Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic t/u h+c ptvsah0(jjki)3* x*n/alfe m-able or Appendie/ fu0j xa/hc-j)s*aihl(mk*tn+ 3pvx B.

Name several properties of materials that could be:sa1d-d(b:9 omfql ( 5day zhc exploited to make a thermomete:a -dchl s1:(omdzq9 dfa(by5r.

Which is larger, 1 C jrqq bxnz 2b 0cpgk)+g,;or82 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thtej f / bpp0kdf c0d8/1k6*beqermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperaturesp/ bc0k0kqf6et8p *ddbej 1/f of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to rkrnd,bq 4 t*ok;wc:n3p; c*r a strip of iron. When heated, the ;krbn * ,dcp;nqror: w3t4k c*strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear eu (av5j j2knhz/)oq4her0on : xpansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnac-nx h7avy:ss8sno27 -1qf b qbb.fs3r dhjd69 e (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at differf b snby17 ao3-f d6:b2qjhxrdss7.h8v- nq9sent temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the e ;ri3)pyn rxcdrbl; :)nds often have a section in the shape of a U. Whcp;ir3nl: )) xr r;ybdy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats iuspe/6 mha*v de. /ic*n mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tubihb+ m/9dmzko09u1 4ikdr o9c :z3zrh of water, the mercury initially descendsdk+m3b9 u o49zi9h1/zdo0mcrikz h :r a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is he)l :xudjgv )e*r(u-e f j3pd.nated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Expla(du pg*-) er:j3 e)xvu.ln dfjin.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of lim pne)f/;7 yw473 lb jk:mjwqinear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased hekwjm37 b4mfe ;wpqyj:i)/l7nat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cam4 vd)/ vur9ebp kz,1lock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of sodabz,gr2 hqasw:j) 3h/lvo v s -3i;v 5unw4f-wj will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can w 3w2s/vvz3j-l-iur h4vaf) qwhjs b,nw5g ;o:ill not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say,xqo 0o9,l 5bgak ko*kk*e.d x;c(de, l by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of mole, 0d,kbco (* .k e9dkexxolla5qk *og;cules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged gv09o;lb9 6za-f+9eouku 6 ri in7 tdwg4ra b*in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increl0* 9 aobf7-iu+ zgre u69nkadg;vi r twbo964ased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Chark/ gke0f rbhdje +1t*tcjah2i :q1 l) +fwc5v2les’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic b+ kvejf/lh g c5qc0)r2w1d1 2ae+h*kt:tfi jenergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s - +m) ac:zzm:uy8negqlaw follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s;0*(m s ( )wh.tzd4amdgqxwzc, s,dak atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objceyyw*8 j6 x+/u 5vjxkect must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.y v c6wxjukjx +e/*y85

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What caqz34r )aap3v xn you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the ozxr3vqpa a)43 ther?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at tdrrs3i80d: y 3d2rqsx -zs zh2he s-dryd2: 3r0xqdr is8h3s sz2zame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature ( 7kmtk6e 13 0-c gv0oxmwrih3dn9a (ov20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same f,gqx0rt zgc6.5q-j dw k g*e-but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at th dqjrtqf6e-. -gcg5x,*wg0kze same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator /d kdrhp azoz: 8256p 9xki5gwcap of an overheated automobile engizk2kox :gzpdid 958 a/hw5r 6pne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)befo8ufd1 ,43nwtvh n1 7 o2zb?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penr ;jcj* ob9i3xufy dz8. 7skh8ny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in skd4yq n/ti*;a.*ty y a silver ring of the s*yd. iynt y;k q4/tsa*ame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is oftq00 8u7slc nik ym**y ,x), zzmzwg:uc60kluben taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?b:8, y *7zlkci0zuuxm w60z,kug)yc0ln*sqm   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatp0 p4d47ykkymures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lescdeq+57 eav,cj:. u fngth 11.82 cm at 0.0 e seq:c,ajf vc5.d7u +$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 xd8)5lt5 bp ga ac0s*em long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately xpvv rhrh43 22d74s ld,gc(k va(soy* 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average tempsx,s p y7k4dc4rgv2 3*ahv((h vrlo d2erature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit bb;:cbvmff 9po tf6/ bj)+k:o, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is c;)f bo6c/:+bbpbvkojf t9f:mooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a)sjncz0gl * h6tb8 w43x0uyw/uy/sgj t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What wuvm;sb ug7 (1q 8vb/v49cqw bkill be its change in volume if it is heated fr;qb w/g9 cksv4qv mv 8b(71uubom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 2lg0h 0r 9ji8xoj+1q fygqv 5smL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of watep3j ,k,4t tbw7kws mf m)kpp.0r at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a az r* phy*.kl9hxzx5f,2 ijr-;kbu- s ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containelcn9 b+ipirc083 -nctd in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear tnp+ r3i-cbnc lci890 expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chanb.jpud; , x6svk9:igv.tw(j jge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of agp5ildf ug -j.lyun;- h( q13length l and width w has coefficient of linear expan 3.jlldhun;- g(gq51 a-upyifsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotroccqs-/qq uw*/nz6mm1 uqq (s 2pic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock cplb+ sy19c)un5)d6fi symg, is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17)s5 d)mnfp +u ygy1lci ,6bc9s $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameteroqh 8t. n1xwe. of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a voloxen w. h8.qt1ume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotat0pg .zf 3d9vdjq2*i/u)nn zg fing about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular vel*9jz2i 3 gnqgn0./dfpzvdfu )ocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desirny;w4q h+q m2ax 0oq6wed length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increm 2ohq+qwq4x0wan6 ; yases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steelc/r h(e4 nk6jt I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 s1z01lktca n c u89ow6cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin s .qw6u eqle,4mvuhh 66cale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatureug0 quj s-4nn(.,d hd4nm g lnwzeq..6 on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the ,2hl:o : kw,ar2tbrgiEarth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combu05mkzx,z j6 k oud l6sbs(t9r0stion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature ofl005s r 9kjx kzst 66umoz,bd( about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the densit0v5 ojr; akv7py of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of ni3kr8zfi ao(h+o 890gep7efy t trogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nit 8f mk4ti /6*;1 x0d1qevy(qwqad jbatrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas bh t4 9:b yo-ue3p*5tvlh j/iois at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L contaic ) nu4m3ul:wa(2qhz; 4o pbfmner holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 b z:h( anpcum)lmof ;2u4w43q K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 m,fd*)u8e tt.uyl3 f1 54glh:kkjzypiyz6 c9kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achis:z+o+a/ mwzb kz0y.ki z. 5lzeves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a bal5o bklazzzskziz0. /w +.:+ ymloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 nlgk1d5i lq* a :v:5mr$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.x,ysdrgvi. p,ivmhk -)07 ja(0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0jjqzm;x8uw l aj:. 1b0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of movu79 k *e/g naqt3ep6hlecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules? x 56*-ar ruhwo (2rcp.3m5a ohkblct7   mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (is:c42a+x o-xs .vjqkob ;v c6a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume s*a1ut5x5zj i5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that werek,-dqx c8) pjzih6x:b n4+a nf also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hintnp xfxn 4-6)iah8 d+k:,bczqj : Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an grg(. v 5rbal9oxygen molecule at ST a.gbgr(59 vlrP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of th*r 0hpza) -b nclu1i/ge Sun at a tempera cin10*bz) urlha-g/p ture of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules i /njjeg d/659t.dxggt nj 7gu,e9r qa-ncrease if the temperature is increased faetj6 jg n9/g5,ujd dnr.t9g/g-ex7qrom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in unit3l0bgsekc)h/ s of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. 3gh)c0/se lbk$v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0 p v -ck+9;5*h2-rurp )b hxfkszwto/o$^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubl.zb9 s)pxj-uhc0no3 r ed while its volume is held constant, by what fop n.b-)hz3srx ju09cactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is gg*wt hlw/b4n- cfm 0gwqls9:p3f7hn 5iven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, tkwbs f v,z1d3wz -a93ihe ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecul-vsk1 w3zzbdi9,a3 wf ar masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecu;; fjo4l w6xlzv+qc,f8/nknc y5uvf /les contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule apx yhm*t6m2zqj: o;h:4l( lvu t 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between jq3.utqx9c4zmkk i6- nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed e)ymuxhf yn /r2c. v40of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell a yynhf)m u4e2 0.cvx/rt 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure )bk89f ,p4vsfhcuywtxka9+9 gr 3e8k P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uran6rkybm08kt5 :qjtc+l 3w)rzl ium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases ca ap9*x vrp.ira9 u8n8mn $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase .4 k-8mzb8 a)cn 7fnxj w z+p(fpfg:jfwhen the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 8wn pkfa(7cnzb j48+x zf:.m) j f-pfg90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the nk.)cyg2*mzvtoy)*d vh 5 k9/gg;eyo humidity is 50% on a day when the te*y g9*gdz;noc2) k.)ghy 5k vevyomt/ mperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boilgo4 z gfcwyu)dz6xg6p;l 1u s+f/1; bss at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, est 8w;ht*x7ema1- u fitn7qtm y1rron v5ne 45)wimate the temperx*t7f1vy qw;ua15r)t58 he tm- r mw4nien7noature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the pa5f 4mjd;. fn(4pwkmx,nc rew :rtial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is m:4p;( dfkjn. m,n crx4w5wfe40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 be2k u+ t :re+bd/u-r.je/n we$^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pr ig/-cry:(a,h vwo3 x9u+sb1j) + +r xngkwmnwessure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a tempeh n+-n,v(girb9x:gm wjr+ w c )ku13+oya/ swxrature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 68h 3zgy +n(qd-d0$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poig5 l7)dl rv5k4z zluh1/f 6odont of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for at6l ( agtc5+nkc. kag; glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distancl .+ 5; (ttkcga6gaknce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to b:2bsa 1 co-eythe interior through tiny tubes c y:soae12bc-balled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been cgd 9db4s:nzh .alibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratedn r.89n0 jtwzh at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperaa p v)* rfv8xw-v bpeq6ee:9,j9wepf,ture. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool wateevxrej ,ev vww-:,a* p68f9qp )pbfe9r, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially * m oo(qp8a-a3m-bhj*hxf,jk 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fractif*oj hxo(3,a*qm pm j8 b-a-hkon of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a rol.ou7bg,( yvg om of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and heiy u(vo7 g.g,blght 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density -v(ha0lx,enaof matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attaieen3s )3rjzbotje6 :4 nable using the best available vacuum techniques is abo6b 3ertoj):zen 3 js4eut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below ts b(bij/fz 9pqm-8 r8she surface, to what volbrss 8fqbzipj( 8 m9/-ume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning fx oc:; s+xeszn,n;fgbrxs2z rw,/g2/rom the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the fr22xg; coxn/we /z,rssnz ,s:x+gb; nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is /xvtg/0v id3k b.r3y sincreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7xbb)m,0hwua ,j t,20 c :xxmbl70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value ) yzel7l6jk rntf5na,+8v 5u;g qr 8keof atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere. )5t5j8;knuvy8ql7l gr eza+n f ,e6kr   $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7 j )r*;l-jvy+pmow5cq .6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = so53( q0pixv o2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constaniq5v(0ops ox3 t at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liqa7. 6osu5iju5e3 b* lwg-lyv*uu)2uwhi hma3uid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline ;z, /tvm1h(pj -uc)4wphelztat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equatorhk -o3d-+me psv xs/*v at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tdpbrwst)y0i:87 z ivfh0 zb n;)uv4 c1ightly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptetv7 wety +(jn7d in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 1gmc :ovpewzbk5;mqmw3( 4m36 95 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the bziz( )y qs,wvle ,77rmv(u e,Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is supg*; ; equxhiznx.(cik; -nd) spended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward u.;) ;n* c-gqii;(xn epdhxzkat it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sph39fb7p izo,axir(jsfw0a gk.b3tq(9 erical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect 9 0fp7ro.xfg33awqji ak (b,sz9i(tb gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapo:qql7e-a0 nm7 j5t8u-ujt mv rr pressure in the air on the following two days: 7 0ut 7jmn q-qva:re8 m-5lujt
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is :5/9mazy dhnt a solid deep in the Ea:/znma 9ty5dh rth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, s1q:ib4 ex9g q1m, bl5by r 4,.orzntethe coefficient of vol44s9rb1nelybg :xz1o m.b t,q qei,r 5ume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehum dy 0mk7,kj (kr3h.ioridify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (keptri0jd3 yoh m ,(k.r7kk at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg