Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? Ssai w lk/:0/jh 60yoawee the periodic table or Apw0hay/l0s ja kw6:/iopendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a the22iet4wq h1s /vt0il grmometeri202qi 1/ ltewsh4tgv.

Which is larger, 1 Coqo1 ohz hd*0. $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B-rw3u-ifpgu8 , but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what - u8ifru-p3wgcan you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rivetedgv7 -gxekr ad;la1.x+ to a strip of iron. When heatedg-rxa+ 1ga .7;xd kvel, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient 3 xba 84m/sjqkem*k)q of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace gde1obm6 z9, ah5,jxr(or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic sm5g1b jd96,,xz horeatrip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at tqw b,+ ah;ki+xc)*(fuuv0wf dhe ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Whk,qfhdcfvxi ( )wa*0;b +uw+uy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead fq y0*qmcvrh(nft*4t :loats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of waterg67z,knrro/55bq dp p, the mercury initially descends a bpzpr, 65q kbor5 n/7gdit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is hhb1 k.nxg4jq5: d4zm9r k sb3ceated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent pa qm4kjbbz.159k n4hgsx d:3crrts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is tha2h4 jxyje;y0h 8ly45acce dl4t its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives risehyxy4e04j4ha2y 5de;l8lcc j to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock,1g.3bhpadk44 b 68aqx +jgwng;u2gsg o0f t3m accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause if3x8wv b5lqj .3 )lgkets bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will 5xkl3qwlj g).ebfv38 not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by ponm;uqsc* -3jm0:m1fk1yk1 b n javz2ushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules whe;k 1ny-*m jkmz03bvm a11:su onfjc2qn they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increx(2v8 6/d r/ hhzm skl/ipwu5,wwjc7xf vgq+ ,ase or decrease m+j,/r vd7xhif k/up svwc,lzg(8/6h5q w2wx if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation:ox/xy )x2ls-i)c de+ybqs7c between average c 7s)sxl/ q:c)ix ox+dyy b2-ekinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s cswg8341xvptlaw follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atejmd+ vz *bw//mosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an ob2 jw.hg3gya8tject must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is abouh3 tg8yg2awj.t one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates mp)a;y,i29)e/ lms ur;r njlinore quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of oiy)np)/aemr 2l in s,; ;r9jlune relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfort;6nfs6:t3li ebl9 8m pluv.cbable than a hot dry day at the same tempera ilpl9. cb3 f l;8u6svmn6t:beture.

Is it possible to boilk: 2/0yg * ypy )m.0v;m.vrbhvsyrfrm water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the samie98)9 f g6njm)dlju le but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the hnei 6l)j99 l8dfju) mgumid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overhy* /l+dvi )nrjeated automobile enginelyi jd+v )/*rn.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in t ejozuagw1 ,v ;6g: c)uf)nf/h6yqr ;bhe winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penn mxpd)/qx9ntq, 8db t)y?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gramq/r aw2- *n mtw+adzx4 gold ring compare to the number in a silver ri*r aq24zwaxd - wn+/mtng of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the zf:ddssdua7(6 /fye ,Celsius scale?ysf , /d:d6fuezd a(s7   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempera99q u* imgw*wftures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol /fvysgd)wz. *9trx-dh3fi1 b: ofj)x column has length 11.82 cm at 0.djf)t9-b)r3/fdxg h* w 1osxzvfi y:.0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bu an9mp44 pwn4maj0 o)pilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13– e qk8 az8a,fzwmr/d)629) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimatem8zk8dezf/)wa,rq 6a how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than tydzk7r/mh3+ w he rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cod+7h wmy/krz3 oled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at zgmie r08 6i(zcv1rw 0:wxz 9iqhl;, u4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. upma 690kjt (hrvngm /::pdw0What will be its change in volume if it is heated fwmur/ pgv(00ptk:a6md :9j hnrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 10vs89+ j sjan-j0.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL efsecbc/*/ mjlm6i9-of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 e2 t 8w4apk-q m/7afpa$^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand q a73s-lda2xu9+z0nhlz: u ru sjw..f in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the c07 sn -zr xau:+sf.a.ld9ulquwz h3j2oefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density 1r ek8 9ff3exb$\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of lineax/ a*tc6swi -t8 az-xp) bjfx6r expansxawxc 6/6 izatx8b j-s*p-f)t ion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soli r rrp,yrlj7no;nb.cl/7;b lz 1r w2;jd, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grafu , t3)v)jn1sv k3y* l1ug9reygcqj6ndfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 ,cn9 e)6 yvl 3tv1ryuj)uk3fqgg *s j1$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter 42n1 qo1s,ymq(tj tz jof 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume o,(1q4jjot2snz mt 1q yf 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radtu5s lr55 sizd n 7i,7 ed7wlv28lpr (df)(kqxius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocityv )7if5lzw7illq ,7kd(5red r2x dp t5s us8(n $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desi4u -8akm9nyy- atqhu,red length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increaseukhan y-m4 ,9- aqyt8us to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0 + lmm(s(z.dtk.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122; ru(fcc-2 7sr2ifnxg cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin sca1qt )wj tzjbq7ajbrj:12rn kr4 0a0* ple:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scaltt5 1t)f;/p/ifd 1h;z kvkv9 dgi.v rle?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interi(bw19ppn3io3cn xh1 bor of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmo:9j7*0c tpjbn8ayls hg6o:o d spheric pressure and a temperature of about 2s: o:jcyp*8alb9dgo67 0h jnt0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of o ord8.evb9ln 7xygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contain6l,;bk cjos1hs 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg oqvi fas3v2:(. wlb ct2f nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.05) 9lhl 5kke/d rp/vum9pm 2pa$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L c(1 drkd* om+c3rim0h i(v kj(kontainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 kmc3rdvioikr1 +*j(0km(d h( K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 f k6mra-yk8,u3xwh:h kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by hmx x6 )iaps;z-eating the air inside the balloon, mix ;)- 6xpzaswhich makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled witgnvk62 djv g: 4,q(qzkh air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen a6 rlggfr h/7*vw -pi ej(ocd:(t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.4p t:9ov2 gz ioqzzs xsyf712amb.m( +0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculesrya d *h:vb2+h / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000* yzei eszma2n78c 5 j:0*dvzm L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) 1oncqt uaw**re1c+-ymoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume fnz*x6if (su v.0 nl7i)j 442 gim7oulb/pyuq5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale t0*r+qz8x. gepy jy;;5r)amv uwo ivo9hat were also in the last 5 jyx a+0;gr9 m*.rpoiy )z8;vowuqv ebreath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of arom92tb r x,0m5f e 4pl1vihsdp2ro+( n oxygen molecule at STP?r er4fvd5pr t ( 10pl ho+9mosb,mi22x    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atomn ;x2 w/jcppen19 dbn ds3r*g3s near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 3nb ;ppr9j1w2e3*s/dgnnxd c K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecuzs9-.cvl . ;wpqu uxb +q9x)rku5rv9oles increase if the temperature is increased r. ;5qvw.r9 - luvsu)bxpxocq+9 zuk9from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in qm:)4lnp + fzfu v7gr+units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4,lrn7:up+vgf)f 4+qm z 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 2h3q*yr m w rgl+2,1zby0.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doeenp ;w i t6pawl0dp,eu e-( 5g:c he0-,uvc.iubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor daep6w-ept;w.upg le,cv-5ed ,ihu e0 c(:n0ioes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is git qd ubwgw9(6-ven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of t.w; d(z5s whyv/ef;nnheir rms speeds is equal to the w ; ynnhe5v;/wdzs(f. inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of c0/3si9sby8/n2 lrn sf ct -bonitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule atvk) u2yr-4l,d- ehim1m;jm ;gdi auz1 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP)(i a xwx 08c; mp8jq/gkw1ius?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular maj 0cjka)8 rwel .ln+a-ss is 89 u in a living cj-r+ 0le.n8l) ak wjacell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written q55dqvjp9v9. hmlv3c P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranizy5vkf(z otv e*.b* m)um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases c5sqtitg.- sak: ms ebc9 ywd,t1j0d5*an $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase wx/(flzc uxf32uv (t5 phen the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9xfczx3f 5pl(uv2/(ut 0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity 0tn ofb;dbc tq 49(xn;is 50% on a day when the temperaturet (4bofb; ;x q0nt9cdn is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water bo4 ygv,26 l.hi)c:huazkn7mwxh +v i0xils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure d(o,j e6gl j/0ydkdq4 at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tem6/jl4gk,oed 0d( dqyjperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperatureiog 6bwgg-lpc/.+ermdz9; 1a on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and tcm gwe z ;b- pl/rg.g91da+o6ihe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperattgqo e3 a 4j7;li(xr5nure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate prezuedpd 21wc99 +pwtab.rd w 58ssure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a tempera. 9 w+p9w1 tbwaup2zc 8ded5drture of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumjbdrdq1ihqux -m/yf(/*v q:1 e 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ofz59 nelwvkrwv sv64+* 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (sebuq6c u/o uyx q50g 7ntfrh8th662jj c 70tp1ee Table 13–4) to diffuse a disxf2t bj7h5pcc66u ynh0g1 r/tue6q0u8 t 7qjotance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the in08tv)h1rypqj1,crh- m 6simmterior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average tm0p)q y j1ti-,vrr1m6h sc8 mhrachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has b) 0n0ke5cf .kjgbau8m*pq.rneen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape mealntg9.ufz.nhfz c c6i mv6lkd6(d9j4vr(y8-sure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. 3zbe 7ok8yp6m;izr7mHow much error will be made in a3y7mo 8im7bp rek6 z;z recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a heylzqta,f(q ufu1y+ av /c.3 f,lium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, thequ.a,+fyyac ft3v(1q u,f/lz gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 mun7le) wi hp311wuyg5, and height 2.5 m. Assume 7wlh)uiue31n wy51 gpthe temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom pebi:m+n .zmkw 1dh-0 jv3wv/dpr $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques-rw . oan:ic ghdu6(/u is about .ru (hig6u:onaw c/ -d$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills h4ova-wk8k,djx , dq9 cis lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Isk jo9-dav, 4,qkwdc 8x this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning froevs/ 8zm 0py4xm the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vap0xemv8s4/ ypzorize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased f q 3: j(mn*n p4p4t,eqgwbwp)from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume8 fa4ctfo alrb 5d((0aj0 vea- of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of th /vlp lskqrksu):f-z5o 2;+zse Earth, estimate the total number o p;sk)lls vzo r-q 2sz/f+:k5uf air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecua)rps+lo w 9v, 8jxh(cles contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a ho r3f 8dmem5em0spital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cymf 3mre 0me5d8linder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0tssy8.-hkf 1v uvy9(e$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol;-(hesjy3g on0 j-t wkine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly arhgrgca6/lw7ew4gt/7r e0 a2 v;f +j kaound the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a :ukas hby7+w7;d ks y4glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted i(* 5i.h,rixrmjrata :n the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 1950gs )vc0tx +w 0ffwa.n atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eart/(1sgv. ozee-bccsh (h is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended agaiw()o o7k8rxey/2 yo kgnst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have ok/eyx(rg 82ok )o7w ya mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a acw k;e) b:p4n aqj9kuh,8vgk,va .e)3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect ga4aeejk;v8uwp:bkn,g).v,c a qk )9h as. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the fo*c) n2yei rdc4llowing two days: c4*n)r cey i2d
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differenceernxnr0009k*nh mczx hi(g,ww)9 n8d in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the mr ,zwde(9kh9*grn8nxhx 00)n wicn 0Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at conu,6k9j:zku fj+ albl-l.0uyy05u cw.e1a a vtstant pressure, the coefficient of volume e yuej:yvuuacll, 0a k+ .5j .09ztab16l uw-kfxpansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people consr jm2q 2 zysex9)o.ee xp.xn7*tantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 2op*sxee29 xm.x jr .e qyn2z7)0$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg