Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? . + eg0t x/3s;iqsykcwSee the periodic table or Append0sq. ;etsixw k+/ gc3yix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermox// aod0n n w;+laf(to s53nahxw; 4ugmetew(;/w5h4uo t0d3ann+xn x f/ lsao;gar.

Which is larger, 1 Cm7nw *s lxox saf/a+x;,w/) zm $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but pjocbzo f4n (z:dc0+ 3B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, whacof:4jbod 0(+cpnz3z t can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted tov(8bhi24v:i ;w exigj a strip of iron. When heaiv8 ;i2bv:x j(ghi4 weted, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansion lte/dds j0fzw10 5g3p $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a fsv u 3/m9+mnzrurnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded ts u 9r3mnzv+m/ogether. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed atl. *bg;;k9xm7v /w a5ucepckyzmmj+3 the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. W *mymk7cj.mbvw;5g 3;kax+l peuc9/z hy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floated(-(. zdqe*orp.l+dg k c6 ass in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a 8ai2kr k6xfi8hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. 28rfxk6k aii8Explain.

A glass container may break;qhzn// m wv;c if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjhqv;;mn// w zcacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glassun em)j ,9wn-c is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordi m9nc)neuw-, jnary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurat w/ e,c;ijamig,equ+ xj-mj1o-5 n(xke at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its+9tx,fb,i k+lomzzi ymld4 15 bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happ5t f, 9xzd lmbl,o izyk1i++m4ened?

When a gas is rapidly compressekc f:)ot4zri9 d (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving pisto: k c9zoi)4ftrn.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increhlqx l-)xwsji.+x.( pxo 6k/a4u 7idxase or decresxkx+().xxpjh6q o wx -ii 7 4lal/du.ase if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law folloz1 o+q4 wyw4uw;r z0lxws from kinetic theory and the relation betweenw zxw rwu04lzo4q;+y1 average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’scw:p 25qqt +ik law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’sr 3jx+dvx s6w/y4i iuvn03jf. atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must ha j04smdg/ps0u- gxw zu 84;1 qzoodc;ave to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifthw o ds;4-1 0j4dg8o/uzsczpm;uqaxg 0 what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly thav;+ p: ofrpsj zsc *i4zu*r9r+n water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecularo;p*puzc*ji+z r+ 9 fvs4s:rr properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry;7z10no xmaon*u cu t5 day at the same temperaturec*otz075mxno au;un 1.

Is it possible to boil water at room tem.* am5dnpjzm3perature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the aif*.0gltsyk , sr temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, th*0sfg. ,syktl e dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated autom,* ) unfl,ypaqobile eng*,,lyp)fa unq ine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fi nze88ebch:z-g. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pen pcb7b:(/6k+ea;atw7f bemg zny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in9 3(pjgr)qn vj a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ri q9vnj(3gp r)jng of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scalb(fr ;r e2lerr 1lqtq5pn9v 8p:1m-kau4jh v )e?enlqr9a5mj1r;v8q:4r2 pv)p(be th kr u l-1f   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempenu*i83ngoxsq top t ), ,).oheratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol columnf)lsnyv5 1xi1 has length 11.82 cm at 0.niv5 l)y1 1xfs0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is b ,eq,mh +vqwa(wt,+cmuilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is builwmt ;tzhfy(4 (zzo-;q t of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperatu( qt-(ztozmf 4y;w ;hzre of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, ri,i /ow*/n ismak -ep,yvets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steemn y,ip ,*-ies/ ak/wol rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a gzg;z0cf4m(u58y f oyt 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8lha2u;yib9 9 4s8xifbwf)bq *.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is h9yls4uh 29*)qbfix 8ia bf;wbeated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mhj 3584d ss5aeycw n5mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 5o 9 p ye mt(196uyjqrggz8m,o05.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to .khlf,f *.(gnt-fb lfbe placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containcedg.e49fx)nt (f2zw ed in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expa92 e4 dcgwxz n)t.ff(ension is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in th-q k7xu2 tajkd7s dm0-e density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and widhl4 ;p tu7fr9 .fnsh0fth w has coefficient of linear expansiont9lp h ufh;nf07.sfr 4 $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrophm8q*t6f wfa ,+8*h:fpx 4 lope9wtlaic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock ig(:zqx7xee:*c6ieyc 8y6gf picaw2/s made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1x e2*c7acye8zg fg 6qcy6e(i: wx i/:p7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside dicifdi8,osq2*) 8b 1j(nv ypyhameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.2h 8vnj y*8qoifpb1d(c s,iy2)55 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 sv* vc;ypdm79q5bh n. m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular veloc*np;hy5 b7 q.9cmsvdv ity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress isdp uius, d.oik1 1zf*khy +:b5 required to keep it at this length if the tem.kfu51d+zb k1su *podiih :y,perature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-secttjss l a*byi6+ k1 b-bodk87b, 8*5mx:he xyrfional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.12hv8cqd tmf*(rg m+b)3g 4aom-2 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scaledz4jo;agxb2h8d f p+,y-5p5jas( p e f:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperat/h;8 6gtslq dtgtjkyk06 ) v7sure on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earthp 2 pawy/9k+my and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combus-5mqwzq9 9pl tbn 4f+ftion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of m9pzfn4t wfb9q q5-+l about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the densitf 6:ls-szgan*(bd a0oy of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrnvsrl ux1 wu dcn36)on1,0 a(ygp-dz +ogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP conta;fxfs 204 l3yb rongj(ins 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas ixguuj/i xvpdr9y/q0 /:d-k,h nc 3:u7khqm8 ts at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container hol,m1 k9ig qux5u ,oi3ytding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385q moix,53kg,i u9ut1y K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o6l7gd bv uph-*f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balg8j7pn unmemc )n669a loon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a b7 na89gpjm6mec 6nn) ualloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air a6wyks +j1pvc.y6x7b nt 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen 5 /* f+hvmxtupat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chilcgw cxrv; vipd:ic.o g906.2wd’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of 4na:p.4dp u 2lkzm+v jmolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water areeq5x -vi;;c7p k l*xbp there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mobk/k 4uf 9co, w+*tvjxles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1r web72mz x2kq5a,lsn 9f;p w+$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many mop3qilh,ejvnx7 +:m ttw(q( 9hlecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and (p txvh3+qjq l9 (, wtnie:7mhof constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule aq-lj c6h. h kt1a)aip/t STP?t/j lh. cipkah-)61qa    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near t cg4nb5 s;b +t1vk+fbzhe surface of the Sun at a temperature of abo v4 t5bk+bbg ;+1znscfut 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules inc6 dq f+)r(shbrrease if the temperature is incrd+sr ()bf qhr6eased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given *fqhqe k/(mi+in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, /(e *qimf+qhk 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of mol0yq ;q/oj):fybr; npor.v- fk ecules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by wharqj *p./4r+2n jlozokt factor dkj o+n 4lpz*j or/.2rqoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules ixwc3o xz mnl-eph.)a724ze r1n a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperatureueol,4+hpz4qsap2 * e, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of ta,ez4ql4s* e+o2puhp he square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nit-gbj; mfx;6 o7:iemkerogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygtufajd4r*/bmjd j767 axz+y) en molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecul-u,0m48)kta xr eixxm vgfd .*es at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose mole q*n tvt+h1*p-og4wgjcular mass is 89 u in a livvj -4ghto**wn qp g1+ting cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P ofd6w1bf exnks,-p.( oo vn/j 2n a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u -g9hiid iv*vvu 9ias v**uvs;j9w29iranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what pbqj v 7fy.0- xm,ni-ehhases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the py )lldy3x7pt072e3 j5zbr8cs;dt ck fressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 8l3t sk) d2fcdyyt lczx7rbp0; 75 3je90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a o1t 0mm*: la8 5fnbrxrg;j:zbday when the temperature iz5mfb;lj 1 :xr:m*n a0rb 8gots 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at dg0 .ml5ym0w5yj zpg :c6s.ze 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a paleb 5 :bukp4.xrticular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water bbxpe .4l5 :ukboils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperatur7do.ty /z.z iq0k 7wgue on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relatzo0z7.y uqgki/7 dwt.ive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a d01kpa vbo .8bq5m xyj/ay when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water iss8 8elx58 vtcb boiling at a temperature of 120v b 58tcsx88le $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a r*e9s; t:yz 30guzy7 a 5tefatcoom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 19(x* o-o+czh 59exb gxnrc jj$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) tog 6lgotoz4;9 f74xm xq diffuse a distance of 15gt4zo 9g7f; qom l4x6x $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the s, l1faml /,mewurface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has 1fm/mea,l wl ,cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been cp g-(ns*h5crwalibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been g(r tsp9taw: .v1 q +i3bzw,vnpc- jf/calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal roomz(bbb kvg+fdp2 49- gex djt3nu i7q)+ temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 zu i3b9etq +g4vd7pb+)gx2 f(b-njd kmL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 at--gy v ki)7fqim. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 a)-fgikq7 i-v ytm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules ipttfk,4v mxtt;004g*q ) r qvhn a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height g ,qt4 )k40p tvtrhq0;ftvm*x2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matthn sm9 zu1 jhxoa30 /azp59d+eer is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the eg j-bk7um 765d/lvjo best available vacuum techniques is about /v7- 57ud6gjbm ojle k$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fillsp-q rpl:u; ri-skqols*u xsy4t 4n82, his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? nll is p--qqsruxu; p*:ky2,tr84o 4sIs this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle retur5-.noclsn+t)yvk ; itning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this i)cn lv5.n;sykotit-+ s seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased u3mbk-qo-5zcwj5( ga from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7co91tgg/g7ts: ez-x l)dtn/ c70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pku 4g/ 8tzx8siressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number o84/xuk8 z isgtf air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speeyun.q*yu,*7 5k;lwbv2sx ; z yjsfds1d of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen uswhcmxe rx49(3 ed in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder r(xh9em 4xw3clast if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mergzzw- 1p46r*7f skqntcury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at evq, 93h +gb/ yu4rasy0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equatu2cp+ k:wv 3pfdhqr fd-4v0sqm (/c)mor at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glamaw.h8 d-2r v8fy40rp3wq9q4kr5cawxq dih1ss jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stand*tpa*( ml.xnr ard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a prc q j5zkt;y )e/1cey *zdvg8i+essure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth iixawp) bsmkcf2lhn i 0nnjh 9 6hz;m(m-2 9i:6s $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity bn.a z1ol4/al4, 5i6jg pdd1bg ca/xx wy tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per / jx az/d,l .41oxbd6glagnci 1wp5a4 second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherikdslqn+cu9v+va6v5xxx23u) ht /c u -cal) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a la2t6u3n+d59h q uxvk)vclcxx+ /-vs auke. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the foiyhwn;;hx43i.fb9d i llowing two days: fx9hyiib 4d 3;; hnw.i
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differkos;9nj2p+7k gxjao0l he,w , ence in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep a+o po j79nw2kj0sexlg,hk;,in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to stmdpn./y7u70 rzb qg,how that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficienty uq.mtb/,r7z 7gdn0p of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellarqfncugx)* w*:w3st2h s to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (s tu) wh*3g*cw2x nf:qkept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg