Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic t7 u nwjf,fp9l- rt/9wwable or Appendi9 f/wpj lww-f,ur 9nt7x B.

Name several properties of materials that could bej1w 8 k:n8i2uzzc l z xlgfi/2:(ejjk* exploited to make a thermometernizk j2c1: /x8zwf e zlk8u:(jlgj*2i.

Which is larger, 1 Clb. (jc:i eeppe14* snl *q/jv $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thg1i t0t5 anh4hermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system i5nt40ht1gah C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. Whe77 zzd h a00tsdebw6ibz5 yu-:n heated, the strip will bend. Which metal w7e0z-yasuz :dzb75ibd6w0ht ill be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficj/jst 963 z6roj3zj peient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a dyv2 /1e-h5g f 7dxfdrsimple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consd-f /ey 2grh 1fd5vd7xists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section inq3 lzbsk1isw ri6lh( 87-ry8. 0caoh x the shape of a xswsa( 08-ocl713ibh6. kr ylh ziqr8U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylindez5y6z flhc0wx v maqz9ex+).0r of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermkmt 4qo35- buf 5cv0vcometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mer0-uf5qk4v 5 tccmo b3vcury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part fh5 d,e0 mbr*rof it is heated or cooled more rapidly than ad5 b hdferm*r0,jacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of li7**-+ l smrmy;k vqmklnear expansion is much small-yvr7k+lk q*s m l*m;mer than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuro3-k ./yy ycfz mspl b27go c,ig,ww*+ate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause - hxxqqee3;,tv-k/fxu;;edep2dl7 lits bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has hapex d vh;xxq;l,7eq-elpt fdk-23u/;epened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), bz ;c3 a8wfl2nits temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using a8lz cf 3;2wnbthe kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increaig0x f k8w)9jxse or decrease if the temperature is wig9k)f08 x jxincreased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law 5dycj1n -p,me follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute 5ecjnd,- p1 ymtemperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows froyi+h8pt).stu 61 5*hdmd d lkub :n:aym kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Eart2an4 3;r lxp3 :bbr+3oyj xrzjh’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the y,agenzhw ig*(x.hj-.kp q99minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity fg ika.xpn(ze*,jy-g9.qw9 hhor the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quicklysg,nu:ir.o e8 than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the othee8.r n,u og:sir?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day 1f2 .*ik8g yv itnzcl2at the same t8fnyvciizt2 1 kl2 g.*emperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperat/85mlh:ih( +jp hrv yfure (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same 5rt;l8h bp9lv but the humidity is different. Which is more dense,r9hpv5 t; 8bll the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to v.*xzto a+2ypzod3te* wy52oopen the radiator cap of an overheated automobilez2tz to2yd e.o5a *x+*poyv 3w engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud nzqfi .s-s,p+( qktr* in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pau. 3p bg:hp0uenny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number 4gh0n* b/ygamw f25h dof atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the samenfma4wg2h 5 /b0 yg*hd mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on fba(a+qo ,8aktt12dkjd: q c;the Celsius scale?:aakok;d1d(qt jq c,t+8bf 2a    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded arvhll-s pqyitp-8b l05.o/ yv(e 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glas ld 4uo,:cnp jg4vp;:vs thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 vjg opv:nd; ,c44l:up$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 1tkthaph4l :pouxa r84b+7ky, a)pu1 42 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Figiq9pa8 6: 9l/9e(loyhwgds e z-kr)gl. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much itsq wyoled-rs g)9 p9l 6z/g8i9:lah(ek height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole ao9rau ndx5z* (r dd:u6re often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hnu9( 5x*a6dudro :zdr ole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterq;v 7xa uxl+.n.ykhpqg k9 ,s3 at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diafre+e1 jpbm *1olh 4k q,e ieoxxm+9:3meter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated fro mm1:e+qf1xx93,*p+eb i lhkjoere o 4m 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim witl a1 iveux7h3.7+k7zw8qehjy h 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 2 p89 y4p jptod2kbf8 3j:bis6y0 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed i+oozfq0*dl; n n a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it q5vx0j )(6(ne yoyjgir3znu4: b)v h ocan expand in essentially one direction 0(g)jvjri o4 nyy6bhv)x3( zqnu:e5oonly, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the den aardx ,.z+a)ksity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of gw78: 6ja xy9ivqddd9length l and width w has coefficient of linear expanx 9viw78dyjgad69dq: sion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotr(p gq9 h.ecm5wopic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and ke ii,s;l0zwpg+eps perfect time at 17lip 0w+,giz ;s $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter .zxaw-o; +m8uhcnfg89q+z;w gbpyv5 of 0.140 mm. The bulb + ;5poc mquna8w. ;wxy+z-8hg v9gbzfhas a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical when c8cv mr/,d)wel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on8/v,d)nwrmc c frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much str/8 :ngwpqwpro2 3g.yoess is required to keep it aw8 g 3go/po.:pwy2r nqt this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel bae;/et9d atl) .v8 knI-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.l7k uej8)rz.klt 3/se122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatur/0cj pdk(w6t les on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scye kn r+,v:xkjjh6,/00zh 06wlfam s gale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of thea a3zae50iy6s30gre+:p lcc i Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pre tqz--5sm e+bq*8 w;fl,tzq grssure and a temperature oez5qfs b+8-,qt*-l rm wg;tqzf about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen k(z gczpp- nla* o++r, .x.w:c(+ybpjab s6sjat STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contain mf* v9j+7mrbts 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18huqzth 3.r..:q/ fn3ydo.yw t .5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1fu/ dek27 q,:hcc3dzc9i u8 na2bz+d f0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding )c3 e acoy6l2xm; ;jpg105.0 kg of argon gas at 385o3jp6)xye;m2; a cg cl K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kw6f bb iv)8 pa5qzn2fapmiz2:8.qa a2 g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatie) 5:dg h(btmgng the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air o emhgtdbg (5):utside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled witm+7y-* f8jheha;a ycih air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18x nxxmu g; gdi16;*.ud.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea leveea5fo wdc3ga8.j .+we*igc1n l and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number - 8s8f;do ;cr3ja0zkldrg 2 bcof molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?u2z* sxm*4a6:nz n fek    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) m- 54vh/ ubmpzolo4 si6oles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5e7esg 2, 4.ghrdud3a+o tvog8z ;c9iu.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many moa8 h-rq fcb8i)lecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [rh)8ic f bq-8aHint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy oe zsr.w 9n:1qyc+ 0uxmf an oxygen molecule at STPe90yncwx : .ru z+s1qm?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium at;1nk dk ph+ksuh3: 2mnoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 np; :k1uh23 ds+hknk mK.    m/s

  By what factor will f-+vrv h*j7cy at 6.adthe rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is ivrva 7fhcd*a .-t+j6yncreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s 0ds0xk+t8vbjvl+c /q : 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, t+v dk0vl /qbx0jsc8+ 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 2tw5r a,/2:a*olssi re pul; c30.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while dt y0byntbtl2e/qzk;:v 38w 6 its volume is held constant, by what factor doesbt q/0yw3dlk6b yzt: v8t2n e; $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas issec i ;r.l)wn. given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of ol0ivbna0 +muq-c /(w two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.oi 0qu-mbw v0nc( l/a+

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containewi.slko td, 2(d in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rm xmq)85ii: po2ol8tni m*u*qh qle,8js speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between n7 e;tf(ln6sss-0c 04gl8q rdjv4m :,atabxmcitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecr79m fdqjepy *2(q7 crular mass is 89 u in a livifp dm7rc (2qe79r*yqjng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written3alktcrklr(lt)632 2 dam a(v P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uran3 r6c0w 0ok(z4zscmqx0 2 kxxbium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whaaiy/kmg*/l1c 95 iqbs t phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure ii9oh3hp;kz0,l gdz 8x2jh8m o s 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9 o,9pg8h3d z0xm8hih jokl;z 20 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidsqc+(s5 (.ae)tvmvyffe jc3j-(t d3o ity is 50% on a day when the temperature is soj (3y-vec3+e. (d5sfj tc vta(fmq)25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where watrho(0 js r.dq6.4j iqcer boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estienk48er;9go kmate the tkn ;8keogr94eemperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day whenqc8+4tneds z4 the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and nce t+q44zs8 dthe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 2xmg- ;qtv1pye2 ahm:.5 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure .rx xjfvh91dpp4ze 9*(c/mkod+lk /k cooker if the water is boiling at a temperaturev*pf kd 9ke+hjmod c14z 9l.prx/k/( x of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a;8ga l (d-0kwx rbkgb, room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pointo)yqptt067e7 gm-o dkd 2+v rh of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time nell87 m 04jk:gr 0ztvrpeded for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance 70prjmr0k tlz 8:v4lg of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interwrm l-sgh ;kvon5rw;83oz 6c7qm;.qrior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trache5m8.ro 6ro7wrkw;3; hzq; l-sn cmgq va is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has beexiyu 5q )dc+n7n calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibraj+helip +x9g an4q*t0 ted at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated atdc ct76k3yd(;jtaa ,r normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 3006(yat cr7,;acd3kt jd mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is ini p0d8vm/fm9*( e/niq+ xycye.n+hhmm tially 28 atm. After many balloons have been bloifmy/v m0+x. *d9 nhhyme+ 8 m/pnqc(ewn up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, abpqhu/2 6d12 wqamgu5 nd height 2.5 m. Assumu6q ah2w5p ub2 mg/d1qe the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the dm efc nt4 6w07u4q:jgcensity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques ,)uy do9fl -aju-wc 7qis abou,9-qo -l)c ufuawyd7jt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full cap+v :8r roypug-:nzajp h5d;, macity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface,up-gjpr8v; o,ya5: rzmd:nh+ to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon entergnmd g6* g(4r ttsyq2*s Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must beg( ynr2tg 4s mg*dtq6* made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal 2hip-v 9ms(e wv0njq-gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of ) b 2k+b)l)l dlnlak-w770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure ati 110mnsdp87egqma c 6 the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of1e ding7 m6cmsa80qp1 air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containlx i vkjqh6o3 ) o8*kr6qc 1gamsh35)zed in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a)d,w xbq3pa:u hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pre bq: ,d)pwx3aussure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercurqik,xq) ;3gm5 x:jr7s5is 3 jegwl cg*y at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli7n ef)o;:hi rjld1m-yne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band werezh;hj5w(u s cz:sb bkxz)n1+,6gbqfq 6)lng* to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 2i*saxy7ntton7 :2urx p9pq /q-kz) ,r0$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted i-y8ikhyk3+2 4ps bwmon the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chn tpmf,q+c 9b tka-:i4arged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thcn05 f4z ,56mej sroahmp01nte Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls throwshp7qli2)g m2:t u /+3o4if go-fsston vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls 3o t)4giuotg:ilsff-sq/ h 2sp 27m+o per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air fromz q)hoh(+4d+nrfk)+ fg e*o0w5yd kw w a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant +) 0q*geo dyf)hozdr4k wn+w wh kf+5(at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followingizs:sq5aan15:b h kg5vy8;op two days: 5 8visonaa:gs5:1qp;y k 5bh z
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is aw;x 1 hr,mylllepp/ 9, solid deep in the Earth where the ll9wpme, y;1hrlp ,x /temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law,om +47iq-)zzjb vsq m to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equalz s bmj-m+,4i7qoqz )v to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.