Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1h j20k*lmo ,gx kg of aluminum? See the periodic table orh 2lg o0kxmj,* Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploiteb. f,3e 6in 83.dawmny5eb7yokhyk8ud to make a thermometeyym e8y.8,.ke3uwfa 3o bin7h n6b5dkr.

Which is larger, 1 Cg9:daciyp o4alm7 o5j.3npp 6 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in tg 0db,:u zzz2 -h8mbcbhermal equilibrium with dczub0,g:8b b2 mzh- zsystem C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When honu.2a6vz x9u,o15d )*x8bjwbx ayjneated, the strip will bend. Whicv2a ,zo*1 5 u.x jxj9xdbbouyn8 a)6nwh metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expanslx1c rk,vl (6nion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagrtx+q3s.( t2 j kt83estypwelxz a . as,0:tio-am of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it cas:zjseat20oqw-+(t3ix tlk . e tt s.pa, y8x3n be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the(d* k*tbxwdh+c 39g zf ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Whx9 bgd zfk(**c3t+wdhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats 7d: );el7bj1o d75 okarkc.yeeibgp 6 in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer ddi5*45 us6p r0uyrtwis first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit p w i0u*6u y4sd5trdr5and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled 5schp mbi1c *26 kgu6p hk3k.qmore rapidly than adjacent parts. Explqk5kbkp u1 h2m .s g3phc66i*cain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass 9ix ww e/7ve7tis that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass977xvet we/ iw (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, ac81*j)oqbaptc iey;e2curate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause it kyvabk g1+*y6 kltq0+s bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What ykky6 0gb+qtv1*+k lahas happened?

When a gas is rapidly compres.hs9 hbm;zq6vxx d;/ rsb,ka,sed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it k;rs;,v dz ,haq mx/xb9h.sb6 cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alumij9znq4jzz6 v3 num sphere submerged in water increase or decrea3q9zjn4vz 6zjse if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows fro s dfj,uf)2ars(:4cmrm kinetic theory and the relation between average kine,sjd(asr2 m r4fu): fctic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Ga u,+;b67f )p wv np6xifrzvth/y-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the E4 *2qw4vwa mmmarth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to skp2/h;6 u;p/so jo,flzv3p p the minimum speed an object must have to leave th;s/fl spko3v uo;j z6/2p,hpp e Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room tempe72 q3 96aj4nxhscscmu rature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative m ucc72sj6snh394xqato the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a h8m2xlm vc2n (lot dry day at the same2l( m8cm vnlx2 temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at rovw/ewcqx8j) dnl( 2 ,yom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the t*b4brw,xs.xv3gbm/2 cl w4 g same but the humidity is different. Which is more x.clg*t4wx/3mb wgv sbbr42, dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous oh 2w j0qr0+kzto open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engin0qo+j hrk02zw e.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28rup oq*.qo f)3)?

  How many atoms are there in a aaif)7u.c q ds-) v+htyndjqd6u-- j63.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number i85)cp7s-pssz5 t3gsb r(uwmhn a sils5s (ppm3st) sr7- w8cubgh5zver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often t9eh*l5dogp a j+*;e tq t8a4uuaken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?8jet9agu; etd * u*aqlp4ho+ 5   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded -y0inxz; ihmg2yd5n9are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alrtil c,d92o)- 6 weq h(7cxnybcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 9 dhr6,()cy2l ct e- woixn7qb$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m longw uiu1r,v8qy1 (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of ywmsm1(qb2qbz ink ;t7o ,ex):7cb)twrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes betweet, zs(o;)c qwemq:b7mbybx7 ni)k2 t1 n July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger thancd7* x8v7ez3wv 6ck cs the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) b3zw x dv8cv6ck77 *ecsefore it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4njwr + q p2iq:hka:*)l( t)are $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Whftcx3e1: iia ; -qpvx*at will be its change in volume if it is heated from f*1e;cii x: vq-a3pxt30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim ap*3 /g,mxx7st b7thewith 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of waterz 0jcgxx d0b1pv)1px - at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron.9vh6nb (w.zb c/fw3xs At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, nasuz;c9ioan qx 9oh2) k8 2+zworrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one directio2auh nz) sw 8kxi2 z9co;oq+o9n only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densr9 isd 6nhsd-g+u)9my ity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of p+t/:2low-kjb1cr *h91kgm fa ynnp:length l and width w has coefficient of linear expn*m1n:h:r+po 2cw/fjgl9y a1-pk b kt ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropicfg wv 4*akw2v4 solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at bt7h*pw- l1 tt1 w71ttpt-lh b*7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. qi rdfc ,i;,z+The bulb has a c, q,zii;f+drvolume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is6unl98 8n8;yvsvbbkk-bs -eo rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular veloc uv- o;9klb8vs6 -nns ek88bybity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desiredu2+ 1bq1yr d-cd 3-eeuwicq-n length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it-dqnw b+q 31ey-uui1 2d-ccer at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-section9+ , eqnrup4poal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1227q t;v,efqxk/*qks.. ytsgg) cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperature / hh r5qks.1daf6m2pbs on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale? qp)lau *t;1h qf s;)of*5rfnc   $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun 074tx:9ri ho -h4y)m.uzfetn*r dy- *fmn yrs are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmokmrw)2m 9 y oiz*i-*w o/pejj7spheric pressure and a temperature of ajrp*o- i7*9mo/k)z wm 2jyiewbout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP uua-up i+.v5dja/n2jrc:ej d ip;q8s+sing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of7j9h, +w;z ddxk ensb0 nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP *bcq7/xdczut)c 4ja2(k m*z acontains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.ac5.jn5ct() ymtlimn m n4d4(0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure ins nw* 2yv8vrdqxfmlkt+n90yj)jq0+ i* ide a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385r yyx)in dwn9+8fq*l+ j0 mvqvt2kj *0 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgpwbh2,mmspz9vb*b s o5,-4f x of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achievei /k ho;f ex56wisd/4gs its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Supposhd 6/fos4i;w/ xikg e5e the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with aut3,gzie 3 up5ir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atmzvtbs44 q1ug0/pg n- x q5gq:l,;a sh 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloo.s (wn 08jhlkln escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecule-mj,4tdp .px2 f jtr*rs / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 5ukv23eh,gh3 bp x1wu L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (al d0j6h m0 chy3rov-0d) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume bx:+)homsn ntvu :li-w*6b (e5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that wereu h cfmjc-rtejog uihlc 3z1 8cxa2;(9: ,h.3q also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Asqujtcmxu.hc 3i18 ,-o gcfh2a zc:l(9r;e jh3sume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecq)vnz*n 5n d5iule at STP? idv)nn5q*5n z   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms spe8x e) w/,awy+9 ckl(hjdibll7ed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of aalk dwble8lw/h7 iy x+9(c,)j bout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules wkx3 c+slrb)5increase if the temperature is increased from +) r3x wkb5cls0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the fo jc 7hsxzs39jp8nppq4 t6dm kqknu157( 0+ tnollowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7cx1+doj 5z9p q pstp4qu7ht7snmk3( 8nn0kj 6, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecxc wj.i jqoq97fe.3-sules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what g h; uu5n.f:xmfactor does gxum fnh. u5;:$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a m* s; :,7odmax:o lgrngas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixtm y7st */ewc k t-d-+k+ilsdv7ure of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square rootk+t7eycwkts */md7+ -isd -lvs of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.,eh kjf+ 4j -er(3tmrw5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen m7qb .q;y eac2o-p8ovfl2;n mhv- iy (molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecule0: yrr4dda9z/kn701i xr wpa os at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid wnb;olnusvqt0n): 7j d z9lq6 1khvo1; hose molecular mass is 89 u in a livinh l ;n)0;oqn:qzlt1ov1dsbnjv69 ku 7g cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure Pcplj5;,g wu.o of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniul6jtw 56 /wyabm, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can:: bl hir,6y1f+q ppxd $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase vy1l -dn12hpjh3(7 dr qt-y*zoe 7xr fwhen the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 oef7p (h1dr*rl zyxt h1 2qvy--jn73d $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a da:fgnb43g.wby y when the temperatu 3fgbn.4wgb :yre is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water atpb .90swxf:eos *4y s*b-hk boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the moun*.i6ulr1bh qvse4 q5s mxg 6q-tains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boilm.ib1*h- q r g6sqe56q sv4uxls. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 53:ywq4i0 05(s 92q lzdme bniuvx:8 erm0 Pa and the relative humidity i08 y4rw9bzesq5x( lnd miuie:0:v2mq s 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tynkn4rqozx. b)6y( (gemperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiltf2o* mu9ng;-agpw7 7xe,adfing at a tempe7 g-wp ng92xu*o mf7;dt ,faearature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room fatmy 3 +xmma g)0e5x+of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew po/; ttm+1x trqgint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molec3zd6-wb*w;: zitzl1g( njto mule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distan;l (t 6wnzz j1g-* tw:zimbod3ce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny7z+g0r1 f be7vrs3qnt tubes called trq 0s f1+bg3nr vet77rzacheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measurev + 5bx5lc k(p afu:0k: nqlk8l)ve)js has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated afzu x1tap3n)dfxa r5:( jkp 9*(hakc0 t 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at1c,myz,14 s3q2 rdw5mgky9 fyle /qgk normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and thekyg1 g,slkry413c9 z,5dqm2w/m ey fq cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cy. ++w/n9 l z (j5mvxb.frzynhdlinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge mnrzyz5xw( / d+9lh.+bn vf.jpressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules inxt4 3dm5* y pyxwfu-g6 a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperat 6my 5uf4- g*td3xwxpyure is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is aboulj 4knf w39a4yt one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainj) s4kfiqb mvu/t2t8lm 5(9c qable using the best available vacuum techniques is abo9k5c8b(u42 q ) jlmtvi/tmqsf ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full c9fy 9. rr5xieeapacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quifrey 5rx9 ei.9ckly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle retud8b 6;sdyc( bv.vvqi8rning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon i8(s6b.qc vb vv8d;ydreentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idefiexp ok*. gl8iluo5qb22b 8 l,w3a0a al gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7709w39kb5a* p y +ae0 fmd4qvqzxm$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosph 7 +-6oyztowtn2 dmg,beric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate dmt,7gowtb zo 6+ 2y-nthe total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen m3wpcd 85pa l:golecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital ha g*;ynrlux5;m ril, j3 2eeyw9s gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at n;lrj2 xyyel g*rmi95; ew 3,u2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl0qii .3(id ;drn2ra/ jck pm-w of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinjfi;if zpfij(: g dk,ysu6296e at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Eartlg cht/2n,0bu,bf4/bd: w hnc h’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 20j d;q/ q :xpdtpd0xn hpesi7tk0 29puy0::; fr$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standab*:fc 7g) qwjerd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chacpx623z 8i0d a9 vqhturged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth f/6fy;eosy/v is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls throd ml0ug4:*b8anli1;;wfs xqysgz n)7wn vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they havba )qdz *w8imnlxgs;y41u :;7f0lgnse a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air fr4ukw(y/lj n e )+yzyn 5b5kt/wom a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, anyy55y/+jkz b /ut (ew nln4)kwd the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the follr.9u s 0u:tuqzjl6+n. ;ohor xowing two days: l ur :;.szu.0ootj+n9qhu6rx
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and wheqd4 o-7nc xs(sn it is a solid deep dssn74 x(q- ocin the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant preswb p2tb3p(/yaby g ;.,s/k1hs.wt tessure, the coef;s awb 3typs(ysb/hw.tb1 gp2,/. kteficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to l07 -e*djypfq34q.v ps 9hy2hf /fn qbprevent rot and mildew. I3fbhys0l 2q- v/j9h*d4p efqyn 7q f.pf the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg