The process shown on the T-V grapg c n/edt ;45zlz8q-dlh is an

  In an isothermal process, there is no chah/o+luyld 0w 0nge in

  When the first law of iu;4sp:gdl7/o 2hgpb thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original voluayv ge * ln;*-4of(xqime with no change in its temperature. This process i4noea ( xi; v-fgyl**qs

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermallc - :jaw/ ktoqep8y7n9y from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change op7a: t9oj wky8q en-c/f internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during 0e -,m5z*s wglc. tjoxan isothermal process. The.,e*c0gol z-s 5mxwjt final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, zrtb 8)((um ir0o qix:6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expandexr : o8zb0i m()t(qruid the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. ()dx7t91ipi.bi ykbb During the event, the gas exchanged no pk.ib)bdx i(b 9y7i 1theat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of tu+rh4(6hmazu; n;6e 0sdd r *jx)lrjwhermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is+nuptgway4(kbr4 7v 1g(gv n3 compressed to one-half its original volume during an adiabatic process. The final pressure ofrg ( 7yukp(4aw n1gvv n4+3tgb the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all qi7su8qqnzmj * -8v 2qrespects except that one contains 2qq*jvs8i 8mzq7q un-$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except thp4; i0egk)3r rvnma/pat one contains k;vgprenmr3/ )pa40i $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on tl- - y0u.:bk:jt -(mpqgnr mq9;zzy juhe PV diagram is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no chang7sl8u7yn(fkjges ; - s(.i lg9ydvm 2ue in

  When the first law of thermodynamijqrv p0j8a)xc cu- ci)y ;0z+bcs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is adde:cakvrqtq; 455 qa. qdd to it. This prd;qk qq 4aq: rtv55.caocess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at cq1u s z/p0mt:aonstant pressure. As a result, the intt0:z qsma/1upernal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV diagram id 7 c9aadn,tdv,gz-8 22 kswbzs

  In an isochoric proce9g002fcuxcnln e- 7xwss, there is no change in

  When the first law o y e:c5/f-cfuhf thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container t.i a4f1e1iwmtt3( ;.p agzfe that cannot expand as heat energy is added to gt4.3p ;tiaw1a fzief.e( 1mtit. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ia1irhn:ot3 x0deal gas at constant volumein0 xh t1aor3:. As a result, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynair-a ;nlsrt;a9nnt- )8 lc0vamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to a col*yy n q81jw kuzor v 9y)cipp h7dp:q()0md87ed reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reseshoc8ucs/ h; zw w/e)1rvoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of r fg 6;lwb/rlz 13g2f.m*kokbthermodynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here.;*gsby+ocq l6atub)h 2 u)ht / During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating on cl)b)b sgo ua62h;qh / u*tt+ythis cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defini,s 8sjg c.7jur( i;hwed as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency o6qrz u ;bh-80t8gjseba8qw )kf a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink muz8urhe)8qb t jwb gk6-08;qasst be

  A Carnot cycle consiqkrbyt2u e la(/ a48-gsts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law ofp ko906fe ty,knn:7tfmrx .h6 thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performanceh t5vmmkhml3 /b+(l3 bydz d-8 (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio omlz8d/t(hvm+y5-b3 b3 dk lhmf

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratih*,,k eg9t.) 60dranqgseimq o of

  When water freezes, the entropy of the wa9e1/i hgvn-am b n1b5iter

  According to the second law o3os iaxpcretzvjs*nm6, ;*:mg5r. o +f thermodynamics, for any process that may occur within an isolated system, wh: sgmr os,c+ ; jip*3trm.*zenav65oxich one of the choices applies?

Give a general statemento3q n7 4yvpq2k of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamicsw5wtq3;o 5yn7 u fr e:w,qt2hr-s;dfh leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. Wd.whd:a8xwkov k :e, h). g2wfhat is the g k)ax.eh :kwwdvo.w2, fdh8: change in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas -.ohozfh;1b y. What is the work done in the o- f;hb y1.zhoprocess?

  The work done on an ideal gas sy ;:p 7gduffj/)+ajedc2s p .npstem in an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change in internal pfp:a/;f+cu7p gjdnej)2 d.senergy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in1 zg2.bd1wr7 4 ucytki:-uwjj internal energy of 2jk: zyudw tc1rwij7. u-4b1gthe gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an a*q *gt;gs et9wdiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. What is the change in internal ene*;w 9 g*tqgtsergy?

  In an isochoric process, the l mt j24t1inunpic442internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the worn14 um n4tjtc2il 4ip2k done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a sysh -vb,f9*w:xos s9fh-jgdkb,a .5 fz etem decreases by 50 J. Whatsb5ze ,dhk:,9fb.og 9-xav -fw*hfsj is the heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a mfid:d;am9,.a jx hb7 konatomic gas is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 m.7a,:kb;jxaih 9 ddfJ of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831ks/g,x d-un a0 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gaa,s0/ u-kgxd ns are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg drergt52 7fg: of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 u87mkpvpi p +xqp.32e J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the efp3u 7emi2.p8pxq+pv kficiency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0%cxsf9sdi-vfxle.q )de 1 t w95 (w*r7f and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. e7e tf*vd .dffi5xxrl( 99w-1q sw)csHow much work does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficn1* 7n*i elyjhiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it e ey**i7lhjnn1xhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculahyees1pp,/0x3 k 9irn te the e/9, eesp1x0n3p yi hrkfficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal op u1lgp(c: n(w e-s x(ovm:;qkdg:tj,f heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done each cycd(q(:ujvsg(ckp: ,w e :1molnxp-;gt le.

  One of the most efficient engines built seo+j8;qe0f vbo far has the following characteristics: combj0 +e;qv8fbeo ustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characo oj;b . mxxwt5nc6z1(ph 2eu,teristics: combustion chambe,1t u;z 6mc h.nw(boe2xjpxo5r temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient yu4kdw7 4n 8ak5 twtrfk6 /p7bengines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chambernkbku t4w 57af7 k4r p8wytd/6 temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power.ntng w)p )r2rh ( ,a3afrgqqh+.gp x09 The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW o ojxua3hm59. 5oxw8c(.g1iv qj0 ntv vf electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of ele l0lkr*r9 cnt2ctric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which opex7ex0wjpwq2x iu s jxadiqb1 (k5::79rates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiene t(ci7te7yp8 cy possible for an engine operating betweit7pe(cy8t7 een $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. Wh +d.zq:nfor1lat is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot reserqf.+:loz 1 dnrvoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating betweem km-*6s 4d6su pkeoi6n $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment)j0 q s6t8nwqi)hw1 g,ivt /ha at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a rh1j/wwg8 6q, 0is tqant )i)vhoom per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from o 0hbx 0h+m51w1* 0(l ydx;wvpe dvtmwthe freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room pe1dve w oth;5 myx phl*0w(wb+0v0dm1xr cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat frouh js ze/fca3e0/1:ys u r//njm the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is requiref/hus uas :yr/z/je31 0cnej/d in each cycle?

  What is the change in 5; +,rcw udonsentropy when 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, t;1vi6r1g59 qm ; n v;zgc7 9blxbxf3 gs2wmjophe change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP 5py0(z fo1ixtundergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy changes by0fy(5t oz1p xi
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at c;z v+ g)xvd-bbouj+ 1$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.