Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of ar3g- q nwa0z*vluminum? See the periodic table or Appewq*g 3a 0nrvz-ndix B.

Name several properties of materials that could beu6 ezxm cku()74/scym exploited to make a thermometcku4(cx7m)e mu 6zs/yer.

Which is larger, 1 C qv xr)dz h7s7,8icu)c $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermald0 unktxf-j8 .iv m,1n equilibriumt-f vnud1.,in8x j0 mk with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a s6) 0xbjk lr7byq;6zg wtrip of iron. When heatgxk)jryqb60; zwl 6b7ed, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lineac7 * crl+m3uw2azoy:a *gx2j hr expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thenah (p:m:+qcu (uohx )rmostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how taxun:oh:p qu ) (c(mh+his device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends om/8p9jt q7d as5x;fe iften have a section in the shape of a U. Why?mi8t9 e5j 7;qpadxsf /

A flat, uniform cylindet /k18v. xy qrvz9jx5cr of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glassocuauh(yv.zk:eo (.l) ,1ioh thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rilz1uo eok.: c hyu ha(o(.i)v,ses. Explain.

A glass container may break if one parm)v)he zcpxt k) 91xg5t of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Ez 9g)x5)p ckhex t)1mvxplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linea3 n7oj4ep)a5w oa:tmur expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the incre ma4o5n)3p7wtoae uj :ased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate a uae o1q97dxnyyph k n06l6p;*t 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to buqqm,nm:w1tk5:tkk4 blge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happ:mkknm1:tq bt, k4qw5 ened?

When a gas is rapidly ar(;d+g4re p hn k;l r5p /o**oez7zpccompressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these change*oplkor;ragh /+c4zrp5 *;(7zdenpes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in wasvs m/0;m)b rcter increase or decrease if the tempe v/0cr;sbms)mrature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law folloji:3g-;w.aj stkbil*ws from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energj;baig- .*jstk 3:l iwy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic th )ibd:*0h (x2x ;krjcac7b 2alhc +qoseory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, t-7 uq wvhy8.hfhe ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the m m.8mxujw9xih6k-3 n zinimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is fuz6 x83hk .wmj n9mx-ior the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature-3zvb0s. q mgy, gezt6. What can you infer about the molecula,zy0 . gbtm6-zgqse v3r properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than 7k0cgz* g5u b:r d*jina hot dry day at the same temn iu*5bkz :gjc*r 0gd7perature.

Is it possible to bog6ntnxtg cdv4fa75,65 y z j0xil water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidit /rv:-* ya7 wc9mybqh3hlqa+q7vnr s 4y is different. Which is mm-nr7a q9hlby/4c3 ysrqvvqw h * a+7:ore dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of*/cakvec 6gw1o oldifph3g k52)o z): an overheated automobilef3l cpg a))g*61 ovokwci2hozke5 :d/ engine.

Why does exhaled air ap77hbv4d hw4t-d v f6pipear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copperwx)e8 oxu 7(cn penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in /b5 r+;6eoeiza dgk)pa 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass +;eib oa/kz) d5ep6rg?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Whxo28nk tbe+s+c w(o :jat is this on the Celsius scale? o ob cw8e:2(+stnjkx+   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tf k8xr(izez91i x22y3 pczv1eemperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, th6ym5 mec)n ,x rwvzk. 0u/ jt3lc8n:qde alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 ncc qm)kmd x.5veyjl,r306/ :8 zutwn$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built o,*c2j, qm/a yftst*dzf slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wmlsgqt:tu 8 p6.hjz)1rought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how s.zu tp tmh18:lj)g 6qmuch its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the riveth4o+p hn( jx8x hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed hpxn4o+j8 (xhin the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4li jd-eq; h3gn:m(s*r $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm . l-laeb2: /k- j8 qg7yjtnouvin diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from 30 lek-l8qa.n j:7gotb2 u -jv/y$^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to 7ke86.uq xojwie0up9g) nn+*:tz nqlthe brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 pt8v5;2aa2b b;il czo mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a r76fp, h/rw3v;idjwji ing made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentia 4i2bmg,mw 2qf4-os58mka pr mlly one direction bw2gos 44 ,f-mqakrpi mm85 m2only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dc0+xgjw8 z j3awl 0u3hkx3d k5ensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of line .jb.vi(fn: u+al7d;*cp qmpbar expq*b+p (a.inu7l:j pv.b mcf ;dansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, ) f;1) vg rjfrz9qzu6t$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and kee/- s/la-px yfips perfect time at 17 spi/-- /fyaxl$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an insidho3 9rti7+ :nqtuti9;fby6 l ye diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.25iyn 93burtl:7 fhyq69+i;t t o5 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum c3w x4gz6 u8n9ac*co luylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on fric u*ng cc8u 3694walxzotionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How0zml29+g r dss much stress is required to keep it at this length if the t srg2d 0zsl9m+emperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cr6rowa2mj*, mi cwj2 /c:ey 9nmoss-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.19jo 6dq 6(ztiuo *x,kn22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the / awt zfc2wi0+Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit eo f. r8:wwgje+u2rnqf i78-p scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the inter .,mvi .mmyw ,qihlf,1ior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combus)n e,ib;0qnjx tion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature e,jnnqxib0 ;)of about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at o+)k4 dv* hnxc0q*f mnSTP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of2wfpjrm-+9 teptf1 +x nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 1 q-r7qj*p taokg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1,) 7dyw :w7auqtbqc. n0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argonmvotm3wgrr97 +cud3l vz(+z: .djt1a gas at 385 rmt djdr9lo7w .vtavzg(3+3+1:cmzu K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of ,.8yfj) w(rqkc+ anzd 4 jlh,x$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves zc yo 8 -+6wksokn6mv:its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outsid 6:k68ky-cwmozos+ vne. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with airxh .fmk.l:ws /k/g,cj9rfau- at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen zmn9t pnc8k jmv.s5k)43m8 cjat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand a flrmn3+:*5g14 hqg+qrty(xf) jhz zbt sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of gyc.yo+3zv ha)ck c(9;5 zake molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?*j-1/kl zv5m; om) v:* yynclrzbxv1j    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (oczu yo1z(j-7. +n )lis nuwjnshk-+ *a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume6lbs 3wab / xkwz *zou2w:8z1e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breand7.ibo t,d0 wth you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hbd.0o 7wnid,tint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule ati 2o8t 0njmfg-4j-xus STPjg-8o u fj2x-snm t04i?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near thpb:ak(c2p; bvq 8x. pee surface of the Sun at a temperaturb(;c . pv kq8:2expapbe of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the*vb3a4l2kv r o rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increas3 v24lba vrk*oed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in um.giky6u jf+w 7 +5cmynits of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rm+u5kc gji yw6m.7+yfms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at, i dt;1y co)cbsdg2q2*aj9mqh5/wta 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is 99 9abhrw7 9mzi0bvp cdoubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor a 9zv9 0cb7pi9m9bhwr does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules +wrnnc +f.i iyy+2 sm.in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the sz 7qjg3cqpw6*; 0twz +woqm.li7k0fkame temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots o qwqgw 7f;i.3 j0 zlw+ckzq6p0t7m ko*f their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.o0d 0io,p 5v-:qcx9kv.l ii7x/ cguhl 5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speeb(0 jhja1 (b9o 7kqswed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distanrghqp.v isb- sv ,u.-0ce between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an am,gacjhl87ppx *c z/x :ino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a liviz, p* xac pc/xj78h:glng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P ;1d phwhne5e+o9r2 toof a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,spi 8:k1fw 0z)yquli( $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric prderc (e.jx *f(qb1w l5essure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is ti103sjf b y*h*g.ms brj,m0a(a) 90 mrj.0yma*h ,1t0 f* is3gjbbs $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 5v 82x mzf6eqtr wdj81;0% on a day when the temperature is 25 x tj6eq281zm vwd8f;r$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water xalcoux3gqk*k .4 )1v boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a.f3: c agh4t +kek:upi particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water ekfgi.k4:aut 3pc+ h:boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of w xx1onr;p6zf z/uv;dp k 7g)b*ater is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is p/ 1z; nv)kor d*u zgbx;pfx7640%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure :;cg ih. 2hjf qdvpr7xl)j4o* of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if ):ajw y r jngnka 3s8p8xp)0r1the water is boiling at a temperature of 128 p s0awnpy8jrr31a) ngkj)x: 0 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of ; p+;it vh.apnvolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point oz*z 6i2/-kk3p j r cm4e5piwz (t/q (irmsn2twf 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine mol-n xve8* m0)5muq qdvvecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance ofq8 0vm-qmnx d*) uvev5 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the inte/ ko wchtc;y dyrvsc*a3-7p /7rior through tiny tubes called trw/-cy/spkhacv7tdc *;o 7 3yr acheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been l-b 6adgvd;ak* 8e)tk calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape mear3jo/ k d9hyrox 4*kf.sure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal l84 .g48inwn i crzs qaje+(5aroom temperature. How much error will+q4 nja .ciagzn5w8s8irl4( e be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initia zq1qod2zkw4lgc;,+gp +s4 bpuff w 1+lly 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylindg 4 +gz4;1ls+opw uqd,w+2kz1bcp fqfer?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 6e5r .bfbvz++ vfi vd73.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22v7de fi5brfvzbv 6++.$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mattefw 0;pr xo il3ieg+2:dr is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniquhb/1n4w lp7g kes is abo1b lng/7w4 hkput $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fill3 q./1-i2qxgjx cjo nd:1r sypfc7iy q2k+ .crs his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would 2d jr+isj3g1q qc.1kxxo 2f-ir. c:p/yyqn7chis lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returnifqo2( jg02gzk ng from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the2g2(0qfzk ogj nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is in,//q7b+ jkxvu 6 ldiltd 3gfr b dh8cr3sd1+*bcreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770mdr7 rj)lxojk03 n/ 5bzmxc15l$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pir;we+zarl4 8zu-tep:-hobv vx 0:w(2 cx ev+ressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total numbeacbv+r(vt0p wv; zrzo :2exwl -x84-+eeh iu:r of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nihp -p-y/fjs lt ,0qf-zsj41 njehb/9dtrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psaku0+ bhaj74c d 6q(-: xvydjqi (13,800 kPa) and at T kq0vjd(-a+chbyqa j7u 4x 6d:= 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a b8yz-j2v q m1vj :uos6nowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol,foa/ d lbl+b0;u-s4sd-o:lt w9ruqzine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly arounsju1f(inormq e(; 00bd the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glasr*0wrow* e3 gas jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 1 ;; q.)sg-a( h fmvsdeuvu/hs(8$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 19p ie:8l)r54okrdr1 ynn3o1rr 5 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eartjp 4)nlq ;tj-zykzp94h is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against grm d99qz)spjv9avity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid d9s 9jv)zq p9melastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherebsl325 xv3ldical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is con lxbedv233 s5lstant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor/dbe(gd0w3yq +t. wkdf 39zge pressure in the air on the following two days: wzw(dkd ed .e30g3tf+9/byqg
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when id/r53 s0b( i.xs(gf ppb0lee/v .d ltmt is a solid deepsb3.fv(e/igld/mx ped(ts0. 50b r pl in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal ga , ydn9ugul5;os law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficio dn,gy;95uul ent of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rv0wttrit t84x452ull e *cm7mot and mildew. If the celltm 7lu5w tx t80lc4r2m*4eivtar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg