Which has more atoms:q ou*lo4jvbu2f. vu7/ 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table ou2 vvoq4f. u7b*/lou jr Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited tmd(s 1:z -l/vwm * ogvmpq(vu80r j1wao make a thermometervjvvm qg *p:0(ldwu8o(aws/1m m-1z r.

Which is larger, 1 C iom2 pox s*o+1$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equiliy yu06 xl-g kcp,ez;1k6fn 4eobrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with k 6ykneg,lzx1; e64-ufy0co p system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. Whpjn,wrixix (c37mjfeg76hx v7 60d .oen heated, the strip will bend.x,p7niog0 j.3c hx (7mxd6f7 rve6wji Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linearmj j)43fcxgo -i+uj-u expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnac5 d7ldjoxdd14 1(bxaj e (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mld57(jjd4 1a 1dbdox xercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a se 8x+ypk ukdy(1ction in the shape of a U. W (x+ kykp8uy1dhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in merf 0qib;rj cpx9/z1 bv *(ki1dkcury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermomezmqos 1 t(n7-wter is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. E n-wqoz(s7tm1xplain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more c.nc(cjv iux +j/rc3( rapidly than adjac vc(jir3cuc+c( . xnj/ent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansiontva8m7ln 2g5 o ie )5e)+tkrfm is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this78anf5teml o)k gmtv2i5+er ) gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate 0a /jbztut8g7at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to :plltkt3,3tq bulge so badly the can will not stand 3tk,t3t lplq:up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushd( 0ux *4o9vcbkktq (eing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when theykc04du*b k o(q(x etv9 strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on a+jg 9g:b bt19a(hfuipn aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is in hi1j(9gfta:pb+bu9g creased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law fbylf3y4+r qc+h 2u5csiza) d8ollows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic ener5c4)bq alhc +riyu8+zsydf32 gy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic -i y cw1/(m) f-qtk ajtvpb4;j+( uvvztheory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the rati 2fu d;on.5c8/rnk hmmo of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers 1ip0dy.rd,byorha.p(1e2 t cto the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and ni ha0.1ed(,c 2 1pb.rtyrod pyever return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at roomjc6 nw)s9;/qtmgl0e g.-jg ewq8q1 jv temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties8tw)wejj /0m gl1e qgv6nc9 q. ;g-sjq of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day iss hjsmv,p( yg*1m*t n4 far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the sp nymgj 1t,4hs(s *mv*ame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempeyutsi*7 ( );sbqbpoz rwst/t(0a9pk,rature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is difa hv; *zl5pm a*0x6zthferent. Which is more dense, theh p6mzt5**avaxzh0l; dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator ;p4;3oucp;w y 8e q8xxrci1r tcap of an overheated automobile engir4 p8xc8;3;xqtuop1r w icey;ne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the wint/fdq3/zjxs * bjirc4f p4l80fer (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penny?o ry)yw ;mj.;+zs jl/t   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.55mxa gjsdg ()t(qz cdn-o;rd*( -cycp7guy (,-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same masygdstc d(gng yq-ua j)5(mc -*(cordp ; x,z7(s?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsiy 5v0m )ia;rhhus scale?a ;vrym5 )i0hh   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded a. ;d ;oq/+vrm;fp zseag8r w-dre 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glassha7h()zc v)u)vmeh+v thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.07) mvha(ce)+ hhvzv)u $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20e*dheyy96z5oe2zby 9 g 3zko . $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought ironq., nw,hzyuit+w (q-1 ,, xgzvo.ucvt approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperaturi+qtwn,uvt. quhw zx 1zy, - .cvo,(,ge of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are la 6htjsia tx4-2rw7+fk:tq:w hrger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter +h6kqwtf2j 4xha :wi r7st: t-at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 ;z.+xa v2z mes$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume ifaijm/ gpc82d fz4hc t*c 0/3tp 8zrw,o it is heated cd o*zf 4a, pr/w/gc82p38t izm cth0jfrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim wii;dhzgl7v zo3d1p:ff9+ t g1 pth 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wrtvgjxb 1 s.,q/40l ajater at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iroh*hrh 0 )moq1an. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrj.elj24s mnyz+0likfnsef):6 v :wm4ow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume exz. n:0f njemje6wy4+i2)sl4 vfl :kmspansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in thol78e6 (a.45f(j8 bb jig yk-u od ujdrw+mmh8e density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length 0gse dxt .+:qqf9 nrf0l and width w has coefficient of linear expantnq dx.qf9s:0 r0g+fesion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic yu 56x uob*: zinc;/pgb ,,kupsolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass. h3ak7cdb uv04/u (wnj0f lnw and keeps perfect time at 17 /0l 3bnhc. u7vnuw4aw 0 k(djf$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm-ozu yh:j4pl , ,xw,cl. The bu,xc ,z wop l:jh,yu-4llb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating aboutoto6*( z b,/3q bfxzem its ax xtq3o/ef(6, mz*z boble on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How mu1 ,er- zhkxtl)f r+qv8ch stress is required to keep it at this lengtz hqr)1x-kl ,vf e8+rth if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectionq-fz /k+df yg;8foe1ral area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134bmm+c1gzjaqo 6i+q ;hb i(zbrh/(93b .122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tem-zeb8ll b,u u8 f8fye) j),fvkperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature :wuw1ax3y u.non the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures icw0cb/+: o.skj yn1m sn the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temtfky saul9.h* l,n::bperature of abo9ha *nbsf.: ,l:klt yuut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density c7ip uw9f )b1q8zteq+ of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrog6faiw1qo;o+s )f o+ouen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP containshmt lfn7t5:k+u5q;f d 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gaso wbp*1dlolv 97eu4 2v26qffc is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container hob7e0m6mr q 9 +xg)bvxilding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 6e bbmm +7gxq )xv9r0i385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 typ zxsre1 0w/ ;)ch2mkg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the*;gqoo ),q mtt balloo;)g*o, tmq tqon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at kghz2 h8bkq )*g 01zrr15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at o47qbxf s socczi-83,w -izo518.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon .o7 z7jh+jnq sz(s2ig escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number ofni 63edr)g yo6h25qsux gva)+ molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are a fa2c83*40ybebfuub*;dk;iwsd-t z there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)q7n 0hj wlgtq:9ne f1( moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1zv;m. ej-4 pxbbkx0 f9 yl70xf$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that wexs4.is,vqic6 hn:r1e re also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant:qscv6iri. e nsh ,14x density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic enevq hp;x ,7fc+g5i )oprrgy of an oxygen molecule at STP?rxc+v,gq 5 op;p) f7hi    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surf.z b,nf12quyp;0lvgyace of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 Kylb;fnzq2gu pv y,01. .    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if t(j+h,v3fc n xche temperature is increanfj,v+hc (3xc sed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in unitsr bj) f..(hq5mkai vns ,t:m.ys,iu)d of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms,nhds.( kyt)aqi fsmu.5 jri,vb)m: . speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleuk/s* ;dq:ne ccules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doub p0uj+oijrq 84led while its volume is held constant, by what factorr80j4q io+jup does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is qj/ k pv(fy8n; vb3-tbis-i-fgiven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of81( k6hzv;e-l6e0br jdckggo two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the sq-1ohz8ggr(v e dlk60cek; b j6uare roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules coz 9 wqndvf-qo-v -d03klw8 1wd7f8n jtntained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spe tc q:2+u+hbtced of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distxq8q l5 aj na3y+0a8hsance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular2uie9 t.alemcd6 99fy;zyreza 7-.h m mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37 9 ld9miuhmae7a;9zte..r ze 2yyc6-f$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gasna/ uhsgns:imu / /d55mmh1 g( can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ur503 u;xditfhh xn p .c0e 6bfugre80*ganium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric preslk93y 8hg(pcmr4pdg9f df4 s 8sure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 1h/n,;mezrysrb5c:w(cev2 w0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90,zw: w12seyn(b5vr /;hcc me r $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% onzqa 3m8 34nip e*+wn7jaakp f7 a day when the temperature is 25+f qz3w8p77emak p4a*jna 3 ni $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at(uela t d )e,sq56hdrf qwu986 a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a parti1x u:aab4q:*il 3 jqnycular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate :1nj qax 3iul y*b4:qathe temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of wateo-rhj a5:/ *b1b 7jd)zjlox zq)-+hi4 t pvlpdr is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%? 7b p1j5t)hjp-hq*o-a ibvlzjr l/x +o4d:d z) $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperat1h 2m*jdd-hnh ure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside mjd (md rx9.g1*yrie; a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature og91 (redy*jdr . xi;mmf 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 6b8a0f0peqg a i8 2 bz+zt)2ii0g.rv,n6calq a80$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pr7u0hta c8q w3oint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dijj)n9c 5g;o*5jrubn tsda g7 0stance o*sb 5 arjdno ctn u;7gj90)5jgf 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior wdzm/+8s3 kh+ 7rqlmo through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross- qm++3z8m/lrw7hs dk osectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape meep1sp) a x/ws ts2 t9yd;uw/s2;ltp l8asure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape;.tfv+yov u ihlzh;5 nu 9;sn: measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much errzl0 8yv4s*yi5wh chp -or will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80c -yyhivzh5s 4*lp 80w$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initiallyf sz n3d9r; ),e)zvtsm 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the c;9rnv ,3e)ft z)s dzsmylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room ojk . 8odmc*-g5 l (.rjdut-bzpf length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. As gc--t .mb r 8(udokd5*zjlp.jsume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one ato,yag)s6lj4pu /m 8hxxm per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is abohnj+ x7u05( psfdy6ai57saxy0d 6+hf(j npi uut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of3o7*vcn djhi) 5.5 L when 10 m below the surf7d)j3* inv ohcace, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere ;vrpmha 6jl -9g,0a( +(zelmgg; zzlwat a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this higz(zal+9 ;g6l(j ;ggaelzwvh prm 0 ,-mh temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increasey l4*r8syxa isj h()u8hs f9.yd from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume o+d n,w 2gzutmmhxs)9 1f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pres4y+xssh:kc+.o7 yzposure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the tos+.4xzk 7yhy+s o pc:otal number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speedlw25 5k/hye jnsc/dv 09: jcoh of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 20/k dr5)4s fyke00 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at y5kedr )s f/k4atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl ofhu lc7 5qtrd06btoth xxv0;.9 liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atd 4cgf2ivqriv20evsw19k: e1 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equaj 1s 4qu4*e2vvpnk t01a+jtv ltor at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar aq k pa5:a1*l8wj o6dext 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ad:+7j mwjhi b1q3d4j sqopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195z*rx91sdoq827d acqch v32xkv-l. wq atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ef ga29ohu(sowb(1;- xo:nhdparth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis ba(zsd82 amqh6x;y.d3c; tz)zu ekwgcv - +r z7ills thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a makzr 8;idgdzez 2(q3hctm)6uzyac;s. xv-w +7ss of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases ao0wvgjl( u h27 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the 0uv2gjl(7 hwo air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followiury z lyp 9boa:+.n3)fng two days: :3y b azun9.yflpo r+)
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it4hff o o7eahq-c7 2y*r is a solid r77fq f hcyoea4h- o2*deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant przz8zosgy 5nel-6o .: -oypj9 ressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal to6y:zoog9pzr- e.jsnl58 -y z o $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, pv ,(j-zksg+uc eople constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew-+kj( uzvcsg, . If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg