Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic tab v-xm5vlg0c8vw ja7vj64ib x5le or xjlm5-v48wg7 6v avj vc5xi0bAppendix B.

Name several properties: ai .y edix6j*bse/k; of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometek j ydae6si; ./xb*ie:r.

Which is larger, 1 C u+9ys0z;c1 a5anazub $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system Bc+vf*f7 jc:gt , but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say a*cj7t+ f:fcvg bout the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alumivw2cu 362ixm7xhm3 pu,2prcvnum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip x,c32xmmwhi6 32upuvvpcr 72will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffio3v3 lejwn 5m/h( v4xscient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a3;od:r(pbrd:b6a b oj simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contacto p 6b3 abb;j:(r:drdo wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fhg910 p zyzxs9ixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a 0y 99psxzh1gzU. Why?

A flat, uniform cylij; 3h.-9hi bpuu umnr2nder of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-g8q s4rka9wy j6lass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bky96aq8 j4wsr it and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cou)r a:j4 uhqvuzduj;5;3.b okoled more rapidly tha)uqu:vrda u;b3 5; zjuk4jh.on adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is gpdmf gjk1jr c(yx5s,e )1;d n/i zx9/that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased hp1 i5gjx(k/ e,/ ) 9r gdz;xnscdfm1jyeat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clohukgtlz+1w1ek v 972tk0 0agmpb 5e- edsr+(u ck, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top tqc vvj883elb1v ad7 d;,xhm0co bulge so badly the can will not stahde1bj3l8 c vxm,7a;vc08q v dnd up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its te.kybxpo 0.e8. l-zewxmperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperatk zexp- yo80lw...bex ure using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alumi-orlvtv6 az0aat0 r3. num sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temoaavt6 tlr0za .v30r-perature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s vyccu e+c18-u law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temcyc 8u 1+ev-ucperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetir j2t-jy qy- 8pz).awuc theory.

As you go higher in the E. rsjnlpc- .4sarth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed aip31 q * le 4m5wowkwnxq-ad45n object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Expla w514ow5deq p -x niak*l4q3wmin why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room t-je65l0s4b mtj qg nl0l8lw9j emperature. What can you infer about the molecular pjj0qt6-ljbel0l 5snml 94wg 8roperties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid dbwme1ksl45. s ay is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the sakbes5l41m ws. me temperature.

Is it possible to boil water atiuykj73.iw )z(gv qd : room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperatu)gu/di)n t ;jhskj(8 5ro7ykzre is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T75og kzh);u kt8n (sj)yd j/ir? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiato6oz7f)6 r rbznbt5(xer cap of an overheated automobile t 6nr7 b56o(zbe)xrfz engine.

Why does exhaled air appear afsx:+jo3 hwk6 s a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-grs(m r g 9nxgkze9,r7s8 9,kxhxam copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gol 8xc2gt sd;epnc;2 )hcd ring compare to the number in a silver ring c;t;)snc2gc8 p x2dehof the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?gejzjo j,r)d,v*6r5i v5r) ijjj*o,zdr eg,6    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatb3 uz3so2g6gk /im 4kdures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol conxz/miq /m) uq(rlv. -lumn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0q).xzumi - /lq(rvn/m $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lzavs q+trdo dgl-)4-6ong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) isy k -k/dek2sh 9om5t7l built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average tempera o-tsl59k y/mk7ekd h2ture of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that cc6 mu-zns1d/lex i82z jw+b1are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed iuzx+w -8cb1slznj 6 1 2mcei/dn a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4-oy)p*n )y) irh wd3cf $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in (x3,8 n rjbovbvolume if it iv,ojn38bx( rb s heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 1xhh(w3ir+8hy3r fu s52mp0c4g x3mfh00.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wa,nvosqmk6 - 16)wurz mrsyc;lio9 12fter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed0)m pbdqw5 w5v in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained ys6f 3c 8,nbrain a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the e 63baycns8r,f ffective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densityq-t we 1/ax4m- immuc:bzg(s9 $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l anj .;)atfp/ cofwbk6lg/ph+ 4pd width w has coefficient of linear expansion6/gapjf4b;+/lpc kw.t )hp fo $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic5mxi)sr n*/wm solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of braswwc3hivjcjz+t-jd) s:oh 6rl 2rk58+s and keeps perfect time at 17 clks 65)vr-r++8w zcwhjj3jih dt:2o$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer ha ntg.j4g4w9h,e btde0 s an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulbb.dwt,0 e4gtn4e h9j g has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating abf-i xg 23 hjqc*8scq*oout its axle on frictionless bearings with angular ve8gxs3 q2oc*fhq- cj*ilocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lengt(4va 7f0eeaqj h when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length ia vjee q0(74aff the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-*ey v(s*fha.u;qz (b1,zd0ul d5 bbncbeam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm asko8;4gt b: +6bvo-fp9aa j nxt 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temps 9tsswd,g*d. eratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature n fr12mxor zo+nv*o1ek/tg(5 on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the E- kstpa. 4wsk;arth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperatu4e kc-b .vz+1oj( n35 wvnzaubre of about 20bnjneva -4u3 c z.kb(+vz1o5 w$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP ums n*n(sq3 b0aj fnu (b4ue.f6(h6ab psing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg dk3wjsl.)in0 )*st2+dl/gk ej tyuv 1of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP containwk 1y6eewt 5qcr/ar b92liz/2s 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliust8(v98 zphxs;arm e3 m gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg off 9v2p1o*ak4 mey )rnl argon gas at 385 K)rly2 o* 9akmp 1ev4fn?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg 54jy,efl87pir n; k zgof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside t g7z 1ju)d1 tlv8pq 1bdy7ih0xq 9sl*dhe balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of i d ub x8qd*lq gh)y77dlp119vt1js0z a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air a;9lymko okg r0gx*1;-9jnjg6n /eea ft 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0kvw ,,j u9e)bvo nu/(ef(tq y0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at3uml,znu32m31 mz+pno 2 saeh sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules tir2sp-eq1v.bs + hvpp*p 7l1,zus:c / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules? n6sknhnio-3 v3ldezyee a/ +9sb:3/ x   mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of* efmx94 ovn3p xx19t/ixei:e (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1 k: g;vfi;63nf/,+vuarjiofrrgo 5 k5$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in eaew8q4 hi :b l)m*r9rq :40bsdj6zem owch 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Gam8b4ei6o:em0 wbjsr hz q)drq:w 9*l4lileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic c.qv 1c:hax 3mct3b(penergy of an oxygen molecule at STP?q h(:acpbxc3 3.vct1m    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atomo8ni g8 5-vta+dcc*eq s near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of aboco8d5e t+g-*n vaci8qut 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of ga,:slbulmsic7*f6v w 6 s molecules increase if the temperature is increased from mc *lv w6l u6,fi7:ssb0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in unil x:m;9(4kr/t dgar nlej7om3ts of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rndr/(g e ;jl9r4t almmk7x:o3ms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules inasp0v4x 02sxr m 4gig; a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what 9jcg/ ls rn12s1n.awh factor doe.nw/21 srh 9slacjn1g s $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculeovxdzb+y80*a em*7 uk s in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the rawhb+y / r3t.batio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the s/rw+tay hb3.bquare roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed snup7jz, i59zof nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at qu9*dzqa zvl:yu) s6q(f: p4d0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distan-ksjhs v+dqd.tu 7h*+rjk6-c vag *-bce between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass . b mx n2st0 p ez3(+xiyw bo6p;f)f;2lxd.feeis 89 u in a lit)wb.y2.fde i0f pfp;+bl(mo exs;z 36 e2xxnving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written4le6 nxlk6:u0go 5m qhu) e/xi P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urh+/ f:e kcalhf r8i-;janium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure,8(h(m m*)by9q 8o qs8p yeq +/yxjzdvb in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase wh)r3f-drb)fac -iic 5h en the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90brfr d) i-cf- ac53h)i $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the w:7dy +wuzgkk*o)f/ wtemperatur /f uyw:7wkg)+dzkow *e is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a pllz,f j m qe4mb-h6la3lg:68xu ace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure a5w t3h (*t fjblrips60t a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tsbjiw thrp3* 6f 5(lt0emperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature oasp5qi +*mi.q n a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%? q p .m*qa5+iis$\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temp7 sibq90x k./prkb: kverature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water il ys*3pv,pg96p8b sz ws boiling b 9 gzpl3pp sws,v6y8*at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 68 on uuy4 )l:nse yv20h++bacs70$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew m zcc(p,xz1t4..4 khe1oe b njpoint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed fyer*tpn 6 9tv;m-wuz ;or a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a di-un9w m e6rzv* ;ty;tpstance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to th2h fya(b . /rbz4q3uade interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. azq(.hafbd 2b/ruy 43An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measurew1v z bj/1eroy:3,y.kciiy l: has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20 ym355ghk.( x+ni:wwm9 xnzhe$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperatureea) dj xx/ .j/u4rc 7rs+lgof0. How much error will be made in aars7go/j/0 4). ucx dfxr+jel recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinderp)nkde2);1 1(kv1 rxpo+q rrhkb6ehs is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been bobe1ksh 6)r1n1pd ()k2+eq r;hxrkpv lown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1l3o 5-3a0b n.wnffcza )s;knvt 3 kky1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature ivslcakn30kz; -1.o3kfytnbwa 3n ) f 5s 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density n.ze pd3f8d,j1 w:dja :yb m;exrr 6r/yk2c5f of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuu,,y-jv nrabr(x-h 6ej d9o0 klm techniques is about 0o-rx6eajrdh,(9 j kvb-ln,y $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L whencswlr14+s bg : 10 m below the surface, to what w bg:s+4cr1slvolume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moo(mqm. yq b0n(cp wp*k(n enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed 0( bwnq(m.kpcmq y p(*correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 16o9lyyg wv.(v 10$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 73ds4m6ktsd c o * ;.;xit gx-s/kgkqs;70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmyz)4hx+sqwy+- . )yu *qluovnospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in th) yxov.+yh* u)ywqslu-+n z4qe Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.v66sr6 g0vsvo 11 1 nwgzcbn1b6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge9 jqw 7uutv1g*9bsgae/l k811 2jybpu pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at Tlysekq pu 1vj/29 9b* u1g7ut18jagwb = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at gac. wfd f+q9/.2gbli 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0ml6tr /n8o jj.kvzn2, 6d )owm$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around thedb/ey+ 3vdre 6 Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws ti .nb0l0x8lmorghtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopttk lsakoaf6rb))w2s 0zp:7 j0ed in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chargndo-e-ms fz :)ed, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth x dyu unr*2.,xrlor (3is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended againsah/)i1kd3mdxk7m n 5vt gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastick73kd/ a d)nxmv1hm i5ally, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (7e 6g.a c)kjivip6u,wspherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubb7p.c)vg6i aw ue j,i6kle when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the t gf8eqp6(+kdxn-x6i air on the following two days: 8i(epq6-fnt6x + kg dx
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of :4uo+9rxnt nmir i8:e:qof*p iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperatur mtoqorr* :9x ue :n8:ifi+pn4e is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constantyh7ze. h)aome(n,z0 n2blt 0m pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal tlzm70he2b. zn0 the)a yn,o(mo $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent ro0jj0bnvyjbxx u7*4rvl 2( 8j;ayee -bt and mildew. If the cellar0bj;r72 xnjla v ju(jy8v-y 0x 4*ebeb in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg