Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic tabl rbjt)kdv2bumr+ ( d0s jzsl685;i,hpe or sh(6mjbb;d 2prs i+)j drkuzv,t l85 0Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be yzpj-j d.agd 1k;p+p, exploited to make a thermometer.,k +pyd1apgjz j-; .dp

Which is larger, 1 C j.uctzv3.g8h q. tey9$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with sy-)/pd r ,zc;vmp+sr fvstem B, but B is not in thermal equvr, m)cvpz+-r /sp;fd ilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists o9y qcx:xup;+w f aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which me+ wu;9cxqp :xytal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coef,t((lh-egnl x ficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnacej(2c o ac.mm1aogfm1 3 (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this devicc jo cm1a.13 2ogmma(fe controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shapcqzbplb))x9o)v +h ubh-h6 f+e of a U6lbb hczo)h++q)f9pxv -u)hb . Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of leadx5 l:4v tuq;gp floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of wa 02(j1t/qsxblwh no7tter, the mercury initially do(tx2s wl7b1h0qnj/t escends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled morg0 pcfl4eslt w 43o4wbw4r:r; e rapidly than btrrlo4s34:wc;l4e w04 pgwfadjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficivdme 4w1i(6y)a : rd 9hcnm3jjent of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives risv:j 3em 4cr9dj1amy iwdh6n ()e to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clocke psv qz*w-5;n, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge sij3 f*vhp*, obo badly the can will not stand up. Wh,*3*jv f ipbohat has happened?

When a gas is rapidly c(1w;0 oaba qao.0m cbcta(9 ylompressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a pitc ;. qa (0(m a0bawcoy9alob1ston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum 1.bfn 9qr3z4w pyo /ebne*6wosphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is incre n 4n*yz9.f/ w6qrbbe3o1wp oeased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic thvp7p mt t.f6ost)o 57ueory and the relation beo5tpmo fst6.7utvp 7)tween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law folloyy7fgzff: bc.zf /i05 ws from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere,o4 sci03bir7 q1wczw / the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers tl2x1(q7 qlwc to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fi ltw1qc2(x 7lqfth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What caqo on /*nd8 q-acm,gk1 e4u3han you infer abouc/ qkaaod3-mnq4, n*ueh1go8t the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortabl 2+ru lkw.va)2 rr azt+dj.bx*e than a hot dry day at the same temperarvt+ajrax2zbu.)k.* 2wdr + l ture.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempe:li: +g s5iufrv7ho azn ghrs0( o2-)xrature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same j(w*sa1s* z( lvuwz8q but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the samvz s s (zw8a1(lqjw**ue T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated aut /b njbyp(j u7336ebpmomobile enginebp7j(/63e bjupn 3myb.

Why does exhaled air appealow+t.c*hao(9z7fd v 3kd e3 wr as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a9i k4w a5ys9l2o:hmgi 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of att- 0g1uouf di84 tk6vz:*zalq oms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass*-tuq 4iu 8dfk 1az0z:ot vl6g?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Cels- oly.t-pnwi i)+0d5r vxflee,.f 0sgius scale? wl500g .+-sf ity,of )-lix.vn edrpe   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures reckt6 ccpdi50:l orded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm aeog f *ty:-9l xwpid,e :.jc;zt 0.-dex*pyl:;w,fei.:t ogz c 9 j0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m7nkigw bl32)z long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron, blk8zvw.9v(7um ki,xh zkp2 approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average tem.uz2kwx(7 v8 k,hvb 9pm,zl kiperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are rr,32k lf em3)kpftg4larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled trg kk43lr)2 ff3m p,e(usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of watere. wi2a8x :lx)wzrai3 at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if ithgcbl::;jmr rl3* bsc.dq g/+ is heated from 3bhl r ;q cg3: s+d/r*:lmjbgc.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water atr t1.a0gmb,w w:gy1lljt)p 2 )n0sdd j 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at/ flh+j -icd l6jc93 )-2g)pewzzqt pv 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in y8gl n6ds4 iz)a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, nar g0zak mu,c4w)row vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, showkz gc,mu04w a) that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in tt zknt2po iv/ili-313 he density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l 1wj(c)fc,yt5 v+(mtc;a-wy7rl pf ttand width w has coefficient of linear expansift1j(ctpt+w)lcy r avym- ;75c, wf (ton $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic s5n8s sak38jsyf-t; j)yw 3q; .yvtta polid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps av. p ijxlj isdzbb22 034g4e2perfect time at 17ejdji 2.24340zlbbsx p gv i2a $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm.kk,am0+ (ce4mj8 s;p( xy ui/a syg:zf The bulb has a volume ofmj(aesxaf c/ z(0+sku 8kpim:4y,; yg 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is roec .chwyi0g5h(7)f i ntating about its axle on cg 5hfnc.07wiey (hi) frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°do 1,ux+p-yb t+sre2fC. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the tempera,- p21os +fdb+txreyuture increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-saepzv q w+a;v2j pz :fj).f84,*klnbx ectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm atkk2fznna semw 50/z1 5ug.v e1 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperat 4a *tju8e.3z1r bvdqn, cd;twures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what t t 3*lluco+s2)mlmoxq q0e /r;ot;1mgemperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and +xcb a gz(4qq;zj5*f ySun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atm(a0ldzv56w fu:(wqmr yul*xk r7 i96nospheric pressure and a temperature z6 7 rl9iuyn*d(6lma:fq( wur0kvw 5xof about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density ojy.wz 2lx a.a5.zp6eyf oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 2l o9 s.nsn+g0lp2g0 sr1.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP containk ()cfj9,*vbyk 6l yf/k9ian hs 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1 .o hbg/rw-ji 6i+myyhi2;6ey0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kw4d fe*jjjs l.u9d7 7ug of argon gas at 387.fw*ju4 d dju9 7ejsl5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgevlbp7 + y8;rskjkrflcr3 n49.ve a1. of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lsexnzf93 x v(y9h lpy02hr- su 23dme4ift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Ss3 n flezyvdu(3hm0sr2 xpyhx 9-2 9e4uppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled witf (qoi3 ;aouhp.z, n+ch air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18l6j(e8ohz c8l.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 bd) x9eus; l ultm1j2/$^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molehr r.v3*5kwpoj,* mwqcules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Ht 7 iz,qh/cb sslu :hc67l24+wgsv yl5ow many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) fmzfd 3 o6pcp+ 35s3vfmoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.e og 4g(s mfx4mt,.ox;1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L brepic1,f9j yf 2path you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 cfiy,f2 pp1 j9km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average trf5/rgbyzjpu5gz 8 h*r3y: 6 jbanslational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST pg*yhjr/z5g5 3fbz bru y8j6:P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at * bs.f a7jjotfz dc89q()cy c;ittex- or52x7a temperature of about 6000 Kqfct*xt7jb(a o xf rjs2 o859d;i)-y .7ct ecz.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas moleculesa3uoqe7b 4*rz:i 8xbc txe3)v increase if the temperature is increased from cu:b *xo3 8 3vbrze 7iqat)xe40 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following st/,zj53 1vpv ampar *ppeeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7,v3pj,tp5a/ * 1rmapz v and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas a25/nbzj d*ssorix1tp .0t j4at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by whwt3 jzh cu) hw,nj:; w0afjq/2at factor doe :/, qzjw3afc nh;w0uhwt jj)2s $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms spee (hsvy xx+0jq 9:tk;6/om /iabqufg4fd of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of 8pq;/tn:rg;x/9nk5y p cl ljdtheir rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular ma/dppr;/;9l 8qj :c5xnnl gytksses.

  What is the rms speed0ir42uh79k o wtkzm4 k of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms m te2vv4zw3:t5f3k ey speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average di a /m3ht*3ux3mkorho :4s8j histance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid m0)k7 tr dy9v0+amqj7ro /i4yqr7j l rwhose molecular mass is 89 u in a li4 /ymj77q 79tkr0ao +ydjmlriv0rr)qving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of pxn+ sf(wd6sf99hw 7ma gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniu+ g cq5 /x7t 5*c0y3h5femeq9be b/gfniibzg+m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases cap3fbzlys jd: 4aw p8. ts1e4.wn $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the dorkf) ,p4mck38 fp vgbj+v42pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) p)j283,cvmbk f f pv+rd4 kgo490 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day wv27jx:y xzp)f to-uu9 hen the te7t jp xouxy)z:2vu9f-mperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 99.0rbfs7vxouhn j305cwf: w/mdwg;r0 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, 150z cz* lo cv*lvl:.1ty jkfsestimate the temperature at 1 y*5 k:vcvzz1 jll0solt.f*cwhich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 0on z ads,hv.pb/3) zzPa and the no3/p,s zdb)avhz. 0zrelative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a damlghaw d9oc dhd *z;78*7vr8 ay when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure 5g ,n0d 2 hkmo719 r*r.th.wbicjjmdl inside a pressure cooker if the water is boilingmrrndhm*tw 51 j920o k,h ci.j7ldgb. at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 680)agxo f8mv) u1*i;any$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point*vm+w8n 8ed,ukhe8/k o7trij of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuija, 97zyj waq(w2k 2mse a distance of 15zk2a( 27jy wmia,w9j q $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insec 9nlt2)l vrwa*b:) lbhts to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average tr at)l*rln l) b2:w9vhbachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure gbj*o xfvde .b/ 3w.fgwx0 x2:has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measu0n6zkjg h s7t 2fr/ ;pd1rp0mpre has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How mumjm)e t4*naf :ch error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, mmjt :fa4n* )eif the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Aftmftc8eh25m +ier many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has d8t5c+m 2eim hfecreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lengwotiw3 s*o9sr k fy7(i (c7m(gth 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is fwo((i ss y7*(ocm97ik 3wgrt22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mathdf ,kb- u19asg( b* 8rs0knkzter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainablem./ yi2 j*:h1vltnyob using the best available vacuum techniques is abouyi2t. ljhvymn:/b 1o*t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs t1prfw4svt50pg 9v hp) o full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable? hpgfpwvp9t5s4) 0vr 1    L

  A space vehicle returning fro5ihufkq a19m;9m gzq- m the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, ankhu1f9 izqm95a;- q mgd this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incre5+f.csh m6h aim ,qa.based from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumec )n nziljon 51jen bds85*y z)5*rce2 of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, es zax *6gl: q9/xax9ylstimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’sx: sql/xzaayl g699*x atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6 6 x*awhdm13 hk5ci buwpy678n$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital 76r1:wc5ns4yci qxs9kw x nw/has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,80 c w5x /1ixwksqrnc794nw6 sy:0 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl ofgqce u18 i305nomhtqi c.* 0gs liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoliey a /+mku.ki:iv :x2ine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the2bffw,w i tn,1 Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar atpb:t gi7 j;6(2imae. vmnfx7j 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard,x ;x9.pcqn5,pj xh xu1 m1r:)tu6 svem adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, hxx- - r8lsn2fmdk*e.l2e7pzq g0*fnhas a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed frowy dkahf kd 62(qraz/(h.6rv)m the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertm 9x)oa8kuy .susy1 f jab69a6ically upward at uxmou )yy asaks.j1 99b66a8fit. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a dsfmh e(4rvj pld ,;6f9epth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect mdel4f ,s;6phfj( 9 vrgas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followine rhhja)7h;u1 g two days: j7a h1h;u h)re
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron mvl4)v0eq5 (latid a0,3c txrat STP, and when it is a s0vr4c vt(q3 , aadi xtm)5e0llolid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pmnv;v-ocl6)gmqdg ;)ressure, the coefficienvm-;lmggqo6 n cd;v ))t of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellar8b ta)c qia7c5msh2f 9s to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in c9cfm7isaa 28t5)b h qa house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg