Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table 0kml:x;gzm8apxf-/qha gc wn n 1- d67 ijw-5aor Appendix B05-/ifcm pa wlhadgj7g8:n 6xw;1nq -m -zakx.

Name several properties of materials that coulxxn8ngo*6c un-d p,x :d be exploited to make a thermometenc pn8:6,xgdx- ox*nur.

Which is larger, 1 C g1r1f.hq sx hbfd7 24k$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, bftp 2 i,fp:8sek 2piu-z q;*zout B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and z2zqtuie8-f2; op:,i pf kps *C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rivetecblxwag 44n4iz,vq wj 9)3s+fd to a strip of iron. When hea4w q4j3i)nx ,wf9l4aczgsb+ vted, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansionwfow7 ho8.h4 d $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermo w4mzt)z9fuw 8 7bbxhgt.mk1 )stat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip wf u9) g81)4zwhbmxz t.k tbm7consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixe ov)asspg-l mr8 -yg*1d at the ends often have a section in the shape of ) s*y1amsrplo -g-v8g a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead flq-wt6qv:4oo)d ny. wkoats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-cpo(i72c,6 hvsvenl6 -bp r(p in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and thv2isno ((c p v76-e,crb hl6ppen rises. Explain.

A glass container may b5;tv) jgkdyr y1,vb(sreak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent pakr ;vs1 tj,d (vgby5y)rts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linearw ezc.ehf+ ek23:er8i expansion is much smaller than that for ordi8efe+2rzc .w:3h ekei nary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather c 1tvym50jr vo.t8i3xhlock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause iln,a*junp-8h d 8q/ly ts bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What hahnp*8/8 l uyald-,jnqs happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperatu4u0)s v; dkkrpre incrr0v s)pdu;kk 4eases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increasd(c s , :ipswrr 9bf9rhwj*g1jaa:p2 )e or decrease if the temperature is increj (9rrss1p,w*ca 2 fr9hbd: :giapw)jased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the rpo, nvbu0;ux 8elation p 0uv ,xubo8;nbetween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory rlua otf+y* .mtnt20l *tzx1(.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmos/z gf+w*z p1zxphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for thew1y1gr;9 r;(g;cb tic ui)or x/lii;r Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is foc; u;1ox i)wry;l9ci/t(1iigbg r; rrr the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you in ibe r:tq1 5g9nex8*ilfer about the molecular propertiex*ln5eqt g 8r:ib i19es of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncwy2+aox 28a.7lnex mgomfortable than a hot dry day at the x y+o 27glwaamx.e n28same temperature.

Is it possible to boil water cbi+c-x.ae-3ojs7eg at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same b9l0)nstkt5l 6t c00 nvdbpegj.kr .0i ut the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry airb d 0jtkls6tt)0. g5c00 .kvle9nnpir or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap ofd+zj; ,m,o zoa an overheated automobile engineo, z +ja;ozm,d.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little whi-;dyz2loy7o z6 p-rjpte cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copperk+k* 96saogrl) cc is- penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.54v kx3kosj d4g)3h f4l-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of 44dv)f 4k k3hosljg3x the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius s(p9i08ml0e ofw glxi-cale?fi98-pol(wi l00 xemg   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures reco;myk7j,-n tyarded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 a2/5mgsex-gb. grd ev ;suu4rs-o-r (cm at 0.0.rsaro/ u-m rds (b;5-2veg us4gg x-e $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (4g4:g y-k )newuk p(js20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall.x(e d(jbge.7jn,jl k1 Estimate how much itdb(e1g(n, 7lj jj ex.ks height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used u ol2xajc- 1e5t/apx3and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in dix xp el 3otc/a1u5-ja2ameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water agefm;8( d. (ozjqijd 3t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.ra6vw4;rf k1w hdo: 4bv2/fvv 75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated4;hb 14arkvv ovfwr :6dw 2fv/ from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 1e2 t6xsme:: lv00.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of watenzxy2 m1.ix /1qx/mf:a(oqn0 kqdf s d ,6wbv1r at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ri ur)4t5pk7pi dng made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentsh6wa 7a40*y p+ abarvially one direction onlyh0aabw74 vr s+a*yp6 a, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densitejv/q/0zkk mog46: yq y $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length wjwftih 84f;yap z;) (l and width w has coefficient of linear expantfh8a w(p4;y ) ;wfjzision $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic s.1- ags.f-f)h bjnmc iolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfd o-.j 4.cgxzaect time at 1. -codagz 4j.x7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.e3trk .fk28i1,ume m d140 mm. The bulb has k 8ei3rkdm2tmf,ue 1 .a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical whejpz)mrd8s: o-m t tq,yh l882oel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about itsqh2zjm, s8m tlrdy : -po)8to8 axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress l/f0im cwgthm+(8vu6;d( b gpis required to keep it at this length if the temperature in6mb8d/hcf0 vu gm(+p(wgl t;icreases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-bv1u6,gm 6 dxvheam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diametergs21imw8g7hk 8 d+e szoc-ne 6v+ 5els7ixyp, 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followingzij8;m4 p twh4 temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheiq(q3 s, ,+gkrb- sy-yib(ugtj t scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interjpgd++r3wplr1+m / ,nx5 l g:emtn7ziior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmq biae5x )fd 911qopz*ospheric pressure and a temperature of)qq1xe 9oz1pdi* ab f5 about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the idejb7gsu 9k 2ey 9muv,)eal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen ( f2vn6a*7 c.e45p fz r)bhxeaq$N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contain61b/nuoxmw/ ; xf .hmcde1n. gs 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 2h vyaup32zehvfr5 )- lx ht) in2b:,e10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of arj d;9 /o xtt/+id1xk ,sjdoa4bgon gas at 385 K? kd9j4 atd, jtio bo+xs/;d/1x   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofv5yc o2c 7s1ft $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves iafpu- sg8str *b1)2a* mo l c-3oucd1bts buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dens*1tl1usb2sd mrc b f*o8a u-c-)pago3e than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with wdl9st +69uju8oa q*yair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 lt bc*:5*offar.9f p m$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapez g l7k,.) v. otc0vd6tekcq6os a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molzf)qx2ah 9q,w ecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of wad3l c:wl y ect15lf0m9ter are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mol*g.t,g bt;x,q wnjt.yp m+ ;tres,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumes,cefwimt*+ru+m ey 8/-u l j8 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you i (suz f d0 rt5z.dolht/88he7lnhale that were also in the last breath Galileo too8dsh8 rfudzl.o7tzt l 05/h(e k. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an ss udbncxe xm9*:bxzj5b2+.; oxygen molecule at STP?5x+j bxzs;* exmc bunb: s2d.9    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun atwm *0ijjny esxr(9h 1 ;6eza7m a temperature y j ens ea(9;x7hirmw1*6 0jzmof about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the tem 1f:t : d)7(qjyitf5wosxgfq/perature is increased d xq(fft 1g s/)jw:5:y tfoq7ifrom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followinm w*(nbxzui2 576ux;tuzs5e y g speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. xybs7 5 5 xmune;*2i6uz(t zwu$v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gakby:vocrb 2(+ s at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volu9 uehohkhao)o54re2 5: 4r-gggiy5kg me is held constant, by what factor does eh4okhg ): 4gykur5oig5-g9r5e o2 ah$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of,iv bz1 lx(12ulf4h;ohy)fva molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, ther t gx8livis1j7)g :+e ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular jrx:ge ) gi8iv1s l7+tmasses.

  What is the rms speed of nitr-+ y4oe2(jeat0lpe zeogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed ofal(8po6gakh:0/pyv wdvtek+ t * e88k an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at ST90;8li;l yx 2tw imenp50bxi pP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecvkx 6vzn*6o doq285w2fr / 3h*xtgakaular mass is 89 u in a livind r2aao gz wh8k*5 ovxtx 63k*nf6q/v2g cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written h goeg ip9qca3l7.*-wP = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urani1mzyzqg* v 1lwi*+ww/7 4rsca um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressurli.5l p5 lbokn1 +3lla ot5byjzd3y58e, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the6dq+gqw2 c *hw pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90wq6c2 g+ h*dqw $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (app4+6 x .s zegli:9u.d5tzps luxroximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperatdx9p+tsl zlizs4g.6 ux .u: 5eure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure yt-me5y; x:lpgs6v9dat a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountaftnd 281h3xkc ins is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water 31 2xhdctf8nk boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of wa l5af8lu(b opp3w-+ :rw2eike u3iqm 3ter is 530 Pa and the relatma3ei5+ (3u2rpwifqpu3 - l8 lok :bweive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is/dzl*wp(bo+69j mv +cly;lpd 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boili(nw3foq5yh mzkxg-c3 v:2:4yt tcn r .ng at a temperyvzg x2-q( tw5:c4tk3m. nfnc: yo3hrature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of v8rpzo: )n qs:uolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its de*fo , nu2liws;hx(fyx,8jbk, w point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) 7d(cjg0l/;:tqbkr nyto diffuse a distance of (qrg :d/; yklj70 bcnt15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes :cwf34jsvo yom q9*u7called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has crosqojw 3o f4um:*sv 79ycs-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tapea i82eeb*n b:wt.;46qha5d5a mzkpy d measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has bee w h1d d2ql,4lc;m-if ik7ct8ww* ofq+n calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup q hxo/yu)bormq5 -+u0 was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water buyr qm/hu0+ xqoo5)-and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinderxij1u v+zq(e/5b lf7n9r6 apl is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the o(fv57/+1panlz9r6ije lb u qx riginal gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, wguf/0l2vr,p r idth 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assur 20fpg,u/ rlvme the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom per +cx 7w6ulm,pr+p bga/php1a 5$cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using t0 h4lluem5.hfin 5;qphe best available vacuum techniques is about upen0.hlifh4q5;m l5 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 1t ra, m5iswye*pdwq9u,x+j3L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if hqm dewj9+,, *w3psxy15ruati e quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returninaxl0 a. uyp2/qg from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperatur2 lapuxaqy0. /e? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idzwpm2ot- cb9 gf)i-r 8eal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 76 xg2x5 yumc 1noi8bo-70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estim*5 y s9r;5udguh6kyz 6qrb zq.ate the total number of 59q us b;rkryyg.*zquz665hdair molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed o7cdj lqeoj-f aq-,elplx3 w0-9 :e t3af nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used info0 0q+qyv 3q5dwv:q :idjol, a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cy fqw+v3 :dl,o yjvq0oqi0:5qdlinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of .i1j nof.z+sy liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolin:b l:5jpj jd:l r+tef8e at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equm-c js pp/y :3:ezcxwmu)k4ki k y;(w)ator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tig2c 69wb6bb9*2wht-q ahhs qkbhtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adop)g1bym0x gc8;x1z nsx ted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chars4zbwz g:ba4d6 p/ t2cged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the E3e(igmv e ohs*za6,w/arth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended agains hkia evl qhu-x,gj7;25ha, 8py:, niit gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per e;7a,uy iihlna v:q2jh,pk5 ,x -hg8i second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sph 3d*(r0:a u ewxigjf,rerical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, a irwg ,d0ja3xf: uer*(nd the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followin.; 9u pygg)myvg two days: g9;gy y.v m)up
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STko +g gb2/ gn3gdv7bgjw;/qr7P, and when it is a soli//gn2o r77b;+wb ggvkqgg 3d jd deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, fok1mv si4q*qc/bb5(jcr an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficiib bqc*q1sv j mck/(45ent of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot a:6tm3nxbm l9xym7n -w nd mildew. If the cw73tmby:lx9 mn- n6xmellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg