Which has more atoms: 1 kg of i n jw nj2:s(lo*xdy99ck u;i/pron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appen:d (unlnw; kp/ 92ioyjsc*x9j dix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploitiuc25uhkmz 73 ed to make a thermometeu3 i2c5uzk7mhr.

Which is larger, 1 C p9q) juwyj q10$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, buj:knuock 9z5taxfjqm- 3sd/r1 k 85 o+t B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you s:qu j+1szd5cr fooak jnk-x5m/ 3 kt98ay about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic str )l wsc:k+y9cvm)ct-hip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Whi)m-yc s+9ck t) :hvcwlch metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficieax*4k6h( pu 5fz 9ndmknt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (o0 *nq6m8thnwggsm6t94 slhy*r other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercurg*94lq680 ms 6yshnm h*ttnwgy that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a se3o,cslurmiuqlf-m n9 : v;w0 .ction in the shape of a U.uw0qiuc f9lmor;3:- m l, .svn Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead float krlbi)5um+0it iv.;xs in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot xp8393j yo uoj6 ystm8tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rise36musy38j j8ty 9 poxos. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated lu*a k0sz:km; sjboar6bd,4 6 or cooled more rapidly than aduj;6d a bz o6* a4:rbm,lss0kkjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear epu.5 s cc8. edqb,itp 1cg73zexpansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rc.b s5dp.gce u1i87 cpq3ze t,ise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at uk/i wf*m(ik 4q+b8pf20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda wi+61 i q4w1wyhs h* ktu59ftszsll cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What*tiusk 11ww6h5zsh9yf+s t4q has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a7s*/keqwuo83umgy h qvc2 n*9 piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they s3 cyu q*wg m29e7skh o8qv/n*utrike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water incri6 y1tnab65i8 vv5lswease or decrease if the temperanbi5l a8v 56st6ivyw1ture is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theokbcs d0f.v9uw3s z0z4 ry and the relation between average kinetic energy adz 4. wz90bk3suc fs0vnd the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac v-wux-;wf3g 9 3blcqf’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphereml) o n c-t/mmgdr6s*., the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minpsok/h e( hshk:4h2 3pao46 chimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and neve 4hhk6pph :koh(/hes o423ascr return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly thanrqe hcnglp5ux 37m)0 0o3(s cw water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of oqcxwn ge 3cp03rh0lu(s7m) 5one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid dayq2rh9 b0 :)exx+2z:kj zpvshc is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperat 2xre)9sbhz:+q:2px ch v0jzk ure.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperntrwp+ mm8b8c 67uue 6ature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air iz5mmb3h6w)1cd hv; ttemperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humidc;t3m51ihbdw 6 vmz)h air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap oflxz/6p y;p2ciz ;fo6t an overheated automobile ;2focxy;pz/ tl z 6ip6engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a lit gga /,7gg+dib 9.qcxqtle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3 6 z39kpa al+f4jcaez7pzzm+m0q;. +ix6 crim.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring comparco bl tk6p:y2:zs55x se to the number in a silver o5l:: 5tsbs z62cxp ykring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F.:g k5 l:l 4:(jl33dlnxdhsbka What is this on the Celsius scale?l5x4g(kb:h3:adkj nl :sl 3ld   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures re plm;3jmgm )vod6)g1 kcorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermo.zc(pmy(m fy9) v; dbfmeter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0m)fyz(mvbp.f; cd( 9y $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12ll2rd(; udc 29pml4tz m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought tlb8 t:d8hm ra4/a 7grhm20iairon approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (averag 8hamrb0 7h8 2dt:la igra4/mte temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger ts;4kxxp w so8xc66 6ibhan the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter i668 c;sxpbxo4kwx6sis to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water gn(pb ; kjcf4zs5h i;*at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it ol ww5n23ee d*hpg(6xkw k)2fl (de:t is(ewe nkl)6h 2:*p5odl (f3g dwkwxe2t heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled+ s097 h8wpp0pfloh n(.nvzae to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 u46 kb3 i9vtz6o4xkhb $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of 64(. p gninzzviron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained igmn 6nm3x9 i b.dnmk4(y djd6i.lt80an a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the 9ng.d6mmlndn3maiiytkx6 .4(d j80bcoefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the wadh.3i7t e w4density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has cot.) :cd+ azulhefficient of linear expansd) zau+ ht.cl:ion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solidzos;49jutrz 5, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps phwb,2(o .df,b+bwj v/lw8wk k4xmn/w erfect time at 17 w./o wfv82w4k/dx,(h,w b bklb+jn wm$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercur)pzy;gt qn);iy thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb;ztg;)iy pq )n has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel hv. y x.:un 2znbm*i:zof radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictxy .*b.:v iu mnzh2n:zionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length wwkq3u:y7 )9fyjpc+z0 ehs;qohen at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperateqw kj;cf:u z) poys0h3+79yqure increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of crozvak zp/ e52xv-d(9dc3u 1 ykfss-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 2hb;;( qo zuu7gs ,ja*megv g.80$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperature-nmzi bgnlrh)5y : 9.bs on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit s.xiw* jm95 ke3 ikrr9mcale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and m)w b uct29s1f) e4mbpSun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmosphme x o) 1.)gyzkoeh9:feric pressure and a temperature gm)o k :.yexz 9o1ef)hof about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ;f0+z mt ona8eideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg.0 fro ipqga:x /ki:.m of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrofgj8- uv u68edgen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas 1z ) pzkyim.) jlr,a8mb9e1gvis at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gam : ,6oh+g o07c5ow*fuurhmed6b cov(s at vhrw( h cu+m d6m:7*6ou, 5obgcof0oe385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg -1 0dyosnj6+-a7rczas omky, of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatin; is6yy9e mj5pg the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than th9s;6 y5ejp imye air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at cuzkt4kwyu 7)+b8z9pxb m2cij(5r3orf4u z,15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18ajq/g7szfr 59 .0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon e1 in3mmoc1q 2tg j2jx:ucl9 (xscapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculeud0xqx ;,cj;u s / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molemo7 q/0q. jnsgcules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) jtgd k-wdjbsx r. 6;a59 r7hs(moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 52nnrfb qttp -5*,4vcm.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breaf+ cr -lbtb p*0tz9a9gth you inhale that were also in l9t fgp*zcb0- +r9 batthe last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxylmzk/325 tb uxgen molecule at ST2 /5xm3bzk tluP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun203rr h aq1aqu at a temperature of about 6000 K.raqr 3 u1qh0a2    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas nans4,ti7p u d9k/)cemolecules increase if the temperature is increasu 4/ k7n9, dsn)epctiaed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of k:7 bnalge. p*um/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calcb*:.naleu7pg ulate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecc2z6tz) e5qj1zvaw.3;+ / rz, vft1xuegxrto ules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while i(p,pnrmr 4/6ho6 ft ptts volume is held constant, by what factor doen/ p pp66mh4tr f,tro(s $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecuhcus8 :zwvo9u3x m b)h3nm*(y/b kuh(les in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the sn ery(ike g/--uo3o7rame temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular massesi7(-eou eygrro/- 3k n.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a-ykoo*5 fvw 0g) onh+sn 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moll;ct1qsz ;i0 eek5zf/ecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitroget yrgxaljym5k5+ (op1yf:6dsq( 06 oln molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mas 8t xutkvl4bc7*4k kamvi0s()s is 89 u in a living cell at 37 kt 4 78*v i4bsmuc )lt0kxv(ka$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressurlcptws0gs8-k/mdh7 9h 8vid2e P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, 9yibgh4 cta3 x, 9vzn5$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases cat*gk:8pug mghstd*q98xe9 9sa/ fy7 dn $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm y/izcsn1vqv1 h 8eoiy r5/:(xw-p n-bb6b c/zand the temperature is (a) 90 1/x-85y nbwqv: c/iero/ibhsvy 1 p (n-zb 6zc$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day why7/jo-d-pda ken the temperaturodpj/-dk y-7ae is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wab5wu5cl16ir l ter boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular pkbkk l(eps buw,,wol n( :1c 0r9t-1uzlace in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperat1lb 0s -w1(bnt:uwlru (o,9kcze ,kpk ure at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperatura( 70gz 9efmqme on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%(ma zm7q90 feg? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day whe/0ui1 0(rco7.(sdfmdgh xpa vn the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooke*z+a2 t uemk-nskne6 *jn.u,*w eygds:t,p3 er if the water is boiling at a u -2nets *3.k ng*ky ju*swnt+,,d:eapem6 eztemperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in ap,he kqv,;cgj // si2vp -b;ic room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point 58vb,z ft9febd ,b8ptof 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine m9u+ nfdp ;z:yqolecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanc n;quzf:9d yp+e of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes ex +ikyib:3.ofhreia1 6iz 3 k,f;pz:(1yvxf called :1 i.y,xf(yp ibifz3er;xi k+:h6e1a3vzfko tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrateror.)st4pk h* d at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrueuy-xbph3gl8f1 f-*ated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at nor/:r r frtk4h u)wkqx87gne-g7mal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL o q)rkrngwxgt-ke7f87u r/h4: f cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initia5fni/vl 3dx,clly 28 atm. After many ballovnx35dfi/ cl ,ons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room83fi) 6hx/rw- i)3bddpphqnz of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2- w)hpqnx/pdf6338dzbih ir) .5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom (yvza t6ulyg-2 ,a/ pwper $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using ,k 75xye7lgf sthe best available vacuum techniques is abou ge7 5,xyfls7kt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity ofz+t71uin7r6t x (xwhu 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he qu 7+iu xtrh6w7n(xtz1 uickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning fro,/7nxu1 zq vjom the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nos,njo /71xvzque of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased froysz-b yyadiv/1v)1 v0m 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of w/+bjzza gab o1s355h.s dl1e770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estic) 0d+j6ul nx zv19dszmate the total nuz1lun+6 j cv9xzsd0)dmber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contai;lz dunk72 (rkd1de 9pned in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of zbi-ohzt* /d1 b6ygf 1 hx:9hioxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 1g/6x9 -zhodb bh*th if:yz1i2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0d,ut k9pxk w.:wo4ciop)1 os 6$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinene4 *4 3bwqk.q)pne a9sxkmie-l :e2j at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s. nb5uyymq07p equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto k 7twpx2 (b8zceb5wdx g6h alj2a52.q a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard e 6va.1bkj4zrxk3a4 q, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fule 8 n,q/fd(.pg(lxkvg ly charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eartm)9/owts 0xgda54 nrih is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by kgf)2cn4 r qdu:sgf5+b s6g /ltennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are t d6f+2u bqns) c :rsggk5g/lf4hrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releas5 htkih/.syn.rf u9c 0(vfb5m es a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lhnf95vb5 sk/ r .t0uch (yim.fake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: xku:2-5dvj bii52:-kvduj bx
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differqn0y65j tqc m4ence in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2004 tm cny5j6q0q0$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ign -1sl-yv s:sdeal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansio-ly sg nv1s-s:n is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify toxq3sv cg1s ;o5y 3zmi60l.pv heir cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept a o5i3gx6l0z3. 1qv;mo csypsvt 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg