Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluv7jcrfl h ;6,6y7phik minum? See the periodic table or Appendix B.;k76 7lh ryhv cji6,pf

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a j+a6d*lih3sp )3r7 ttx9mq5 t ju3pdcthermometerp tx3 plmj*)9tu5rcis d376hdtq+a j3.

Which is larger, 1 C/o6y/f wacv5w $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in the z-7c5bg+xg8a hez:* ustp (rcrmal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium8g +c*:5z(-ez ts7ux gr bpcah with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iroqq sc dn(3e t7v2w5sz,n. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: Sd,e2zvs q3nc s7(wq t5ee Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lip /cc2fm)5- s s,vb4xibz vmj) gb5;pknear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to c8aqe33cpkh a0k+1 b,hf wfc x,ontrol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace 80af3hhcp,bk w , +xkqe fa31cand how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixedn:gp:y3w1 r2tk- m udf at the ends often have a section in the shape of atmw 1:u2kfg: 3nd rp-y U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floatfme;.w1r vmxnn c0// xs in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is firstmck8l(68tc)9egtlow5p i6o49a p59qzs rw q q placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially g5 ll)4q 6 sec iqat6w rom9pzktwco98p5 q98(descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or coox4-:dpeu pn +iled more rapidly than adjacent partsp4 x:i d-+nuep. Explain.

The principal virtue of . 0vig,bbc1fx Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increasi.gfcbb1 ,v0xed heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, a: w nyic ihg0,m*30nhfccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda willa) iw-*s zuf)t40engz cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand upgw*a s)ten z-u z0)fi4. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compresithsd,n)z +6m2 bnf*g vd rlp7/; ba4lsed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when the smb)g p+/b,*d46h 7z annil2 lf;rvdty strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrg i)b +zjvbjo x3x)eurx(6w,jh1iv 87ease if the te buogbj xviwe x( 37,i rzj6+v)81xh)jmperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic cey*o0.inm 33fx.b lo theory and the relation between aveo*.l 30xmo .e3ni ycbfrage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic x.l:znybnv9t17/v /u rem ,z gtheory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio z1 .g7kojs(ub lb5mc hak4 ,d /u0c7qiof $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object mustl *lw6w*n bp1wik4( ju.aen +h have to leave the Earth and nwn(lj1h a*un+il6e w* b.4p wkever return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than wateuryb0.cgx,: 9ko uha 5r at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties x u0ruhocb,k:y5.g9aof one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dr / evs(zyd3c76m 7mmwfhcfv 6)y day at the samc(fve7) h6w6vm ymz73/dc smf e temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatl29t kdj vag.ppvk)sfno:-fp r9i :7) ure (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when r1a(c jvw o ua .g-qn3h.m87swthe air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explainwn-gjq8hv ua co s.3(mwa7r1..

Explain why it is dangerous to open the rfrjv* e rc8oiql0w(2 ih4 1l4fadiator cap of an overheated automobile4j*wlr c 40rl28(feoihq fi1 v engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the ms-9z 1yp7cjh winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pennyzc-alxc; x7;hy,l l9e?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram goll(x v; 390dab:omd 7giv7schud ring compare to the number in a silver suxv;gic( va3d0 m7olh9b: 7 dring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What 5-1i34k7- db 9+wnv vcu* awyjytodjyr:;iu yis this on the Celsius scale?- y:yv*nv du95+b4w 1 j yo7d;ur ick3wtjy-ia   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recordeb 87 8e /9tunfscwi-bc3pm7zpd are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometgk0(a29v 8npx g4 ikyw(8 lgvier, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0in(xw2kp 84ggv 9lgvya(ik08 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is591u zegtao ;pcwr01n built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–2n*x7bg 3 a eu5/z,leibba0(zd 9) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature (ul, 7 ibgx azba /d5e0nezb3*of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets po- +/ts n:cbqim5vb zc0u2*st a-1ut that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed 0s1p5tuu taqv-2+n :ts*ocim czb/- b in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at pksuctd15d ynte67p -8pg4 g1 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change i le v* .*lp7su5mkfz8hn volume if it iu8f*m5svll7*zk e p.h s heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled tmhpw c)x71dw 1o the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 5zyyx3cd o21m-s+vb z 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ridjw 6oo42n (8wj+mx*ymvv 8xing made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel f*6: ru (i1pqrhp hv-sso it can expand in essentially one direction onl-iu h6rfphrqs1:p (v*y, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the95,h(k sel asgn l89sh density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient osx/jwdc:q z tq72ef;2f linear expansi:qt sj 7e2qdzf; 2xc/won $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sour4* ,m dzw7l *w58m rws4 ph(cth/d bt0fflg,lid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is 8 ur) 7u6lfmpwmade of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 lp8m wfr6uu)7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside *(6z gcp1e3aj,hr hugdiameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume zhgru*g36h ecp a1j, (of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrz84gqzn-d-7ccj o1 b q5,dwbeical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity cbw-o85d-7gn4b,qzqe d zj1c$\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requimuar:+.)ut uc* on6-lsk6q edred to keep it at ta u*: -qm+6ksntreu.ulc od6) his length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional areahuj9v 8q ah95v 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134. 8st.t) e v7qwoqf/wfrw7//i y122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures va g59k8dcc/gl0ess5j g :i2 von the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what et:c nox9y2 vf)y 41dktemperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are ab p a*c/kg;9oneout 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure anatyv7c l sl(xdb(:;y +d a temperature ofly lyxa:+tdsc(;(7bv about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at g 0/5x+z sf 3bksh2obuSTP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg ofw j gbg3cs1/wzj,0s-moz nq;; nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP con,:mx3n f 8lfhvtains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas uv z0,. 7q2vksyheji4woe1;t is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-Lt16ml-h +i5 dqo uytt) container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?6t5m q yo 1-u+lttdih)   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k: ag;: ok6nf v-y0bazg7t g0nag of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insi81refzd rp09e3*k tc ea c41pnde the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a bale*zk 1cae3fnt r9drp0epc184 loon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled witq+ g2z1geq5 meqc7 ax)h air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen hek)( x23yep aat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chign,to/5o1 owbv- 6uo* vnymj5 ld’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules4hc4me0 bq :tf / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L?i71/wpe l6ju e How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a),lxz9l ;o-wsnf:5 (j admw0eh moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume ;gl ;xtdi9vw7yc k i::5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that we- gt,y /pxr /w9aosqg1re also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is ab- qxgow1gs pt9a/y ,/rout 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecjp7tc:x s3j c/ule at STP?cjs t:7c p3xj/    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of tu2f/g uo gqsbm pm 9r3z5)km:(he Sun at a temperatuzp mk) 3mfuobu5g(s/ : 2qgrm9re of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the tk8gm6zjqm3 0 mfiz+e +76 jqmaemperature is i6q zfm+3 e8j 7ak+6 gqjizm0mmncreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2,/ 4ysbq+ - )ouoyy) vb,fwq2ga 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, y oy/aoq2swqf4y b,b) -)uv+g3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in ainm (2nx.d1 sa gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume il5;i8ctn ewk4td62zwrd 0h.zyv:e9ms held constant, by what f8 64 ; lce0nt.z:d dhr2wiwt59vezkmyactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules ineg gdty:id3bow v (ekv -64.t* a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperatur5vyt03h) spe ae, the ratio of their rms speeds isay)5s0tp he3v equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogenjbb8 ) v7ktl6.bm wm2s molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms sp 5zuv t-vq 9kyref-8+xeed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distaqbk3q;s)d e s:nce between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whosegyeo i)fkq3:z8*qfy zcg 5u;4do b d.1 molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37uc;g5 kz f.8o yz e1q*yo4qdgi3df):b $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writtent )els qtikb*eyxriu-ri3p: e;f*10/ P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ura)t 4n ym--d5tn lwj.wanium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what tudw) +0j 1cu/ 9w xxhb1waz*nphases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the prsypr 3 dcs0+: (shztzwhc1)z)essure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) d) :3h01h rywzz(csp)ssc+zt90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% 6)h6e jt5xbkq sa iy8n) /6nvdon a day when the temperat)8/din k6xsyv j6 qt6bhn)e a5ure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where watermo2 i2j ve63z16 rzfjn boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 at),*dnzv;n 30 zmw fe2aih w2qym, estimate the temperature at whichwnn,i2v;wf z)2dzh 3q0my e*a water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial preo 5(o9)fhh 8osuyf1u/ veqxbf 8i m2c5ssure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%mf5/ (iv qfoo x5uc8uhoh)2b8ys1fe9? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wr+ kv (+2iu e/(wgweheater on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressurewj 6s/zgq zf-3 inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a tempzqzf3gw/6j s -erature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volu 1ptiqf6a,0 rl6pdv)fme 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point /giof-.goel7 /dlj9/sxu5t)k b k*ba of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to dm03/t aa 5sfyhe zwb8,iffuse a distance o5s fa, wh/0 atm83eybzf 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubeo(ndvrp v5/ei6ugz8(voay8i ;(4gpi s called trn8io ure8o(gd(iv5gy 6(vz;/p iv4apacheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measuu5orun6fo n8wdx 40 3p d;mb ou8fm.*nre has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure ha s44( sxhnix mre4e6 nai8q17rs been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at e4 /3/uytv( oe,wevqsnormal room temperature. How much error will be made in a rec euvv/e(o y4,3wq/tseipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is ini: ib,/67vmi /ffno qfhtially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction qo /:v 7fmh6fi,f/nibof the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecuo bm8+m1)0z,hi ;xtdu xn2igjles in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and hei o )1u+xzmimbt8,id;20ghnx jght 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter oq0lbaemb (lng 533tinn;b+71hy m c4 is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techni0k ;4zn5 wvnjuques is about z0j5kwu;4nvn $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below tn2 ly7 l( )sc9o:km)3bjiu eudhe surface, to what volume woulos7 yk:db)cn j)(uil92umel 3d his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters E0 7aeda fp5j); xrs+xxbiq h);arth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the no 05;q hb)axis ;)+af7xper djxse of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is wddfpki32 -4 jzu-uj.wn2p on+ d*f2e increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of / )o1hu mmx;7pmk(djb 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Ear(,my kuwm;nj6 th, estimate the totalmn um, 6w;y(jk number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mole; pih:,v. e;py9kcxxmofqo(v/d y2 ) ucules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gaugeef1lnr sa 0zanb o((jc1)iu -8-d:yig+b a .af pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate,yf+a (flz-jo.a1ibe ca 8( -)d1n0na:gbrus i measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liqude6wduhs-6p fs8f/i .)w;gnsid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli* gvdtt2 y6e1ehde 2t:ne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit s)/m8aif q54pcwz znp/ nugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 20j7-mtu 3/ vsdjrv3n)bqf3 :yw$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in t9li erzfbxk dx7f ;3dq+ :y8-ahe 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, o 5 4u*j7xmz2i5fqnyw4m.vfw has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from t:cc4 z fx0kiqr*xf+o ,he Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis bgdn:2ja0 ((/yquevmd alls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they q en/agv(d20 m (yuj:dhave a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) b, b qjk*utujat )ua)9*ubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is theujaju ** ktu)a,t 9qb) bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two daysamz9 fm :46s1t4rol jm: s91zjl6m4atmo 4f :rm
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the dej1tpmo ,e e9q;,/ddn ensity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth wheqe e,te dp;91/nomjd,re the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show 5rikmd5-;w i wp9yedje;h7d/that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal to idi keyddwp5m e9 ;/-rj;w 5h7$\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cexxn96x8)5uc5ohh1mkvd w,cbk pig4 4llars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept 945 xocnx i pdu x 5,bcm1hk8gv6w4)hkat 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg