Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? S(x u5bq +j4xoqee the periodic table or Appjuq 4 +oxx(q5bendix B.

Name several properties of materials thatni 2+tz7 ijc: ba 9qii+h9ten1 could be exploited to make a thermometer.ae9+ :t+ ii2qtnzibnhj1i97c

Which is larger, 1 C uj.gzb(4qzz3wwy m*ks t.(:e$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibriuxfyq 6pr,79 6 6,hlgv(detz lnm with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C7ng6vlpt,f,y (6 lqerd6x zh9 ?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a stri695 slx3+ 2dkjs dtjryopho;+ p of iron. When heated,3s+2lkxs;+odh p96 5rdj j oyt the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansio,-)z12gu ykum*u w ycjn $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to contr,i2qrpq/zd/ xgd 2 gu1 dc47lkol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel c/l u ,1 dxz2kqgd/r42pgci qd7ontaining liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the seu8sj9mj1ow-3 l74ewma cj6cw06yew hape of a U. Wh6-o csww6j lmw39m8ucy 0jaj eew1e74y?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead f,+ /-sc zfvotnspm)1o loats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thec3 u(bucmhg/7m -4omjrmometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mm(hcjmco3bm- /4 guu 7ercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapid8sljgt akif:2l.. jkw:zhv w y0h6)h)ly than adjacent pa hksy8htwh a.6:wkillfg 0j:j z.) v)2rts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that itu*t)*attqf g t2+ /kqvs coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to ttvak)2ft*/g* +ttq uq he increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accura-lfnr .zwomx.h g r5u. *t snc192pp)cte at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda,j pgs5+ujprm),r1p4+8q :hpunc wal will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand r ju)sp,h 4gwn: p8 m++,alqjupc1p5 rup. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down aph-s3 ju xb--pn(n/dl piston), its temperatur -h-pnsb3( jx udn-l/pe increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere idn u7em) cew .1;q87mpb)xm nsubmerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature7mw)7 eq;menin8xmb cpd u 1). is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charlesb j,8iqi, ep1g’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperatureg 8pi,jqb1i,e.

Explain in words how Gay-Lu lz-4bcm z;x1hssac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of ws+2lowg5 gfe7d-u5;prl; jp$N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object musor+n /, ny((4bc rfayft have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth wha(f(4rnyfo/abn+ ,r y ct it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperat (xi2r rmv;ks0ure. What can you infer about the moleculaisv;0mx(kr2 r r properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid daf2ddyvk2 b 0ad :zoahq2 6vn;+y is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the samedkq:6ba2 h2 v v n0dz;d+2fyao temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (39.b 39pjfmzzms wu +h20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is ds,h 6 b+5e5j t0v0yyfsd n g-ch:*hdxsifferent. Which isydntfgschv+, d: s-5hhsejx6* by500 more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to opeh9u6t5ba jwnc x+; bd-n the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine. w b+a5ntdhc-b9xj;6u

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13f1bj8z*tf5y3mk , qg x–28)?

  How many atoms are the* kqodeov +yt1i9. fpq -fo5m2re in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to th3 yml*kzh5nfta4r6an) u r f69e number in a sirmfk3 zt6r5) lan9nf *ha 64yulver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often t ) 7(vof; a-fln)l*fiy i)gxywaken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?l g)wy7-yfoix nvl (;ff*)a) i   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorde( qpmqud -,atd8ng)*zd are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol colummwlz v33p(1+ fty+itln has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 f3zli 1+3ym+(lt pwv t$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is buif(m pn5 3alr.mlt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron apql5 vu( u18qc vxgk0-lzez) *us m:o6rkla-q,proximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its hecvrxq5ugqm,lu6v -1) kz*k saq0z:o ell8u- (ight changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are og1*3dphb uxyeo 8-1e qften used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is8p13u exqb 1h*do-eyg placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water aj ty 7j0oqf5h-ym(3sut 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diametenz7,3 :+ld ftowcv ya ;wpf3p4r. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from 3037w+y3o, czl; wfpft:p4 adnv $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled tgk f,f af 8e8(f5i;fbwo the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wat;r2 +5a qpwg9et0gm.trxmq; (v paf *her at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made o+ j syqiz 8f8+cgc9-6vcei rc+f iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so , j-g-dzrah wz8; df4git can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately eh wg8dzzdga4 j --,r;fqual to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dens;h6j8;i7n(ttp semcy ity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate o+m5mti(sz1)ak pv l tj,x w-*x +a3nmhf length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansiont+ mwk+3ahmj( s,*1 i)5p vnxtxzm- al $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid,g ,hee,7kr drmybi6m/ r+u 9d5 $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perzuvf d(+tj0x8jead33 fect time at 17 8+fzj 3vjeaxu d t0d(3$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter o3o+og.m c1vppzqx+ :(+jqb tk f 0.140 mm. The buc:g jbpx+op.t+o q+z1 k3qm v(lb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical o qssxqjb+(n;x ,2d40u fimn3wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular v ( nd,s4f0+jmx ois;qx2qu3bnelocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the d yz5hl( d;3):ei ojuudesired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this 5iy d: ;u3dez lju(oh)length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectiohtb-ihie tr z(o qz+:+x*2g a5nal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm a(g m*x7ntj7.- uzzcjop6a v8dt 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tempera/dqg 32vj*e7 gp; qqpatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temp 2+utre7ma q)kerature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 404alv nh25n0q zn hn/st4m95q r00$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at at7l: azcvi/.. : u dag,ujpfmq6mospheric pressure and a temperature of af.d.m7gl:: 6u japvc,qau i/zbout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of odop2/z3ws gqd6 p:. b9i pe(hcviy;l(xygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 2 p5ky:lwbc wo:8;zv 9d lg(f6w1.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitr,yg kpq(5p q,togen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is w+*hn6 q u8hpzat 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at3j4 xfh6 gxrh( 385 K? (g6h43xhjxf r   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of w8a)6wbjz 0kv$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatnh juf+s0,,wm-(pl qce i6 1a-v/hgujing the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Supen 10wh-,-vjuj+amis/q l c6h,upf( gpose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 /reo7mwo ei-(p1*wqt$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 7+ s5t6h*tryw z)g94 xvczqmj$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’cd4gn ho) kpw;/0fgj9 s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleco(;b9-6-sx znbxs voh0z, sp dules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many sb)rs(l)uyy hi4da f/lc* ,hr 6c5 f9kmolecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles,b f,jc-mly/q6q 8ymogs5-y5 ,iexu l*    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1tbw +821 uzgdj9plzfj 53) mus$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules o7+pj*+quro(1m ufzu kf air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath umkufzorp j++1q* (7u Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecul2h-;1ux;x em8 j2 o toyfwrd8ge at STu-;1fxetoywrx8 ;g dm2h j o28P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperdh )o,t4(5mun.zt u b/ie/wcaaturenu,/m/5hb iue o4(twd. zcta) of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules tajn88 9z*r wtincrease if the temperature is in8zr8 n* jatw9tcreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds,9p)q 3v 3ejuvv given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 03pv3e q jvvu)9, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a ga oc/3j9e9( u/h3)x2lx ksh ;a6 fhi5orrdahww s at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is hel -7yru cbyp2f.lqu1:dd constant, by what factor dpf:y2 d7 u-.ycbruq1loes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given by5 95atxg7v l lsaji;m2 $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at k.n,f. 4pd;5cychvfy the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal vkc;. cf,.pyh fyd4n5 to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed q e2 :msi3 ;r:ethlfa)of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxyzg (x 92 f bnj4l(wqsicp:c9j.gen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogenys*oji,cu e:-;sy6r r molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in c0zytcsxw. u*jhbsuf v 0 524(a livin0 scw5u2 (4 z*ubyj.vscf0ht xg cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas ca*oprlkc9 1 -ckn be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uran j8)g7/j 7b q fuw0fqlw.fcps,ium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressur/z *wc l3nbi9ke, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure q,upx3)7r+5 z fuvu+o/ hdpplis 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) xo q,zr)/3du7++puvlh uf5pp90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (apprrl n2q(x;l q;gt)hl2soximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperrl ts(lh;xgq ; 2nq2)lature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressl9xvm*6vxb9) 6x0 -8ze/rs v tbjmn u,lxv 1ewure at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in theb77;wbj+vo 22b3egr i-w3y me2a wmbo mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at wv 3 awbo;w2+bm7r32o ge7 2jw-eby bmihich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when thj,(a9zpq)d ub 4odrbhpk* 0y9a(n c0n e partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity ispun9a4, a(bp (d dh bjk0)r0zo*9yqnc 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wrweu eaj/3/ zeb xs5tf78z7l+ater on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boili4k r)hbnb2di 1q2ia(q ng at a ti1bqai)24 nq2(dhrbk emperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of v6.t/(m io biqcolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pvr) b )aoavnt-1vb9p;c y:o c,oint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (o-9y w82cbescfg r *gc d po7hu.wu:*6see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of-dcuf2rco6s *ye gcwhpgb*:u9 8.7w o 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the zy3pkmm k+c0- surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae.3zcmk yp0+ m-k An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape ;1rmi4x8m:,yxj ter,lza n+4b r1; c-wb lsgumeasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has j)i,+wnc jg 8cbeen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperatureo+hw ev;nk m0.w9j)gm . How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300m9e +ojwkwn 0h .m)v;g mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many b3;bt /pko esb:qytg(sfsne::nc 5*s8 alloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased tbty sn:e/f es( osnc35*bk:g: tps; q8o 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width v*quh/i ;aaqxy; v7w 13.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assumea q/x1 wahqu;7 *vi;vy the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density cuvj3 ;/7hlmde(5l d2lspuk1of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best aa:dzaoy29q a89m:bvx 3a c79 - dfvcbhtm*uu 0vailable vacuum techniques is abou 7-3 9y9mzuhoux acb2v:aat*b98dqfvmcd a:0t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L cq w(:zs9:oukq:zm f* when 10 m below the surfacc(: q: *uq9kzofz:mwse, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon entt0 2ivi-: yvte j)*rwfz q8v)mers Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of avv*i0 -w jt8vir: qz mft))ye2 space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal ga1 uaha9y 0aqe-s is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 776.jyuh1 y9 guwv u;kr,fr 6x6n0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known valuej7t jmnmau904 of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air moleculajmj0 4 tu9n7mes in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculesq h6swf3:wehj7cl 1 oz.+ g7fq contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used iw-xp3 ozd.us f(h wh(*:fbfu1ww.1j3ukx6ykn a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder lasdfw(3 (j*p uwhfkz1fs .x.h1xw:b3wk- uu yo6t if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of li015u ka 1cx2jkczmk me*5ioo 7quid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoldom;b,awdnism2jr cb 98(mm6*x hv 1w /)qau*ine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s espsqlurxv0 q q8f3k5b7)3 (qcquator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 2p2kcdihpr7 5 90$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopta9 v1rkj:uxvv5 )f;y; p-l syted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully 0zd4xgg;lc f8:f;lak charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from bqa;: 6a7 -ikgth)nluej4 v.fthe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against grahj*jr. d-gb6u vity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per se .jr-h*ud j6bgcond must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diametp2m )pion6b,ger (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large i,p b)pgm62n ois the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure t54i/ig ittguu9; 2bc in the air on the following two days: g/uic24i 5 ;git tutb9
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at ST:.,h7k9ivcfcx- u viq P, and when it is a solid deep ikhi7 vf:cv 9-i., uxqcn the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show thatjnzxzy.:uh kc,h(y 2-, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of uy2nzy. jz :h c,h(-xkvolume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their ce1t bw+ wdndw+9llars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellarww+d d1n+9bwt in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg