Which has more atoms: 1 kg ok+m3 pme)3bfkt.zbwf6s4l75x d3ovh+jo a 6jf iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appefkb 6o5 +.)mm6k+4a z3wx7pvbsljf3e3hjtdo ndix B.

Name several properties ok7:l +1toy2po ru0n-h7wwux of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometerr+luho y7-n 2k:1wo7u0o tp wx.

Which is larger, 1 C77eayz5 1tm lh t 37jnpixkyhp1 /b;t8 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium wvx he55xf6t52 k*ztu rith system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say a5e kxzhtuvt5rx*f 562bout the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consic8)m2act.5 7ad,t9om cu1woy,:awvewm) k pcsts of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal at at ow y,85 c19m,e2)od)wkc mwamvpc.:7 cuwill be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coehb : ;j;nsbh,efficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to contro)7ntz-r-p sda l:eq/ll a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bia -:dllqzrtpn-/es 7)metallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have k+/l,x)be s5y8d i+rpub(hmra section in the shape of a U.)+l+ xb/,pir(hksrdbm e58 u y Why?

A flat, uniform cylif o,d 5,:(w8zoicasgunder of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is xziw)t6c; j3hu3lq0f first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descen fjlc6hxit 3z)q03wu ;ds a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of izsy 8p 72vwp7l5cq3 sy,b.grkt is heated or cooled more rapidly thyylssw.rzb3k,g2p8 7p7 q 5c van adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyr sb4ttrqr/y6: 2cs d0qex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion rt y0:q/qbrc t6ss24 dis much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, aqmhspg1 ono943 ,zdd;b1 h*0 noqfhr 7ccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and8f : nwyf19lwhcfs wk84khhyx3j2 9 .e top to bulge so badly the can will not stand 8:feh nwys.3f8hjklx2fw k4h1y9 c w 9up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly cq1 g/aho)b f,ng)fy-9bise3c sk*,wk ompressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular not cogikqf h,),)9fw3n1egkbays - *s/b ing what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submergo 3-v/yhdl 6ymed in water increase or decrease if thymldy6 o/-3hve temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kineticbgt1m y f8:iuv9wb;9 k theory and the relation between avervmf y9b :8iu;btk19wg age kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gayu :jn) bl69j2x5s.gecrb+g g (g,b tfp-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere,+g*l 14t2n pmj xb;z:x/gbgwj the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must havuw2f(ueg 47z8q anc, qe to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmospheq g2(f, cuq87z naew4ure.

Alcohol evaporates more quic8 8ldbhu, hp5ikly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relati5uhb8i 8,hpld ve to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncom7p/6fs fr3-sqwsks5q ) tf.d*f ahvy; fortable than a hot dry day at the same temperature.sfq6/a 3k qtfv7pf y s.*sdf5rsh;)-w

Is it possible to boy ,t3rodm37:b nsh l:bil water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is tw0rx j5wb-zs hw8n0 h3e4:le1s4wtk yhe same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, thwknb -j wr w00ht3ywh4458lxsez1:es e dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated xv93bblbz-j *nq0 gytk(j/f4 automobile engineb3(b yt9xv40q jf /glzb k*jn-.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cs5 uul*o6yjh/ gqz h1-bwg009 r(casr loud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there6/t o m:il*vwxt75nm/z8lo q)t*mnqp in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 01dzd 8z b5uug26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of 80 zd5u1gdu zbthe same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°Fggp l-a.7()b(it8zm v+ +gqgactpu x6. What is this on the Celsius scale?(g7g )+.lx 8-pbgqa (zvmg+tcu pi6at   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded a+ 6mohrxicy9tta9w;6jif (3t a l xu*(re 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lenean1ch7-j /z(r) m rmbgth 11.82 cm at 0. 1m7bna-mrj)h/(rez c0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 16hbe-bdo+2whixl1 9aqd, .o q 2 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron appro pus ;zb+1l5oxximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperatur5l sz +pbox1;ue of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, riv4g2xhafxu; 1 qets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually 1g4uxh xfq2;a in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ayz7;emgtwb2p8 c -1avt 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume ,jt lw7sht-/7tp.yuwy 2 ddi. if it is he ./-dlth.twj7t7iudpy ,s2wy ated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the bri9l/kb,-q p d9um2frem m with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 5fzzxon*k7c2+o t90bugt ut; mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placedjwf6 z80 bw m1iht+(xe in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a longu)5l g);* vpa.(y pcgpshwptt5 umu;., narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction on.5g(.ul5puwmtuv ;;*y)p acp pht g)sly, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densinws6a+a xm0kdz -( g0ity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coeff iw.k)o6z:nncjw*z1 x icient of linear expansiow1iw6zkz)j *n.o: x cnn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic so9/4)iu odktl llid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grand 6khyl o,c02qc3ysh /6yxtc:bfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 q b y3cctxs6h k:yl 0c,/ho62y$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thuohrrlg5l;/ nos5e d).zi ,*x ermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255 e gld*xr,zur;5i osn/hl )o5. $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.4:rr)v xt p9b;umm-f l-oq.qf41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular vlqfm m-:q- vbf.) xpor;4r 9utelocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is8guwti q88:u b i7p,jav071lbo 4bsz y required to bsja8p0b:747t8ubv8i iqzulygow1 , keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of e py73w8wjg- rm *f::kyuk33pi hlhv4cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameterv (olwd1.a mg: ,ta6yj 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale:v7.injm1)wkv;b r6wu5tzx( /k u xq+c
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahmo b 6,a,hha umyz4nko hg:2d/w3w5 ;arenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 40054 n0zcjv bj/q7brgi:0$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperatp edboo ()2el;ure of about (bo )2 eeldo;p20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gasym1;f,hfz/ o6 gecc5b law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contain0p d1 1/o8uc xe 9(fyh:czm .gfcys6wqs 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg ye5xg *)cuz5c of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is4 jihwk0bk;g/4 +pg va at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 3hce1a4j1 lrp 139w6yve9 hpak5.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 Kpk61 l1rvhweap94cehj y319 a?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgsyae rh gezgw 60 cuqpib.2e2;bi97u x4;3 u/f of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achievesmdtdgnb;k5b :vv)jj41 8a0r e its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Sj:trkenm5j vd;ad g8v1 b b)40uppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with hr/ u ;,ig-gn )q0w+go x)xamiair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.hv g6m3 8tbm7 fbcy8;j0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chi9mj,dnte8uo3 1 ;riv bld’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number omk p.7x g9t;sff molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Ho: x,yx k7jtg)ebq7rl7w many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mole gppkd0psfgj2.o,: ,j s,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.+n+3vf 1vujs71b btq z1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you ;p:g/) dgtjco)-ur(vq2t3l3pizgii inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is abougui)ivtrp ;32cgo- ( i3) j:lz gd/tqpt 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energniy9b* -lrgw9q dgy6 (pe*v)yy of an oxygen molecule at STP? 96vl9y gw*e qbyi*g) (y -dprn   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms ne*xlm)ull/0 y b8. rotwar the surface of the Sun at a temperature oy l *l8l0/b)mt.uoxrwf about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed oanhsog7 +)i9hnxp 6wv/0r z; gf gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from g7 pgh0;)wrhvoza 69/ ins n+x0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the follo(ywakb9e)tz .)ro 1l owing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, y( .rlw) ot bez)ko91a3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of mole5eq +a-j9fs:wq +m:i lgd 0xubcules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, byk5glu57f 5v+gul ie hz2jt(:f what facz5 :fhg 2g(tuf+i7jk vu 55leltor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas isn -tdvj(kr91 s given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at c2pgrk 6prx30the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of theig32rrpcx k6p0r molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an;lr5k7 t1wc ppv, zf9q 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecul+dkv3 e lo:kq zc*q,y1e at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP? n13+lk z g9xllvm u04li7zir1    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass ucq:: 0aay)jd-t5uy a is 89 u in a living 0 uaau:d: )yj-tqac5 ycell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of p (g253nx2jy / pkgdvdj3n)mga gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranisbd uc6dkjut wkbz3waf0- +rhtn7c.,5- ,7c pum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whac;ke -lqq /xr2jdr.q .bi7q).r i,iwat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm a 8b ;cv9mko3oz2(z rzrnd the temperature is (a) 90c8v r3b2z (m;oorzk9z $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximat57y(disg; 1x/ ( (9ehthsyb4xymk qjmely) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature isyebxm(;y4s 15 xyiq9th dkg(/7 s(jhm 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils ch/.jhtj;q0 xat 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular pd2l 9mo p( (:kbsqsjp8lace in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tempero:(kpl qs ds8(9j b2mpature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water.e9:e va(e bxc is 530 Pa and the relativv(e9ba xee.c: e humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperatur damhird0wr*up7iee c9 m 5 ht*b29,w *(uetz)e is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if 40/en sos9k: lzcet+j the water is boiling at a temperature ofj0l/9ss:e oze4tn+k c 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumil v9bgx7)8suh,udb0xj2vh-e84 qf de 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dutjc-uw0xgpgr1n7 b;g*(c 2qy+tv3 few point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine moleculeu*7 mjyec9 ,)dm+zhv6tppq (t (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a disd( t)9pu+y6q*, 7jtpvehzm mc tance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interiou , q-/xx1lbprr through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long andp-qx 1/rxu,lb has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape faf nu/4sf)-:z0o xvw measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has og-re eu+,7s e,p2thvbeen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was tr+ a ,nke1si (x2j7 l6ls.efccalibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe le1 n2slj+k. c ,rx6s(t fiea7calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After cbo 2n 3 8**zubgtc.w2 ho7vywmany balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreancb23h*o twu.wb72o 8g z*v ycsed to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air mo61p bil(cf0do.)se sv b gs)sza m136olecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assum63oseofcs gb psbv 1li)a) (.m0ds z61e the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atatr* mj(jks/y 8.af *wom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is etqth* 0my c;i3 byu52aboutytuqt5;0c *y ie 32mbh $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full ca gvr(0(-0dxjv g1bqaopacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this adviqvg0 x(1bra0vo -jg(d sable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enterscra 1ka(ns9dgvz0:ur e6:k-of y (7ra Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.1 aa kroc7-(nfk: v:ersgzud6y09 ra()    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is i cr6yf i95; npam.a2ipncreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofdet + y1aj/w7t 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the v p 4.,r0q5ya7llqebj surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules i 7 5l,jqvqlapy 0.b4ren the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules conq9nk -37iy ss /9jxjvh2oo gr:tained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hp mh6y2/ l 5z:stct/mpzq 73aaospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long zct2 :pma 5/a z6hm3qt/p7sy lwill the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of lioo spr03dhv z 26*9vltquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0;zy*arovfci0u6*k +xu b.2da 64nwq z$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator t p*fo5e0pt9al,)z 2fy09 ysk iyhlf/at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar :fbd ole b2dn;7 yo2,rat 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, aa cq :)0i.(+* elfz.jpcpk xy;exef )ldopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, hag2g * dvou72gfkwl.x8s a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed frodp7y2zx( o)yhm the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravcm cxj8hk ,an j);f9:tmxk w+jgil3 q**fh*/v ity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they hav;j8hx t *)f+ccaj*kmfv m,i:xwjlk n39gh *q/e a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-c( 3zg.ilaqa bn.ed w63m-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air w.6 zad anle.iq3(bg3behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the follo92(rm a:bq zbpwing two days: zqa29rbp (mb :
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference i+aufdxuhp+9nbo1 b0a 0e5qh5 e*nm l2n the density of iron at STP, and when it is a s5fexo05u0bnln1h h u+m2*aqd a9b+p e olid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that cpis0)5 xuwdv+y:/s5e, mdceu 9g5st, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equalumg ,d/ s5 psdye+sc5:ux5eitw9v) 0c to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their celfm/d8v n+adm+j mdn s(rcy 48n0a7 m5glars to prevent rot and mildenm7n4jf+d(g 8/8amydmrm sdv+5a 0 ncw. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg