Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alum2d+e,qe,pjb5 tojnl rye;2 z3 c0di0yinum? See the periodic table or Appendix B+z5p, oylqr3cdi0 e;2jjb0e2 dy e nt,.

Name several properties of materials that could be edahqh qaqqa 911j(8b/ xploited to make a thermomete8h(9qq1ahaja bqq/1d r.

Which is larger, 1 C):xmdn4rxd1qw 1, (xeim6 u fr $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal eio)5iqn )zlj 7quilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about theo7)zjin 5i)lq temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consis41va i)lbv 4uqts of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which met)vv 1ilqba4u4al will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeyi/(d/wh(y m77ilhoofficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furn ,h/ idz:c fbd:ltb2yelq9qbv.w.- s;ace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded to-/q:d. 9bsic;vew dl2bhq b:,.tyfz lgether. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ex:/ 3r ygdc.kk0srw0 dnds often have a section in the shape of a Us0wycdkkgrx3r:/ 0.d . Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of 9w ekn q il*e40yarb;;lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed inw6x4-jqc fjcny3 i;1ztpb c rt4-(g t9 a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then risr-q;t- bc1y4t npj9xftg4z(c ji36cwes. Explain.

A glass container may wao8hkf1g7 (7 eka4cup/yq v ,break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explgfckae pv 4qy ,k78(ow/ 7hua1ain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expk0rv73qwt , piansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the inkv73wq0 ,riptcreased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, acc8aj+kdbr+ 5e iuyhe51 urate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda5q* zu0feb*t a t:osbrs0;hva+t6i6f will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. +h 0be6as it v5fus:**a o6brfz0qtt;What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tempe,qq622vsqpdfvzi z bmk;3 -q/rature increases. When a gas expands against a pists/f;k,z-q dm2bz3 2qvqqvp 6ion, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force onws)jud sm 2i-q *m5n4g an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is incre)4ms*-nqus5d2m gjw i ased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law folloo lueg 91gzy8a 24lz q8xls:p)ws from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and tys48:z ogzax9lq18e l) ug2 plhe absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follokn3rotgs: wniw2xa.a* yjlv(j; -l7;ws from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in th,yr:xzil )q2ksah i e/j6l(- ge Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed acaojsz(:a 8l * gt6l /bkg/l*mn object must have to leave the Earth and never returng aj68 lmtg(:zlboklas **c/ /. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperaj2 d7n7 kf6p4rux(ma cture. What can you infer about the mjn (a76c2x7 pm4r kufdolecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable tha0hrphl, *9weon a hot dry day at the same temperatu o,e*9h0p lwrhre.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatureh:dpd4 rij; z2 (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperataoq fv:(nz2h1qdxhv *35hf m2 ure is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the drn*q :2d1zf3vohf h2q v(5haxmy air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dabgb* yo,q6c;p:x,bphe9 ,q rangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile en,,;6ch b* ga ,p qoxbpqye9br:gine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in1nw-ex4u +fpf4z)xdc5orq+ )p, zkc n the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-g uay fa8yc0o wpvv5f1)dlp022ram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the numbekzajgz;9d c5. r in a silver ring of the same mass ;9ckd5g z.jaz?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on tg;76p8js0gi;on cmm7lloo g9he Celsius scale?omc7;ln6pimj g 7;0s lo gog89   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempe1azy/lk-fo 5i;. siza ratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lenga (lvsmj-n *,lvt w,d2th 11.82 cm at 0.0 *a,2ln dvlsv,-j(wtm $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bui4 w 9pqrsy+- ckl;gcc*lt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 z88k,pkf)k 7 od7zn wu:rley/eoi*nko,*sm9 m tall.wrl: e 7**m78knk,o)u,9e d fzso/op ki kyz8n Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hoov*kb quao389 le are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter i8o3ukvoab 9q*s to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 43wzkxccce10g ,+id -)jz 4d1mwn: xca $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be it soqxwd*blucs f-0o -nu6;m99 s change in volume if it is heated from uf w;b9oq-x-co*n 96lsdsu 0m 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL o ain)bx5 pup)(f water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mLorm-,w3 sfa o9 of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At (+ sv.(av;dj4evdt 2txxj;ky20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a 3 +8 hs3cgi-mch8cskl long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one directio h h3mkcc8+lgs8-sc i3n only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the den w9w+vi*+sy3gjxh0 cz t4xp*l sity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and w9aw5 ubme3* 5hxcovp.lhq -)kidth w has coefficient of linear expan-wb5e ha3.o*ql uh)5k9xcvmpsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic i8xob )c1u*9v d9cyyj 4 ikaf4solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of braszj).clk j/9it wn:c f8s and keeps perfect time at 17fc zn cjilk w/:)j.t89 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercuru8p8b8musi ;d h0mq/ hy thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volumeqm;m08/s8p8ibdh h uu of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotat 5 zdp kgiyvt7h+-)4xsing about its axle on frictionless bearings with anguz xdhysvkg 4-)i7p+t5 lar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requielf lpd3* dnje t/ 7pi4y yj+h9*yd5v+red tlf7 5y9p/eh+jdpvyj* dn dt* +l i4y3eo keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-kjsjz3(oqp-gzai9p;ji 7x 6 3sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 20-qzjq9 r-al5,eewmqg ( /e; j)p uad)l$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin uxe.w ge3 4/6 wugh*:( ua5fcmjtp/lqscale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what t 0 jz*p)tomry3emperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are asoi uceu x27tw)fzyl2,r )1/ubout 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combuvw)tf 3nk/f)c5u6;t zf )nv tastion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of a5f));63n uvtt vkwfa ntfz )c/bout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law+ryccrx 81r j1.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contain*iny +4pqb kiv8s60*u0ho mads 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.+gxjk0o yhb1i.az o:d53z u d,5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gn 0-ffy+h*a4 snaso*0s*qke gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L9 0ztpwxf8t,(guo km akp :*(c container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385m(9(t8o0a:xp, zgp t*kuwfc k K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 *p(p krbm,gr)9p3bhw kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift byk9.( pwp r ez+7d7nvnl1 bj;wp heating the air inside the balloon, which makej w9+ vzr7e.;plwp knp1n(7bd s it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at*mat-z,y8 je t 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 (g kkghzut;)lyj1y qer5v ,41$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon.p02 2o tyqibd escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of m+6qk lc b5h 0tkv/:*npo ly.dtolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are te4kro db. -6/y ixe:aim-oxp 7here in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of 17sxb5i q +sosfvn4)e(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumhny+( +pvzua*)y4,o g btvtv-e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath y)e1 ld)pfy 7rw c)zc1du l0 c20sv2sriou inhale that were also in the last breatersyl pc7luiz 0 1dc)fdc12 02)vrw)sh Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the averaldaz*c51cf 6 xge translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST5dl acc *zf16xP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the S n4ir )pp,ary9un at a temperature of about 6nr4 ,9r) payip000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms sp xugg qdz)+ f7zd7b. u 2bkah(-j+5fmxeed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from fmh)x2adbu. zq++du 7jgb-x zg7(5fk 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speedsvbdhq 7wi,4p5 gdwa 74, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 5dd,7p v44hbw7 ai gwq1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gasn-z* w 3exhe0m-ukw,s at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a g( r:;- ixjtv4bze)rr xx 8m7wgas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factori) m;rtj8b4xxvg :rzx-er(w 7 does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas e k5.i mcvek)-is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases cs i 9t*f:wbj;at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their ms9c*twib; f :jolecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of q a*vol9)lmm) :-xr njkj6hq:nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed kchns4/*i4b (u co4u zkq:n8 dof an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distann2zy vk dh)6z ;9h3thg; jbtp8ce between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass fj(3esz -pb5f * ub.pris 89 u in a living cell at 37 rf.j *3bu - bez(fp5sp$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be ielng:hk 5 g(.written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uransq d(poeq6n r.;q9, zqium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases canc ne7afc *ggjx5 *9yp +awcj,4 $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the perw :0u3s9;ka4gs x5a -enxzpressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) ns xw; k:pu34ex-aa9e5 gr z0s90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if ss r+yq7:guqa ,m.5j:xrlii9the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperaturigi, :lr7sq+raxyusj m.q :59e is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air press q/g9o92mwwd lk;sye 7ure at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is:dmi z n3ke4a(t+ 3a eee+fuml:7.tqs 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whic3al qam7m43t ei:edf.zt +s k ene(u:+h water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure oft mg)a 75gw:w gvedd1jeom: 6/ water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%?wtdegg mo6g vwde j1/a :)5m7: $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial press(jl,- n.oezcdure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wu2x0 hr8do:np qb/yh4 ater is boiling at a temper04hpy/u d8o:q brn2x hature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vol hbcc5k4)1mivsbxmd:86+t m 9oed (zyume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point76t t2yq94j,uikvh,sq 7 ow nmtw61dv of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine moqwq +-jc0i/b,d1zil x lecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dist01iw +l d/c,q qjbz-xiance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surfgbnskj1hf/ 5.)2 b cyf2 wr(axace of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is abouc )f2w/by5nh. rg2 1xkjfb as(t 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape*.dpra l ;zt.g measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape mee fey7g469x zyasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calib)hfve 7dio;tw7;bjo*,w z x qpj5hf6+rated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup arei;7pxe hbwqfdt,) oj *f+56hvjw7zo; hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 ayuy,t; 9 f 1p)p6in*fe)nxt eptm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What *)pey1tuy nni,pf6fx9 e) ;p tfraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, an)7cbl7 4id ji1xcnjh;d heij4 cjhx c)1lb7 idn;i7ght 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abouct p+sx6*+oh.8tla jzn *-msbt one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using ;jzfjp5j.n*; ll: bqk the best available vacuum techniques is abolqk;.f5*zn: ; lpjj bjut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the f6ssov ).5s9igk6r c49zpdvc surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickliscds)g.6 pf95sk4vz rvo9 6cy rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a sp5p;09bbj l :c xeezqt mbf.s*)eed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does va9ebx z.tlbjqm0 5b *s fpe;)c:porize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas k+8p/;gaqfdu is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofjm tlqj9xm /0j0:,vzb5wz) q q 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surfacea l ivqr2+wctn. ,l3p+ of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules int+3ipl2,vl awrc+.nq the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained/;-gvu7jx (*7 wdutxzgrgq+ d in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen useda s3+.h ;je v:od/h6hmldo -lr in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constad6+v hh;r3o/h se lmo-:ja d.lnt at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in 5knir-k(3 3p 5cy qhlma bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli5ppm8 un8 8-z vjszvz,tul(6pne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were tg*3lz 8o+3 iae2ixhd qgb - 5x,1smfngo fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tioxao2(f (ig g-* qd9zsla-x.nghtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standardaa7 dn-:k yzb :9 nbhb:t(ush+, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pres,y,zz 49fnui nsure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eartkdo7t ;2b wz9th is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls throw wm8i3l d efk0upbs,w593 ceu3n vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must reboundueu3 c dpi0l33e fs95kb,w wm8 from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubzqv0w2 noz t0.ble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature inwvz0. 0oqz2 ts constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following z9 zs2 s3rg4eugke7i+two days: u2 sgk+zie34 7g 9zrse
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the densi w ;+a.furg3vuty of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature g3.a;ruuw+fv is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at 6 -6gjmdsyrl.a wm;ej0c 2fl1constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expans6jlmlya1mde 6 0 gwc-js;2f.r ion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cely rdd3/,utn6 zlars to prevent rot and mi/n36dz y,tr udldew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg