Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg ofzg1 0vm em)1+osq8jgh aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendeqv0s j )zg+1hmmo8g 1ix B.

Name several properties of nm7r(nty.dr+ r j+- yb:zr5yamaterials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.:n . drr-j5bt r naym+yy7z+r(

Which is larger, 1 Ccq9e mzwged3 h+j3-56w wfz7h $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is notsz4sdj 1cr-6v in thermal equilibris-s d4jv1zrc6 um with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When he2: kcwycard kv-qplr:a+z ) 2-ated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hin:l arqwz2:2 kdc +)vc- ay-pkrt: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of li uu;m.1vx wnbh(dox-6near expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to conbt); y m8i:7z,sdmehztrol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how thi t87ez d)zm:im;bys,hs device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the sheqdh975 a7kpq ape of a U. 9 qdhkpaq77e5Why?

A flat, uniform cylinn (fhe0;kw,jfder of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-igkx.5;;v2 xk9lwplvcn-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the p l2;vkvlx kc;.5 9gxwmercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more jc ,al/l8x8,visc8zcr v+rg 3rapidly than adjacentxc cac83,8ri,v s 8jgl+lzv/r parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linearz) u.e ,lzqez(bw8l , yoha f+5z;1xhq expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat res eu ).zylw,afozzxh lh5zq1e (bq,+ 8;istance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clocki+gg p3qzt+-p , accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will ilm*8 /6be8guln6vwku m ,2hjno/ r6kcause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stak*,jn v 6/kbmg6eol wnh8iu6/8rum2lnd up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, )nuvxlm o371sby pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When) xmlu7 so1n3v a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum spherr9*mycco 2- u u) q5ei5+o2llgg7/fsgff q0 hye submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature igho59 2oulm27fgy-gyli *+fr5q/ceuf )qc 0 ss increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follofq7 .o zzk1/w; lkjh-fws from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperalz .jof7wf h1z-qk; k/ture.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kincxec-5cbv 9uck.9/ 9kd8 qes jetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s a)xue5i 4ekf3foj(f3 qtmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must; ez,xk 4r2e7t ps;nzy have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has pne,rz7ets ;;42yz xkpractically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room tydvj/oxhg a gji k(1ma-. ;4d/ f9moq*emperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relatif /oa v1m(*xodj/-hqk;giy j 4 dmag9.ve to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day a as x*c,qg +1ct:ds5pft the same temperatu sg*:+ctap51s, fcdqx re.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempok3b3x wm sny23e7ly 24vj (oem 6g*eewu9is*erature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same bwr krbcj./ qg 30k.vd-s:swh* ut the humidity is differen-:. gqsbdh. kcs/ wjk0wv*r3rt. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the rad ,7 )gh2ijealziator cap of an overheated automobile enginazeg l,27i) hje.

Why does exhaled airaj;j/,t+m,:yvjvs 6k 8 mujan appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are tl;d+ x 4+i-jw 4vjtevhco)7vthere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gra5s ( fkv(aoww1d ddr/o+ped75m gold ring compare to the number in a s 7p f+wd1d/(kd5wvd oeos(a5rilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°50,/gu k( lu 2wmfgml f(yhw(ylu 9h3xF. What is this on the Celsius scale?l(hw2u 0fg km93yh(m(x wyfu,/l5l gu   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest t j( 8/,bj59kc7exk 8pailo+uxvg6p b temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol coeh( (m: pzin,ilumn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 :zn, ip(mh(ei $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built dryz/cvix+ ;3c:f)pmof slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron ak(gtmcspysmu3 + xv2.n9 nd(+pproximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (avera2( .myv xgp93cs+(k+d utmsnnge temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, ri.36rmg gr ,t zrd0bmstane,v a(rnpnz6.;82tvets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is place bra ettdv6..mtsza8r (nprr g6;0, n,ngm23zd in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water4vwkpzn* ud5 - at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter.(3,b xlgtiwa * What will be its change in volume if it is heated f*,3i b(xt wlagrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of wpqmg) mw:7 )9rfni6 j7sa1 klrmcmb)9ater at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 5bj52zx jqwc2jxb-w px-7u7s55.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in qom 5 6zegl60pa ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so i.*v,u01qq 0:abraatv j(e fwpt can expand in essentially one direction onlyr:0(faa0,tq1 .e q vwp*j bvau, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in thpn i3gl ,gc9jks;9 g.re density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of lincl wn:p w-oge:xb60 i2dq5wb: di /k-u (lbpg0ear expansib e w q c050 d:b-2glndw/wg(6lb i:-x:iokpupon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sol 4.8yxsk/msiyid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of)l0 myrv m1t5yf/l2gqaj96q vc zpj40: pg 6wv brass and keeps perfect time at 17 :cjw5 mlfrjl06ya26 vz 4/q9ty g1 g)pv0m vpq$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm.kgi g , g.:n.5a+fnads The bulb has a volume of 0.255 nkgng.a d: .+ sag,f5i$cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is roqf yu ,guw/a;gn5(uix v +55sntating about its axle on frictionle5 ;g niyvu(+wnfu55,ug xas/qss bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length whr( op 6zxyl j2/kt+u5r ,fla;6e*bkoyen at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it jxrl*(5tku ;,poaok6/by zrfy 2+6e lat this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-be5hh6ig-; au(ohg gw.xz o hqad,f32m8am of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm/1r by8m0tw4l9zjmlw at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tembcg8j7 y2 lk.fperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheitq9r6a lyh ,t*o+grn88qb) qdl 6(;gxx.gjuu b scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun a0d/no t ueg6e5re about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atm-r sgh,t5 dir(gl09qa:8ngpx ospheric pressure and a temperature s5ip(hn,l8qgrrgx09ad gt-:of about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP us v,ubzdv0ili mx284*fing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 2/*3h3ksuswk0cq 5 auj1.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP co p,s brk9vl;9pntains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.06ojwyd a9/7 5xfmgt-m$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argohw(td 0 kc,n3qn gas at 3q3,k0hdwt (c n85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgxvhwzp 6.2d :t of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lif+xr *8bviee j,t by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a bjev, 8rebx+*i alloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with58b1yw4bu rw e air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0(ey6,s 9eez md5anw h9 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand atj hufl:un0f57 eqjh *. sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecu+-ftnt /e+ ix5w8qr79 tlkuljles / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are tjf5i; znuqpdwrv tt( hp2x99.7w r5 -vhere in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number cr - wwc5zlt/3cm zp ;dp 6.z3.,nsvykof (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum;1e fhjw+.ihd tm-.x ge 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-Lkuuv9, k 2hm 9(d;zfcc2scloc /wp5 h0 breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about cl/uc oz2,2c05u; 9phs(d wvcfh mkk910 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen mowc)cs - deu6z;lecule at STP? uze; s)w-6dcc    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of jq3 8 ub+bck)rthe Sun at a temperature of abuj) qk3+bcb r8out 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperatureb.xf-s j qvy54i*sj5wn l0r ;m is incbrsq i-455;*j 0 swfxvy. jnlmreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have kqxou k 0v, 2w3ucydp8 qpb; dpa-w620the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculatba2yd6p32uc0p 0kv8duk,w p wo;-qqxe the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecu l7bs8 b 1:ox1mp+ualjles in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what h) e01wbz2igt(joxbu, 4z ffpd 1.av* factor does hw 1zf 4 (gteuxi.,f2ojzb10 avb* dp)$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed or gbp1jd6 z37 ioodc-ce .:c;mf molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of thej7cs 4*h1ozp7 k.lsf bir rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio7sc4 s1ljo7* pbzfk.h of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules co2.7sgap9x;ma-bj4 pg6jc i env61wb/ -dnd s jntained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule aafj6w j ph,(qdng)+l) ;.ms nzt 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP? hxjrd -k.e:w3c ypulp* lw;) 2   $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89( :p6cisddjmvox 1t v x2wa+-4 u in a living cew+cmao-:2tj6ip v s14d(dx xvll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writtengopjilto)tib 0 07+k3 P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ukxswcs8mmc*) ,f jbn19r ,b)j ranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pn:p- )no 2jps3dj sclp.6tzk9ressure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.t4 . e3pnmuz5sjn zl63bvw.lo*,o gr *01 atm and the temperature is (a)r, b.n3zt*sno3uo*z4g. m v6ljp 5 lwe 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (wp k 3,bie62mt.xfs *g2gh jwl7moa( /t xe:+rapproximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tempera2ow*hg, 7jl. 6 e 3kx/+2(:tmmxasfpg wet irbture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place wherv6z(qcw aw z17hali+8e water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in tunocm.8bbd ,7e km5r7he mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature e8,ncro7k b7b5m .dum at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when t7rao5v h 5o1nphe partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humi7r 5p1 oa5vnhodity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial p/ zmsb1mr7x (t2dd;miressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if th6 ws*d dhq)f-re water is boiling fd-*q s)rh6 wdat a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vo, ;n,+zojhds/s1o 2dt g/nsablume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poi(y+i+la n0 l -gszcvl0nt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for aa o sb8d-z+l jvg*;lo6 glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distancz+*lb o d8sg6lavj-o; e of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface mta5 nafxlb 2aqc5y2qod )x 1b0no+ )-of insects to the interior through tiny tubes c20cyd2ooaafqna) 5bm1bxt n5x+ - )q lalled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated ag4sany 5a.j+rv, d*zt t 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure :9lbl vt0 x4q c(w9hwghas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated a)a6/0zlus nj 1 m9ri jj7j)txcse1u :tt normal room temperature. How much error will be made inxja6s m/i0jt:r9 )uj7cj1lenzuts1 ) a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initmk,bi0(8r -jzzktvw u-(n2 ma*s+ asaially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the origi 8*i0(m k-k(uvm +anrsaajtwsz2 ,z-bnal gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air moliugfge bm6q-w3 (5+frecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the6mug -( +e5gbf3friqw temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter6.kxbal:wh;)o jhri+ is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques aifb dkpg+dop9n536p y-;:ex is abof 56o9pak 3-bp+gd;npy:x iedut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L whh o g+meke2*(wen 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this k(mge*2ho w+ eadvisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning wl7 b6 w(wsgi* 7bb-knrxfpg(6zo1 .afrom the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made o6 7w6n xsgb-(ag(owrz i b*wl17fkpb.f special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal g5/cedlahj4 ssn. ac* /as is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7-osbf 40-d olw bdq0p:70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the shjnx5 ap83uqr+/;6grsl / y pburface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Eartr6j/ap/+ 5br 83qyp;ungl hxsh’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of ng.aign s g:3t3qqp 6(sitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital hasse )rozu55 aq ,)uau8d- matx4l6a)sj gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 r5lzxa4-)e8) s aaud,ot jum)56aqsu L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a2f9ajvlxjg7 d 3gd8s9f: hsl* bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline adf/xx7ju+hj*4 2hg9r sme1 y rt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snuyx :hey7 n7qj.br:7dq gly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto c18ozgpik k*nqcs q(6 m:*- qca glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in th) shaj ul(o.jn5 3bn1he 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged,q4rh no9v2jw-q (81loq wuth (7kc.di;,en qd has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the E r+*h3zbqsk (darth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is su;+ xztaqh l4vu8. fhfve(q3/fspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upwar/lqfe vfhzf8 h.;(4v u+xa3t qd at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-d s;dr-ys 40utgiameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves ;0yt ru gss-d4as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the foow p0/a;6fc i olyq vb:t.su31llowing two days: uw:asc;f1y0 ioo6qb/tv lp 3.
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it ii ai6ao2zm*ijfdv)gw58 +ja s 6pypil3f+7h.s a solid deep in the Earth where them8v2f sapdpjw jf l+iy6.*3z iig+)iaa o65h7 temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pree/njn i22ln/ h/y3arqdcu 5t2ssure, the co erd/ia jqtlh2nn2/y 3/cnu52efficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify thu2hq9m- q43 ish aga0reir cellars to prevent rot and mgq mas2uh0 94ha qr-i3ildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg