Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? Sh -p6d(mjq - r.yorhg,ee the periodic table or Appendix B.qhr ho-r, y-6(p mjdg.

Name several properties of mater; )jl3ob*hmt q/xdk0uials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.0l)*3j k dh;u/oxm btq

Which is larger, 1 C m0 xz4vbr/bxsogn ; cit)m(vp e0 59k/$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium 2 hqc3jt)lk -nubj1f+3ud)m q 6mxar*with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temper2 3k3tq1 urld)m)n xh+ jam*fuqc- b6jatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When he deif*6vsa6: eated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be one f6*:dseiva6 the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coe5 rtr698hd uynoyo 67kfficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat usedeztjaonp6m;ta 8 692 a to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. E6tza; 82onaeajtm6p 9xplain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a sectionnmu5gfnn3ebfnv +1-h +d +e.l in the shape of a U. Wh+n.f b1v+- ldmn 5ue +hngne3fy?

A flat, uniform cylindero.thj()a6nyj of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a -+afec8, 4gl zkhf /vwhot tub of water, the mercury initially c4 8a,fwhk/-+efzlgvdescends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it isw o(7i i+jgnrjdc/ztd3z47o : heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explainnozgi3(dijwrt4: 7+d7c o zj /.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansio7d48d a(3tw qsnm3 osin is much smaller than that for ordinary g3s tiw4(qa 7dod38ns mlass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accura4 yd :ga 6cv-gl8yg:alte at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so b 40.yrm efx, foo (yyui4s9qkbc ;z4w0+w nt/dadly the can will not stand up. What has hmn iz4+wx/,s9fy.kc 0eyf4u( qdty 4 rwbo;0 oappened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, e.n9a0cu 4(x uom3d xdby pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory,xeo(4u3ducn a.09m dx in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in wa)vx6wii ;h/ 6wb :u wg5vbkc+gter increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from bkw5/+6giwxv v h c6wgu)i;b:20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relatu x1ic+9qjv0 mion betwec vu1xjmqi0+ 9en average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetb *h.-f(nmc 3q tozep9ic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratii,/ to:hgvao:b m 92sdo of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to b udau4n1 9j:i t*v mizq,7y4fthe minimum speed an object must have to leave the Ea4ui9bzf:i4qyv t1 jun,*md7 arth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you ik1o grwr.:q6 xnfer about the molecular properties of one relative to the oth :o.qwrgx k16rer?

Explain why a hot humid day is far moreg:* yfqy ahs304t i.pp uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempe: 4yqhitf ay.*s0gp3p rature.

Is it possible to boil water at room te. 7*bouupr:enmperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature iej-mqyxss5 d*d0i t 70s the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explaitsq d-jm iy70e d0x*5sn.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiatorc:mw, 3fj 8pnj cap of an overheated automobile3 wp jmc:f8n,j engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the wz q:s8a:v 3dkointer (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gramdbpj9 7u p)cye j y8pmhd7(masd-9(3e copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms infwqumf i4-(g 72hy,hl a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the s-fuhi 7f4w ygh,lm (q2ame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Whatmi reyx:v-2gbers ; q2e;z;7s is this on the Celsius scale?2;syvm: r i7b;e2r;z -gqsxee   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest andl5 gs(;d:gn:gt12y z4y bt wuq lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 1zm ko,vsl5hpy) /q 8q+1.82 cm at 0. h o+s8vp)lqqm/5,ykz0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of sla17ebgkhp1 6fe .qq8uq bs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of p4grn .go qnvqj)g t72x;)mi,wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature o4; rgqon.ggnmqvx7 ,)t 2p)ji f 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit,saop )ip - mr2e(v)inj/g47 et rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually /4jpsremoiv( p)i2na) 7-gtein dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water +5(exm cz8h;3pvd od/tcc ki1at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chanx.6 bnzj p/cj+mjg5n,ge in volume if it is heated fzjj6 .n/+b5c nmx j,gprom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled g 2i+ 2qcibf)ir17qq nto the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wac ;1hj1xcmn8wter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. A3rt nzh.a idau)gn)v ,.mw37 zu+,whgt 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a lhqf4 o)7 5np4 9..u xdnzfihmhong, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion )n4.7 fzf o5qdixhnm9uh ph. 4is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changebwsa*ut*.y7; v uu 3sb in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and widthdo kbz/9t)h9 z w has coefficient of linear exz9dz h9b/o) tkpansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, gl,)f9v hf* np$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is magxkod* jztz5+ p*:hy+ de of brass and keeps perfect time at 17goz t kj+hx+dzy 5*:p* $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermo+viveuwp0 +g 4meter has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of0 v4e piuwg++v 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wh,x vnyb 6ne: .qagt-d6tz 9y.peel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about it 6nvb .qnz ,9epy6ydxttg .-a:s axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the,jw4wmy6)hc l aht x(; desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increycathjl,x w( ;hm4)6 wases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.i m k;eq,bmhul kro318x7l +k:041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1-i v nh+e t--j.,yjped. qgs jn5iy4m622 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale:;-+a*dsszzl w
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale? ke /fmi;: w0 sb0won8.s 1g*rumc* eng   $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth -j epp lau(t.f6rvbd2y 1xjf rw9a)) *and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion enginep4n8 z8qiejm ib;w)3p, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about zbpn43imjewq8 8;)i p 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal ga1j/ cha ,fn4q/.s rjris law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitropkah4yz:bp ;+e-+eyn gen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP cont;zdrs8otx q1 ldme) 6)ains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas r0k bt5ks8q)2heu*mx9nz0 i tqh;i s 2p e(0kvis at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gaj no0gq8-gfkdyb6ej9. s6nf(s at 3f g6 jy e6ndgjb.(-qf8so90k n85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of3 il(q-lwq/.ih.o zmyr ya cp4f :6(ad $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating theq6 r6pvk35wqy vkh0bt 0eaa2 7 air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a ballooa56rk7 h3kaqb6q0yvpwtv 02e n is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at tv 1gml.5a zu*15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.n8a6g8qzk m; a0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled ball -ax bvx90 xofqdw4o-n2: na4soon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molec) m r k6 kc5oeuevs5.uydc532(pie *fhules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molebw.4x. mxq 8jxcules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ofqscfr9j 61x,c)twvd3 (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5bx zl29i8q: t6mcl et9.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are inw7eccs/ 1 qz q0mnfb9dr- u/t, each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constauz t79 r0em/,d1cc-s f/wq qnbnt density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average trans+ayxat+ 083o ljdcpn8jx;0z blational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPtx80do ++byzlp0;jjcna x3 a8?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun as 20fv0k(m2bioc qgb+t a temperature of about 2qomkcisg20 b0 (f+vb 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the q vk.18r-ejex1oq;zwrms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from.j ;11r-exek8 w zvoqq 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, give,eg(d jt4s 8.67jjf ngxw0ty5au8qxfn in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, dgx85q wtjueyf ajf nxg70.8 s64t,j(and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.mum3mpcm28a4*x4;m jg3jn v q 0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its voluma5ndrj*u :od ;ha)6r ye is held constant, by what factor doearnour5d ;a)*d6 j:hy s $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecul8iv ( i0jr.tae:twvz( es in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, theg qhio2o(,wqi i ;2v1u ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio 12oow2(vuh igq,iqi ;of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms spee0z zu og ghojs2/;j-/zsxb /cya *0py.d of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of andge6ym w2wv80 oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distk9vo7o;et 6q j pfh)4kance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid ahdd97ormxs 2f 7/g(owhose molecular mass is 89 u in a living /gmdr 2o(9s7xf aohd 7cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wrijfsk )w):lma8tten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumincvr36t r1:9 cpuqh *, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can 5e oio(h p a/5e/*h.l qb:zhgy$CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperatu: fwzbai2. uy,re is (a) 902,:aiuzw bfy. $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (aesigejt 1*hkz:s3. - vpproximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature isv j:1hki*e gsz-s 3te. 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 905 ncvxa1 f izxo(p;t.+ $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure s)z 4 tb:ryz)yat a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperat:) 4rzys zyb)ture at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pre7kg wdh 0+( ylsu)rp1ossure of water is 530 Pa and t0r1+(ul w7gksy hdo) phe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tex3(qzhbiy8f b;bvb m+ xk(7l +nk/o)umperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wa8g/ldk 9 lf ( w8jz06dchzdpz/5y; ckwter is boiling at a temperature of 1690/d(pyzd/dfcwwkjkz ;8h 5l8 lczg 20 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volum89uz xxb8x8et6x e 4zuo4yq0d4tmm;4g-lnez e 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pok5r 7e)y bc80pfoeyt+int of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to dfw i 9 7(+qbkf(vjmm4giffuse a diqm7(bg49f(kmj fwv+ istance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubez65+qatbdape ) e1 :lxa3( iml i;hj5ws called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm lontqhpilb (5w e1eaaa ;)z3 xd+i mlj65:g and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure a kf/o.(jrdbu-m: w8chas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape merk3 )y )qi4j m3if2edcasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room fn(92h6 + fzcsgxu gm.temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water,6c z 2 g+nhfsmgfu(.9x if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in azn 0gs6q6yov 6 helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm.n60z6vgsy6 oq What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules ,x1z(didg h v+in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperatuxg(vd,i 1h+d zre is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one a;a63 ykfjlz66v zb ai/tom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniquyx1f922rbyn uxqrr3 xu1kw54 es is about ur3q1b91242wx k xrf5xuyryn $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capa/ina k* i5k2 uy,4tagasd2h b-city of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volumeukh,t*/ya-si 2 g ibkna45d2 a would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon ente4 c/ibfa d,-pzrs Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the i,4p z/-bdf canose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an i*oe x4:f 6f3-uqyn wxwkv6 a/hdeal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7l0jc8z 1gz1 -hy(kerk 70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estiu*ans0(n)fymed oj//mate th/n/f 0*jynu) omsdae( e total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contai9o modi qks+6 egvq (*2eo/0pdned in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of zrb40t/; oym1yda4c poxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospherica b4c 4zr /opy1mt0dy; pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bo)w (kzirj* x0awi z 7tgv+ht9f.7c;t wwl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline aeuf t .,nv.;kat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly arx2* sdzk91p w4ujmu)d ound the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar aihel 9m5f79znkm1; (w1cta4 ukp ) ur+(hnm fgt 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted ttnybp rmjf-.u/xxd)m mv3 wf8 q1 ,13in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, h + f9/u/g:t.dowrr ldr3+w qtvas a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fromdvd/0ql ; 0t5p3 ibhngr2o:vm the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls throw4k (bkfn iqmaojg24 75n vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming thej4 kkoi74m5nf2a(b gq y have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diametea +lsou. .u53 j )qgwjejqh8tq) g0c6lr (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How lsq oj+gglhcq uw e)ua8l6j.q5 ).jt30arge is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two days:7ljkn*e dc/n , *lc,e n j/7dnk
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron a9 pk tcb(ma+i3j0h.na11xg kdt STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth w dn t9+ak 1khabj3g(0 pimx.c1here the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show ta ,kgc;:l 8m:*xiervvhat, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coear :lmxv *8;,e kg:ivcfficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumid01 tzac yepc06ify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20cae c0tzpy160$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg