Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See t,n 3mlz3ar ,c e gmy82.qpe.lphe periodic table or g. zpelymn3 e.c ,l382a,qrpmAppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that 60 lj erprn;v(could be exploited to make a thermometer.lpen v(0rj6r ;

Which is larger, 1 C n,5z rv; tled+119 tafd(mha-8azkrm $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B 7nsdq+q80ka z2xzshkk.)3s m is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say.s8z20shsk+da7 3kmqq )x kzn about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alumie hd**lf(/*tn ebgovw3m *b4ycma xb4o g.*: xnum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal 3m d 4ewo/ ( x*:cx g*n*afymbe. vbhbtgl*o4*will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient ob s2z0sf(uop. f linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat useuvq* :x11* m i+ v(bjba3kipj,rl hm;zd to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that condu abip (1xmrv:3;jmlih*bqkz,1uj* v +cts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are 6jlr,* r abym:s gmhvd)dz65.fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Wh.bl ys:hvz,6d)d jmr 6 ag*r5my?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at (7z88sgydtn e 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in1 d5vfppepk/ r)e2cp o7a4 9eb-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit anfe rp/v bk eepc2pd1)7 59apo4d then rises. Explain.

A glass container may /-83uern zqzu break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Exqe3uzun8- z r/plain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of qnqdjkzp,rfj ,4:( f7 linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary zrq4pjk:,,j7d (qf f nglass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate5786t8v a;axl(khee)pqrobd)9s g,)yizo s g at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so b3hi;c ( t7wyqv7qmx-i;4 nm 7vw-oqbd adly the can will not stand om4d h(;v xv-wq7 ncmiyq-73twiq; 7bup. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston),;x+3squ ustk r22.fmx its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the m;2xfr.2us3 mu+xkqts oving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submergez ,p*rdu9q2 sw vd06red in water increase or decrease if th 2 rp6*0zdd vsrue,q9we temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory anrt ;(ay4nr-e9 btdn(0izz2 ocd the relation between average kinetic end (0o( ni2-ynt r4ratzczeb; 9ergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law foll* ch,wa.qz3l iows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Eartv8) /nmm-qwxah’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an f9luih7 ;)73ppmoc.xy nhw9 z/fmti+ object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no amu+tw 7i9/ m3xof z7;cf pi)ph9ynhl.tmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quiwbbb9ao8p4 j(( k w9ibckly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the w(9( 8bbkioa4b9bjpw other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry*.ywmc,4x llml( miq -8x, zpv day at the s* q 4pyzvmc, i-mlw8(lxxlm.,ame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at3o ( zmp8r+)kxchbl.y room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days wh :u:o8gm85ubxpxfck8 en the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.xkp88mu:g:5xcb 8ufo

Explain why it is dangzsu nmt8k4 3++1 kwlfierous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine m3u8w1kik+sl+4nfz t.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white clouk0fsvo;ka4t*fb- )pb d in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram u3i.chbzg 6m4 yic-r*copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the n;luf xe ,x/ )qlwmtu4+umber in a silver ri;+fxel x ,/uwm )qtl4ung of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is ofti3y 8lr,gl;bk en taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?g;kil,b ly8r 3   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures rec;ojmf4n )ond)ah5(imir bg 3;orded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length l - ma0vi -gi*6;x vvm6txo1rp11.82 cm at 0.0v10 xip li* ra;o -6-6tgmvvxm $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of.4f z2ln: uopf slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) 6tz(/e zmp8(, 5bril4 hig vgwis built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperatbpvi rh6t5wze lzg/m ( i8g(4,ure of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole ar0axnuu):vo44m- e9hm; bl q.tp wgw7ie often used and the rivet is cooled anxm g0u w7veh9bqm.ou )i4-l:p t4;w (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 2n9 ps -vy *2 vx(fh*fp1surjp4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What wi a: i4gtmf*c/f/6emqvll be its change in volume if it is heatedf6 egmti:v /m4 *a/fcq from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim wit .dif,w8o2u0 t8ny1yjsdk - nz3idr3lh 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mLb7enozat7wzd 9n+,p /uy ;.rhtvn/f3 of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring-a*db .bw)3m0lprx nv made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessehq8tc bs /:8j nb 1jmcvj7tr0;l so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show th0jjs7mr /tbj:c8cq8b 1n v;t hat the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change i fg10z:m ujwtu+8p vr(n the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate o v6;ikfxi8f7pf length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansiofxvi6;8fk i7pn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sol.k.rgnl mh(ozo551e f z sic38nv7ls 0tfj:6lid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clockzkr 0qikgk4 zw*y lm 6*;3u4nc4j cez+ is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17i+k c0*;z*jzzle43rcn muqk4gy4k6w $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury therp2y(d ao1s32 cf(wvhk mometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulof 1d22w(h3(cpky va sb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating wdf-3kqf:,ni/ta 2no about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velwf-n k/a,n: 2q ofi3dtocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lt 70cg;ff esx6zi,*cx ength when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increase0te*xs6 ; x7 cgcif,fzs to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-by kw;)ma i9p8i a:o3x-ffrs2*uvk jj 8eam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1olrvyur6e(zg79u 8 l834.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaturesok p w,61gxn4r on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrepx(8rirq 7-fyh7/ r- *cyjunxnheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about ua7-na co9g)d 5xtb; g4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric avhj9z946 pd /j on.n v60jsoupressure and a temperature of about ju/6 z 9jh6o04pvva9jond .ns 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxyge5/pzo yvj *(;;f eluben at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains luhh+t 6g:y.i;;o7hb ac9 xqk21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of n ex/7hz3o a)k8d/dymh itrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is s m i:jyz i:,kbrfpwbk8z6:5:at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L 6 yopk9b5o 0kgcontainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3g5 byk69kp0 oo85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k, -8h1fdhnvm.e, zkt bg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air 5c;k nai,m 0fvinside the balloon, which makes it lefk0mi5 ,nvac ;ss dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 q:dyqh,zfl:m b-w 1-b*rk0jh $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1*/ 1twh*k6a)t( c:)x sghnp fhrq gnz98.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon j-jqu 7y)sfwqcsr1 i/(w4 m:nescapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules uaob0a,s)tn0 bg;ac*ep*o (f i ;c d+m/ $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?cgq+9tm ) *lxa    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, g:s(lv 5 sk9+umiayw4   $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1/d b)u((.r0 co/y g;zsddr6-f n gcgut$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath 8; nnf/ci kb *tt:apto4 8vcd7you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constt od/cinb8p;v8n c 7f *4ktat:ant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen so (.z3wc8)iq efl .j xv).ozmksd41 pmolecule at STP?4 (d si8kc.wxze j)13q.lmos.v)ozp f    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun +/ +x juyrwb8kat a temperatuj +kwuy+r8/xbre of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the jn /x1dl5 .noyrms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is n1jl5d xyno/.increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules havnoxng+76 (s qbe the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. +(b x7sngn 6qoCalculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecmp 5a)lxs;7 lxules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doublema- 7l.ogp,fwd while its volume is held constant, by what factor doesaf -glpw 7.om, $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speedp;h wzcg tq;27 :yds8rt wq;,h of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of theirn6 lyc7 u/c7wa rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roc la76yw 7un/cots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules0r 3y98vm5 t exhkry:q9r o/diy7zrn1 contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an o lw o*7yb 2/qo8t of8,aq+fhgtxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distawr 8/m i aj)g-.vbu,el9ugn,ance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speig.;oi0o .i56 a,wz4qd5tkbnf vdwk-ed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cel f;ovitk, 5d6o kgi- niwd0w.az.q45b l at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wh+y k5/wgj.p 1wk.-a w8fsc dcritten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urank e*yrm m0qz55ium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phas vgnt44bol4pi//i )sv es can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01u gk3m r jt03ekb.f;f4 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 g4.m3 fektjf3ubrk ;0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on d v*ttwb31og +a day when the temperature * ob td3wt1+gvis 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where,-nlnb/-o bvue. vo(x3 kwt7e water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountapybzy7z,- g7cd(4 mczins is 0.72 atm, estimate(c47zc mzygpz-bd , y7 the temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on arz /xhg69 k jz05pfz;x day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relk6/ xzj0 9zhr gxzpf5;ative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of waters0v b(6 jjz;bm on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure insidiu+y e/2ua(z.k*h/wr udxc/zp 2c 1un e a pressure cooker if the water is boiling aczdrxyi./+/n /( c2w 1ua kz2u u*pehut a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a e4y,s maf c*k1uw l.3( 2w (3gkgmpzlhroom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5hwuw6m7- y fr2q.m. 5cwhvu:a $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glysv4stkp9qi; gg0 xr 3ca1d2t1cine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 111 i0crd3g4k st9 ax2g vq;pst5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surfacei) a4wdl*-vhv of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectio*)w4 lhdv ia-vnal area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape m*: hzh/ slkd/j dv1+ 3,j dg0pr)ugecteasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has be eyjgz.m ubpt 5* /pjttq,7b4)en calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. Howtwud *g2 g8q ( c zxphfuu8g9h4,o0vg5 much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water anu 8z(cfxugh 59utg g2w q8povd 04g,h*d the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gvzo0dfxinup/f6k7 5 g a7mj: ,as cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remaxm 7 fpzkdi/n fou,j07:56vgains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 35cs qb.d8oj1 m.1 m, and heightojbs.q1 8m5c d 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the dens ltl(pwddc(0*ity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techn-z(/kug3 i fpziques is abo fug(k/p-z z3iut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below t0:0 kd6cytv aahe surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose toad0yv0cta: k6 the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon v.wcp dhuuhyc/cy /h*ru,2/* enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (asscvuy/ /*u,rh./c dwph*ychu2ume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increaseo:qo; b)bxgf+j g(md 0d from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume,lq*s5b v2j b )yek6yg of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atm;bpt,98kez4xakauhx629 f 1 cv 9ofnh ospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the n;6a f4a 1e8bo f2ztuchkk9xhp9,vx 9total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen /sqdxmck u4w 9ni 6-:nmolecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital hasnrg .) se3ao5x gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the a)nos53 xg.er cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liqui,qpmm5vgvx+ *hu rh1i9(g- ocj* (pekd mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline ar;7v4t a4ff q5toc/ks zj+g+et 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s eqxlx*k b k9n(a.4wb(ceuator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly4h+ u5 l1b q ma-40nx1l8 sqxkagimci7 onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ado-v6 zt1lruk ;a48dr brpted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has av j9zqos/8*l6;i yrj ww/2+c2so zjma pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is *bsc.3o ;,vbssl7z q 9ig) (dhas/pro $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis ballo xtj8 6w3zao:s thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per secondwo a6:tozj8x3 must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a deptq2h2h9d qk43 elszi 9uh of 14.0 m in a lake. d 3kh2ih u499qzq2lseAssume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the fotl 0pm n *iar4b7wt00ollowing two days: m4 00int7lp0bwaor t*
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and2hml*(iy :)g ogo;k tav s(si/ when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is o oas g*)i/(iv l:h(m;gsy2 kt2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an idea mdfxh g79j4mgr8 49kjl gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is9d4j4m mjfrxgg k 79h8 equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumy6zk62yd3 q.b gzo(d5(hni onidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildewyynd onbzz5 ohi dq6 26g((.3k. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg