Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the1v9 6pf8, .cytglgddt periodic table or A.t86 y,vlp9dc ftggd 1ppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited oe4pe+;t7l7npek,ig 95 rb jos0 gak*8yz7fb to make a thermomet*f5 o+ee7zgkt; popnysa,l74b i8 jk r7e0gb9er.

Which is larger, 1 Co90,ju13ld ,x wqrzx rucuo79 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is noz 0l/z;*zuwayfia/ 9 tt in thermal equilibrium with a tfw a*zl9/zi/0u;yz system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of in )sotjhmvv 6 s 2j r3/kmak3qo:jd-()ron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal 3 mt k3d( s)nva2 j: jso-kjhm/ro6qv)will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefa ; pavwi(/(0ih1truu ficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagr7* znb4lu4rfq am of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip bu*q z474fln rconsists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in wy4qfcjouas64duv 4 a*ya 64* the shape of6yd4* wquujfacaao 4*4s4y6v a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats s:g;e ;o6xy69dfd zzdn; bx b)z+svr/in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot t ad6k: j8+olsy/skq -ufkz8/tub of water, the mercury initia js - o/ustkf6k88/:zalqky d+lly descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break h48exupcf9 *lif one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent paxlh 9p8*f4 cuerts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its c: g0j ortbmw/b* t2zz.. 3lyuuoefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that fot*b /b.ouw.yr lz0zt u2m:g3jr ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accura.8; ebdga /odoq:* qulte at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will causeb7f0 z9cfxr a+ its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can wix7 fcarfbz +09ll not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly cef9h.3 bivvnk: *rgisp7d+i7 ompressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expandsvsp3dei.hvik 7:n9*i f7 b+ gr against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum- xj9x k8q;f:y,px dxx+9 vpbqgoo6 o) sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased frooxxy9o,:fxqx d ;p-k9x6b 8 g)qovjp+m 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles, 56zgvk9msar ’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and t9g zmra kvs,65he absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic t ntn:3u8 easj*b ie4/vheory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the+k o ;md-5hbzq ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object mh8/tde*ba* any;/- ha4 v/z lg 4nuzarust have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically azev //ay4n-g8*ht*ar az n 4hld/b;uno atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more qc; 9huccv:n7di6hcgw2t b5y 4 yw6v-zuickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one revtg6v5wwcyizh 9;6y:4 c7 u 2c-hn dbclative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at242hec hdgk sy,xk0t8tmpw6z.i*-zei odb,* the same temperatur,4xd 6-dmkw*bste0pho 2. zghi i *yketz8c2 ,e.

Is it possible to boil water at b 76bz)ux3rcz room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is to,w -kl45 yamshe same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explainy4ls , m-oa5wk.

Explain why it is dangerous to /knb p5 tfx p5+6lhxscrk;m:: open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engb65stlp +:xrmk :p xkcn5h;/ fine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28m7 *zabpm 1x*)yqoyd 7)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-t2,3jkw8m *nwe9cww s gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to theznc.2)8 qkk p n1*n/fjmn*raz number in a sil f nj*1mnk*8rz /2qpzcnk)na .ver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68° h) 25l*m5el zfehc-zeF. What is this on the Celsius scale? ef)zez-5 h5lec*lh2m    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and loweefhu(exw85a ,3jn/ u bst temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohwds -v-mv 7n6gol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 w d-n sg67vv-m$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bui dp6;5bvzelq4i5gcc9 lt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought a5epo 5w xcd t1w0a;tc4c)w1wiron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperaw5oa 5tccp;4aecdt)1w1w0x wture of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, riv41oagfds tx (v 6f(y42 nkaqn+ets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole.tovya4 (1gx s2nfkd6 (an4+fq A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4u kt rylbz120 l3w +ribhw- u:dsdc469 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be itsp-y 2rr2*m mh.e tjuo0tkm).h change in volume if it is he tmo*rjr0ehmy2 tup.mk )2h.- ated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of watecsh1o(ad; *nll urdg8si+g vhuk8,7 .r at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of * k) n l-zgjnpv6i,cj9gj,hte)fau +8 water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be pxx+ ad g(gt 4votbe22)x0za/zlaced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel sor r ,tyx6j6xjf;p d+:p it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximatelr+ yxj, tfpp r:xd;6j6y equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density tn) e0qk miynnej5)79$\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficizho3cu8+,a sgs k6a3gent of linear expansion36, uaocg83z hsk+gs a $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropiyomi )5-w:l,mlcf g1i 5iy.yvc solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time7gnxtu.i:sh7 ,w+5(axhl wjj at 1xt7 hu:(hl n,5xwj awj si.+7g7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 9tvkl005lotxd m17eu mm. The bulb has vtdl07ux5te90 lmo1 ka volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid alumgk/z,ek3qg ;ft8 k/:sv)ejskinum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular vel/f,s g:)z ketk8eq/s 3g ;kjvkocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desi;l2b .)yi4.r )dozjzg3byr z fred length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature j3z4bbr )i l;oryfy2.d)z z .gincreases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of crf3ev5wx utq zw0 9q/yg,tz9/d oss-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.w1w yd8v6uzvd a l(b28122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following z b+)s3qrz6 52wifwabtemperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the b2o7gd3w p3h oFahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior w/i8hoh v:fk)j ba/s -(n advr 1y6ip4of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at ajpmjw c u2/;/ntmospheric pressure and a temperature ofuwj2/jc p/; mn about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of ox))kw1:z l6omtqfw l hrsud18/ygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contao)79z1lvwfw5 qbwf 7; e wpyx3ins 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.flym0 gly:j8j *-d qk :a+tbb(e73f ibyit 7y35 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is gc6dn mrshb1) 5nku5o. p(lp8at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.h/cu yge k10:f0 kg of argon gas at 38gf0ek hyu/c1 :5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofr;s :l/bw tjd)bm6/y q $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lifls.lhcxjjk 5gc5m40n5n /wex7 a+c k3t by heating the air inside the balloon, wh+3e 5m xcc/lnngc4 hjkl.7xs 55jwa 0kich makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ai yd 6hfyi7hty,7a3- air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18l po/*f z8 +b)eoop;8ezix qk1.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chil ic:rjz,h1vafd p4 /-g(yuhf+d’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules /ytt*qm ywjo (,- ep.6z $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How mb6 vzvp;(b )eiany molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) e.l c3g1svd:le7z8zzmoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.16 b7-h liiu *4) 8ov-jxw-cw5m mscyyq$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in+ xa 95n8pgeew2yp;t1aur rh/ each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of8te;gw r 5+9rhpx1 /py ean2au constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule a; ,qrwnm 56rayj 0dzf vw)wa:7*hsha;t ST wda*z 0j,yr ;v 6h5s7aqw:wma)r;hfn P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun zm83vlf bj:k* at a temperature ofjlb :*8mk3fzv about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperat8 epxmtas0, a cbko74 ,*atnoynbm*59ure is increased from 0ecp9ony ao* aa ,n5s87m 4m0bkt*tx,b $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules havey5 y9 q-l-8ofzwvo;dogg x7;z the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 15zwo-gzfdq;vg9 7yo x8yl ; o-, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecuth rj dm(vs:s5s.yu9 n ,ctc.* vhp8zhhd33z( les in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by w bf9+hfsm l(a0hat factorb 0afmh9s(l+ f does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of -mjn uon 1i6 c.jshnm buw:61*b 2l6admolecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gasesv- vx: b8jin4y at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms yv j:nx8ib4v -speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogenhwfbps49jy 2j emss bd8 2( 9*i/g:ivb molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxyg3mlq oatbi.fs.8 er27 en molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betqilh37z ux3 /fween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose moleculamvyr, lq kpq7bxd kkjcj.:84;r5w,+ar mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37q:8k5kj;wjd+vrq7mxl ,,p.yc k ar 4b $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas cggpe;k:xxf 2l8;g2l + wc b.egn+ 6rbvan be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, tb-uzkj)mz( v66t0 qof6zn .g $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phase 2 +fj66w(ubo.scdq eis can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phaslhj t+ljr1nr-l0g9d:e when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9lj9+ tll j-h:0 n1rrdg0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day 6gh-a8t 163k czarh pswhen the temperature 6gaat6zk 1hp - s38hrcis 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where m dhk. nyh0c tf4pnt)(k)qk27water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is e46l8toe(h id 0.72 atm, estimate l6e( dih84eo tthe temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partl0 +,0bjqvsu:bww1nx ial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relativ 0vw0,xbs 1wj lqb:nu+e humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a da;+a rds;1gt s8lawsm6y when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate p:tmh4)x :gzpzn +snk9ressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at g)n::pzh t4k9 s+mxzn a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room oq .68xbkqk1qq9g 1zhzm, ;b zcf volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pointmwaw+f:9 oj f0lvzh83 r6 gkm4 of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed du6olri f:c65 gpps-1 k+.wbkfor a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dista-bpc .o+kw1 56spu 6g: lridfknce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insectsyl f).l 4gl/ep to the interior through tiny tubes called trachf4.y gpllel) /eae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure8k4u zei,7hnoqrw+s 8 has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape meas4v/3 b9ffn n:ps4ljh ture has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room e*r7i cuf: k:vangay(t:1 q6s temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mniq( k7agc 6* tr:1efusv:y :aL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 280du5t/zd/w g q atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the origdg 05zqud/tw/ inal gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecdy ,;9syu 1f65f( 6(hvfs uolm:lhvozules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume thed 5o61u6oh ;9f(yffvlsh z,:(muslvy temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom p k /ffgh2fia s*rl2.f)er $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best avat0jsp m;zg;n- u a+ vr;(7e6tj:uzxaiilable vacuum techniques is about at60( gjzx+ -p;ejvutsu7z ;im r;: na$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fill1a f5bugx iyjv+6 8yt7s his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what vo +vxya5t u8 fb6y1gij7lume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returniaz-v1dc-75g.p r;e2)m z efbi*sl wleng from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nit5.sclvri7 ;d-2* a plbmz - egfw1ez)erogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increito( m *m/i.p5 bk:cyn* ypt2zased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofi7:mqh d omr)9 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pr, 2bx5qys5kdl essure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in th5y xbd, q2s5lke Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containeula)h cli3oe;ko8+8wd in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital xc: 3zmzwlo8.+-ie vfhas gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if tw f: .i8c3 xzmveoz-+lhe flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercukrs26+ cyy.lg ry at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline6sdx3jrq 48 eqwpx--e at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earu0hl0 t6x.coi th’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glants;i ulr,g); ss jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standaqw+.t soo; 8pwrd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure o(/ttih, x .,r4 y;yajs pa0gdff 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from th2 0 ua:chmooao5ud,3dyn9 n8ye Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against grav)zwk dm b5hh,dqr02+pity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.0k 5h) mzd ,0w2dhqbp+r60 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherica fp00af):u tlqkw(6yq l) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gkqu60a(q 0t)wfl yfp :as. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the folf p nz2ji2.hink 8 .mzz;hwn;4lowing two days: zzpn2.n;zmh hk.jw24 8 n ;ifi
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference unc,h2 sy8hp4a t b+5b0b5yryin the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperatureph08 bt yr4shy52,5+uacn by b is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for hva)g(vw .t jbect,zf1 ,(pq0an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coef0 g wbvezfhq,p1t,at.vj) c(( ficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.