Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminumop8dc7 tweme97u3:m(e23lkvug(d fz ? See the periodic table or Appendix 3dw :e e3kpf2uvzl c8 (utd7(emo7mg9B.

Name several properties of materials that c0wt5 ;(zbfppl1acb j.ob y uh/rd6/1xould be exploited to make a thermometeb yh;cdl1 (.wz 5op/jufbt/bpr1x0 6ar.

Which is larger, 1 C 3 wib11sf0thbk2ncjzn phvm t a 86(9/$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium witztd7)k9 v2j fnh system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temper2dfv j7tn k)z9atures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When hew:hpi e0i(yof z.t(8tated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13w :o tefyti.80( (zhip–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expa43u9lqa1sa oe4 wcca+i.q i5a nsion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram oflu8o qae 2d 9ue2;lxa* a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricityl9x;deaqa2le* u8 ou2 when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that a7akfi-mz:t5w d fn,gsf 58x,pre fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Why?5, -g:swa5tnizxf dmfp87kf,

A flat, uniform cylinder of lea266 )onkkbu tz 5g1kedd floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub oz18nroxc xu9,f water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Eox,1n9c ruz8x xplain.

A glass container may break if one part of itmj5: thcd q*mie*0 r/z is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explajrhq: zm /i*5ct0med*in.

The principal virtue op 8ekm3a7oxbb8 ziuzm1)y qu42mpm- 8 f Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex8- mb um3ymz4qp)x8i2 azum7 8ek bpo1.

Will a grandfather clock, m6nmk ;8lz j;gaccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cau; hicpd; (tdt o me0)6ny+hf7ese its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has p;o0 te 7cy ftni; hd)(dme+6hhappened?

When a gas is rapidly compressrb jbkr*nl*9) 4tayc8ed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these ch *kr 8arbjbcl*9t y)4nanges in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an a85xyifsbxw 2* 8c k75jricv( pluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease iic f*( 57pcwrk25 8xxisvbjy8f the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law foll7 7dqhaz*zg3; ncfy;o ows from kinetic theory and the relation between averagh z7qc3*fd7;oaz gy;ne kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows fryf87m8vl fl22) pquw stkr1e9om kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of b5a hn5f r.+t*nx6tp)1z9 kuzlta87dakb :yv$N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the:evovv ptwe2; ou3,z4b ys+e(r-nc4o minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never rvc(-o : rnbpo4zo evsutve;, + 42y3eweturn. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than-y )swa4v( we:b-fdmz2ph i9 j water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properi-2 49yjeww(dp -f:bvh saz)m ties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot 23a)se 0dvb ctdry day at the sa0ctedavs3b )2me temperature.

Is it possible to boil waterwrex xdatuw)0 *;/y: f at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is tf s7ym64b ulrhad l-,(he same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the lfha-r(u6d,lbys74 msame T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated u noc) m xl5xuxo36o;7automobile enginel o)u5onx xomuc37;6x.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little whit-i34qpvewp6 c6cdak 8e cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gra yu8g(8jm oi;cvx/* bxm copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in sjnym.0 nrxmd 2/y*)h a silver )ymjnn /2r.*dhxm 0 syring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on7s qm*bsr,d +d the Celsius scale? q7,+*mdrdsb s   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowa+sr *gm+s )s3hicu;hzf s02d est temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11 cj3wf,umwd3t:9:xr q.82 cm at 0.0 dj :wwtqf3m 9c,:3xur$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of sihdryll. g ,y4 ijk10 spa 9:fvdj*;x)labs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m taudoil:+d p2kdrg9+ yud4m3 *d ll. Estimate how much its height u3 y 9*ld+pdrdd+ d24goik:um changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are l)1uzo b3t)nk varger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in) 3tnubo v)1zk dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water -u a h hh8. *tel+kfrlbw6o;3pat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its c97eco) )pk6tkc-g eiyhange in volume if it is9ec-6o7 e ci)k)gyptk heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filledfc fwbin 6 ,ps)om1 uoizc3)d+om5-k: to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that c qjl,3)o a5h3kd )eo vs*mr4f55.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring madp ok*z4 )yi2bzypwx)uuvn03 . e of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel sv.o1( qce5bxno it can expand in essentially one direction only, show tn 5oe1( vxcq.bhat the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change inq8pfb*h+ dgar3xf5 j / the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l g5erk0 ++huiband width w has coefficient of linear expansionurkbi0 gh5e++ $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sol2nr0 8m:1ducsl fe(f wid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of fyp ewhsjyn /9m++3d)brass and keeps perfect time at 13+ ewmsj+y 9hdynp)f/7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an ink7i c;ya8 obd5side diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a v; io7a ykbdc58olume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid alumi+ dx4 43sdmly qq9 fya unr/pp(+43dgvnum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular ve pl+qr(md3p9uyxdag4 v3/s +q44 yfdnlocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. Hofc; d hb59eiby i0m3t3w much stress is required to keep 0ebhy idc33; mtif95bit at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional areidb cy;x5 c.8)bfrkd d,8e+vy)mvq9 xa 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 qdf/l; 5( n1pk *omevkcm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tempefj(x 1w)gyy y w+ps*w8ratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?64qpr.k;frw*d) luuh et (w/e    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun al0fqgg4*pi w0zn bm:b/d).cr re about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at aaye/f -ld8*rorwo 5*ttmospheric pressure and a temperature of ab r*oa/ oe*8tdfy 5-lrwout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density oz c3 / 6f ijurs+/ut33f*ixtoif oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6c; 5c69os 8h47qq2b7jux*o yqjkx h ou kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 k)6*jj2rz t3oq8ig8 esk yc x,eg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas 8g(tp;ys 8)w2ht tfthis at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure incq zlvtgy/5hod0; ;s 862 usszside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385ug2vstdq8/yslzcshz; 05 6 o; K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of .kxr.t6 xq7fl$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lifhl84ky r(pc6-j0m qc,sdsb/e8h k3vdt by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air8jcmd ss 0h/ ,4-yh r(qpevd8bkkc63l outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with z/w.cl ll; bc g/-n 6dpef0r(iair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.04ek0 ksb-4ez:ty rrd8 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand )z();p6ipx2touxs( tba cth(at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecub;l i xg-)tt*f b:kr.eles / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water ar7wv ( v atd uka/6fqv wx,aa0mo*m15h2,blbd9e there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, y,9b96b s-/uuygu wfm   $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1wpn *evc jd79c9 bmi(wq.7r*v$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that wer6m*f6q ptt* ucy b7n4ie also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume thet*ut*fcqp6n4b7m iy6 atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of argx-l2drn1e pn m()weq)n0k/n oxygen molecule at STP? r0nd1 )mne/rg(-e2)wqlpkn x    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the m4m e ofo4xx*6Sun at a temperature *xe 6mmo44xf oof about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules ig) up.l hgy:6uxy;ouy6 p/n4rngi q x0t5d 9f1ncrease if the temperature is increased fron4u h )x6u 9lggpyo5g ftr6uqi/x.;yd:n10 yp m 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 5+eaf .n.k mak/,ybl0g l,pbz6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed.akbnm+ ..lbzp/y 0lgke, a,5f $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gash1wuwh(8(s3kxn 1 nbtk4i dtoc453d h ck;w;u at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volu0ae6i38(pfnp oqow 1ime is held constant, by what factor( i10i8q6nfopewo3 a p does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of mw j)jjg*.jzpo f7)rz1 nmq /k:zn* ta3olecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of oj86 k gcfiy),their rms speeds is equal to theg,jk )o86icy f inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contai() fr3xb ,90l y5e uyf.ebtqorijt+ 9nned in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule *xwgkroz. o;3z rk;j2at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nd9h.ochtj2px4p*h7 h itrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speedy( (nfc8j l ,ro./igvh of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a liv(igjf/yn( c8 hl.,roving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas c,j5 fjd)b6sewm(e7/nry5r xyan be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urab f1qp/2ja6zx tlgs/ :nium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric prn,q0z9oqh ux+ essure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when t5c.wk(gfxc3f-uty 9jxh im u n;) oy(;he pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 99y jgy;3 t xknfhco;(f5.uux cw-()im 0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity i2err -jkp(8 q7te 0bcl*y dzk0s 50% on a day when the tempep k-e0(br8ekydrc 20 z7q lj*trature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wha4 c2z1vcdq:klo e5y7; af w7g6b3koater boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.7m wy hmw2y546z2 atm, estimate the temperature at which water bo6w yywm5hm4 z2ils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial +nl m1qyxcm3 m-. rb0vpressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%?qmn m mx1l3yvb0.+-cr $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the *lpw(tbfn/07irsg + stemperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressy )z v9+2xe.e( fmiuldure cooker if the water is boiling at a temvmxi9zu . el+)dy2 (feperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volum ql3y;p djck0nktf81, e 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pg, wpzk*n7 w)c,c- n7 (zosxlcoint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse brw aj40/ zxv6a disw0xzb64 / jrvatance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insec di;d;n ** gh u-v+i p;rw0e1ibohes+xts to the interior through tiny tubes cai b*hupd0r ido;-;g *inwevx +1 +e;hslled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been:ntle1,t0 xgo5s 6ptb calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape meas)k r4c ,o3xpr82ol ywxure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at z.yackfn6q3 h80 x as;orng 4.normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot8o6.ay0af 4nknq.hzx;s g rc 3, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After man9lco 90 ns5oo.oh9( i2 k/rzc/4a9gfp yyubjq y balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5c pyoyb zrujq0s 49ao5 kon2/g 9loi(9.9hc/f atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of bcyzaru/t)wn h:(f ;sy)5, b wair molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume th t5c,)ny;r/:hsafw(bb)w u yze temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom per d+ 8 6pd(nmvsg$cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techn; *snj ki73uxciques is abounxs37 ikju; *ct $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below thnfg4x;8d3 rh /i 7uyfldd2pg* pr 0f/ee surfd 3n elhg8 rrfyi2/*u0f4pf;d gd /7xpace, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from ze6o/ *f- pihwthe Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of/6wipzho*- fe this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 110q f9wr,n70k8 6u-zz73 bgt k/cnpd qsz$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of- (h3dmz3-fu x m,wcyh 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of thfvj)hkv+fi6,2t (bz)l+ npmws yt 0* ue Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the E02 zystklmwb ) )f+pfj*6vt i+uh(n,varth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mokl9g0dp msqreo1 y76 r. dph94lecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge )+y7i.l nhx k+5assorpressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measurens hs++ir5yl.xoak 7 )d at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowm6 k j 8+etne or-wfw7e(+sal)l of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinemi mam03c3 m+x at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around r(18a90phx :vglk h cathe Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a gl72z/pjett( +0q.n uaq q ux(bqass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ado 0+wqd n9h/nh76 iiwxgpted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, yd8 :n(gqf/2tld; o5ehnvnm *has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is 4lo)7u6ml*om2( b 6 zmtpbzsa $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is susq8av(xr )* 7xvo/ r pvs.ta:clpended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tao)87 sv(qxl:rvxpct*avr/.ennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bub)ip+w /mf9eh vble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaipv e/h+)f 9wmches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two dauc ,nt k;2fh9qe-0,rt3 qbfmmys: ,m q9f3 qe0uch btrmt,;nk2f-
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of ir:9*jlhclv6l 43gwj 6zsj y5lson at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 200l:j*s3w gls6v9zj cll hjy56 40$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure-o5y;eh w lekgaa* o97, the coefficient of volume exe9w gala5e*ook7 y;-h pansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.