Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic tawz i /uim 7wu/vkx*9 s-i2er)k nf2.drble or Appex de7ik.mw2sur -z9w)i/r2 uvn*fik /ndix B.

Name several properties of materials thavg d sn( 6rf7.jv +;zvxaakn ;0q:y0bat could be exploited to make a thermometer.vvz s;.qn ;7j0d:+k vgaayaf 06br(nx

Which is larger, 1 C 8;izh( wycyx* $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium w+rra36j+ bm(o,z h oaiith system B, but B is not in thermal equilibriuj ir+r+,omboh3aa z6 (m with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When h v76m6jfdbrc2 eated, the strip will be26vdf 76cm bjrnd. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coepakfj)tax b(1.v v9 xh1 sjz.3-qf)s mfficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagropiu.rn / j-yg9pj18:ywsdxyw5)eo, am of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch ie,s/ro o5py1: gnwu x8y)9 -pjwjyid. s a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that ar u grdt0:xy3g*e fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Why? u0gxry dg:*t3

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead iho3tp6cglyh 4l w 35(ste *5efloats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placejp ha;s7t,9nrqm4 k v69qc c0kd in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially det9nkqr9p sc 07kqamv,jh 4 c;6scends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may brectw-+c ulr5v) ak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly thanc lu)vcw+t5-r adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficie3snp zt3).qth*5: (5c+fvm j p ggjescnt of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinarycs tf3j 5*z5s. +m()3phg:gcnv jpte q glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate f5s4q 4g,tzkk9) ylcj ncg/ybaw bk-d;0*xp-at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly slw/j3cczkp x42n6: nthe can will noc3nsnj 4p:w/2kxc l6zt stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a ug v 1flakzehv/(35,lpiston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving pisthg3(,v lfel k5va/1uzon.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum *rr9m9f*ckq :i(:8g gvyzizm7h5yiasphere submerged in water increase or decrease if theyi9 c m8yf zhr7am:v grk9*zq5:*(ii g temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law foll t8(db5 f)tnzyyl3fsz 1l6s9 mr,u; w 3y;zfilows from kinetic theory and the relation between aver6mu ynlbis1 f ;9 d(y5wr yz3,tzz;lft3)sfl8age kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows f *2yox9w ;uqfwbgln5 k6eha- oos1y; )rom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s ad1du wg,:wo 2ptmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to thtzx 9c /tra(-r 2qost-e minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The ec2(-rt/ ota-tz rsx9qscape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you vm0pm-j (fyt: 1d9-9s6wm uufkd(j; wpgh*l dinfer about the molecular properties of one relafs;fph uk(0d-wm l9(u*mjydtp 9m-1:j6dg vw tive to the other?

Explain why a hot hu ela9vc(cmoj za23oj/xo:( lu94 )opemid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the sameolxeaov(/:jj cp9u()om lace92oz 43 temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at roo cv+fuz:tf3 49u)zk jv6 agii1m temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is th *twl7; fzc*jpe same but the humidity is different. Which f7z l; wt*cj*pis more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dans:-0gi)kakn;, z j6oiebrz i7gerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile eni:j, gk7-osz)60ki baz nei;rgine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winterehg)nd* g.f rcprib*ze*0b: ( (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are therebl8taud4du )( in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold nrtml7fn-bvqo( b1v t)/ g0 0nring compare to the number in a silver ring1 vb0fq /t7v (gn lmnort0-bn) of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F.cnztz73 a.lg2 What is this on the Celsius scale?c7g2nz.3aztl    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempo.gbp0p *v k (fgxb/3a*r6vhe eratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass therqf.2jkj cgt q4*;el.vz 73ie gmometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0;k 4g*jj .q itlfce73e.qgzv 2 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (n6reh3dt6otamu 2 q64x j; d1v20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of w fiup0gu7a7kxd sv9:,rought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how m:ig 0 vd7px 97k,fsauuuch its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than g1 n ji.hfk y; e7frh49eh).lothe rivet hole are often used and the rivek y7hjl 4h9i1 ) e;ffr..ohnegt is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ; p,4opn d(dcqh7jjz2at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume5h*ilk* 5 mawb8yze2 p if it is heal*y5 bmw hze5a2ik p*8ted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 3505gs: ;0rhhat 6k4iwnt.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20bm+ l)a/b t0djxr6a s3 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of if +biez 3+h0xiron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can ex 0svck6s 7wm1bpand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal tksmw s06vb1c 7o the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chand3t9p9o yu03+ ty:kq y3piz fbge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefxtv yj2 y(f1p3ficient of linear ex(2yyjp vf3t1xpansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic cvwi( a7 5o 12oo)vkroao3c1 j3pnxh7solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass anyyoo 4: o3f)uv8q5(/ tk(z7ynvn svtw d keeps perfect time at 17no( qy3)of nuvsoy48k t: 7vty5wzv(/ $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has u5yj5:ika ef* an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255 kauey :f*ij5 5$cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical whei27fii- bxu 7bel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its if xb-ib7u2 7iaxle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lo/rxm. g (j5eoq0t.n5n7b qp+gjn f k1ength when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if.g 1+.mo5xr5/jnkfo(nb jqp7geq n t0 the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectiona+2jt9/xa 8 )nggqs( tzx du.mql area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cmvgv4,fo0poqnm vjo jx 8t*. q5a47 b-i at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on twa9a nd0e..va 2uyzp +/colz)z j11wrhe Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what t6 8yhu hogsatd (x1hs0 o.v,*remperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in thbj4 sk44 fzdfsd3+:93ydtdgb e interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmosphevj(0.lhb r8cl5v jqlr43j nf1ric pressure and a temperature o3jr4c 1 rjl(hjqnv vl.8b fl50f about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at f;pbb xp0(d9mSTP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen (t j-v x he7viw7h1z59m$N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen jqn 2-;o iqlvzgn 7i(6($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1 z1yb clw68:0mgofjr9 0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 5tr7 i0pj q7j56n)pci vk9f bv35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 pp5v j6 7vjc0 rb 59)n7qtiikfK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg oh y8bsgpg;,w3pz),uu wf 7(aef $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatin s7jr.suues/zz. a l9+g the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppo.7ualz+s9 r usj.zs /ese the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 mbqr o2 v3y6j9jh5c1i$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at n5wy5 -7yxivv18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea levm8 pq;;fual; 7m9 hs,yost7r*fxz a2 /eijcc*el and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules5cvepd sl5 c7) / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many mole9/ )f l58.ipyawwhirpxe,x *w)y , tljcules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles9o g l:ao0xn .5db8cz 8s5tnzt,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.ngqgw syz(n7o.g f+,43l-n s, v9 eulc1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules obwv;r5 -qqsac (izg; 5f air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: As(;; q z ri55avsg-bcqwsume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kineym.lna bb-1x)asqkm o g/d+ jx7 h+t1-tic energy of an oxygen molecule at STh+kt)sax b +gmjomydx.l1 naq-1 7/b-P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tem g. cjdxdno6i;9 vw:v5ow(dy 1perature o;v :cdvg d(9nw ow1ydx5.jo6if about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rp fx;9b/ e 4qurk1nf0sms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is inp9n sq/uf xf er4;k1b0creased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followinge ly,b g1a3eg*w8wx)6yvik g b7m0w/l speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, gke *y0e a)w m3wlx1 l/y86i,g7bvwbg5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecu 6v;3e mcldud w3d 4iym/a;e5kles in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its;r-, hzgo7c ro volume is held constant, by what f-o, rz;oc hr7gactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is giwxznc,v) k.7 k-+zb dmven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gasesu hl1gzps 0gd-6x *vql2hal(jh:xq52 at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to thelgqphqh : a2- lu (sz2hj10x*6l 5vxgd inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in47*7zx+co+xvo ,g p*/ njbcgo1n5 n cnoffjx) an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of yhc dsi2x:w mv7 06a7can oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nm,y*dl3 m d:viitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino ac/xplz+kb tc(iw m397 kh,* kvyid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living ckv/zbwyhl 3kc+(9t7 pxmik , *ell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P = q,:+lcfe dosp8y)0 /3c u-p 84fcoxuf5rszvy$\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,ms in 2o rk)fl10c.di/ $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phe3z5;z7 mf lzaases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0eoxbku:b:,wb8; dj) p.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 e;w :bxd,b8u pbjok):$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the h6)6sa0kjp3e kcw: myfumidity is 50% on a day when the temperatu6 e6psm) wk3ky:0jcf are is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water dc :hc9 jw9/phisc-:u gtu/s3boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mounvz e+p,ef9f -ztains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at z9z+-fpfve,e which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day whqhep+t(bshu+q,:d cn- gn+4rlg51 dwnxs 02 een the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity+5s +qe1,+ -dq hgn0xcpsru nbg:2enlw(tdh 4 is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure o4gkxx:*l kr6;mbt(h evu9+fi f water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate 9dlh-0- nmz)mfts-fm sj1 pa/pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a ts m90npm-/st)af 1 -h-dz mjflemperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room ofybj:j2gvxe cyxz62;b4 j*f1q volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dewsl(u) oh nww3-vk1dv 8 point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a kse+ +chz3.eu distance ezs hk +ceu+3.of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny t,0 q;jmh,p, ucp9mr2j(nu l2caq-kwg ubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm lo u,-nj pmwqqau pk2c;2 ,(9j,mlcghr0ng and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tapery6cn 61w*sd(;rq i9wqst:za measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20 .t agc (97:8:jlndt3cr gojvi$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. Howg n - qc7k.vd65.vrovw much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are h6gv5 n..kc7qvow-dr vot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cyli 20h czdlt,f1.fne xg9r2ju.w nder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased torj,uh92zxf2g.1 ne wf. d clt0 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lpx9f *lp(m .paength 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and heig.mfx( *pl p9paht 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density h:n( ki;luux5of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure wo;i )v9rk:cxattainable using the best available vacuum techniques is about9i;ckxvw :r o) $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below )x1;cm68j w7kfulhav the surface, to what volume would his lungs expan jlm;6xa1)c78u kwhf vd if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from theirc1pn; eh0ji4f x+9l Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond i+niph;cl4fre 1j0 x9to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased faxpw0sz;bab 8pr47 0:t bsu0erom 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume px+ 000jmg1 r wdh9:fdu zird0of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimai yun 4ha(kffq1n. /c4te the tk/qcu1.4 ya ni fh4f(notal number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mol1*o b b:nni (ta yki9-z7yuq.zecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gay2 o uo5k8c+s 4yqdg- c6fhw)iuge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K 84q)oh c6udygsy c 52-k+fowi How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury a3 lnd.rz8flu-t 0/bxlt 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0 l: lk5e gdt:bm:lw marxj )3foz,426d$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snuqy(n09 1:vgup:ckxia gly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto asp3mq,)xj0lbfz8 + m5 hsuzmgtn457w glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ado64(ert-ocnyl6tt p k(pted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 19kcp-e+++wat d 5 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from00o t,lfk z3zw the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended a/ bek g-gn (es2/jyro* a)v7sbgainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per see/v2ka on (sb-e7s /g*)gybrj cond must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble o)o2tzii0a0 qe f air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lak0z )i0a2 ietoqe. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two daysl+d b fayz6;jvi bd31.: b3aij+ v dyf.db;1l6z
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in th fh+hb6tvo9q( gr op, ;3nbro,e density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2(9+op3rr6fohg; obh q , tbn,v000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant p)6 *:dd, isikanxu ;om ,*qaobressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal to );,kmoauo,*niqd dxba:i s 6* $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their c;30ai byinzuvk:; kew2f0f1q ellars to prevent rot and mildkvnf y13fi u2bw;;ea q0z:0 ikew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg