u; l-g su65pok30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled th)q / jw;rno1po the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water al+gre *3 zry2-q8rkvqt 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of ir56a5f9k, h6i lq5j(r )ccku hg0v3mb4de tqnqon. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand3rixs wt9wq5.f1jo .e in essentially one dqxwj.e3 fs95 t1wo.ir irection only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density .ok4s sue7/do$\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient oq 6 ez)h)-nyp-pb6c apf linear expansy- )- 6) enqb6phppaczion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sol 7nfw1bipz v8qs+c;1 tid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is madetwj-jhz n 1)i/ of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 1 /ij- tnhz)jw$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometejbx:hpy 3wu / xst*;8se.k0sjr has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb ha tj *.3s;x pssju wxe0h8ykb:/s a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius d5xw/km3-3jp sfju4 u 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angk4 mx3fj5/3u s- pwdujular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desir/om:z6ikjs1 ,ij0 cpfed length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length ij6 ii1 ,cks0/:zp mofjf the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of crorm l;)6urmaufz6 z2- 1 /tbovj+m7hzx4 1jwdsss-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.naujzm)+ 3+c, en/ sf:;d ylax122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following te 7u3,gr /xzdfw7z8tya lpa3s, mperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature2sky1o(1xpb)gkm 0 lp on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun hw/i v2.xq23+s zv2bh3u7bfy-ob tfr bfd/4 uare about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pr gxk;zp25cm ,nessure and a temperature of ;z cn5pmg,2kx about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxyg6 su gra7gnzj uqkce7 h24c9(/en at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of w ( .fxtk0/eop.6qaybnitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.y q*fbu3v 6;mho6 r/ve5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is alo102w-z 4ti/*vnp m)l iv kqj+0xxdc t 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container lj :eu2(w wk(ixhx(pub(j, , qholding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?e(jw bx(kuxu ,ljih :w(, (qp2   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg/e y/hqljbi0c(: oz2 m of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatinghd/me 8*pug g4):krlu the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloonrlm8k 4) ehg*u up:d/g is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air s5w lw32,bhrbpp gf w)3/+cu iat 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18r xqt61 8m -x f5ssa3(jbbsy6q.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level an+mnu 8 ia+pmw2d 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number(jn*sdr- s:tm6s2, kl et .txufxc 3b7 of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molepaq.u2 - v eeaz y5uo0si6c8f6cules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number o u8n 8cl0-cvn.-hrcmbccc +c6f (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1nop 0 o*20r.o.ph2 5tz -vyre4uhhfba$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were 3:nsph8ok/iz86/siyvsw(g w also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosgop i:8k6 v 3s/ihwsw(8sz n/yphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic bv .nxgg3o: zl l3(w(zw)x,wx energy of an oxygen molecule at STPx (n.)3wzz x :gw(lb,x lo3gvw?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of thex nlk x)27y8jt Sun at a temperature of about 6000 )jtxx7kn8ly2 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if*cx/ p9z m)mfq the temperature is ipf)c x*m9qzm /ncreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units o2k 4p jp95kwesy :e3fcsg h,4jf km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calcuw3eg9e4 jhs pyf4, 5kkcpj2s:late the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gass4x zgfa 379e1p*sbys at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, b2if-.2fteeza y what factzefate2. i- 2for does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecuu 7 pt1fp*8knrr+ l+i78iume tqr5 d3ules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, t19go(mc aa /mghe ratio of their rms speeds m g(oaga1c/9m is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of n29gpaf0+ vuhb;e; qv w1 vane5itrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speedtakp*gl/.xs6 3h j(/ghdp;8stsu e9h of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen moleculef 6bo))- zw f:xo3qdoln/jn +ys at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass i:w bdzh/t)i,jih3r 2is 89 u in a living c bht hji32 di:rz)w/,iell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be y1 y ( m19h/g4mczmq )0fbmjczwritten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, sj3ew-7 lbak fu(/(-fjb(z lo$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what th f94 +j1daa4tyd lk- *rrc5fd i4.czphases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when th r yp1ex)cwoqh42/q;re pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) ;rw2 xrh1o)qyc/q 4ep 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 5 qca rfi4h03a3js652 7ikhulu0% on a day when the tempera32jaq3uf ca6 4h5 7iliku r0hsture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressur;-yg vq9jkzv1 e at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atmqf i1e7 3apwa;, estimate the temperature at which watp7aia13f q ;weer boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperatp8d;wj0oxq6m9 e /zgmure on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relat ;p g0mx8w 6jo9dmz/eqive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperr/+2j260otpjwl l,jug3 o sn 2/ sbhmfature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate p5jf w-)q;u p1+zfo f,1 clekqlp7q ep8ressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boilingq q,7fokqf5jpllc;1 e+fp-z8 1 ewp)u at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume)hy 02g4sdvrg6gwa 9 t 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dewl0h4pl t kh3(m0kit7j point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a gly :.yzyki2+fm ycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dista+yzy :ikf.my2 nce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through::9cida 7rzdm tiny tubes calldm :d :9rac7zied tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been caliw*ejb*4n 0+v 66 wihqgcwyb; nbrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been x 2 r)vo2blvs8calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How muchbn(-yw tjx .h; ak6x:x error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and-(x j.yhbxxtw 6;an k: the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atmm i xkgzup2 v17-*,pa:bba98rgy5 ctw. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm*g r7gwyp8 , a2 auiz5vxm:p bkc-b19t. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air mole aqkj4 qd.t0)ccules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assa0k)tq jcqd 4.ume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about of 3lrdde4gycw ( 7samh:c0hl/x sd+24 ne atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best ayx2 x g rpu5x81e*s-oivailable vacuum techniques is about5y rux2xopi*x18 -se g $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills hi3ga1mh0sstd5 2jb 6 fqs lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this ad m2 thgbs05d 3sa1qj6fvisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters c7 b,hyh+,m. orcbes3 Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blamchc7.ebyh +osb3 ,r ,ze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an go/ngj g.ikpr39t +p2ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume o1ztgq0m kuo 9,f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric y8 azvuh*j)u2kl, ;t 2udoj.v pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the totuz;j.u8 vo ) ykua *h,2d2tlvjal number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a ;x)sihg/ydy dl 8nd /8p jhhxo (/pa;c7 a0c1t7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen us 95znhie+8b4b,uhf)wj2 rks led in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measurbb+ri85ue4nlzjs h) 9 wfhk,2ed at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a yt aio;f6/+ sdbowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at9 sksctkh.: cp*07clt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equatohh 7/h 3da)y - cd3dyl;riviz8+1yjdrr at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 2w 6noutm7h;g,jb ;l.d0$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standacn,ph-l6 g2u0i )tv nqrd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atg c)z c2ft8ot:zqw4bac+m 5i1 m at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth vud,) hkxvh53 is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is .uf z/3eq. m*b xyrni6suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. Ho/*b.nyfz i.e3qx6ur mw many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-e hw w-z0kln8f0ohb 07cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How larg e-w0o0nkw 7 f8h0bhzle is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followv+oqb ;je s* .ra,bz5jing two days: j bes*+rz;,5. vbaqjo
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at ST5p5 ixw7j3qytd zyf4* P, and when it is a solid deep i3 xw4 zdf 5tpy*y7q5jin the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show 7.jvv e8)t ,o/utd8v-yuuge d that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume e )u/jvuy8g- edvodte v8 tu.,7xpansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their ced ybr:/ngoq eo4:y 15kllars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kepto: yd1e5b/nqor g:k4y at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg