Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alzn646) fs hnznuminum? See the periodic table or Appen6 n64hfzsnn)z dix B.

Name several properties of masnjjkg 4;ym j9(6eg 7zterials that could be exploited to make a thermomete(e;yszn9 4 kgjjg7 mj6r.

Which is larger, 1 Cf dzsq,3 nj i*xkq4yl-l+66mt $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B lp 56 o (zs,dj9ccyh;cis not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B,;s 5p6h cld ,zcco9(jy and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip p ;3+u /:y l4g(m ep f1mo0cjsgid7quxof iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1xc 0udm:o(gmpuq sf/74;3l+ ig p 1ejy.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient rq(;6da- 1n drs/t zzuof linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a k(v avp q22gs-furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different t - 2pvas2(gvkqemperatures.

Long steam pipes thatf;ak +:r ic4n)mum(ee are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a m) ie f(4cake:rnmu +;U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead flocbrlx9b,(s+yvbt 6k i 01g4tdv.am:vats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermomk zsu*a m*rp*q3z3m l6eter is first placed in a hot tub of water, thkzrs*l p3m qa*m6 3*uze mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or c k)sd4jr8cnmg l:u/k/ooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explaicrlkn dj) 4u8/ /ms:gkn.

The principal virtuep rc3 9*zgwy 0mg*vtj5vjgn -+ of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much small vg gv3jc*-*0jwnyt rg5+p9z mer than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clockr v d(tu(:qryy :j.h-h:-xawv(l klu )*pfnd0, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bo.8e.pdsf i4qw ttom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand u..4i f8w edpsqp. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly coqwa 3+g zsc*v3mpressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in par* 3ga3w+ cqvzsticular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or x-0r;pn)xz dwv 42twndecrease if the temperature is incrnz0w 24dx n)tvw rx-;peased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charls11vs xlhi 4(w uj9ezu (nwy8,es’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic enh 8(sx wi1v eslz,jy 941(nuuwergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gavydg2q 1yx)m 9y-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atm0mi dn 8vqzj8)ki1y8b osphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for t bwhrv dt *fb9 2ft1g(p fq.ok;bv,58ihe Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moonf, vdbbf.5;ik(g9r f* 8 2wv1bqtothp ’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates mors 0xa1c4rbee ;a(k(gze quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties obgzr;1 (csa4 e k(a0exf one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more unczq6tx m+hmu bls f1(x;-(yhi9omfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperh-m(h l(19x yftm+isbu qx 6z;ature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20 w5tthdi7p,qdlb tr:x(( ,u1s ,wcz v6 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperaturxfu2 xxnrv kfoa 3)*1/e is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dxv oar)u/nff* k1 23xxry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerou v+d nvqxf-:/gm 7evg0hs :v2thj-y2os to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile v-:-2e/:0h g7 g2 myfjohvv nvs+tq dxengine.

Why does exhaled air appear a(rkgl fwub2ak(r4/2 xs a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are therlg0kcy )z7e91xe02h4 wwd u pee in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-grv8s 60 /l bxy2yrboav.am gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass? y.v/ las0vyo26bx rb8$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Ceb 8eky0* t+uipw2z/uz lsius scale?b2 uzuz kw+p/8et0yi*   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded a :u1eu72ztl x9 pks sfvfq)),rre 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermomz-p5fh dupi*, cm,+iteter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.u+ch ,,i tp5*fpdmzi- 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lo zosh;9g. ui )hivij)1ng (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought irde1na*qg1j u wwnqvv .9f9:i:on approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Januard gjn:u nwv9 v*qfe1.qi a1:9wy (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rie m68,)grql 0.cxkmr7q wpki *vets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter aim. el r,6q)kqrp8 wxc0m g*7kt 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water yr6armzyh70 h 1e*/pkk-4kw6 zk (o pqat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.7z: 95z:4 );inu6pkk9snrmis: fivob w5 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated frz:9i pnnuz;krk 4si:bi m 9f5) 6wso:vom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 1g9mdmnc3 e-n4(7ecm0s nnj/hfl 8t f500.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of waterw jkt8o/ wwy/j6h; vhxlavykc)f)39. at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 2bm c(1ofpf *fgbg7x9 7fy -.ul0 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand intsvra84 z,q/-b lv d3w essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to ,4- sdl/a3 vb8wz rqvtthe coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in thz0/v) :bd3 ve qcviwc-e density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular pleu +g6d i* di7 /xyltj*7zcup:ate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion d7dp*ul/ *7xc y6ui+ize j t:g$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isodeo h9w2 ci*o4tropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass an 9t i8(vz(lh+qs l:ozd 9cvs3namv39ud keeps perfect time at 173nai+9 sv3vcstldq 8zolh( v(u 9z 9m: $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an insq4k:5rcd 4c9n h*e q;4fcfmg0: thlpoide diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a v:4nrgcdhe0;54f*lh t4ckfqq om : 9pcolume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum c;-sqnkpmh w 9qa sygfy2/+ c65 ic4lg:frbi2.ylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular wc rym.229ffahclg;/ +p4 5-qq bknigis:y6 svelocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. Hot9o +f eqhh+i iv)q.7rc * ;nlniaxc0/w much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature q.;nci7he fchn+l+ qair 9ixv o0/t)*increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel ) ,fl qgf ;ao p25)mlm9:hs2za,texshI-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 20ml7;a(zzih20vtco.jo- im n0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale2n92fc 5ek+ s p q6hpyw6rcz*e:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what xt wb/a,sji2ly9 ,7yntemperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are asse9r/el z, -obout 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperaturaooqe+1p/ 9 6 v3ibiqbe of about 20 bq9o+p/ie1iab 63vqo$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxp;-lf2wre w4l l sx3rrk8.-jfygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitro9*zuz6 dw6fppb++q axk4p b n7gen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg oz0 i8ge2-tgleh 8* foyf nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10:s 5bdhtx2tr3 t7-rd s.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure insidn; gdt q9x v36aqmmx-3e a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385am;q m-x33vtdxn qg9 6 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 v-ko)v zj h /5,q(sfv t1zh(vmcn:kr,kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by hx+ d7 keg+gq/dv2n kf5eating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outsid+5f/eg7x + kvkgn qd2de. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with airopp l,gli6eu-im1p71,y s-o w k5 x(fu at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at6(k5 uu w/pdk2ekpq 4c 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chcavl8dv9z z00 ild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the numberfm(nsj7tfut :b w4r q;)y g*1v of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water ar*3bmucha-9nw6hd ;v(b vd cv *e there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles3u y (h qkd+3y6,ab ,t jsoqf7k:jx5hx,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5 kkv;ge8.f+oo5n.gh8g/ oqmr.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L bremd:zad+dg3 vxj:-g t0e1twf6 ath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume th -1w3emta:fdd t6xgz0gj d:+ve atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translationaln88m om+b.anj / in8va kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? 8a/o8mnnv.+inj m 8ba   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun air :-l p-viuvjpvqu j:r0-rr-dbl 0.5t a temperature of about 6000 K.ll:-i0q-.r:i vrp v0vjr u-5- dju rbp    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas m)l z- 5 ,lv)6ffx3qhjsof.mzwolecules increase if the temperature is increased from hvfz6z) fjs3oll-. x)m5w fq,0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following spey 1zos/n2t6 dnxo-k/heds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, andn2yod/sx nth6/oz k1 - 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at at, f: kc8rhq 5irf3f04xu2d p20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is:q bq6utxz4 1a;qa-cf doubled while its volume is held constant, by what facto4t a16xf-bu qqzq :c;ar does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gak4fwmu ti/c o )zj742qs is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of twom9e+3 m nto;pn gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratnpem+3 mn;9 otio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules 9 3f.qfj itxvf+s).qxcontained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed mfzsni)7fm4 8 of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance befp+:nzudu9 jd5lg)z 9w,d 5z vtween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u-t lp/7ky;;edtwf 0os in a living cell at-/7;ft; dklpy0so wet 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be gr5x9cd wai b31l( x8lwritten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, -2/s mlnhfg (f$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pr2kmm9a hp 5xx3essure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressurzc nz 6pbz3n+*e is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) z*6zzp+nc3 b n90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when thex1r.b(i, kf0l9s jasq temperature 0 19abj(qfxi, r.lsskis 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 9eyhe4 or(c kj/8w7t xp6d o9p(0 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place int 5+tg xqe7ol0l4 ulq eh:td05 the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at wh0xo:l545el u7+qlq tt0g te dhich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of wate; t-h2*0ha 1znl) hvsjycgv/ gr is 530 Pa and the relativy-c1hl;sjt a *v)g20/ zvhghn e humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when e(pmy9rw d-8rjq8)mr the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if.b urk dwt9.-wui) qwz ,g:(pea/2 lbn the water is boiling at a temperature of kg/u tn:bwbzwa 2 )p,w.-u.ed r9lq (i120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rem:nj0jzt6l osp f99 .7gwn. zoom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew po*l3aqw m5l.h6t z:pkoint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (se 0hmf7kafets82,fu 8qtq-. tpe Table 13–4) to diffuse a distae-,qta087 8tk fmf2tshfqp .unce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of i3 jrt(i1r;o udnsects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is aboror1u ( t;3dijut 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure g/r df36yxfrvg1.b0c has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20,s 7p8fzos8tz ,s)nmh gm 6bc4$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated a/tt5-b31ouuh idl y1pt normal room temperature. How much error will be made in tp5 ylu1-ou1i dbht3 /a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Afteh(n0m8 gzqk6prg i 49or many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the orm qo4iz ngrphg6k8(09iginal gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, widthrb:5 +so,iul v 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature v+ol us:br 5,iis 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abou9p, l 6g0pjos8knbx4c t one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best:. 5 hm h.btgzeybax/1 available vacuum techniques is abough5:yab 1meh. tb/x .zt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lung sur6ez5 a8u7ka )n8l5slkgn 7s to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungsuna5l7slkkra zn7 8) 6sue85g expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Eartv,6pd8i8r khuh’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of 8,k6i pvdr8uh special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fbdy22hn8+q ld wjb o/i,iog1 5rom 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume o)jpg a tpr,6*jf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of lbewxmj(j 7:, the Earth, estimate the total number of air mox(be j,mw 7jl:lecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules 5 xn7a-h omi ckgh82y9contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 20 *lpnh6d 4m -6pmlxub900 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant apd4 m l b9p-66l*xnmhut 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid ao;v-n wf7thyv20nl8 mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 1i;t3hklyhrnd4( -ox 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equa29j sbn53v6, uwk boybtor at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tighk991xkns)p+ic 6 o fs3pbamg. tly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard*v *;p vr+)u k3au(.ec,ik mkv3zx vfo, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure bq0jxs5 j+/as of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed froy3brt1gkm:6 3 ( wgxdtf l:7gnm the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is 4;d:humd 4m kev:/lhh suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.0mk :;dm :dhh4/eulv4h60 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameteg l97cie0fgnl3ltd kc;p , 9i)r (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lakec fc) l ptlgn907 lid;,9ie3gk. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two days:d,2):zugoedj9 9bhbn z ejd)db9n2gubh:o 9 ,
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the densi wdi/*6gbw2a ety of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temi/w* de6ag2b wperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant nip8/n4gq h(sklro. 1pressure, the cn ( ng8kqp 14/iosl.hroefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot()i7gjdra9 dle f3 )vld0zg)y 4yzm(4gu6n rs and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept 36) g)(mdl4zgl yv ar)nr4fg7(sdeyizd0uj9at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg