Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of amdev3cd:lwh.7k h1gct :+k9dj *rm6x luminum? See the periodic table or Appendix B.wr kc:d3g6mxklh:7 +te1m9dj.cv* dh

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make ufmca +js+qn4w+8-1uxpj nx1a thermometerqpum+jncfj 1u- a+xx8s w14 +n.

Which is larger, 1 C).ixbmy3 f1uf $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilib59zkkjy px253n /h exo134pbaj njp6r rium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrz4x6 13j/jarb3nk2pk5pnjxe 59 oyhpium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveteyf4kvud j*5;acd6p 2f*tx(yc x1 /wwwd to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will by1vy6(fw 4w/c*jpc uak*5;xdxtd fw 2end. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficiq/ga5.8k7lz nt zifx2 ent of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostag(kauhj svquk+w fl b);695q:/g-ryit used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to k a:(5i-s6fw)lq 9+gqku y;ug v/jhrb touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often hav4a1f 3sl,fzm+wlgpw 3e a section in the shape of a U. ll4wa ,3sp+mgzf3w1f Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead fli)q, jd,v*z(o-suoy 5o yz*vc oats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass t 3b omhk*5sfm-b(4lblhermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercuk*3 4(ob l5bsbfhm l-mry initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if7zx..xwf mcy). x :qvb one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent ..m qzc:fyw7b.) xvxx parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of limb8p): 8kj:m ln t(xpbnear expansion is much smaller than that for l(mbj:pnx:)kb 8 tp8m ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate (hrd q+c-ma,c*xz: z rat 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so ba;4ejgbj,) k(: cy1f yjnaa37 2wsp0 hrx9z gyydly the can will not stand up. W0 yn19a 3;xz phfe7gj)4j, :bg(2cs rkyawjyyhat has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its w en,gerlsp0;otb, 10temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these chan ,ws10l 0e,n por;tgbeges in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an a((bm4zzzldh0 ko7tu+ pg 9qr,luminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 2z4(9 zloqr,gm 0( bpdh uk7zt+0 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kin: nmg ofiz1u+tnvh;- e 3a6j,cetic theory and the relation between av;:- g1t u,fj+cov izhnea n36merage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follma4j5h ;jrhg( mhuf3*gn kg6) slz65tows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, ihnuw(;tf.+ 3uneg ry2 9o gu f8,h2pathe ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refe y-8h5oej vpj1rs to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about o8h e-j o1pj5vyne-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What cc6zj5m,vv -: vewkxb ;q +d6cg xfq4-ban you infer abo ;evm d--f:j4vzqxwbgc56 qcxb,6k+ vut the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortablel lb+g: -+ 5d8p 1wo+vkbcpxiw than a hot dry day at the same temperature.+wk5ld+ 1:cb 8w xlig p+pb-vo

Is it possible to boil water/d v27hgbos8j8cx 8q-kl:tnk88 g b9gtj2 a yl at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidityudfc-mbg r7zc672pp s v7z);q is different. Which is more dense, the dry 27-)z;qgvcb 7pcpz mfrs 7 6udair or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated autoy),ir o) e22 klvddvf)mobile engi d o)ryf2ld2e)k)v v,ine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter-0o+(/- 0dyog*pq rxhmjn vca (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there9l * ldpoctc:7 in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atomsw* jmq+rb*569pk2q/fxmb uay in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mas6kmpjq5mw x q9bybfa+*r2u*/ s?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is 0 s nbwai p;26h5mtnf08ob:etthis on the Celsius scale?bo;8pt6anmiw 502e0 bnt hs:f   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempkhp*iv sfh)+n6 iz*i6 eratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has limm97q7 9 -hqjj4wckzz/aq/ e ength 11.82 cm at 0.0 q/ijm zj/e q79a mqw4kc-7hz9$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lon(e dpakf2z85 kg (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m p-n gp*dh32-emuij /n tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperat- g/jp-n*3dmp2uhie nure of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole az1g;( qbr(fh are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole (a r;qf1zhg (b1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4q e.p 2oep,c8rn(i;z x $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volum( en k2jpeu,g m9lbi +c23x8fye if it is heat,3fmn2pb+iuc le(g 8xk9ye j2ed from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of wat 7 u-m phsn++lo+ammnl*mai1 3er at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 2 co)x+yfody.;0 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 rq1 jl9;m jpz8$^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containen 3mzhaw/o*6 jzx q4q4hfh.p 2d in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of vol/ajz4*qxpwfqmz.6 h43hon h2 ume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densitzs/; m ;v*8oa b, vcb;tmzge6ty $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has co8pf4ohads i/(efficient of linear expansion aos h/(p4d8f i$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solifb3dhj +dreyo 1p5 k1jm0wx/ .d, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is ma:z5x/tgi :f n,yy+x pvde of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 gv pf t/:x,nzyi+yx:5 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. j9 9v:xjsb zr)vbnx*+ The bulb han9sjb vzb*rj)x :9 +xvs a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylvf0e/ +w i,ofbu.khc-v :fcx*l gl7u(indrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular vec(w7b-ceoxlfuf.+vi/vful k ,:0 hg* locity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. Hexk/;rkg )bce j1dh0vsfw0blx:f 7 81ow much stress is required to x0/0b17r8;dbx1 kgklvc seewh) f fj:keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal stem/ 3 bzlkr2.sffqv) u.el I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm a.ddn -aq0( 1jal8ax p+fg2avgdp1,z *szfjv/ t 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin sczn. ttw tp*s9;ale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit0 khr;ikrf( tn 1za/*h scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earthnza 3 j;j6bn6yps -(tmnfx+j: and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temper9 zu1 fsdx:2eisgag6wf/5+ zrk4x-jr ature of about 20 2u zxi159+/k zw6:e r4gaj-fxd rssfg$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal e udha2*o/d m7gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contai201h 6puwdmi gaqx; o *r;3tdcns 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP8 y+jk sbl1r.z contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 74.c x6t9g ofbdmye 26,d cw9hmj opp(10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of arx(zxu:+8ubhg6ibn, b gon gas at 385 xx: b6uzug n,8b(ib+hK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 o7b6jjufbf l0q /i.o:kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the av yn(sm8do94q e0o bp*ir inside the balloon, which makes onp(ve*myq 9do b04 8sit less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ai 5.f p0a0vbrjj- dns-vr at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0t09l aew,bacob zke2z7: u 10hw3 u*fq $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea w2oik vd0qq;zru;2u(sb2 dr0level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mole-t zyz2z8c+;vdbx p 7s5uc3sccules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How mar xm 9f-u0 ,nwyu.x9cyny molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of d)o,-ek 3syyz(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 54:*x3tkj yf vjf vz81w.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2,mv08nfi;wpgmx y8)x .0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere y,m x)xiv ;mwg nfp088is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic enel vwz ,/odcpc sn;7x+*uge6/u rgy of an oxygen molecule at ST7nu*/ ,+6upcs/c z;dwvxloegP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helqk: tvs417icf ium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of aboif7k:s41qc v tut 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increa6y. )54hu xuu9fqysof ney; ,xse if the temperature is iunueh4;xsyqu ,)yfox9 65 f.y ncreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds g1j mxr4ex+ u9./e3:xjrw /bh9shug m, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms spe/mx1 x.4mweeg 9/hr hrsjb gx3+j:uu9ed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas g gnl3wsud))3dp/ s.rq 3ltj4x afy83at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its vovrx3bl-o:nnbl8+e5 x lume is held constant, by what factornlen :b-35rlxx+bvo8 does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speekzq*qg,2df c e4v.8jld of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases atu* jwu fwj2+ad*3vev 5 the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.e2*jj5 v*vd+3wwfu u a

  What is the rms speed of nitrogeh93 ;(phvrz ico8at++t9icp cn molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxy kp lezv3/9p+ rj5*b88doeo+,qi mpw/ po pxy-gen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at S dsh)w2s,zf:s TP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 ,ae1.wn2txso.g zjfb47 1qbs u in a li1w q,.2t 1b .xs7 nfo4ejbzgsaving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure Poe1tw ;g;qvg( of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumr1 zo*k*j,3 sxqcfs :t, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phakdz 2)xb)ua6 ases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and )7m8w-aorf, wof7g z,6a x mkkthe temperature is (a)8r a6kmaxgwfof7)7-o, ,k zm w 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if( c,5jra56pqdlo fv,u the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 2 avo j6,,lq5fr5cdup (5 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 90 hn zm8r-elm qx4kt(9pr;h1d: $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, 3qyt r*fse (pk/eu31h estimate the temqef *1u(s/ r3yetpk3hperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature8x5 vgfj)sli+azj/w * on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is a x5v8+g)fj/l ziwjs *40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressuryz(zv-dw3nx l 2z(p3pe of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if tc2 3yhxn ,1smfhe water is boiling at a temperature of 120 2 hym,fnscx31$^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume) 5*s y2w za9zx(qwscx 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poinwp6j oclqv0+,t of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a o2k k .pkl:gx67pi+up distance of 15 pp7kk oxk6+gl 2.:pu i$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface ofso(qru*-f. q a insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheoqu( * a.fsrq-ae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has be9 rby.a)uhbp8. r5zt1z vt2gy en calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been dpu2lth7k x,s ) qv6,jcalibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal ro xf v7v om(v;pf76tl0tom temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cupv 06ftx;t7 l7vm(vf po are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After*0 n*ucautzr,,5gfc b many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What**gatf nu5c zb0cr,u, fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 me j,s5b pavevjd0,o82, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tempepee vvj2a8 bdo5j,s0,rature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densityurca;+ ap rqh i8x1ff 39a8zq8 of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure q).de *alhi1o attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is aboutaieol . dq)*1h $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lunat0+mvbfvz k)nz8) 5s gs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advmk+s 0f8z) bna5)vtzvisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning fee8(1q zo0fatc+ ik8drom the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reen0+o1ezteckq(f8i a d 8try.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased pdj98m7). krqm qhji/ from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770m fwkkv*j61:dd$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of at(zjx 097bwp g2v3lja pmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Eartha0gb 72 wvpzx( 9jpl3j’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed:l.s *ib+w d :iufww+g of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospitasgf;tbf t26wt(d /f* ol has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min go6;w ftftbft (d*s2/. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury atjr 6 yj(a+;yhp)x4 lsv 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at wf9pch/md2 /y 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at y/agclm5 i eg6fu8/a725$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a g*x9 ez60kqq9rx)o x nglass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted ifb0c un0b rs:*n the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charge4c3-h h wv9sl7(ro bnirtcm) :d, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ear./wy3.fxq 8wxi1l oszt1d8r t as2j.kth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can llx rl38zktzwb/. .1j rid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elar j lkw3rx/.zb1z.l8 tstically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diamets(f ok 9uh: npq+fmh(5er (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it r5h:nk9 o(u(f sq +pfmheaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on j -j2x :9gt7y4p o7fre uvdba 4;ut2whthe following two days: owx2tyfeaj vjd4h:-uru b7 g 9t4p;27
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STPt f gv3.e6kcyx c(43zn za2y2r, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 200 ef2zk. yctg63az2 c34vn xry(0$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant : t*6, saknfh6 urfso2pressure, the coefficient of volume exp:2r6of6n* sk uhfsa t,ansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent*:6wog/ulyrn d (i jgq)9ek7a rot and mildew. If the ceki q)j l7e9rda(oyg w*/n6g:ullar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg