Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 xl 1mzy;:,h3wc4vun pjz 1r g-ozdrk6 3c44yt kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendizuh4-mr ndvp ; 4r:jc1kycog 4 y1xtz6zlw,33 x B.

Name several properties of materials th;y1kqyv 66zbh at could be exploited to make a thermomete y6q6b1;zkvhyr.

Which is larger, 1 C1 pogu8ow(, kyv+, obw $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal+lqip(9,kdp-.(xhxh/ u edlu equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperl9 .dh /i,p xhx+q(e(-uudk platures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strix+ at/q z2),xh/e-,8and x*4ab2beb xjtm rv yp consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? bxx tzyja,a2 *q8/xbd/bn-et+e2 xa4,mvh)r [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linea ahnsq;j.+c5we a/x /xr expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a9phs8 wgf6y j6 furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electg f6phsjyw869ricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often havela 2)i; *ywibs a section in the shape of as*yl 2)ibw i;a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury 2 qlqi ol+x*oxt7:(mg at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placeds3, 2ukt2pk mv in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Exp3 ,2kmvspt2u klain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled mguswb66+ 2rt 7zc+h ekore rapidly than adjc+ks r6behw2z6u+g 7t acent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that it5yxp d 1rprf*n x1-yk3s coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives risxy*11r3kp rp n5-dyfx e to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuratnkt 465xynmtj 8h;sj2e at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bott6moxxb 1d;c.7e 2m wxbom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has hapo72m.b1 6xbd;ewcx mxpened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pli+p;f (*mgk-gkp4z0x n )jox ushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changf;xl pn opik m4 gxz0+-()kj*ges in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or dz4 z+gcdlp8ou 70e*i decreasudpc io0+z87 ld4ezg *e if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows fflft u8x xqkld+n 4-jmmld/;+v+l (:drom kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperal:+d+l-/t; kf xjl m l+nf(xd8qvmu4d ture.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac k6z7m.hk6txkp7c bxs77 s .nw’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s 1;lmhx1b q1f8;(ss;m qe :bhd1ldp yuatmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Eart-xve p3jm/xc;h refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to pjc m;e3v-/x xthe Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you ins:z 16e2sk uaqm5 f3akfer about the molecular km z615k q:3a au2efssproperties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day 1)mnk ltepjkn)l6/4b is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempekpmkebl )nj)1ln/t6 4rature.

Is it possible to boil water at roovuvdiv( e*/mm h/9 xh;cg; h0nm temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but thdkky d(5+b.g sfp4(ou e humidity is different. Which is more dense,o(+b.sy4 dd g pkk5u(f the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automo)v3dp1wvppk 6tck o6: bile 6k1p)v kwvpt 3pd6:co engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–3u,cvk5 g5*s si: g7gsbbwan,28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penn (nr/vwwreq gil *w0)nd5*y4u jyd-b *y?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compsupw( di 58, 8(azv bv.ymnk.rare to the number in a silveruwvi 8k8nv b(zdm( ., .rs5ayp ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius sc69qkmisj4 r.va .4o.ge5thsb ale?4.jk5argo m vb.49st.e 6hqs i   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest an-dq5b:g1akm89h a br/t2blgfd lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glassdk6n p lyaq s(+y7r/db4d1y* v thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 b4p7yran*dvk1syl6( dy /+d q$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slan (etsfd*tm1,fh7+p m.,pod nbs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron appro 7z xdpg 6ar)p(5oh3wnximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25° d7h)n(w ox3a65rg zppC) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are lryjn49ftc )1qi2( i4rvo+k ju arger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usrjj2irv4o9f(k1) +4cq y nuitually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4xuk.ub; o p,*x $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter.-tnstq o 77nl-2xt jm5 What will be its change in volume if it is hsm7qx nj2 7ln5-t -toteated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled tv jr;6a qk(nza/m 0rx/o the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.q qmtomvvs) k(e0a;4( 7yciu*50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of s(d kfc,-sr+9r twie-iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow s)uqjqyl 99* xvessel so it can expand in essentially99 ljq*su)y qx one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chax*eku+jj*b;u7h0 zy x nge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear ex48asb 5wjif 9cpansioniw ajb9cs4f 85 $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid,mb oxg; /x8js(;s33cpeqk) c p $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keepnj g/)c; tsad2x 1k)srs perfect time at 17j12/dnaxgs;cr) kt) s $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.14rj*e b t)vgl)0vue5ut.rw 5l+1 4uhnz0 mm. The bulb has avz5+r5n0l* tt rujh glv1 ew).)bu4eu volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheelr.e8,;x mqf 0)allgqzy*fk s. of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings w*xq eys.,fqa ;)gkz m .fr0ll8ith angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lvr;zewzk 64ikbl +1smv73; wrength when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature incbvk1s3lrw ;zmwir6 ;kz7 +ve4reases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel 0a9td vsfvjegg)r+*)I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at7o,lmlook zg8 lbn/ 22 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvif2d;dtp4f p,xn scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrennx24fs /r-ctzlmz 9 1bw/af5 oheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are aboutc nu75c ka mg0p6s(9,osmk+ at 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmosph6vijx (z-xe;q97augx eric pressure and a temperature of axqv9(g6 xix e-;zauj7bout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the idealx b 8,)agm6knm gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 k 2mqi d cdq01 ,mnmgvcem(;t88g of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of hny0 oychp6zwt fxwc p++ 7a 3w4v7h.dcax+*9nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliu3vg)dle1sb43x02i br xc8ji dm gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L contaig4/0t6 x foegwsgf: 1ffjh9o/ ner holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 /4o0g9ef/ jgsf h1 xogf6:f twK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg sn7vc**w;jt*+ oxuma of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achia ) f )f02*kk) oah9xrioa4fp/ob(w phy:*saieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a *i )h ya :(ap9 w0)hxps)ikf* b/a2oaf 4oofrkballoon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with auz 2 esf;s(6lxs3wvnh l135e;dieh 6nir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 / 3hdti0m /orh ;m; hmp9ysxb2$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a c dpa(f8+jt zusc om;20hild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculs k0jywe h*+ri :gn4l:es / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there inauyf4 )ro1cz7 gepf-/ 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) m7 kxxep s1qjuad)rteb+0x9( ;oles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumw)x)mhnqxir7m)q/ owe7w o.8 e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many moiuoy.r 6z; s*bs1emr9lecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and or6.9zsmsb ;eo *1uriyf constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational l8cfi-x/5 f1fywa q*n kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPqn lf/ x-wc58* iy1aff?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a ) 1 ugpg0nr oi** ggbu 0s1/,nduri4hrtemperature of h04sd i n**0 ugrggp 1)n,ubur1og/ir about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will th 2-ng i12drdl3;mhn zie rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased fri n d2nlmz;1ihr23d -gom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given 4zjy-/+aq 9g ps9:k zd3wgixt in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8id xk/y-pt4j+a zwg3z9:qg9 s, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules inanh:j,*t 2sr w(ii di; a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volum+nt ssm8)ja 8x,xm j6re is held constant, by what facrj 8 xt xan8+6j)m,msstor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas iuzaik+:,7g havk *e9lvd c3 yoq7k5w)s given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at theo;no 4)b me2ups9l vs6 same temperature, the ratio of their rms b4n6m2; lvp9o e)usosspeeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules cont9gp lw71lpq.o,yjah 7 ained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed tsn2t) 7ji zh+lot 16zof an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average di7n*u; 3uk:z,t j9jaffs ttgok- 2(r ccstance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a ly6fes. c9nju;9-d ot*c- vrzgivizu;gy sc.* tv9cr96j-df on-eng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written h+bb hm *jvz/wmmxunq)4s5ai6 ; x4i+P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of 1p/gwor k(-u zp7nu,o uranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric press .9+cs a:duxilure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the xt)ka dfpv5wp ed38k()q a2t-pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)p2tqxp)ea f3at kvk -d8w5)d( 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidi -2-zbjexdsqp ( d;v3fty is 50% on a day when the te d b;2 e(-pf3-vqxzsdjmperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 90ft4.p3pezg 2nf(/nl;dz k zm5 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a i h.nxcos a:lu0, f)7mparticular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boi7. :,h)cf0l ioxnm sauls. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pwlu*wwwvdrv*8pvce 96d j*9 x*1ut1qd; h z2pa and the relativ 91p zrw*w*8 p9qwd*ej cvvd6*hd vu; w21xulte humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water1)684 xb ocggwxqvj:*mreuq2 on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate preyp-o d06a zdl.ssure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of pyzdado6- 0l. 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room oq/jpu76xrz)y * 5ih9ib 0 bxdgf volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poin 2( no tdg:j2lozrdg43t of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed fp ykt7c3. ew2r.igyd2 or a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of kwcgy.3.r2t2y d7 epi 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of inrqas*ijk 1q w c:3jj7pq/a4hw1 ja*d-sects to the interior through tiny tubes called tra:jr/acs*jq-pwqjqkj4h 3 1 *iwa71dacheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calib;. e4feqbn; turated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrr2p0nrst7 4wia w y* ssrqzs;y/5 7v)tated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How msxl8sr5qsg xmxt:3p1ock-1j h-(:3tib u i- n uch error will be ma1s:t:3bshxmx-ps 1o3 8jgqiixk-(- clnru5 tde in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many bcotok-g1y(6+ xwko;1 xh 9zanalloons have been blown up, awgo1c1 y; tkkx z(-o o69nhx+the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in 90lf.kbqjsk-0 g ,3sue h6ns qa room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22el,fg 0.snb s 3hk sq-uqk6j09$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter isxj v6.k+eb4: p j-i8 8bvzwpky about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best avai(0v5;vrsp rea *+dyailable vacuum techniques is about ep0ia5v*r ray(d+v;s $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m bg wrhdr vaqg6rx8t 6p2 nz6*:(elow the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand ifdv gxn r6r6 26qpwtga*rzh8: ( he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosmc g9oiy2fh+;g(zp m9phere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle mus+m;ycm(29 p9ghogi z ft be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal ga;y 4mgbpo29* , skgsdcs is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77j -haego62z /jq4zkj40m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, esthk0ixo8bv4.b-(gu zac x c9)rimate the total number of a-kzb (x.b9hi 08g)va orcxc4u ir molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules conodplw *m(,myx4*zv;k tained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital h5i*ftotsb 4 x xj(j ,une*8)ffas gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/mitjj*5fx4o ,efu (8bxif*s) nt n. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowlwoo( n7tp vee2cpsbqiy;/d9- 7.; igy of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoliq0y7g6* hj r 36aq qabokt6qc,ne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were ,seykt-9z (t cwn dv)7to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws twqh9ukhdm 0 qt-3sk, hkjc35 o( z7-inightly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adsxnz8 aqg41 b3opted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressur n439puit eb:ee of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed frommp2ax:2:scr(l5tr1 2ox y nbv the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against graggopb8gc41+v vity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming cv+48o gb1ggpthey have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a deptyso.) fwz(s(ahn/6 vbf q(+ln h of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surfa lqs /wf(+s6()(nnvahozbyf .ce?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pru)kp1pi ,nlb+xw3 : r y86zgydessure in the air on the following two days: 6:rxdiy+ l,pk1yw)gzb38upn
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and )gi dj5k j:ag:t0not.tttgx fy 6;( z+when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature i0tzf:+nkjt5) i(t. t ya jt6gxog:dg;s 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, p-:cdknf 5m7x-khdo w) iuj0m 9 b7qa0for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume p )dq57bf:ox 0 j0dkm79 uknac-hm-iwexpansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.