Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? Seewvshz e z9w17 es/9un5 the periodic table or Appendsw9n7e5v/uzsehz 1w 9ix B.

Name several properties o y(sso*vowxw:pl b)p 1tl:vr2u-vg 53f materials that could be exploited to make a thermometerrxtv3* 2pspv1y) swo:lv:u ogw-b( 5l.

Which is larger, 1 C s6/89kcw s19jbuym g bynvd05$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal ev3(/ b1ear sk; h-eip39gohququilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium-( 1 ov us 3eg9bp3ehhaqir;k/ with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consis9;g m8)khic hats of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hi;ha9 g hm8k)icnt: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansion tc.+dkbp ( u fw63tvv*$\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple+qjx(n o5/qs z thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electrqo5+sn zxj/q( ic switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at thjf, .(mgecfkdl iyzmd0;b6em- k:* (ke ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Wi fm6 0f. dj*- eeb:,(d mkg(ykzklmc;hy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead fl2w9t:(i*adspk p: cj +l k,nrtoats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glas+1m,sw s oi)rys thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit1w+is )r ys,om and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more r.a b, xq any0my;.f591 ay/he ysdsglpm8 a.+kapidly than andpyh98aa,ayqgy5eam0x1k+. ;.fy .bs /m l sdjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is thatznc7e./v5c .pa(u bku its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistuecpa 5nb7.(zck/v.u ance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, ac 1 b .tz4txodvkim)9*q(opwgrx6n0o+curate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom andohq1u go8 y48 mqh5k7(vrfg9e top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happeuhkg8(oq58fvqr e1hg4m 9 oy7ned?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston))dwdolb041q-up-ecx: ,xm y z, its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piste --xzp,bw4 cdx1ul)o dyq0:mon, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an a3mae bs0g v9+wgk l/9oluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the t gevla3wg9 9kmb+0 so/emperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charle 50t eky rlp+elcaz*+2s’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation betwrez pt cae+20lk5+ *yleen average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic th5 r fon0jlle99ib 56omeory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmospm(iyv ry dm( +vn+q:2uhere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimuo9 6f/o6 d*c3ta 0i.by r+f2 wjopetbbm speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is abow9/po* o0o fcybfjb6a rib3t.td+e62 ut one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more :+.g 5zu(def sc:yrdoquickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the : d.:so5(ucyd+ rgzfeother?

Explain why a hot humid day is far mokr l.mhsp7 k:0 obz)2kre uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tel kk2k ohs:7 )rbp.m0zmperature.

Is it possible to boil water at pr7 ,qtd* soa+asa 4 z)wnia3)room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity i btwwa3d-a319d qms:is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humi wda idsm9qw-t31 :b3ad air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overhzl.:gj z51 lyy,uigy ugt+/ty+3/so meated automobile enginey.,lu 3l+ zo1/ustyyg/yg :+ m5gj tzi.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little wud ;.)ls d3pb+zf zu.dhite cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3 rq:7fxq0xg t:.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the i2;qzk-2vuwtav : ,e znumber in a silver ri:t2 a ;vu-v,2i kezzqwng of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken m:xdp6zqxmj(m5 rl4. to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?:rmm dlqx 6z.5(pj4xm   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempjl8 ,,ef cz;tf pj20lxeratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has 2fkjvxo 9srv)u(ay/7length 11.82 cm at 0.ufj)(2yrs /a kvx97vo0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20 m 2/qy575r v n1ulrmp,e2x xzw$^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron appro1b9n ap8h dy ls0:hc8iximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height chan y9pa8c0hl d1hsnbi :8ges between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivet9.jli9lo y.i)e g z8sgs that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivigios8 e)9. jzl lg9y.et is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4z z2)e gsfmp6b.83zvu $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its nbvi9 nz7ejscdll zxynwzu4 f80x 6k9m782.:change in volume if it is he7evy9z zzmnx :0ldb 69x2i8nwjsfn.c87lu4 kated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 m yb10ua;c*j + )yvsjpiL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL ofa7 ym;rww niq3cf(sc4*tb 6 y+ water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. e3vy)1bs 3spmAt 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vesst)s.g2xdf0n mp: afa*gzjqk1 09h t.l el so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coeff ts 2d npx.gm1kh: f.tjfalzq009ga*)icient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the 9 p072x ek8,*6 b a.szw givhzyvwug-bdensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w haw g3(dq /t:fya) d9zzas coefficient of linear expansioya d9/qf(g zta:3wdz)n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic so kbp5n54 m jhthuj.6(2exo6ihlid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock b (o) be6pw. .meo c2+mfpba/iis made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1. ecb ppeo)+of a6bmbmw .i(/27 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometerx2ah58-b5gk* l i w +vjg2zdj 7yes-dw has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a vdw-*vgw ylsib ga 722xj -+hejk58 dz5olume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum 2q)yw,kvp 29hqjyr6 s cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its aqry2 qvyj2sk p,wh)69 xle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C.iw *3m 1e; z/*ukaojlzq )v5az How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increasloj)*/3 *uaz 5z ;qekw1m azives to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel/2ni+vx pytvz9 r i8p- I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm a4zc,,bmafj( d t 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the c2 pvs qfy 6;5ginfva4:rj.t 0Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahr7lfioc)+d ; pwenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures imq-ncz 1fwj(,u s 2zvt hohmz:j 298l6n the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric p67x4zes2p tu hressure and a temperature of aboutp2t6u exzs74h 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen ,6)y2vn ulmzwat STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg ofo 5j l3)hio-xs nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nit3;t 3(t ltqk1vlxt 1lxrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10s kqm 1arh+znu)94k-*o; yblt.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of a); v2m (b/kjhxsd npi:rgon gas at 385 )/ 2 ;vsinjkmd:bhp(xK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg lracu e.q5u)l : ph64mof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lif ka gjsq z8:,8(ba+enct by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than thk+ (bs qjzn c,ga:8ea8e air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with 83ufr*;8p b wyjp+j rtair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen a3oiaw vuf6 v+l60 dpy/t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chjy97 loy 4oh7sild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules-bxn9d h.3 jpu:h 5rfz / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecu4df oli /tcs7;n:vu -u*b i,yk,d-glules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles,w1 , ut ;7:ma;o*qoiyyrm9ecl    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum3fza7jr ttv8(l: y2xre 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in eac ua7ty4ub(wq7 wa a23 4wjm9qkh 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 k7wqau(wb3a ju ta4yq4m72 kw9m high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at7n;) 9 febuwv15- vhb qc, .cmhxbhqg1 STb7hhc1q,b 1v)gmn5ve.x u-hqb;wf 9cP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of tuq9)1lq/iqu0m* lt)nmiudro 8qq50she Sun at a temperature58rlqd i)quol/ qq9t ns*0mi)um q10u of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if dpd s- v-(vxu.the temperature is increasepvxdd -(uv-s. d from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2,6ys4a jp f nn-, o8,bjtudh-d5 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, dy-5sn 4,oad p8thfju ,b6jn- and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas indc9kvn2, vf: udz*d o w.6n8at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held consf-s4 *c 5boqnttant, by what factor *co qs bt-54fndoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of x w6bbc, h(bps9 *j)pd;*bb yx;syj8b molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gasex.v -i.3k5;kx5 d xau xn-kkcbs at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular massk;i.xb3axk 5-nv -xx 5kdu.c kes.

  What is the rms speed ezp;)ip g hr)haf d0z 72u)7mkof nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of at y,vpb3e. ;l4uqt(7jzed hg e mh)2j/n oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distan2j.nzd d:u 85igwpfqb x+l9+zce between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of a0dds3 k3vn0ktn amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living ce tk3s0dd0v3nk ll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of :x. mpcd)sr2xa gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uran rrai16ch2jr q)rv7+ cuq(c6me0 /ij lium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric press2yd mdxho cdwm4ums-17n ; ;)xure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the j f++zov g0q7ipressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90if+70+jvo gq z $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (appr8xrxaiil 4x47nxejm:x/ 5i9ak vr3 )woximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperrkni4w3e5v /ixa x:ijl) rm84x 9axx7 ature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressu 4 yc6atgu8l5q(5 pck6sjuh) sre at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a par(ji gszpt;cd 2yw2*8iticular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which;gz8 j2 (s y*dwiit2pc water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a dadq6 wign)a:y, zv2h; jy when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative hw dh2i,j6z)nv y;q ga:umidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when thr rtge* p e/a0knx8rbll s5 -wh67q0q4e temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure i :(l9,tpljropnside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature ofl( 9pj: otlrp, 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 68+n5 qms g8mww40$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poinb42zs-g(x lf js8y(m bt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dv6+- qf pdbd*vistance of 15 pv-d*6q+vdbf$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interiord-k2xjdmax,ye ie/7,m q r27v through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has crov2xe,y d j7imm-qer/2xd,7 akss-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrate-wmx9*- g rtk8v,zg) *rm audld at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape meahkb zam2cl /8-sure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibratedsc*urdp1)w 8 l2lnyp:. j;myv at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and tj c:2yyd1lmrlwpn. )us;v*8phe cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is in2wqeb :y8 (ehgitially 28 atm. After many balloons have g wy2ebh( e8q:been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, b +l,b -1t1niz57b tmdbab*ba5y8mov and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 2bb*o+bbbb8a1ma z1tnlvt d,iym 57 5-2$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom perm w,9/+z 8q:rnoez hgd $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best avai.qi+ h icfj2nsl6(bc3o u:f(clable vacuum techniques is abou +32hs c (jf( i:.cbnco6ilqfut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his (:n3*. /chad qv ejuqt*o:jdxkta.(blungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the(hq .uk* a:t(oedjq:jxb.cd* t3 nv /a surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere atpnph 4o; vjryw:gx *,nim6v+, a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond ,wg jmpnnh:vvoyx 64rp, *i+;to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increaswm psnb8nz,8+ qb4nr-ed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770mqe3yu qn4vk;+ $^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value(5vtgu1i4/ ,2ubeslt n n7hn; h:xxfj of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total numbehuut/, n;7lb(4nnj2fixvhtsx: ge5 1r of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules cof, mr/:pnj+wjntained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressur;f dt*.ayb* pysu2yh 8e = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cyli* bua;sh df* yy8.typ2nder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury2 qazh2u ed.-d 57wij-g;isn z at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline(le3y lkxu(k;tq b*u un;b.r3 at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were f4q)bu y;8s+qnh , 6srtk3ocj to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glas+kr lm8)y4,add i9p;oqo v*n*wi tv6fs jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standar lk-;hm,2ltf ld, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a xu:l3qu8 b yd8pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fro 3arn3.55xfrdey5qie m the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid ismuuj.d xf-a g(orr*b)1 wv:p:1hlid/hd23qg suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically,.:1/ojxaigr rd w31 hbquvl hm)(u g:d*-2dpf assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a v . x+p)qt 6d52wtgwte3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves awt5qpg.te x6 vt2+d)ws a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on t3 0xeili /,t4fvttmq o9cbv4/i *dv -the following two days: dm 0eit/li,x tcot vfb *i49q/vv3-t4
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and se/2 s nl 9c:gl86mpiuwhen it is a soli l9pgiln:2esm/8 sc6ud deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an it -6wwxj(lr*( odz j3sdeal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equawd-o jzj36t(sl rw *(xl to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to preveiitt3crx; 0dg q13(rni z h)(v/:yvl ont rot and mildew. ii ltricnr3(3qyh0(ogv)/;xz tv :d1 If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg