Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alu5mn6 6 va9wk 1qabggs+minum? See the periodic table or Appendix B. 6n6avs bggkm qa5+91w

Name several properties of materi w 5f-nd-hj/vsals that could be exploited to make a thermometerdv-w / hj5-nsf.

Which is larger, 1 C 2 q-eh sjusagn93m30r$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B iytn-7nf gv/ 4es not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, Bt4-yfv/e7nn g, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists c+ujnkbev-c 078;aanj1r ywrn- r 7 h1of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When hea;u7hk 7yrn n0cca8+nbjv-ajr11 -wer ted, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of :u q5he ps ah*2kxz i4)zc 51:tzd)4pvou0iltlinear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace 0f7/c0d8j sil c lpcs gv,-w,o(or other heatingc lossd l-pv, icc,gj00/ 7wf8 or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the7 2yq4f4rh0kx0m m lqn ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Wmf0ql xh4 2nyr70q4kmhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at 0 oe:kv ja9i5 es:3zt qc iv)8*ho20ahz$^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a ho u84)nv yqlfpj3(lww *t tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain. l)q 4*nl(pyuvfjw8 w3

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated oyc6sa41z. y t779b fdk6 adnjpg/av0mr cooled more rapidly than adjad7.g9z c76ykf m4aa/sa6 0dnjvpt1b ycent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linearfur *( 2vgavakyv38n 6 expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (nyg2u 8f6kva*3a(vr vTable 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 2 e:cipr8(ms e i.x:tv0po tb130 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can ws,s562zr x (u;xryah w4 ncp+till not stand u ucs 5aw,r+4;srtnx2 yz6ph (xp. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly co i6 ehrzqxm7v.* yeh-+mpressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperaturh ym*e-qih e6.zxrv+7e using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force tt adpbgd,u7m:qyivi; 0u)1 8on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decr i;)p7td avd,1uqbiugy8:0m tease if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relg/ns2, )nl pgdation between average kinen lds/)n2,gg ptic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kjqu t1 8,yur4y4zf7 twinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, /hmc tp50gv2k the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object mx*-5 bgi:m fipf (k1dccr, /smust have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocimcri -sg1ff kx*, :p 5bmi(/cdty for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates mol )a.4jzh6mjr0i ku8 w l1qz3rre quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties orz831h4i l m az. jqkj60ruw)lf one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfork2+/s1hjtpcgxe4w/;6uf 4 ihrm5 ygghis5 3ztable than a hot dry day at the same temperap+k25r4/g swt5yf / 6ix;chhi3j1s4 gmeugzhture.

Is it possible to boil water 1n7m,jdio ,nx at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity9 q9mf s lc)3dbp,7/lzf( buwq is different. Which is more dense, the dry al3l)bfp q b7d9 cm9f,zu(/qws ir or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheat,cv qsj0,5q 7fde/y;zitj +voed automobile e5vi,7yzq0ecv + ;fqsj/to j, dngine.

Why does exhaled airk9wq; cqs-2mix ;e9 vy appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copperojb7pqqm o)gy 05oiu0m(1xc 3 penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of at0ff)r 1xqx bb 4uxl98roms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver 0)qrxflfbr4x 98x1 buring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is 2 j5s a x+b8 sd8xrzs5,p6upohzl+j4soften taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale? 4s8++x5jblhzrp o 2xds p86zss,5 aju   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest anfbr; 7d m1n/ q1mkls85qcmy,/fj)jeud lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm z-w7dzsjdp1x7xyxg w9 8, 5x:s-ieebat 0.0 7- ix7x9ddz1e,jwysw-p8gezxsx: b5 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m vhet (hd*t)g)wa 90 xilong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) 80opow.l0k, dane ( njis built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its heighnwe. o 8,jnl 0p(k0oadt changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are of( jwl9h a2irpuf eiwm:t 9,;( .ont,ogten used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter atui,. oo29f (;hn wam,:pt(jg ite9lrw 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at xsvn 4o1nejqmr5a /h9d ic :8.4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Whezq8o, e*r1+7ovlcz j at will be its change in volume if it is heated f co+e8rjvl ,zz7 eqo*1rom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brimjs ;+.g6kb 7+yx 7hs.fqi nozn with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55o3 is8djq/nd9e ysa 0f7 j06xt.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of 28xmct 6 z mi.+*h8o;xywogtziron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in0qmjmf;b xp 5 v4:zgt4 essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the4x :5q0mv4 mfgp; jztb coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chw-w9jqgf a- :eange in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficiew b-,iq9jl usd0lnol + g6yi(5nt of linear expansiongs ilj(un5+o-9d6 0 y,bqli lw $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an iso8agk7 w-5sbs otropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps per58pp4wx6zl - -lmdrdt fect time at 1z6 d5l-rpw4 8p-txl md7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer hjpys*)hz7x1+sn5no) x.m tp )ub(idy as an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.1p snuj)x z ( +yhyt*npis)mxb 75o)d.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminummd5o qni b(22hfp65b h cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocitm2(b qdf5h2i6 hop bn5y $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C lrdyp(ms -d.yini*3-cf7 d6a. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increasepidd- f.ayi*s6 d 37lycrm (n-s to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-secti; ,cy :w.eelaeonal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at d/r)ql2j6gga ste, ;l fwd)r,f ,s3ke 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tempevzxdwb3;: bph922 gp uratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheitzvh 8;;nrno(z scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of:dez(ytxxe z 77q 3l(s the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospherivgg9)3fw 31v y dgo pkdoa.0)vo b4z3cc pressure and a temperature of abo 3b)w0v )g3og1v d.f3a gkoo p4yv9zcdut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal ;rj*f ;-:r6dnsazbl n gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6btyv + :6e.soo kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contain,s1po**vmv ya96wazw/ jg; g ns 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is3ki ,ts 9brfu( at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L+cmaa9,p h.5crj i7k z container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385.paha5zik+9j cm 7, cr K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 tf759w1 xu-ma tkaes,kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its bu1,hz1 guv96b htq,oyz oyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose t,zu 1gqyz 9hbot,v16hhe volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 mll28aa kwdh 9;h2c,v. 0he px$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen alo5-fb azq5- ogk4e)cdi k4. bt 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escaz5 wuh*ip )3euk/y l *udw-;c;hthshboq2 7/apes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mol86oej 1opx/ sz5huy) qecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of wa. /ry7:pyynpc ter are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, l2se)z(gah7 r   $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5 0k7 m(uxbl uw6(lyc)c.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that xh1fryy4*a-x were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km higr- ay*hxxfy41h and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average tranxxqoihv: 76)auv9ct jj+e gb ; b+0o8kslational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST;iox tavhb+b:+j 9 c8x6go 7uq ev)jk0P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfacwnh)y 5ki5/,qu hg6o ze of the Sun at a temperature of about 60qih/)6 n oh 5gy,wukz500 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gl- 82.zx xxfkbdpa)a0jcc rjk-nt* q 58i +xq0as molecules increase if the temperature is increased fro0k-l 8*+qz 0. ix cxrn52cdata8x ) pfjbxj-kqm 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s:(0smc3biwo3zh 6 -rub 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculateo0 (mh sb6ucb3wi 3zr- the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0j +a znq;0 qg64r.f :tqkefug2 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doun,4sc)fkdi8k6v9 i5do h k7 pibled while its volume is held constant, by what factor d 8ks)oc694,pikdv k7 5ifnhidoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a guj34unsijw)zlm)z sl.s e m w lp:910.as is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gt./ud0i,v qzt12eryg ases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the ind01,i.u zrqy 2get/v tverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of rwk;tn.b762yk d9k c fnitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule 5bu7knli;wr)gtu.y q h. r(p;at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecd7anng+t 6)oatr *7:i jh8kinules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amjjz ep(-9 i tt3e,;h..fq;c/rc0uvioo)moe g ino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livi )q.,ce/f;.e jcz ep9h3 jvg -oom0uiotrt;( ing cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be w..st l+so 4ry;7d w d*znzj*hhritten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urr3c vkmam+;pj 1ixcm8(ei 4- tanium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whh3h /,1gpiaksat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature h7o oa7-,emq lis (a) 9qmo7o a-,lhe7 0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately)-4 hrn8vk ijgux)uh +7 if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is k+i uur7g 4)8jx-nv hh25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place wherqwecw/ iy+7f +e water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the1)v9 gv y+z;qswkc+z p mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperatwk q;1gcy+sv)9z +pvzure at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day whezcep*vk7z u. (n the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidi7c(ukzz. *pe vty is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tempe- ,kbaflxk.qjx1 ,0cl*b vm1j rature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure coo8lvci2- s3,76wlt; q+ ly e0timqjk prker if the water is boiling e ltk8v,c; -+l q0i6jip2wlr3ty mqs7at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of voluqa3tm* zfo ql(n93 i;i a0moa;me 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ofjc(q3y ft-31g;6dddmp ve7kw 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a yya 84c-kkjj+distance of 1j kkyc+8- 4yaj5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior threvlch)c;v x zc) 5z.t6ough tiny tubes cz x h5tc)).6c veclzv;alled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measurelgzbo)vi9 ; 5q has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has be/c,/u- (qpo+i4d y;zxjjbyk yen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup wascm3c) w90jb do calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made39bc0)dmjc wo in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium iyl tub7l e,oq)i o0 -d*-jr)gq xre(*gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, lr* eq0 -i7tqgoo)e -lr(uyx,i*djb) the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules inr3 qteqsq-q-. a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assq.tqqq-e 3r-sume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atomp9a yk,4v(tj a per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availb81m)o,tv bci able vacuum techniques is abocbt bo, v)m18iut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m b 9u6+iaa7x5g5 g+n7:1mopiaate hry aelow the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he qeptx aaio +na9a6ay+g577:i5 rgm u1huickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Mf ;uy5h f*v)lpoon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space fy hpv;)fl*5uvehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas ic-+c h g7hjc (jolh0s:s increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of bm83ch, nnuyy6(gyd 4770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressuzbk5(vlp g) .b/ eudf:re at the surface of the Earth, estimat5 b z()ge:dpv .kflu/be the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speedhc( hz:e mk(x/fgtn+ ) of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital haz bmij3 uk(ln/j84ab) s gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is consta aub/nj3(k)lm8zb j4i nt at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowpfy 2lneen-::z /5rz- o .gimel of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolk5ppn3ta 11 yoine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly a9pp6fbdjc mof(t*t( ppwuq *2cq9 (c9round the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar ap oj 0ushh;08mt 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopx, 5 6 2iy.lofwym1sskted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fapu)i;svcr(kx t oi0..f 6wmo 4)7yjdully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from tpq4z bw ) nzo2l,t04cshe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravuj 00 5u1 jax6zj3hmtjixk7*uity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per seck3uxj j0za1umi65 t0 hux*j7 jond must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherici/z+z +3 0td-ka uye*6x cmixkal) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and th zx*aty0dm6i/ xk+3ie - cuzk+e air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in zzg( nx/um;*psdlm/l m6k9.x the air on the following two days: lsx6(dlkm /unp*m.9 zz xm/g ;
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differec.waeu5hk *lo-9y gc 87(hu/ka b 6ugince in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where t.a6leg chugy85ku 7 ik9oc(hu* wb/ -ahe temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constq t(.d02 h 2.bxrqytb9b.fk zeant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal y.rxh b(eq .qb 2.kf0dzb9 tt2to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.