Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the peri(o7b*ga:/w gs*,yge1y uxjq nodic table or Appendix oyy(qgw7a /e:ug,1 gxj* bns*B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make*s/pjpca( e i5i bawqm6j9w0y91xv( d a thermometer. (cjw01di9 / 9pm*biey5aqw6s pv(xa j

Which is larger, 1 C c ;h*c( ujik6l$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but t xz949c:g) cr gby t1w 2p,pn41buyucB is not in thermal equilibrium tpzpycc9n)xc,1u ggr 1w bb:4u2t9y 4with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a stk4 /jp xs9gh(v 28wgmbpu z/)drip of iron. When heated, the strip will bendg8p 2k)/(g4wusp/ bh vmdjz9x. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficiihy/ .36rqg bloh8e.rent of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furuod 6 m:eir )aq(+;yzd qd67bxnace (or other head;b:7dua6i) qzq+d e or6y(mxting or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in f: 8c)pwsg- ;a yylzj;the shape of aa cyfl) s;:w8; -zgpjy U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floax+hyk r01 qcn4ts in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermoyj9ru .hh-+a fmeter is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercuy f.-h rau+j9hry initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled mocn8u;rx (mvl c4zab7 cu)(kl2re rapidly than adjacent parts. E(cx ( ;u)a24r7l 8zmk nlcuvcbxplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex gla(dgh.of+qy2/mkijx5-k. vh w ss is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance jgw.h q.o 2k/vy-5hf+kmxid(of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clo-ruwepfm /0pnyq 9.8 tck, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulg69-2 7* tom vingulpyie so badly the can will not stand up. What has happeneng*p ui9i-o2 m76l tvyd?

When a gas is rapidly compressedtsi:*b xhrg rgm;5.i ; (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands b:isgrxt *irh;m g 5.;against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submergebea u 066-ij)aecch8id in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increa6-jaiuece i0 b6cha)8sed from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relatz ag.-b ( rtef-vp3bf 1ef) rm3whim23ion befz2 3vfh3-t3mb(ib.eew rga1pr - mf)tween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how kw-bld;jly( h1-w g9bek)d *qGay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosph4wc +cql:f8 /:dug abkere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth +7fioizv r ..v bltv6;refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity vzlt6i;.vfibo.v+r 7 for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more qui(t wg.tu5-vb9jj* h ;i ;umccickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular propertiebgcmju ici jt5(u ;9.-vt;h*ws of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at:njs ny:-y l)n the same tem ljy:n s):n-ynperature.

Is it possible to boil water aw-l f5/n)190a saefonngq :wzt room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the a6xbh, en 4ke/g- u( 2jyg2gzutlno4a4ir temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at4oug2-leeax, ugn k n4z62b4/h tj (gy the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open tuq4j s/; tsu)*qtkdi+ he radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine.dkqj+ /s 4;stitq u)u*

Why does exhaled air appear as a little wxe7y9,k 3s4amd uq2hv hite cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram y9 lbvl5v6,a 23 jqeapcopper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold rilht8u)u to:3 gng compare to the number in a silver ring og:u)hltt 8o3u f the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius u*;iog ef;fh0 dq/rg5 scale? 0 ;;ifr5dqgh /u*foeg   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recordewp)wwr+.or hk. d9b+f d are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column v w4;a*vze)yl53) udtk itr4n has length 11.82 cm at 0.0z t n;y4 va)liu*54)kved w3tr $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (lrl,;jq 8 r-vw20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron ap euvgd j2)/n ,pqr0t(zjq.x*bproximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average.jp*unt(ge q2qjb /vd x0r, )z temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rre*w3u yoc8 q5ivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed ino ue*5wr3yc8 q a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at xt2jrp1hqlk2f 8 ,-va30ysdg 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diamhga 8 n5iwemiw.49 r 5.f*dnxketer. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from *r 4nfeidnk5g5 x.w.ah98wmi30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to 80wr 63w og1l*lvzzu *h3px lsthe brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 m z56ct) zj-wndL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made hnj3bl c6ie m;wiv l0(ok: p82of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentialihvg6 hl3u8+xly one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coeffici6luxh 3g +8vhient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the denv s e kc2l6h1t8gw+c/hsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular2j99icjdewb , gyhhy8 bd;+r ; plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expan+ ybdrw ;g;i2eh 8 jyjh9cd9b,sion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrophe6y2 px19fg pic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock iuor o4td .uaxf .o o3hr42i3(7mvl +cps made of brass and keeps perfect time at 14x.3v47rtaf2ohcpo i(r+ .lmodo u3 u7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 ezx5xri 1zt,53cj h h/mm. The bu/e,t5z ix3hx1 chrz5j lb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius7kw c nj.6 cdtn5l *9zxrft5jb 6y).ek 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings wit9.r nt zc).6 5l d b7kx*6yftcnewkj5jh angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C.qibn 6 )3yl:-twu vy:l How much stress is required to keep it at this length llyq:6u)w-inbt3y:vif the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectionalba5y t gjw jv7-at()5f area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 13zju rx1n2vv)ew eu6q1j bf+ ,*4.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scald; nh56jsiks42s ;lc ; yke-hne:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit sca dwj/ :+7dzsyole?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Ea e+rm*43ssf7xgyp6i 9md ,xrorth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperatureue2gl(9bwj3n ry8y i. of aboie 8n (yby. j3l2gwru9ut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density ofhhlr,:b w6gd( oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 2198uij4 od5 mdn.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 7 lg30flz nce018.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at b whivxvtd683-r)k(i 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a z xhl5u2u. .ab35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385uahlz.2 5. xub K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.072r6 ;p lhswf4uh yar9 kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its b sz 8kt:r8a;bzuoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose ther8kzz8 s tb:a; volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air ato6njy.j cg(uj m(g9dx,p sv;r n+h(v p4a0b 7p 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.poo5r9lxa5 c32y1xc k weoq/3o6:vd z 0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 2(ilr:;ud vvq wy :*e3j1hbt h*0.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molv1dx5cju wwad3vb8np (r -80cecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How man p;h/8p;x kodjj,l n.xk/(yljy molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a9kf mm;4v; sml) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumxb,l1, gar::.ue ggbj e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhado 35ei9 pwk .qyfbi31o ;cbp9le that were also in the last breath Gafoc3 1b9. yqopwe;b95iik dp 3lileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kineyrdra/7-u9 qqo2l 8(dg,hmbl tic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?qdh dbmyoq9rrl l/ug 7( -2a8,    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the5 xg8ov/yri0dtln0:5 z(qiv bb19zc y surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 g vzy1o58ltq icnzbrb : 0i(v9/yd0x5K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecxqomr0r.u02x d624zy 9uo4j,epn8uei r k qt/ ules increase if the temperature is increased fromt rdrey006 2qxq48oru9 u2pk/ezu.jm4nxio , 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the foll;lm +mmzz+qc.5 /po2z -ynmr bowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculym q/m +zo mbrn+m2l- 5p;zcz.ate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molej7,/y cozwmgo yi8: 1hcules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is he 3il:akvv )y :5ovls2pld constant, by what factorpiv35:)o:vl a vy l2ks does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculse95n;v j. u7dtp t5wdes in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of ) c)e(l ajcsg6dhnk97 *4hbjctheir rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of th6cl9ej hnjck( )74ashc b)g*d eir molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules cz)c(:zf3bt+gz u, 58 fqausd nontained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moleculevb oh6txy 5karh 1+/*e at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STPvqiafna1keky5h8 t- krpa -,: )t e8;z?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u i4nnk +hdbca2.n a living cell a .nhn d+24kacbt 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P =l iz,w-o8n ot8 $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranips)igy yr) )gx3v0 tq27 ;vcepum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure/z+ czqu;tc 4m, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperatkj)n ls-u *(gjure is (a) 90 )lg(j-jkn*su $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is lvh/e li6:rd350% on a day when the temperature eh:d63vl/lriis 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a p(bbnc0p6edftedd;n g)/h 5p6lace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place sd) )p-d wjr0:evve,sg 3zvo:in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whi)wvge3 j:do)e ,z0v:p svdsr-ch water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa 6vii:xpw 7ml ih; )qc2xc3nq2and the relative humc 3)2vip2qh 6c 7nxx:mlqw;iiidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wa/k ft.q6 wrxq+ter on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cookd 7hmkwt; 0quznxno ;wwtvn.))k- 8) cer if the water is boiling a) n7 tv;hw d uxwzn8k))won.;0 ct-kmqt a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rooms d/o8+ dat2vz of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ofitt3; 6c6o mip 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–ulae)y zxxp-na5-t;ac4 1: bf4) to diffuse a distance oftz nb5 f1;c-4ulxa-ya)ap:xe 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface ofsh- . (ubkp:q; l.wfrb insects to the interior through tiny tubes calledb;u.lb (. :rk- pqhsfw tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape z9sjq0l ha(o a6 j5d7;+amuat measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibr; -l m*s-ospkfated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at norm*v9; g+nnrnnb4lo tb)al room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool watvbnb)nn n 4r+g9otl* ;er, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a heliu,yn8jgq k+rhq .cvs.-m gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm.vrj gy8hc., nq- qks+. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lengz5i mj tfzwj.85g/c*hth 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the t5hc zz8gmj.w5jf/ t*i emperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the den.y71c8t*zp mwca 6r8ek l1ap) jqyze3sity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure di+5x0 zsg5(dclx0lgx *oim8 attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is aboutd80 ml 5xd+ g0 i*gxxl5o(czis $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below thuglu-3o:9 xbtx-zy4iv 6de a* e surface, to what volume would his lungs expand y6x4iu3gt ov:z*- d- u9el axbif he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters *v,5kp)nh c ylEarth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does hn,5cp )*lk vyvaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of am k.vp(daz4ab9 lhw.-n ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofha8mfn mw ;8n- 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, e2 42kdwf7pyjn stimate the to wypkj fn72d42tal number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules c*hyy tva18f 9zontained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxydca(53ushsfg fi4v0x.e-jxm, -i8u j gen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 25sxu -ac843( hjf-gs.0xvim fj5ue d,i 9K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in p;tn:maa eula k/3l, lsy2e7) a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at2s)z/gd:aqmwo j1 n)g 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were tejd qeqt5-s+p v5j5(ts t g)a-o fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 2( yo :u;anw/fs1 d2scb0$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adop zctb0x q kwq7)5eqe-6ted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 209 ct72t xw*pek$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth u ,(y1nir)x-zlouw62 tkvj ( 5 gaf6tbis $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid f7 ja-h.cgmhli* ix/;is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must re* c ga/ h-;mji.lx7hifbound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases afnoeqh; .s3-22/taado; cwqd 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth w; h /aqtad3.f2oqs2n;c -edo of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following76ff3auu n+q m two days: m3n f6af7u+qu
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when ix8(ez((xazs qt is a solid dz(z( aqx s8ex(eep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to 6r o/haat/ p(dm- f/enshow that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of eat6opahm (r/-/fn /dvolume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people consk f7(xlr xq0u/ v4sutt+3sw d)p78ahatantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cella3vrq0 l7 u4(f pusksdtth /7xaw+x8 )ar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg