Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or (wgmg.7 umnxe** l,l w1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or,mnl7l*w.g m weg(ux* Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploxqn2r 2w e vt4,*1adyt)r2h mrited to make a thermometaxn4 twvd22r e )h qm1r*2ryt,er.

Which is larger, 1 C qp jmac, 4wrjx; k:-s l wij3jy581(sc$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium wil+f w3k b 5-kugx +fr7cm6tz2wth system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B,5lctw x+2 m3f76 kbrkgwu+-f z and C?

A flat bimetallic stribb88 ehl;.gi9q9 i ixyp consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Wh8x.lihgbi8q99;i eb yich metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expan:t) i+eh czn8a,lpcf- )6ep+ hs8aqk tsion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to 7+p ogb(em(qxa( h sp91zk;,0. aowcfmp1xtv control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts elecg9osq(7(vf .p1,x pkp0+1xwtmczh(a;abo em tricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often hag / l8esq ;;)zy3xjafpve a section in the shape of a U.f3sypza x j)q;/eg;l8 Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercuryfpki/x7afdrwq9 + 57y at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-indxl 6 )y9emx+p-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercur 6+exxlpd9m y)y initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if oni+ ws n9+6aikae part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explai9k6wi +iaan+sn.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coe p 7z) 11xgwnm is,7dl;1woq)sza1nldfficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this givp1zzn1l; 1qa) xmw7 sgdsodi1n 7lw), es rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at cve71c 8dirr2 o8qlz6 7w+rkz20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its botjou7x.:(rmmc tom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happene cu:o(7mr mx.jd?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing;c,mycyl mp9zj;4x o0 c2j4mu down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Expmlyp ;j;4j4,ccy 2c o9mx0 mzulain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in*p u05lretyaq gkxoott39389 water increase or decrease if the temperature is increaso 9pox59t 3tt3a80kuq*ly reged from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s lawrxp+ggl,x4jk0bu o0m 64 ear + follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and tebm0 uakg+rox,r jg4 lx6+04phe absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-L(uzo 9cy x/cch,;:x auussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the r //vi)6 qjosdgzfc-* aatio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to thec4c dnf;/m4ph minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. Thechm d/ ;cn44pf escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly thans)k0wncg0cjy8(. xr v6i xj5m water at room temperature. What can you infer about theignkyj8vc)(.wjsr 6x x 0 50cm molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day mf*/otrrd2 cg9p by74xnzuen 4(g 4b8at the same tempera4 9x4m47uy *n8 2bnfb/grcdg pto( zerture.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempera(d3gtgzu v9+,k*i h knture (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidit1f3 s5: sdty* yu+ia ic2mew6my is diffef e6w*2+1 :iayytdu cims3ms5rent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangergfezy s3gb/in8 ld. bq3b,,f4xc ;/vrous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile enginegqbi/b n yd gz.lffe83cb v/4rx,3s, ;.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little wh0 rk8ey:,+ pvjl(b zvcite cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pennqx o79,k jg dxatij::m9.ifot8/k wb(y?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring comparxj lozn h(j k1s*50-osc rh84ue to the number in a sl j0 x-ros(* hs4 nco8kh5ujz1ilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is o g h*j kc3e9c.p4auz0bbz12xoften taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale? xpg9j.e1oc 43b2 z*0c bukzah   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperaylvai. 7ea56g ybs(r4tures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometbx1fz)udbmz :qd8n52d ; gkg /er, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0qk5 d bxz8fz :u)d1m;2/ngbgd $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (-271zb* onfl b6r jtmo20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 5adz-rli,ruji 2:16pbrl /q h13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimatuh /:5ip lbdja1zr2-rq 6,lire how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than w2c4 (lgxkiy+ the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before w2y 4kg(ix+c lit is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 ;4uy2f2khnw;qu ky,m $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume2sgar *yw.(j 1ypop)n if it is heated from 302 rjgywp. yos)(1*pna $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fillerrik:ci7nxvw-p 9s;u).l e( i t5eqm8d to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water age 0-) 7x rm;r/cojakmt 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in s1l61/ ea0k q1l7zcsrofa3r ja ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, nar b()l/hy vdz8xrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approxi8/zlydh xv( )bmately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the 20vo;0c m( mytp puogok95/b xdensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear e .8b-,p r s,e3jx b*+wqkcemffxpans s*.mb,pe8kc +3xwefb j,qrf-ion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, jk3c5 0.;tns tkwzyt) $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is ;fg;w xcoi4ytxca0(n0jnm *5 made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17c 5x*iom 04yxn(fag;0t j;wcn $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury t4. ytaa (xx*a xfc:8mthermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb ha c* ay8xm:4.xttfa(xas a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindric1 b64x *udar* b fxtp3w1/ay wgcfx31zb y4;fmal wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bwcfgxtb b;3mr3a*x/* y1azd1446 bf xwp f1uy earings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requebi81s)jq*fnu 01mt zc7 rx5r ired to keep 8imer1fut* 0)b z1jcnrx75qs it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectio1l ya / p+j8plpj1tg;+ 8yvh1k6nlhtqnal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 czv )4yjdr*)4 dh)uws8p z8q czm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following t8f *wp-m y r h(pwpjkj+x. 9y1dgy0ti;emperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahreq71s5w9fal1irmv iz k5sw47 enheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 400j kb6i -d;mzbz+w 3-y26xu ddv0$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure*d+3 nl,h 6hqjfokb4e and a temperature of abounj dh hfqe+ b34,*okl6t 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the utwync/ 5y1-eideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21r9 a.xt6zol i9(e753mfh xuqr .6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP p*vhnrb4 za*j 0 .2:bwc3 egnxkp1om6contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas l;t a0,(efqjr*e8w vmis at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argoy 1cbho5q8ot9ri+k oyn: k 1k7n gas at 38rcn5o+ 9q 78i:yok1yo tk1 khb5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 )zzj-v 1dbmpy xek*5 *kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its ba5n,(776*agst txnfac i 7wjhuoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than thet j6 7asncah g,x(*awf7ti57 n air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with aim;v*.s p,:k wpp(digcxa+.ftr at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen qa 6 64tyjnyi)at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.3kj/2(bxv uom3 dm6fo0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mosj5q:b4 rxdp 9lecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How man0 p pr8ddb:k6dgx-w io0r5(c dy molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a 0/w/kyel2-l8iv6e muy v89wpqrq.zq; ( rwrl ) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5s o ;ytc.qn)9m.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air e:1ut p4a*5i k4jlabw are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km hatb* jp41 wuela45ik:igh and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average tran- g(ex)+(v3 yy xzr+dw5q eqejslational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? vyqre e-wg+xj(+(y5z de q) 3x   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms negg :pg 0f zzjnkdn;8.8ar the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6njgdnk : 8.0z;z8fggp 000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperatur.m3-p2fumb v te is increased from 0 2pmut fv3m.-b$^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given :n76s( mql mv/ons bg 2g/uq(iy0jzu 8in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rmsnssijmz 2b(/u qv67ygo0mu8ln (/qg: speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20esnxo9hf)xb4o3/hmy2vp i0, j z(rp 0.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is douf t ktj/;, /m ar9hps/d88qkdvbled while its volume is held constant, by what factor doem8/ tfak;ps/dvjhk/ r,tq98d s $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculesmlzu/fo*v)s1 cs 5 c;n in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same uihyq3 d16ic)0 wpam;temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the s;ac0i3) 1dhyu6 iqmpwquare roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in angx/ (rl30 pyk1h(kixz 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mol30 f2-0s+oguyf dc3lzv- hmd hecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecul( *a8dz-/u xzfn+gks ues at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molez x-tp u.(i68h xfm)bxcular mass is 89 u in a liv( thmp8x x.ubixf z)6-ing cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P .mng)*d5wh llof a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urupg* )qgl15fei8( vr1aoft ) 5a fwcm+anium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phase/08 ra lk6hln/ei+gvg s can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (u48nf o q-ox(h aph0h1a)ahou8nh1 px oq(h f04- 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if u kb/o,8yx e2hthe humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25 k bey,8ou/2 hx$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where watefu :+2 fob9v0/gq .l0dqcmjker boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particulk8zmvxqg xr;7- 5 zdna.1o us.ar place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boils. u rk.s15xzn8d z;vog7a x.-qm$\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the parti cbsbtn c88k3s7v*b +fal pressure of water is 530 Pa and the fbs+ *b7skcn3b t8c8vrelative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the +qm /3c e1msgptemperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure insishr*n9o: ik, ddph*x3de a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at ,xi*:pho k9 s *3drdhna temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 6je3yiue ft +7z4clyezggb g(;x0.5r 7 80$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poincte/a:(sv 0f+ xb;fqzt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to d ;1jxdft3h+3pfa u/iy iffuse a distance oj3t/i+3fx; dp auy1hf f 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surfaqeb qwo8 l o;0q/*mrs0ce of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is *r w0bo8 q/ml0e;qoqsabout 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrat)1th,qtnt f/s ed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2ya9 was6(v q5m0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature.srz 804u3 rysh How much error will 0 rsysh3u zr48be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder b.0u aoqz+4fix ;ql:wis initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What frac o +:wxu.bq;zlfq40aition of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air moleculesuuq3i*: : mcnp42oc va in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temper3v2inoc*4pc u:q: aumature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is a gbz:t7.qkz(memb s 6g-56m pobout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniquesxo, gfuk10;ua is abouofa0g, ;ux1k ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full c3q. (hi3zjz pv s-ih*k8t( alpapacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs tili( zzaj hpsqkv- 3p8 *h.(3expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from thequ1m4*tk il6m 2it:;;:yaesxjl e 8ol Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and thiqlt2l4;si*6; my 8eka1 m:xjtulieo :s is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is in0igkedzj4u m0 )s7lk 0creased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7kit5:0p tx p3s70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface q,7 t/fcadb:(i4u )l rdwio)s of the Earth, estimate the dfadiq4),l :() owc b rsu7/ittotal number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molvg76m 3(+ay f0cqpm rqecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital ha kcj8l8ec9hn s7j;jg0s gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/j 7cen0 h89jgl8kj;csmin. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats 8v)- nnfinl 1*zl, zgpin a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atk*v z*xiu px,18 py0eq 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fitzo ni1c e(ib,y rbt/gsxa- 0 0any:b:p ;s12oo snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightlyebn55mw/ lyq, onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in t;n-m/3xhc+c5 dnqr bs 4o fh-the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fu wf3hni 9(/ )njf1holally charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ea4 e kl7m efppq2:t60nprth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennisbk)sug6yhkevz) 4 j )) balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per secondk)syjk)4gz vh b6e )u) must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air fromcbqab * k s;eh;vv8,p+at xx46 a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume thxa ;h+6kpst,ev4b8b qc;x* vae temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on tcf 1zil498sbrhe following two days: ic81bflr94s z
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differeexr vc)1-wvt /v0vs uqm/l- 0hnce in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperatu rq1c)- w/ xv-l0e0vmthvvu/sre is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law t -xxfn o;kqtx91. e1bko show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume exf xq1xk eoxn1t.-kb;9 pansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cetd+qq;go( - sqllars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a housetq- ; dsgqq(o+ (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg