Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg ofpy6s rrk74b:9. oywaj0w6qbq w f/j7o aluminum? See the periodic table or Appen ab/s :jjk.0wrq6wpoy7fw6 q7y o rb94dix B.

Name several properties o0;y1 +ceo0lfjf5rc xk i;ikn(f materials that could be exploited to make a thermometeff e kyjcx5o+(0 1c 0kir;lin;r.

Which is larger, 1 Ca5ob)h87 kzdg $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium withfcevo 2vm)./ lumo::b system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with systb/vlmem v2oo): .u c:fem C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum ricahn(94,4exwe e9e uu3:dwi sveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?3 ewhsed,x9 ew (uac94ie:n4u

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefdm h-vd,9fwr r+ xe0v4ficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used t2h.6mlz:t5zrc(:-7r cpb i l c *afzrho control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals ( hzc7plhr ar-b:iczt: 5* 62rcf.lmzbonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the skdq)*rew, 9x h6 kubc-hape of a U. *69rh,kb) wck uxqe-d Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at bb;cl j4) ksydll/67 e0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hoth uwv -i n2c:e.:th;nc tub of water, the mercury initialwt::nhn 2- ; cuecvh.ily descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or coj+p3oe i)p .cyoled more rapidly th+3jy) .poic pean adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefho q2lengb7a 5i+ga .0ficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinaae+.0g gqna i5o7bhl 2ry glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clockhl-bj1 juhhel.6t0w 2, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom andn)dbj nkor /d 6m2;w2z top to bulge so badly the can w2rk;nb)/n2 dwd6mjz oill not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down atq;wu 7cci,cjx 3s22n piston), its temperature increases. Wh7 jxnw i,;suc2ctc3 2qen a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water incdbqx3x: 8b gf4bo50 gprease or decreaoqbx gp3 8d5:bgxb 04fse if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory an.e) 5 wr,m4/unyuvm oz7r:k1(o miognd the relation between average kinetic energy andn o,:wnr ue).r/yovmk5om1iu ( 4m7gz the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from k* wub 0hi.x. ipgf)hr-inetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earthd a(zco kf1w -cxe+,+f’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have4u (* g0bpbtqw to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphergp0q*bub w4(te.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than r0:(jau+kpn k water at room temperature. What can you infer a:+jpn(uar k0kbout the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far* 2g9a/ jrk1lcq4 qpte more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same trkt qqge19/ *c 4ljap2emperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempe4ef7vkw 17cuurature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but thef,etq( exo .p1:1conc humidity is different. Wn 1toxqpe(o f,:1ce.chich is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of any: fkzw9-+ dlsph xf.m3, s.;jt xvfn5 overheated automobile engine.yfx9ft,35 n -dwj vzs f.. +kpxlh:;sm

Why does exhaled air a 8jcn-, rgv0rtud,g2yppear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram uexolrf / cv7gs9+i, -copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of */uw;ad4;7:0kbdhe zu)pois vy* khb atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass? /o ywhk7idkzu *; uep;sbv0bd4 :ah*)$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsptzhz l5;yyy zo*h-+hdd4z56 ius scale?lz h hydy* 4oy-65tdz z+5p;zh   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatls. h3 su8nya(*jklf 4ures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at v9 nvg1j fl69f0.0 fn1 j9 lf9gv6v$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20sm os3m(t+ wx2 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall.2e4e/qxqr)psu p k v44 Estimate how much its heip2erx4u pkeqsv q44 /)ght changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are ofo-za .3p ybf.)mc6 lw0xa(rguten used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is pl0wr fzc opgay..)3xl -um(b6aaced in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4n*howc9-4 fhe $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter.jcy+3 w(;p iu ps.qd /p/w9yi ;;l- g*cjawnvn What will be its change in volume if it is heated fro3;/v cpp/*w 9jnwywiin.ac-jl +u(ys;p dq; gm 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fil bz* em) ibki1i+*b;b/vm ;zvpled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mLab86wzr *s j81szumx2 of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron:ur g8hzye(n-y *g w0m. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow s gzb09o8m6a jvessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that theazms890 jg 6bo effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in pms8hhy,1.j cb wpaa, 4.uoa ;the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length .sb* qesam amlqrbw:)m7/ +5tjj. e+nl and width w has coefficient of linear expans.nm+ :)ael*7mbjqetr+wmbs . j aqs5/ ion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrop ro+*ngh2vpsnd.gx*vki8v 5 .ic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is m;x;i:cj3 onw3tzhcku7 g(l 0qade of brass and keeps perfect time at 13 :xnicc;z 7l(3 uhktgj; oqw07 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of6d)6a r:fs bqi 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume od6qba )sr :6fif 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cgl et12 dh h:,kx pn9nu6l:4cpylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with ane:px,pnuc1g 9k 264lhl tdnh: gular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°/d (r9idrcbkvq4 s;0 hC. How much stress is required to keep it at this length i(q9kr s04hvrb;d cd/ if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area p; 6c bj5jzq1z0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1. av1y1(hailf sg7xww :,yf*k34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scppu( q:vf3bip (7s;ei ale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tempernpl,srs-d/1z ature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun ardfa6xlb z;;lj j - 6hjk.i76nre about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combuha.m,c;1yhp)5qvh za fhtp ):stion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 20p )hch)tfhz,am1 q.vp;y: 5a h$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.m(irb;nnw. k ruc+n(j- 2uk(m    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains u-5qx 9y2+,zneu3rii 4vfrvz 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 p7e8h9c+ jm r o1wl2bbkg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1moh 2n.9f7:do;t cmu:k /xlsq0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kyslzj:w/7 d8t n;q( ztg of argon gas at dl7ysnwzqtz /( ;t:j8385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg orfe0 1/kzmby:) er 0fnw bdl9f -*g6gm-5nueof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its bu: .4hejx5rukc( ,:j wue,m+-nlvqoi zoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose th - eh5luv:w+:e xk nocr um,i.,j4q(zje volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air a mnm7 ao,gfm9/-. sqwnt 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atj :7ytecimli)k k+k7cd o /24g 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escax/yipe 6zqvk-2g3/l ypes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules 8jxlc49u) dwca 3xj n+/ $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.yfnnz2. 6j-d-ahg 4 sp000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of:v)pzgg t9d7u (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5r8dj)w7eei ky:gc hn);5ybdv j6 1zr*.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in eacd6fbsev ug /6 r:ur68jz ,fj5kh 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high anuf b uj6s65,fe k /:6rdjgrvz8d of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy owo 9zaxfu::e)m04tl gf an oxygen molecule at STwmg:a9l: )f 0xuo4et zP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the)n r/on *+fzzt Sun at a temperature of about 6000/r*nnto)zf + z K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules iqvkki gv (+h; g/u*q +vz1o7lvncrease if the temperature is increase kg;+o7q*zlv/i vug(1qv+hvkd from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following sk1d- tqsc4c qi.j 4ur5peeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, q44rq. t js1i- cuk5cdand 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a ga+ wpd4r3 v6zyvcx*jq19hg nm) s at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, f/0xj6q6mtr ax t*j 1nby what fac1tjr nmxfa t/xq*60j6tor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is givemlv9,k 1olb.e5,b fs sn by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratl4,0jam)n na hio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio a h0 )4,njlanmof the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrot15gjyy 7c/wdgen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of 2a+ttj:s fsgpdl3 /lgd) /1s yan oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen meqjcwiyk0kk 7e+ m:av0y9-m9 olecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular ras r(bl2j kmme.p+0b: /qa ;q;pql 7imass is 89 u in a living ce q;7qjlr(/aqprealmbp+;k: .s b 20 imll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure Pgkb- 7b ti(97l zrlmuwu;pa 7s;w)h4r of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uran-vio:5:6-/uil)mzi zj jvjn jium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, s/rxvd,rsj pe ,f*+k2in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperatuha+( l9zq :xiire is (a) (hql +i9z ixa:90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humiditya7)edqu b9xk88+, h x e;wtyhp is 50% on a day when the temperature+w8xtxhqhaud8 9)7p ;,yeeb k is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at kbl ;9me-yt cdk6d1/fii (9cq 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mounta l.da: z6qv-oyw9,yklhf2khf3 w9r8 eins is 0.72 atm, estimateqv e 99-a8yhf6 k,.rzl3wlfw:hkyd2o the temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperatu5ue:vml ; p;sxx 4+tkhre on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relat+v;; s:mptlxxe u5kh4ive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is qb,9 hz65mt zq7/ eicz25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pspf7ew 1dvvo ot 8(8k5ressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at pkveo71vo5w dft88s( a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume;c4jgm2svzb(4 6b xbp 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its d,uccf3 c(bgr7 op:b*s.vlz8 -t b p7bcew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to dif i4j f+o8tl/d:gd3h3h pi7 vmffuse a dista 4dimf3+ :7h/pgj8ov3ltif dh nce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubesh9 3zd9edsn69 yjvsb ,g6ek*f called tracheae. An average trachea is ,9bg ne 9*6dfvh9d y6zjsske 3about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratedv3z4dz2z3i rt at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has bucu(bc,qd )8kz -8uen een calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup wal* nfq/88ousf) 2kgyn r: g/sgs calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, ik 2ns8 gu:lofs*/f g/)n gy8rqf the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas nv66hd05gliv *iqlx :cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has d5n* hqix ld6 :0vi6lgvecreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecuprwzuf9h2i.+nc z-5h les in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and p i5 -.zur2 fh9wn+hzcheight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abv phd.2/f0q ruout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usin.9.wid0d:lgcb) lzpv g the best available vacuum techniques is abo9 :g.licv )d0b d.wzplut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity*xxag8yzajv anyyp) 1 /o6 11g of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, toay ygxvjoa*1xa)p8ng/ 6y1 1 z what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning fv,nnyt u ,*eq7rom the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond , qt7nn,v* uyeto what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 1dqcyarkp;b:ho1 w5) *10$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of1whbk: -lv-qo 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric presshctyrx 6c22a0ure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the6hr 2t02cyax c total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecu(9l (jq+dqg.rixvd 6j 9gipetx f;2 m9les contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 200nv z5 tx)rs8e;0 psi (;nt)8exzv 5rs 13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats iny3y cz07s3)ei m/ik ke a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a1qr+1wqr2+zyxzj4gh*9s x eit 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly arbn10b(m9gyb kaqgkzu2s8u,rk; ,.s jound the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly ontoc (v ;)icf:q/psnb.o o a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in ty,r ytj 5w9 *t.e3.tj)nyiao whe 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm atlas0q94l (uel*z6yi t 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eartl j94ywso0b,/ )/zxvyb,eups h is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended again8 huc-obo5 a+,k1al rxst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have k , cbl5rxa1uh oa+o-8a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depz glgl1wkw 4+ g4tt:/ith of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches tiw /4 gllggkw4t1+ zt:he surface?    cm

  Calculate the total wamf9f+6erf03x(*6jgdoa nsu ater vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: ae9xjf0aroum + 3 gf6s6*n (df
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, ab9co*ak hv u2f1qz*n :nd when it is a solid dee9ah 1bfk*ocu qn 2*:zvp in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at consf:z6f0a0ox + hyu5cu ctant pressure, the coe uo +cyfx0:c6zu0ahf5 fficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellarhgc.pv6yj9 (j( ,zpqd/x i/t9lhc* nq s to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at ,gh6pncl9t/*yj/ q i j dqh(p9(.zxc v20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg