Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alumin;.m/r xwfw,q2 w0fniq +1xnf hum? See the periodic table or Appendii; w1m,qnr2xf. xh/fnwf+ wq0x B.

Name several properties of materia*j1 rj;p9b j li1u(qnzls that could be exploited to make a thermometer.91nul z;jj(b i1*pqr j

Which is larger, 1 Ccocjf yq)39 m0 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thtxojusi)buiv+/lf-w- /s jpx;- s6 /nermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and x6v;-wtu fbu/ i +/lp sxj)in-jso/-sC?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. v j2: wuaourcd6 )1e7op+x .wqWhen heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hinojc:).ureap 6 21w+oxqv7uwd t: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansyptp(t/w;d 4ohodsc .00pf 3dion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram w75jacwvd.+ tof a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that contv .w c5+d7wajducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixelb.ioex wrl+11rjh3 gi 1,po0a -lt(wd at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. W,riobx.pw+r13ie0 otlg( jalh - l11w hy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at 0 70egh-kor2e)swwy :n$^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub vxi jszl3c.3hv li .7:)y5tvxof water, the mercury initially descends vzivj3 vx.y 7.ht:slci 5x l)3a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container mayr-o +mipyz8e+b;+rxg break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. E+yre+p8rzm-+ o xb ig;xplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linearv z31m5* u:q3-1ea hvvjdgl vr expansion is much smaller than that for ordin: z1*a3vvrm-v3 ujhqdg1 5levary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accwyew j2 vz,p4*lcb 8.curate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause r0k*fch2gy 9k its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand uyk9f k 0rhc*g2p. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), i v nd1,7sh 8zljn:wq9jts temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what ha9l d zws17jnj hqvn8,:ppens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an al*pn 8 2l5cj )eghb,gpznw.jc ,uminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temnzp)*ewng,5c2jglb hc8p,j . perature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows /jhhb+x8js.hc o1 zxc65lo* /h6zlfy from kinetic theory and the relation between aocjhxz /c5yz xj6ho* fl+bh6hl1 /s8.verage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic lt0mf:/u:t 5 b.tdimqtheory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio l)f4:abmf2t jz4gh s +of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must havetm3m(s/3b;dly fyub r)p- c.h to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity fo mfy;mpbucdrh/y3t(b 3 .-sl)r the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than wt ib 8hpyn1 98hyi3l:uater at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties 3t8:8yp i hn bihy1lu9of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncom( w+e/uqn,n spfortable than a hot dry day at the sam/q +en( upwsn,e temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperaw4 so08kz3lm g wxzxkk4y 763mture (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature i6h,:tgj uemuj9i9 r2is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the duih96u:re ji9tgmj,2 ry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiat ;gngk03gbp/a or cap of an overheated automobile en g;nak3gb0p /ggine.

Why does exhaled air appear as h do;k; 7x:(yrqyxb t6a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper ps *ri*)o f4z4u(dcd fuenny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of a/wwc oq 1/ k0y0wj:jsktoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver1q 0j:s/w/o0 cwjw kky ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scaro-wg+w5) s im/b jgb4le?gwwm+b i-j)/o45 bsgr    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 13wmwg(iy 90 -oh6 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol coluvt b.+r,ekmwl) 21w6ww, itqlmn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 l,1ib, e r+mw2)tqwltw vw.k6 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20 wicn t1bbnb 2x(s91.- w9bljm $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approxi.m 7nz i2-o7:f xuj/bx4gzrpwmately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C m/jn rb7 2z x4u:pi-.fox7gzw) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often userr4kpl(,uf6 c 2oaw xuqr3+ 0hd and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 c2hrl(q ,f3rwk4c0a x ou+6 rpum in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a 1.e(w epj.xcet 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter.qq *qfdoz70-as2oqz4; gqd dcqpj7vs) c)6 i3 What will be its change in volume if it is heated frogav7c30o q)dz6 j4 q )i*s-;sz2q pq cqqfdd7om 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mLg0ll4b75j zb5c v eah/ of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL o+kbo;m1g8 y;qf 8fy scr,a mesaiy6) 0f water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 2qh3(4 i54 +xizfie gsr0 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained -sbo u5x+d0 b) 8trbyjin a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direcbo0rbu 8ts5djb )-x+ytion only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density0 n-tcem-u iicq c.y; n+sqjs(v5j m9) $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangulaar/3mmcoh71a2ea 3t jr plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear exe1oa amhcr7 /3 3tja2mpansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid,zdezqs0pnp6a kfp. (3(ho2k3 3q0 v -apntm/k $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made ofb :qmimscap6420.m mz brass and keeps perfect time at 17:qpsc0 mmaz4.i26 mmb $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer h6a io)eeg . yu+2dnae+as an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has++2dy)an oee.ai6 eug a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m isw)ff 2kqv np:lwoqs2i z.67d* rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity i wl)wq6d2*p:nf vqfk72.zos$\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is r;aq6-9fllk 6 q+vx qw8xv.5kkxb ,c qbequired to keq klck x.-ba6 6v,qlkw+xqq8 ;v5fxb9ep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sy)-v1n5w 3kphhz tgg /ectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1+fxi5t,/wb puxf u+. n22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scalewxrr 304rgol. l,-z . rb+ 9sj9lniwlv:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what te2jfsce3k8- kk,ipu4 u(/ n ziomperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures/bo+u0i- s7skh g zo7r in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combust,( n 9,hf ;zjbs3llus,gd, g m-r+xspuion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of abbd-h, nu pszl+; u,fssrg,(g,x 3l9jmout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using t6n03qoj7xon5 aqqh2q t:)d ayhe ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank containsxt3j m rrz90)l 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of-ly b)5af )6wekpw0 si nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is cc8.: xf1zb fqat 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure jv0*y5mme4h 98zo km 7afkif9 inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38*kemjmovy5 h ikf9 fm487a 0z95 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o2p5-svcmne t;1kz. mrf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achievesr l9q*cwhu+52yo 4 -vjeh ;eek its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outs9 rleo-cqh e*2ehwj;vyk45 + uide. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with nsxel --x6nf4i 2svo)air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at k8*w,l*br iczngq;;-a9 hpy z-aff7w18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 .x yet ynr ;q,kbm*+j3$^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molu9,gnd p-wp5esfyr+4 ecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Hoa0 )* vtdkeh7ow many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles9ue 8zjs wy62ala/ r+k1xj)sv,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1a17 d+0ke v*c,+s9-wmmyq 9kkoyk wtn$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air a kfj-ry )*y/hiup6h,hre in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were als, y) jr/hkf*hu-y6ihpo in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energyj* : ddm,zajq+ ri6m(a of an oxygen molecule at STP*im+mj( z r,d jada:q6?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heliumrzxr0g-+ sf389v 0nkvb3 sdck atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6008dzk39+fvs0vnbs-r0 r3 kgc x 0 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase0g (6mbq*vl vp/ f/p ke6s;dji if the temperature is increased fr;p6ev/*j0q sm ki lpfb/ vgd6(om 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of kyc5f usm;t z67l;/nlkm/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculatllu 7zn65 /k cmfst;y;e the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecu 7ry( x3* cv qy.mvrnsr*ur)9llb(4dvles in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held cx2/r m amhj1n(onstant, by what factor d1 xmaj2mh(rn /oes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given z ;f5vccjhjpd1 :8: ipby $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixturer wg48 ts5j.s4jcb8ls v45gdz of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is eqg8wtsbgldr 58.vc5zj j4 s4s4ual to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained ivrvfa *zbz4w89e7m x0n an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen ix:4ql( es( :7jsvp kamolecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average disj/,pa lc06slntance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a a+f:h8 dgjsf(i(pyi 2liv ydfsi+8 2pfih((j:ga ing cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P okwwk4jk40 d* l9gs0 wff a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, 76d-3.ym 0 yqiougdc gcsg2hf; 0f9 nr$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressurejq9gnf;vd1)+ d ajj b0, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tg-2wnm +qip3lt 6skm)emperature is (a) gw3k+-pmts26q mlin) 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if upeq*96 -jzx/ i 7ahpkfi/*at the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature*9 qf p6e//uj7a*t i apxzki-h is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a867w:wg hd, 6nthqgug g, juw6 place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.7mfx2 mbjm,p lgxk26/,2 atm, estimate the te k,,/xb2xmmf g2j6mlpmperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the parti5:yjilc( e 1lr/9ifxhal pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relativjfr9h i x5ei1yll:/c(e humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial p s)aqg dzbnf9;4x w1t4,ifqet 72 lvw0ressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate prel/jvc61iag(fnjnrq4 4 i-bbbs7:m/x ssure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temper ljmbi ( 4v/jr1s/i4n7bqcfxa-nb g:6ature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume - su lhqr,: /cz7:oxmncdxo* 6680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew v-6 ni+p p;afl p./laf5+exxq point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–5cadsy 9 ;+ek:i8ic mc4) to diffuse a distance of ckye89c + ;s md5ciia:15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior throughsdc0c2 j4/tlc 2 4seqi tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectionalcci24 0/j4 qelcdst 2s area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure ha-ro)lnemj 5z/ zm zze-b* 81mls been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape5 fmmmr73l-hh measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperb m86l+*u+pa6z n5ujoefr 8brsh2 78h 9 bmsvyature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool waoml+ n72br9*s ravjb8uh8fub856yzmeps+ h6 ter, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in j3w/rgo w/:ad b:mq5b fkd5n(-on0yz a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 adbj-w on3r: /kaqf:b5o znm0g ( wd5y/tm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number m4s w8*)smj9h o/voyn( 8bxofqu.p5 mq m4-knof air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Axms *wf mnh44n9m-o )y jup qmbsqo8 ov58.(/kssume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density oo2rt ,/oexqd- f matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techni4rqqq71 ahz- uques is abor4hz 7-u1aqqq ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below,f n5utettm37 the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisabl ut m3f5t7ten,e?    L

  A space vehicle returyl vovw-jb .kvb4kxp 1 +lv;.+ning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Becay1pw vx.4j+-vbk lb.l v+vk;ouse of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is inc67yx: 9pmw/iwfz rjsiv/ z)g.reased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume odq;fs yq x 0 ikoa/v+-9zud+vla/e+:qf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atrhc)55dlgu.yg -;8 * * iex,pgdtcyhgmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules xyc5)-l8gp;,gyhch5gdi.t* g d reu*in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of n8xtsk8bno; + ritrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 20 2c/d3qjn6n76tekz,pf ln8t6d2 fh jy00 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long wi e ynj2hn3t kct7df ln6zj,p6qfd682/ll the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercuu3 i:( t o-ptj* cwkc7pygz44bry at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolidr-y 3i( (5weq2f kmanb 9.xa;g,behw ne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly art *z0o)qwa,f eound the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass n0h ykc le ctlq52q6:7, t0owsjar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 10xm)efq fn,c9gqic 66 8$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm (2ggs;)rvrskap8 t6yat 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth mv:6 v6hia,b mis $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis bal4ugkq+iy +) akls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of) agkyiq4+u k+ 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from abjs d doy9,h 6)c062e*hotppr depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves 20od*bh6rphje,sdo cty 6)9p as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: m lm5b(4;r m4d8hd2 t ik7td 0yvhzjz1 ymdhz;j zm(k mid27bhlv48trd4t 015
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when5so +ztv6zcp4 it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temp+5tzo46v sc zperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for /5isyw/5fi:u97vao q-uh e5 os1tdah an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficien7atwa55si q/5 u 1e ysfdivuoo:9hh/-t of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, pef4wa,j5t-l i dople constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a hou -ifd lj,5t4wase (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg