Which has more atoms: 1 -h nf4+ha/ppl -ih8w zkg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix hn z-a4h-l8pfp/h iw+B.

Name several properties of ma8zkdwk e7w oe05 pd*e0terials that could be exploited to make a thermometere0ep wde5kk7z8 *do 0w.

Which is larger, 1 C wxl;g bj:ol 1-$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equ(eqnz2uz )a1auj2qf; ilibrium z( fq a)1jquzn ;2eau2with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip ofu8mo4c32b 6 lpyn*vxq iron. When heated, the strip will be4u3q8xoymcb n*2pv l 6nd. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient k1t5a. k +ln3 idyrpi4of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple theq5(am )2b2ep m+k-7cjxnllkermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at diffb 2mneq) -7mla x(plkec+j5k2erent temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section i 5ybsb. t/y0mn+cu525k skcmcn the shape of a U.t +cmm5u/b5. 2c ykk5csy 0nsb Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of .nrnfk2*tqns9f f ; :s4,ubv klead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tuq13j;nr5 8ukvyg0bgk4 6r+ anbrgh x4b of water, the mercury init0rujh 6g+k rqv514nbg3rx84nk ab ;gyially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container mam6rid3 zm6 h*zy break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parzhi *m6r36zmdts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansiozop)cu+ 7-hj on is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 1o o)z- h7upjc+3–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accura3n06zk lyd mzoq61fb /te at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will causviad;dvr; 6: -jdg tdko sw0z/0wny6)e its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happened?0ro-;t d;kgdd wvwjy0d z a6ns: 6i)v/

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing swkm 3cekuu10 yt65r;down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain thesku51ysm;rt 6kuce w03e changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in w ( qvap0a 9loj)p/cpxc3o5t l*ater increase or decrease if the temperature is q ooxc9c /talp* 0va5j )(lpp3increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Cha fasu8:avt*9y0vlco90 bbz 1e rles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the a ebuv0fb9*ocl ya9vt:8 asz10bsolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac b6r; owm,n ,gsdkm8:p’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosp:zs k )p1wva:ahere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an on h47za v0 --t2m-p:jdoxny knbject must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what itz-nt y2 x:4dna7-kpnhm0-voj is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at rooo*n4wzo0kkv 1m :rep0m temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one 0 4pr1*kovoemz nwk: 0relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at tp 0gswr1 k :5ws6zr*elhe same temperak1wlzr:w5srg *e6s0p ture.

Is it possible to boil water at room temp0ih :jhs2 hks,/7mqwzerature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is di0r( s7w *gxuw bcfo:g9fferent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Exp0u (*:fgsb7xgcrw 9owlain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an ov+-7 odgx)0 y(tyco)a0xw bz*bdio ek(erheated automobile enazy igb0c+to*y(x odo)-xk7 we 0d()b gine.

Why does exhaled air appeakx8gda xv4j :7r as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are thvsod oc.5h,-ko(g, t;q ak yejw;;rz;kzlo/ 0 ere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring comparv1itae7 t* dk5e to the number in a silver ring of a1di tk5ve *t7the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often ,89)m ujmn.icdy 4i:qc et.betaken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?etimidyu8q .ne) :cm,. cjb 49   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded aretn-sel*+k.ax g8 j5g hc3 :dpk 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has len-1l)ym uf2ql(r7 ylekgth 11.82 cm at 0.1rlq f)-l7yey ukm2(l0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of 78 zivpzos0v 55(tx chck.6b dslabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrough r6yfq lgc0b0z(h5t g9t iron approximately 300 m tall. z09ht0 qrgb(cgly 56fEstimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet h/z1b3o nz qo0jnfw g 25+x*ibqole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be +i5 o0w fzqqxj *bz 1n32/ogbnplaced in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water i a.ky6 h.cas5asu+l,at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter.a t6 7f;n(uvm+sgsdi 5 c.d-ok What will be its change in volume if it is hea 5s. as ; gkiu(6+d-vof7cdnmtted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled ;/y 9(ge xxd*ofdpj2r to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.509 ixex1/kvml3 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iroff1 4x4i3 uwt,cyci 29nn:8r6u yguwtn. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a lhfubw 3pf9y:*,: bfny w rn6p.ong, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one bwwnn yuh 3,ff6y::pf 9pbr*.direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in th; gobnno/z m3t 3h ne(bmaz)h:1n1dw2e density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lewbk*bq7 )k8u*-p jn ojngth l and width w has coefficient of linear expansibk*jpn *7bokw- j8q u)on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotroe vim /,w8qao4pic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock ,)u,dsyykf4xn k30 ozis made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17dok,z3 0ynyu)f 4sxk, $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bun t .c;1mih*owlb;n1.itw omh *c has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel oq-br9ih6,u cqgcw 4 c+f radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular v9q -uc,+r4w6ccghiqb elocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is rec:w) mcd.qfmi 6l5yj-ut0wg2nm o2b 3quired to keep it at this l jgd wn)lywu.52cm o23m0q6cm-f itb:ength if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectionalb -i:alg z*7mp area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameterp t(1nh6ewl ;b 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures o) vcp7m4 8qt9jvwe k9en the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the F q:d,ph/ t/uimahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of th89d*sn r jhgv.b5qnbn9t. /m4knjj4he Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperatura-z/ *oetgwk l+.ird *e of about d* -/lgzoi*r t.kwae+20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usinir(rc*ee+0fwlm 0y5a g the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains1;vf h*x6z: 2gn bqof8r* rpxb 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP5(:enl0 ye 8ywvfy-lb contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium zjp7m w08z ay4gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inwo02.qz pnh(pvr *i8mside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?iqrpp*no0z mv2( w.8h   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofok:vz; sl*a a, $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balk qrnwp + zxp*:kz-gjj56yk8.loon, which makes it less dense than the air outs8w6jk5ykzjz p-g p .+k x*qn:ride. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with airqceps pzo8 ;ls7*h3- s at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 ) zg+ry ;4oroivuzf.*$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea le:uc7n5mh (w 5g da;rdyvel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the numberh+ 1n0o 9xoj7ijt u2ih of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How my j.)6)cbu,d . -03j/vpq ntojvx wsifany molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (.e k5y,rurl6mq 7psm0a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumega/0h pq xh,5x 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L buh14pi 5 9hlizreath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo to9z154 piuil hhok. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen moleo: 74rthowvy5cule at STP? v:4o5th y7wro    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the)at; eho0d)od Sun at a temperature ot do))oe h0d;af about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the tempera+vbyz0 suq:zg -4m wefk 8g5+ature is increas5g+y : +4zsvwqe fmag b8k-z0ued from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, givennacbj 6 .72ht1ix*u ey in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, any2 i7*cxeha.t nbj u16d 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas atp1kx vln9) jwl *g/x+y 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held const3g;vawp95j j xvhhqw3 i71t6 o7kei x4ant, by what factor does x 7i3eh ko5;htax9 qj3v w wgvj6p7i41$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas isbph u6+vc8 rcad,5p1 a g6(vwl given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tem*bmd e.+:-nimv .vrl eperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the i.ev mi*nle+vr.:-mb d nverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules d3*:sd)0k)2bflezodjm fk5 ocontained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of ankrn62t,zc2a 6v fu+xx oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen mol1 /qmux( b f5.gowtrq-ecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an aminklms1cqx) pu;zs j/,/o acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at c )mplkzjq,;us/ /sx137 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writd :k.5ewium a ,0k:aquten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranii5 mh/ w*q9bzoguq b8)um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, ixul*jgt)u t6.,pr;rt n what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and th tx*n7 /rxfzf8e temperature is (a) /*fxztf 7 rxn890 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (appk-vn/rfhqnoskj*1s i /t6 :e7lul j+3roximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperatur u/ l:7oi6-sn1 / +snth *qf3erkvljjke is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure, j;,hxunamjjedb0p*+d. 4dj4( etcs at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a par-jso * 7dp0 zkdju*i23xlcv*o ticular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whv2dlj7kziu* dsp-c3j* o*x o0ich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature ok)n5 a. -2 udd zzpaaqtdfr04:n a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the reanzqf42)ka dd:-adu trpz.0 5lative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water8c mvr yybkn m)dld0816 a1opig 7a(t4 on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker ifwgf lxtetl,:+( tz4j6 the water is boiling at a temp,4lx t few6l(zt:g+j terature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vokht43: ep w vtqq/*,uolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ofin-u7cp* yu )r.lpv8 i 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glyli 3s r.+/axmgcine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance o a /rm+g3lixs.f 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the xnlm;+mip g5;spi p.46 t0a)cy(tpt4 lm8cfainterior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An;ifmi m5. 4+agmpcl )nt(4xspl60t pya;tc8p average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has bee te ;y7(aaycl 12i6:x fe6xjgwn calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been cali6exsb f(,g.dybrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much * ))cp1:hpniv 2flok 6w jgpc3y i:(llerror will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, ifollpf v2) w:1n3 g:k*hi6pycp j)( icl the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helio o92 ysel)b1irn siwfh+68x:f.v o:jum gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of) hofnwfv6s2 1bry.i:j8:ie+ox9l so the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lengzwhf8 0+g k:afth 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperatur hk80 ga:fzf+we is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matteri z1e*-re3wsjl;- tzh is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniqueczj:*ez2u ct 3s is aboucce: uj3 *t2zzt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fil 9knevcu4(z7j ls his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume wo7 (v e9zcj4kunuld his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atfuwa-gb6l whh3 39 ;ezp;8wttmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it ;-93atgz68p3w eu tfhbwwh;l does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is ix t69m3frtjv f2 m(n+ov/q7jpncreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7/nyvb1 jq k+d+70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earojc1s4/8o7xngemhw5 x ygc42th, estimate j25ocog e814h4 xmgs xyn7 /wcthe total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogea3hpdi+b)t /sn molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 204 cqjy z57:8zr)im2eq w(w gey00 psi (13,(ze zqce2 m4wqj7ywi5 :gy8r)800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl og-ny kvxyfyqg2o. e1 i/ q*2,fy 5krn/f liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atm:jg0;kg /eb3la fqqmg: z40iv (ze,v 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly5 ;yjejih2i7h around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a gwz t*+t lasa0dsaq8*7zab/:y lass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopk ej. )i+,wq4xjid-iu ted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charge 8nw(n)oaoi*ser (g.md, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is 44i0yuo3ou*yyz z c 3/ li-ejg$ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravlimhk ft axy j8(nws:s;c3 f2f.2le752mcbs3ity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls 3y7nhjsx2all5 .mik;8(cm sf 2:btwe f32sc fper second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diaml3mz84wxa44ibpsl,i()n 9cfg 7ez y reter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is con8 zfiie344,b79 pxc 4g)zars ynl(wlmstant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water 1l4oz*a u;*xuj)rsr s vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: asr ul)zo srj 4x**u;1
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difba/lg,/0 ksew br j,/px vn:g/ference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is k// w al : ,rgn/vs0p/jebgb,x2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an isvqiaza,3 nyu5 g buv99qv .83deal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal 59v 3i vya8qz.,bavuqug 3s9n to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, perdcz ct06cqv;(b 99ml4stm xy)e5a m/ople constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If tt9bvcz;/dram) l 56sy4etc 09 q xm(cmhe cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg