Which has more atoms: 1 kg of y1f0h mb7o;my iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix B.b7 mfmy;1 ho0y

Name several properti0.g g7npp yvy,,ka4cces of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometer0 gkpap.n4gy ,vy7,cc.

Which is larger, 1 C5xs77k +mrxo-lbf3o w $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in th y vjbk:ta;9mf*) iz.nermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what ) .tni bav9;mk:zfj*y can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alumik(:p7pba u tyt 2)e///bpf coenum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.uep:/a/c pt7k /2bf(b tpoy)e] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefl( kh61;vv 6mn4vsji5b3r7imrtndi (ficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a dia v)szfhkh4x mew+.z:v 8a mx9*gram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to tmhw+ *v x4 hk8)a.:mzxs9f evzouch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the -mik*bcyl ,v4 ends often have a section in the shape of k -liymv*c4,ba U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at o54 ct4i :quyepr,dj1 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed g9u6pmic, job59/ efp22gxxd in a hot tub of water, ti2 ob ,xxe9 gp/mpj62u5d9gf che mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly t +fx v7d4 -y8xp9q9 ndzbw8atshan adjacens+fdx8a pydqb9ztx-7v8 49 wnt parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansioni ew;x)lf2b3l is much smaller than that for libf; x23l)e wordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 fxby: -hlgh f9 g;s6)p$^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the ch;dt 8b 1x6sboan will xbtdo;s8 b 16hnot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidl2yw/w /xhjn;+ c99qlfn ,tkaly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these cc/wk 29l+wx nq; ,h tjnfy/a9lhanges in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on at*,ol s8qiu;b n aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperau ;i s,bql*ot8ture is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charleseo-op6m+f+f- m /zs )m7gnvge’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energg-fnz p/so fmove +emmg)+7-6y and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows friaq gioku*-.99f n l9hb:jz74vufzanj7 *, jxom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in th)wij2 i. s)m s0 /b+9eb+0dpvs jtrftne Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must h ;zb0qvbu*8a eave to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity fozb8;q ve*abu 0r the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at jx(fwt x6lq),qp b h+6room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relq+jt)6x, wbq f px6(lhative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortables8 qgdmgp- 5)rz16h kq than a hot dry day at the same temperature1dq8)rh-5g6 k gsq zmp.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (2:dq 2* bbuj(*d pxrdg60 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when qec sdse6pfeqi: g 0t(4): z1othe air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is 1q:64eeefg tpico)q :s( ds0z more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to opehrconj, +/ bfy77 xxz9n the radiator cap of an overheated automobile enginy9 ,z77r+xo c bfhjxn/e.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloudktdpyy0o +5s1 in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-g qi 4hd pp7,hu(k):irwram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram go/)) f mc8j1xd5t kdtd/kxmbl: ld ring compare to the number in a silv/mbcx/dj k:t5dm)fd x t1 8)kler ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F.(3e5qd ltivq( What is this on the Celsius scale?qv3i( 5qltd e(   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest t t0b)9hi36iz*d ;x or h kqs7gu7m*cceemperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermoelu7a/l 04 a7ra4 ba i-c: dys7e8eonimeter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0. iysdaa/:l7earoi4ce 7-nel04 ba u780 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long ejta ptwe7*;2 (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is bux4fveye4* wcg53qx0lilt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how muc435gwql*e y0v4x cfe xh its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet9a*qv1ci b h)f hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placbqa*ic v9 1fh)ed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at ke gfsl6 e0wusyru ;c(f+ n:1.o.kw;y4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diametj/ )7x(c(dei b1 sugpeer. What will be its change in volume if it is heated frouee)pxgj(i(db sc/71 m 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 35) - hzj,esmo rkznw.690.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20k njmh u -sttsr(.7wy8*4tzp) $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring mad6 d)05rw5gmx7 v(ufdyw o (zqfe of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expafdtia9:yt7l) ek+.v ; fxp9jw*)c qdpnd in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion dw;d +q)9p .a)fv xtk*9pl 7:ijcytf e$\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the i*bmz0v6k14rx8splxdensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w hay5bgl0 s(-efmyyb) d) s coefficient of linear expd) s(flebybyym5 g0-)ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropi qt5+e2d 7d+ 5cdjyokpc solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made o s-;e 4+s5nc pdmqra;ff brass and keeps perfect time at 17 d ;f-m 5rpaq 4;se+scn$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an; 5dq-bi)l/ nmwml7 vr inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.25/n rmv;m5ibl)q 7-wld 5 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radvad m7cd 4)x*y:8n*le5 cdjnhius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictioncx n*ecnj vl7a*dh 54m)d:8 ydless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length w:fp-hq : kltg/hen at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature incref:t pq/lgh-: kases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional amxok.k: vtm, 9vqz ,8orea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.12( y;n2ee9vm y)s9vbsn 2 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Ke 2 a2e3nfdhj*elvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what te6 8pud4 9xm/ qumdsa*smperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures4f; :bshz*y k+t h5xxf in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure k)ak t:6p )jox vcb3 4.rqjl si+r./tn2j;fvwand a temperature ov3cjq vp irf: +slw6.)/tk4.o )ajtjnrb;xk2f about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density olu 8bu+xj.* :y)u-2zznjt m whf oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6zhaci6v n-c 96fm (y10giqwc.pjl-)m kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.luc8p-r.hxt8srpl o f//h09 h *rj*to5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is a c,ar-sk,;bf: uv7kvlb5 aw7at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argom(l bmo.hp8 5n7a5:r/c2cgs nilh, tbn gas at s5oh(l,8tc/p.5 mbc ng2m abli 7nrh:385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of0lsf xue8s08e $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air icnen *j3na()zdy7jyh4 kjq5) e+;chwnside the balloon+4 hnah(cjjcnnd e;kwqej 7)y*35)zy , which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with bmd8bejd32**go nk6 utz6k k: e,6qidair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at0,4 ldj gb0r iotd9z7t*7pxhwkj l k+2 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a c7wdz qj87l) q,taf8zv hild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mr*y lh:ew2uz 5olecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molet xvb:zaq31 m;cules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number occn*z3qa-: rto:kkp 12sa*xtf (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1zx3 dvqqbvz/k, f 5l-*$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are ie/z,thy 9ls+,xbhjh 11/y yp bn each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of c1/y+ ,l 91y,hsbjt/phhebyzxonstant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen mn:5l3qdx5- jz szsf *o ommz78olecule at STP?z5*3ndsz osm7z8 fx:5 qjoml-    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms neb*:7y eqab 9 q x+1zefeket3)var the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K.e9y7 vb)fe *qz1aqk:ex +b3et    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperaturcb2qzw;bwc9p+fe d9f,6zb i - e iz q ci 6 bcw;fbd29b-zf9+wp,es increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the folhgn9tkck g8u- yk76: clowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0k g6ku87ckh t-gc:ny9, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 8 3wx/m *so aw ux9bqpx1h*vm520.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whi0d k4zhcxp.39 egb. qpev6j0p le its volume is held constant, by what fact 6c9z.d e00bgp43xkvqppj.e hor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms sp lk*1su:r 0cbveed of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ra2s0g87pg a tdetio of their rms speeds is equal to the 70g8eptag s2d inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contain:uq+gmsua6) +a- kxtrujb 6s4 ed in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mo -c-x*osz.7 gi/d+ vskau9m lclecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen moleculk)+e *pi5h5fnlzf /xmes at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in jv1 ofvi.+i-b a living celj1b-+fo.iv i vl at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P olv zx 1qwvqh 7ib99b1bnr-fc.4( ,lqsf a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,pm2b 2q: g- uc9zdpc4o $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what pha6cke8ek-jw )2l bvjj mv.wl+gt:, 0sh ses can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when yjss3;y3)5o ldh6wv rgl0/.f aq s2 9oueh,jtthe pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)6h ;tj l5.f,ulsra o33 9od)gyseywhq2sj / v0 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity ohpx wk-ad52 zkq157b is 50% on a day when the teb55x kk127a d-zpwh qomperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 9 bkz4g)hv a4tvpei6lp se g4tv 8-:.s30 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a pymv ,z66( c,fnuk(zjdmsj2)q-p ke y,articular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature qy,jvc) 6eum 6sy-z(z(fp,mk,d 2jnkat which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperatursy.rpd0w4 ku ;e on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relati 0 ;dspuk4yrw.ve humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature8se.mzrnnjx/cg( 6.+ jjfl +o is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is9ci 71el k:isx boiling atk1 c: ei7l9xsi a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 6803e1r+lfd lh fwj ow*s64*vqj8 $m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poi -ti* .v ryz pqf.uo:m;/oaq5hz6i.f unt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a amqqs.zb,iqv s ,exjv4 4j 8j4.5/dkaglycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance ojbva xv,i8s,q.4 /.zj qej4 qdm4sa5kf 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insectzolv, 8* /hiyh-ud-ljp,od8 xs to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. y/8d*-o l o-idvjul8,x zph ,hAn average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure ha ;a3rray9tag-(,nik fs been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tapeqpk+uj4 89 ok 6z,izky measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated atgsa/0 jc(h , mwm6tg,m normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, t(,hmw m0/ 6m,agsjg cat 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After d,w d6lsg j;8dmany balloons have been blow8s j dg6d;w,dln up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m3 .1 abel/cipv, width 3.1 m, and vp1.ie3 ca/ lbheight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abouyxrz-e5gy .ebh., t h*t one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availablwqf-/+ xevphcbt,9 gabt o*,s3r:z a5e vacuum techniques is about o*9/bbt wx: tp ag5+vs3rfh-ea, ,z qc$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills hish8 c2.f r6zzyh vrb80emglw36 lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quic3frmw y6h 6lv.0h88 ez bcrz2gkly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere atngg qc zqq(vo -;g375n a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nos-gnq( o cn7vzqqg;5g3e of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 1o :7m,, nsmjxn10$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7mm5hcb.ijm )xt927v c,oum+p70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at t;po -yc1l)ruq:b8icz he surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules inc pl ;bu c)r1i8-:yqoz the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nibmw36n.prfg ; trogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge p:u 07 xleoaqwj:eg- vz 5v33gxw+tkdd)t1,ieressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 2 eko:v1 l37qxtt0e3) wg+ vje-uw xdai:5,zd g59K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquino j3tfvk. 0 k45-skazd mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol)bydd6x( 6n acine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around dmmv ;qs (24 7mrgjm)vthe Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onty k*rxr5zc 8y1o a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopte nu aghv ,ru35o2,-y-s+fz yisd in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 a)qpygibv h4*4tm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thesy. r kw8(x:u3t 7fxig Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravit,2 z5dx5cizuhy by tennis balls thrown vertically i5,dhu2 czzx5upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameteryw6i8 g sg3.k;5ug dth (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the aig h dktsy ;ig53u6w8.gr behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the fody,nwln0iew ulj) x14;p 6hb,llowing two days: x;e 4ljpnhy,bi w10uwn l) d,6
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is oa s4i-x/ns s7a solid deep in the Earth where the temperat4in sso x7a/s-ure is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure,mp xzz2j7m*o2wb+ l3t 3gfq( y the coef2 p( b y3z3t*2qw+lmogmxfz7jficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantlygqojmx1 x75 5h dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept 57 mh1xgx5 qjoat 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg