Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? ip*h. ownw 70hf s+0fqSee the periodic table o* 7+h0winfo0s.phfqwr Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploitedlam j)z, j2h,w to make a thermometermj , ,zha2ljw).

Which is larger, 1 C-m+71narxd xu: w4yas;4d hba $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thhspn w2ji e 7.. e5pe(2xbw*moermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the tempwn2os7 .w(2b5me* .ejpi xpheeratures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rivetefce3(mzw5obga 6e y +(d to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of th63eymw gbfa+(5eoz(c e curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficis+yf/w csq*j(l5eh nryy*y30ent of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermoszctqgc /sh l2,.c 1/mjtat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at diffemq /s gclch/t,2 1c.jzrent temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are+yw jp0efqbo9j 7 (;xrwg;qe68 pj;jo fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. ;6o ypegpj9(8r 07b;wqjqoj f+;wexjWhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lc r zzhk7g:fr j5:8v:/juf zi+ead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tubpafror, hmmk/3(7 b t fu8/idui64 *jb of water, the mercury initially descends a bit rua,8fuiptb63kb d/ ij(4r m/fm*h7 oand then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or co ev7 l6v/ .plfy );sh) jcjx8gsmx5u8aoled more rapidly than adjacent partsjfg8plajsvmh)lvxxsyc.e5) 8 7 / 6;u. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is a nj+sc)j0/cfzcrw0* that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this giv) /ac0c c* 0+wrzjsfnjes rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate aw ;7op r,jddzreq,h+ ,t 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so 3 zdbcrvh;tl (:wp/ ;ybadly the can will not stand up. What has happen(v zybt3h;r/l:d;w cped?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperatuon0r bzx9 i wrsj34s gzmodfw3l:7zi,k1d --:re increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting whatsx:d drms4:1 -oz ozw3i309gr ,kwbfjnil7-z happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an2b; qc3:iveo9yd ff/ tpft 4t9 aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased fro:9beo/pi;f q 4v3cf92 tft tydm 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory v8t. q y*h3zpq7tdle5and the relation betwetht78del3pv qqz*y5 . en average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from khuhvhrvwfh(o7 6 .0f4inetic theory.

As you go higher in thcn14jyp+qbbgn4n5ebs f48+ m e Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object mud0 zzw,3upa:bbo4 ma2st have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practip0d,bb4ua :o3wazz2mcally no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperata4cwo0msrx*j(t6 3 -xx .md-clf r,vn ure. What can you infer about the molecular properti*as v cx(xcfwrm0 mj-nor,t -xl36.4d es of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than9w ;mciwy 6yp;ar p84p a hot dry day at the same 6c ;ayr8m;pp 4yi9w pwtemperature.

Is it possible to boil water -cxo eidl4 ;s3at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidi/ d6fdkd /bxkbw5t y-7ty is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the hftkb6dx / d/ywbkd75-umid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radialk -kd.)h1sky tor cap of an overheated automobile engin-k) d1.hslk yke.

Why does exhaled air appeamc;e: l4z3bpv r as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pss-vxx b-m 1r2enny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compa/ t e36m*xtxr(vno tl5dao8 ,xre to the number in a sil t rxd,nxv*/ m38a6xeloo(5tt ver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” isqpqgt*.+9qnj often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?9t +qj*pnqg. q   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and loweb5r mq.bin)xt s0* k7-frvdm+st temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol columnp2x dvu8 3idxm;v 4zfkk/ 17by has length 11.82 cm at 0. ypdud8b1x zf73/k2m kxv;4 iv0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built ofubnmt k98e+zzc 5 * 5y-nefu9p,ji v7x slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tallv20 o d*c*0 ( wfurlpd;pkhhkb3q3y3v. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) 0kh2q *3h(* rwdbdvycfvp3 p3 l;uk0o and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are ofz6w5ywz 4 ce2, cs,etften used and the rivet is cooled (usuallyyz6 cts wez452ec fw,, in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4cf,sw(-g+ ec q.aq,hb $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its ch*pduzvl32gxu :3g+ wezema0 9ange in volume if it is heated from 300 lzegm u3e+p*z dv2wag3u 9x: $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filledv)g3ng -e2d;oe6q b2 edcsic 7 to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at -9mpqu5gtlf7h8n ei zai a4 ,620 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made o,ndm:qr5+z :kur ,qno;+shjof iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow-octvs4sdfj- t, 1g1ma o)x0w vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is avac-xofgt d om04 ,jw1s-1s)t pproximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densi qa+-h6z (kzx) rd+iofty $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear lwl1ibd sx4-100wo hsexpansi l4wl1 1hox 0d0sbw-sion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sx6 t:eu ovpfxm2rle*e;/) ei/olid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1bq3uooz+2d4fes8 q4 x7 oq+df o u3zexq2484sb$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a merc qg2dym s m*ys1o*trla4*1-zlnnk l(3ury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume o 4y 2olnnmg*-z(1d3 mslstq* alr yk1*f 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radi 3vkgxe v9,,oaus 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular 93, vxeovga k,velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired l7:a3 zgs6uttq ength when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperatureq:7gazus3 t6 t increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam ot1aq q* 8hvgu2f,:w(kvat:gd f cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.12inmn9:p+j5 u:l :lcpp 2 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin , ir6ndvss:4gscale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is whatvqrbt ;7j55t p+uv2kws pz+e. temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earm8o:mt hd3 uru)mtuh a78;kcbw*n )o,th and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, ai l.pm,:y gbzqnevt:(i k-yp+;r at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of abog n qm:;y.ilp(tvy ,k:pb +ez-ut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxyge e9nywilr9q;cm 4: 3yzn at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen ugc( 2mfvro6x4q)dnfemd// 9 ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 op5odd8.j(:g7epr az5p+ dwo kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium ykq 1red 92a*+eioj ppf (./nmik8qh;gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L containl-4 nbo.x c69y9ezokg er holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3859xg4o.-ny 6z lco eb9k K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgx wn-x rlb2m-8l2 toy+ of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating tx-3k;s jhy* sdhe air inside the balloon, which mk h *sj-;xdys3akes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with airt,+r.fpmz5.ubu7w k m at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18232zas9 llrpuomy707il z 0mk .0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea leve*0 t yvnq7cga p93 f6xa.pnjq*l and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of m 2(xfia-sh m*( nmdtnmrzu0/6olecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there sl8ww y;0i v2qm(tnml ti7x-8in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) 8;a.qp(hnel m g;ozo*8y ec8/, rmw zimoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.jyc csfn- c98wsb(9 x k:i46/w-qftsq1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath y5(yky kc l at:k:h7h1bkqg8lx6*mb+ wou inhale that were also in t ax*+ 17tml:5ky6h bqkw 8g h(:bkkclyhe last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen moledwo5 bay((cw9bndom g0 c0/g)cule at STP? mdgb0y0ocwo5)bwg(( /da 9n c    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface u ,/8u;d7axncsijwe( un 1se 1of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 8 1;s,u7/1i(uwsxneedcnu ja K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temp0enfyjz +6tkz+ s c(-f jr06beerature is increasedf ysk ef0+66(rb+zct0ez- nj j from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given u;fd4e8nc yq4 in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 78yq4u 4e; dcnf, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules ihk702upn xzhe8x8 gc6n a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constanmjpq vq408mi 9t, by what factor does m8pivm j4q9q0$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given byk6wq7 ga h2 (uozf8(ob $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the rm:lg2 xz7;d0 (nlie wdatio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecularg x(2dmzldwi0 ;7len: masses.

  What is the rms spee+svbqdir() m5r hm,: id of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed onqv63 fu6itto.,os2wbo 3e2vf an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at Skf; e q)+: ouw,+iing)y g8nedTP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular masene .lrze/;y0. /--jwzue 4uwd a o9ous is 89 u in a living celzou ye-el9w0o4j ndae-./u ;z. e/uw rl at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of ats e 1b a.z0rq2e*m:y))wj4h c+o sloy gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumz zf*q5bchy.f2w.+m n , $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pspifw7e78 1,qst wp u4ressure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the, gl/y5 : mapoaps1tc.we3e4s pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 94 1/yposlem. cp3 a:sgawt5, e0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximatelkk+0 p81fnztt . gb5 f6zl2ylgy) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tel1fy zk8gtbg knlt6+0.5p2 zf mperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressur. )s3ymu1o m g2pj2jzhe at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountai8d /ryzop/u .xns is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at8x/do .zpuy r/ which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature orv9nj2g zp-z .vke9wpi .j. s-n a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 4.pjn.pi9zgk2 sw.v vjre--z90%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial m+hva3 cg uq4,*uju-movs7z5pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if ir: hncycnll21 3m,c5 the water is boiling at accn3m rn1 i52y:llh c, temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 680cdqyfap-3.w5qdwm q/z 7n;b . $m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poi f17gwdipp8n7dn o m06fr(a4 snt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Ta/zdvjjaw9 0;r ble 13–4) to diffuse a distance 9j0a;jw/dvrz of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interi;v04 mzjlfa2e:lj3mz or through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm lonzlzjml2a 4:3e 0vj;mfg and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has beenf4a+w me8 ex)9ktqfj/ calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calib64z4xziq qm: 3+ocg /4drvdyerated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at nzzoevxhh4+ 21x1ly7 dormal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool w l 2+zyxdvhh1 z47ox1eater, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a hels.5nf vwtgyn/ )i/z,mq y7/hlium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remain iflswnzq/vt 7/ ngy,/h5).y ms in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lengthb 6qhic812,ptkaa y*,h:e lr e 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume thh:y2ake h, 1cpet ,qi8l*6bare temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density ofr/l(1cjv2v3tw / mx jn matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attain: e5 j8jv4)oic6ggqsonz u7:oable using the best available vacuum techniques is abo onj)go7zgsvu :6c4 o5qi8:jeut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 2jrsj,wus5j fl+7b) y10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisabl sfjj,27+5r s)wulby je?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speedw-9 kyx3 ofl , iij0i/gh76kmf of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright bla3fjgi- ioywxf m 0 7k6,lik9/hze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased frov +gl( 6ys:fhbm 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumeonx8-ffc9 t9 l of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atm3yc z17ys cdy9*b wht*ospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the tota *zc93hybd*1t y cyw7sl number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrog)zeet rwr7uig *:)1s95f l9s mgdz ps6en molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge presftzl-l-/ tv/ nq(my (csure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and/( z(-m/vy-ct nlftlq at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquig r))3giwa7jt d mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolig/mvw muh.d 4.ne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fj22oyo : -9sd -7zvojj5bhejqk-e ti, it snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glassgi (li+ e(9:6o9uizq1-rjooy +bhcs a jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted ind+ bmj222d 8bfq dp8fqssbr s0:o,4ss the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressz39xnlqi-kyh+ved7kq0. 7 kvure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the e98rny( i cwjfzc*i) .Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity byallyt z8 c389uw901lm ppj db(ib 2e5t tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a5wb3 yemlatz9dpc8ljiu91 8bpt20( l mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.0mm5qe ptmv 855)69 3lqehpp ph/u; ywl0-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a l ymhwq5l)/pmpepqv3 6 tp 89hml;55ueake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two da .3phnsi 0n2vxys: xv n0ihpsn2.3
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the iss3 -6 yu -u8h6ulm0yjbm fu/density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the y6uyi6 8 s m0usfh- ujl3-b/umEarth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure,did 2k(n,*adm the coefficient of volume expansion is equal to *d m kind(,da2$\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people c1crv22*r+uj6fjefu u onstantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. Ifc+ef rv22u ju 6f1*jru the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg