Which has more atoms: 1 kg oxgni 7ejq ul+l+1:y e-0sdq1hf iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appe+7e0us1nqhl x+ g :1ijydlqe-ndix B.

Name several properties of ma)qg- 7.mckhg 2nyh ;lkterials that could be exploited to make a thermometermhgy;c7.l hqn kk)2g-.

Which is larger, 1 C ctmey;8xqfvb y a95 7($^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal eq6ml3:2j0 1ru 9o)dmzt,/ zonk bqeqbz uilibriut,b92onbm u z) kro:e/0jz 1mql3dqz6m with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron.t:fk0(.3r kz)vn h7sbfh s7ey When heated, the strip will berhfh fb y)s (:zse77kt3. v0nknd. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffic36 ig mufo+scptubjs(81a : i;ient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a;9uj z s7vqkrw(q/3o9mh -v 0p1hjynj diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow t7 qjvyhuk3mjvor h/(9s;1nz 9wjpq-0 o touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a sectio4xngcv 4t1m )mif;c y3n in the shape of ty1g;4vxn4)cfm m3 c ia U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder ofv9(w0 wqc6r il lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed isnnjq jp-*8 1gn a hot tub of water, the meq s-jn*8gpn 1jrcury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may bres/bbn/ n;7dnmmwp+(e ak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adja/wnbe7mm+ p; bndns/ (cent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that ivz(g*u3ibiwp h/t m /7ts coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this givevbmi/p*z 3(/tu iwg7hs rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, acc y3 gr/k*tac 0+di/xa oex6g34+snsi m*itxj,urate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of sodc:fwp bz-4f4 ,kr yu)ot5u)vh a will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What hasf:t5bpr)cfyk4 -o v ,u4uh z)w happened?

When a gas is rapidly f j6epjmt3;-wcompressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules j3-m e;wpt6fj when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in wap v 6*f;2+d j pjpd.r:uz+bdcnter increase or decrease if the temperature is increasp2cj*:+rvbzn jup.dd f6d+ ;ped from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how qruiq73/ p2.(ig6l1ooiqpf da s* bs; Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between q1l2;r*f/3qpqips.oiog u( d i7asb6 average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic t 0mt;i,cq e)iiheory.

As you go higher in 6 yzp v0xv+5+/agu m1m,olmw jthe Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Eab 5v eu /hjxcx57(rxnm 3of*.prth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain wmv.n uox3h5fpc5/ x*b x(rje7hy the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than w dzx nklg;*0*sater at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relat0*;zx g *dlnksive to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day aygseo5z2 cy : ch*3jt05vves+t the same tt5zhes+* cvsjoy3v:cye 5g02 emperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempera8vy ps7y j/a (n5ax0xature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temizi o/iux *ylwk0*t.0perature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry ui w/. i kyizlo*0t0*xair or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to ot(9 ku)smkqd2z5h ir )pen the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine d)(hu szr5kk9)ti2m q.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig.zv 0p-//sh-bu v+xo;iwems p kp;33pz 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-hc:k 5wcl ,.bk0alb5 igram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number ii 7k1l-q ,brad7.(f to iqp*irn a silver ring of the sameiipo qdbt-a r7, q 1il7kr*f(. mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often g96c1)op azn jtaken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?9) jpgc6 noz1a   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 1,y c5vq*be -mr36 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermomepb2 i 0h*8ej3ghaa bur:j-ww 3i-mp fk8 s7x1nter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0mn b u3b jp-riwjx83w*g0 s-pe i8kah2ah7f1: $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long y o70n ,io2mve78adop(20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 3,rtsqdv/zy hn4))k t /00 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C)tt )ds 4/qkn)zy r,h/v and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger 3p; ly krr)gk0than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in y0rk3rglkp) ;dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ati/u- k p2tfuo0 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 7b:dvc7 b/ q ;(ozlurccm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is hec7;7cl ud(v/zbb rq:oated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the exc 3d 5;j5 ct4buoa.dbrim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mtlw o (a5k74hgu4g u:mnh,z6 eL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be pl((t bh 5z.pmigaced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it x y4-7sx8 e1wbvuny 7lcan expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approxiv4-b7sl8x1ye7 w xunymately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chanwypz 1bu9( 2dege in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate 0u op xa)vb- deyg,:u/of length l and width w has coefficient of linear ex,od/x a py-vgu0beu):pansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic suwr:lp amqp1w4xjfn0w) -,w: olid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock isabefh b csedh7s+3)1/ made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17d)e/b chfebs3+ hs17a $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has vu*2i3i(c ( eolsgjr q4bb3k/an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume ogib q3r(*socbe(4 3lu2i v/jk f 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cyli a9yhur2,rv(l knu )2andrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular(2u)nv9a ru lhyka,2r velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stres4f7flo8p82uvdeett t44dm z, s is required to keep it at 4l4d7 et8,tev4fztm 8d fp2uothis length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-se9 ug5 auo3/-bgytoi i8ctional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.12ux9h/h- l 1tw fx u)67cmyytx02 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperxeiuaj0iig hx*3 8.x8 atures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fs+y 3oxh vb1m,qmprf*6t-m 6aahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are -o, pg3o4d q uias/la+about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at a87j0-voudi zz tmospheric pressure and a temperature of abou0ud8zi 7jzvo- t 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using tvd(z y-4u6ed t, til1ohe ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitr/x.)g.*fuedsvbjm /bjn /)mtmq( e5qogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg e3uad( 4dwawkp21if, of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10bw ej f0:d/qw4.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside o:sp qek/s4r( a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 o qsr(s:/ek p4K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg oftot-i r- j:/az1g fh1b $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lifo)x;uv j.x42: bvbn rxt by heating the air inside the balloon, xnr.j4 ) xbv;:x2buo vwhich makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled wityh 4 u)oei1;zah air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at jq560mm 88k blbfe 3fc18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 q g16 bz 57z6v pa9wmdsq(,euc1whqt2$^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of m(8m) f 4m6q ,.7 nghlhnf*rq8xhcisuu olecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How.jvy h3 xh 6q.3mri,rd many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mol codcm*-,pm 4wes,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume mg.y .yy ew98 h nxvmzv*rh-065.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air arez*h)o5zectj,9 9 dq :v0axz er in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo tz:ta)z5h0 xjrevd9zc9q, * oeook. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule atqtytz-: coxdta4d)6l ib, u :: ST bdxazq:4iyct)l,to: 6: -dtuP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tempk,e). 4tsrrb; 8 ld jp :xs8ko0r1ehcmerature of about 6odl8xc.h80) krt ;,jrbsek4 1em rsp:000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature i z/(ht/adi 2mhs 2m zh /idth(a/increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units oaznfvq h,1/p,+w/ forf km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, noh,/,v f/q wz+1 afpr3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at)4e ax. 9rzdrx 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while-g+8jayusr)dac723(q qb d +p u2 zswc its volume is held constant, by what fagz ( d3+w2+u 8 yb2-qjpsudcqar7acs)ctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas i j(0.auz 8p4up sqc5a(qbeyy8s given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture lt:m844x4 llm v;,vswfxvw0 x of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms spv 0xl;xmll: v4wftsw8vx,m 44eeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecuhd, b ux)/m d7*qididi72j.avles contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an o) xo0 rbm;ipndax771d xygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at S+egj;y d 2cf6yTP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 8 etnht9uj 6ccarwnb1jf 938(u in a living cell b u3t6nnt19 j fa(e9wc rj88hcat 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can c3*u-vcm/r. k u6kq) oqbc:asbe written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniui /s3v6z4choj i; :/gq uywy1tm, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in lt67: e -yzw s+slfg:s-bri h1what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when d5emlilco:3 1)gu (-v zs9ftc the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 f u o3ll1g5izcv:ec(dm9s)-t$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when g *3u+ ggt+-bzcx.f,bzxe58dw vvwc9the temt8cvw+ gvdz9b. f-bxew cgx5ug,*3 + zperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a pla(d7 pimspr i5v;-:shq ce where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimagrihkx93tu7tazdf(,7 rl 5*c te the t xic7r,kl hgt r5*9duzt7 a(3femperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a d;whe./e-hgdv5a jn ypn 6 h933feks147 nxkr oay when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relativep/19gv3- sw kj6 knnef5haredn3h.7;eo4yxh humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temp9b;2ot3qlz-pu /hx r eerature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a prel:x p g)t 50 ks7;ygxc:qvtw4xssure cooker if the water is boiling at a temcvp:lxx 7kqx t: yt04;w)g5gsperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumegrd7wig kn8 tq1.7gp3 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its deehha); t0c, 1(dwbxohv55imaw point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed qjxfai f/86-2f4zh sdfor a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dih-8dzq 4/2s faiff jx6stance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny +f;jcjcr i9 *vnmp22ztubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional vcnrc9if2;p2* zj +jmarea of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape meqj2 fac-tb,5aasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been ckm,y vc,,(svvql*ym a3gq 4,i2n7v poalibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at (3.g)ob hnlgd normal room temperature. How much error will be made ingb( h).g3 onld a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 . )dog0o a4m k;sn2y(rknpej8atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge(o ngryj.mkk )oe2 apn4ds0; 8 pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules eb)09 ,lkkg-*3xdefvav g of(irsz: u,4 y 0cuin a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tempu(yzcu0fe,v v -rg)x3,bgf :l9k osia04*ekd erature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the den.gsq5 1ymmi3rz ekt8q//w:u wsity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable uso (gp ega-:pai2ge-5jing the best available vacuum techniques is about p (g: p2g5jieoe a-a-g$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lua otj+2hbw+ e1ngs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand iftj1o2hb+e w +a he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speedo8.zkwt( csxe p gb1 5v*niu;(cc+y 1j of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehiczebwoi s8; vc+kxj5 (. ptu(c y1*n1cgle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is inc+z ri wr j*ic73c-9wtareased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7p4qq 6occldl8 g/:k(0rh0 oftmjn ,c;70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the E ovj:5-sl;.usek*ht earth, estimate the tota 5s.sel;eohku *j-:vt l number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed8 3xau3z qmc8-ntm)8r 6gxii a of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gaugm8 z5g5vvu;36:*wv ddm9h4n q lrbssne pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the f uv6;gsq4*5s3l8 nw 5 mvr dznh9bvm:dlow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of9c:kwq c w0ioh45 ek2 m1rqf8s liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolin: 0nefx79r3 1j gpcalik:o.zne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s e 5ls6d *h,aeiirr /g e6*rz,hiquator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tig(jy3lb* b +,1wxlqm x p,a8s/zi qyww-htly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in th6(h z4qxdbi -ue 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 198i vz fch6p*uq1fyz.:5 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed froms1q(vqpfg39 k the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against g99-bz xlqqb :(2d-c hcf4nvhiravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must-nbv :2 4hc9fbzqi9hclq(-xd rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver release1 zfpjv s9ob/z: 4(wky8 y;azj xryy8,s a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is 4ky b px(aw ry,8yz8;o/ j1v9f :jyzszconstant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two dmwu5 quajb ,1 ::qk(voays: mo kj:uu q:q5(w1ba,v
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density o2jdqveg g8 zo-3jzn*(f iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where (gz8 jvz3ne*2jogdq- the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that,lak45y v0w. 8esfqni+0y+vtl for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion+iyl l+0nve4t0ys8.5 f kqawv is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot andm34on. va5qa r mildew. If the cellar m ar5 4v.ao3qnin a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg