Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table qjx3;m:7+y bf wxi4 qau+:nhxor Appeujmny w:a i:3 xhfqx ++q;7bx4ndix B.

Name several properties of materials16eiakp.ko8 . sg i v)j*elod1 that could be exploited to make a thermomete ioe1j.* soiedvka gl18p .6)kr.

Which is larger, 1 C3h/zm1 s9a,dpit; jaw $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, i4u kb;ksj7o hbvwp5gg. 5nci 39ut)6but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, sk t5o)k5v9upbii;j h3.u76gwnc 4gb B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum (lvp -;kgnm*pfdw m5s,h ow v6)nno9 0riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: ,mwn*vhgf (d 0om5k;-ns )onl 96p vwpSee Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear exc jmp2s 423e. -(+xcaynhdblm pansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat usedxl 9 0oj9w4nii to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch bonlxi940iw9 jo th contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape eck7 ye *ao j7jo7 :2 zzvp20.st1fwckof a U. f z.ec22 7jzk7pj70av*:sewoo1t ck yWhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats ewhz,5,o (mawin mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometex0pcj:.;jd9u,b5 xec3bsfq ,4 x ultwr is first placed in a hot tub of water, the c.;0x,e3 xpb:w u qsjjf4 uc 5b,ld9txmercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidlk4-m-h htw-j6w u-r3elh8nejy than adjacent pe 3h-emw-8r hkltjn6--wuj h4arts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linte)+ui4u8ti+v: io s oear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why +s 8ui)o ou+t4iet :vithis gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock,yz;x( *(rauhz/ 8u)ys t0 qpdy accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top towy,2nyl 5 f;bsz 9nj*t bulge so badly the can w5ws9n n;,ytybf jlz2 *ill not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly c7g(sg, wq+ ixrompressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving pisw ig+s7(xq,r gton.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase ya-au +4 m7gguya+x ;gor decrease if the temperature +y+u4ay aagg7;mux-g is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kirg.*wilu :i 1gnetic theory and the relation between average k w l.*:riu1ggiinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theb) /rzfa:qy4i/6jke98 l kgyg ory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, thm/ny37 (o : hunsj*geae ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth res 8wuqyc r-50ofers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Eartsu850cyoq r w-h due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can yy st9:c guxc,/0iq 3gu(8 twrlou infer about the molecular prop80iugx lqtg9yus, :(cwr c/3terties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry d gn:0n*e k,p(6*vxwd.w9bmmqry gu(h ay at the same temperature.xdy(m em 9*urgwpnq .ng0hkw6,(:*bv

Is it possible to boil wafjcn70u,t) jwz1 zd i/idw(x/ter at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidhpq:/x008mhxt hoe- 1weqj7i ity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the hu xqe8jq:ho1ht-we0hixm p07 /mid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to opes(nt27u1x 07jymr fdx n the radiator cap of an overheated automobile enginef (x1 2n7jt0rd m7xusy.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little b7 fm98awvrbiw)0xy8 white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram cz c;ovi,wl1. 7jciz 2ermo+z1opper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring i:hz2-4svp- aj ,s jajcompare to the number in a silvej-a-s h4 p2:vijsza, jr ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F3 ;pyp/nqsy fh+3u yquw/c2 o7. What is this on the Celsius scale?32w /cyyyf/ nuo+7ppq3us ;qh   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowes)gybw iw( :q (ysa8so*t temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometeg9o 6vxo ypx,nd 671djr, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0. 96gv1,6j podd7x onxy0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lmg 8f.mwz hn q,y6l2 k,cex.d4ong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tavpax793u--bx7y pjc y -a/y rpll. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (averagj cu3y/brp -7vy-xa7 -y9xp ape temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the om esm qe:;ax2/**sjsf:k dhc2 ;n/ ebrivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter2e2*ss:: m*eb ;fej;xo /mh/das cqn k is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at x k*ebmw53:v fjb6i-a4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diamet svc/d,gmo nbo(n.g18er. What will be its change in volume if it is heated 1cgo/db ,g o (n8.nmsvfrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350yl6 ofrpsqc6pwdg 4n2 (j1dy *n-o.o/.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water dy7eqy rk3z.asz*y:8at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a rinss;bth g3 xv24)zp dk+g made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so ihok+717ize/i bd7rad t can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the ca+ 1io7edir kz bd/77hoefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chanrpekb5o 0 8 w80ukp)iige in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coeffic(la ;oa p2)o)alp qcgsz(y55 fient of linear expansion 2clzp(yaf(a ) 5 s)l;pa5qog o$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sozzwq gt2p 4+ i p39j:1oo,tqcqlid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keo , ,vynrm/cwlvf3 c7(eps perfect time at 17f (o,3cym c7wln rv,/v $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diaplg x,l*vhr8/ (qc c3emeter of 0.140 mm. The bulb pg/ q rhlxvc8cel,(3 *has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radp 9wz3/ bxb)ffius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with a)fb b 9x/3fzwpngular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the de5*pk1+sytjeh8( .y). r kcc9tmn dlbhsired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it jk9 5cbty nyrh* kt+l (p.d1 c.he)ms8at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional. *y2d3zjty1+ rpgesr area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.e+ p7.,hquvc gqr :99 oyuh.kz122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures oupdc(f5 1rf6tn the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on thqq6 e 6bt:0km-vraxt zkxf- .xoju 4.7e Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in rfzdri1k( +c)the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure a3 t4 8skan1 f7bgsi1f) flte8jnd a temperature of 38t7i 1ffe8 j al)ngkf4s1tsb about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gao1f ost0 voyr+69x,rs s law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen ((p-8l7e .nx;cl;bdwg 6kry fx$N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of d4n)sf,raf druh 19 0liy,rcbnl(2w4 nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliumuucpd0i 05yxg; -wz 5q gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L containew*:m1)v*8wlv k 9m0t h /3.apquqvemvuegs g8r holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at g* mvu) v l*.u3q:8mqwke 89pw1hmae0s/gt vv385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of i3xj)a+45nm eq ae m my:d1mekgsq;e; ,:rv 3w$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves itsq7f qolt /6b9g buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the vq7ql69tf / obgolume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15v:;re a u7swh, $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen acsbq: :f9p+pj9a1 lwwt 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level )+ k of4z 9:sfxgh1qowand 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of m;:90k6lvr xpn ta9s; bwe-c bfolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water y ngotdag g3i) z:( c):v00kbbare there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a ) t51m5uwiodm( w:e7allg.lc) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume-j ggaparp,8 4hv)5w hxr4itf5e1gg 6 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 8bmn+q8w hux, z hi-f42.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant densitynuw+8,- z4hh8imb fqx.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average trax lhfv86ekzm**de . *cnslational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? x 6m*h*k ezve.dl8fc*    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun ato5iy1gk0ik bq06 vfiwei ,g 1ic( 07te a temperature of about 6000v6e0 ci07oiib g(kw1eiq gif t5k10y, K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms w,kfja6 y *5yvspeed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased fr5w v,fyj6yka*om 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have p0dbrh 5nqg)z.l6u6bahhz-- q:eel3the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, q n5lqd-rh. el)p0zu: gh b6e-a36hbzand 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.vcdp y (qm 9b(smj02d40 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is 6tj mid) c;z;tdoubled while its volume is held constant, by what factormcdit; z;j)6t does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is ;v*sy-/ ab u+afybv7ggiven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, thlb fin(+0re0x+f,njo x,kv uwm -ns9 :e ratio of their rms speeds is eq:x,ufe (n x09 fvmjsno0l nr+-wbik +,ual to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nd:; zegs1wnl1erqoi. + * lfrsr er q5k05s;r5itrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 gqxy5* vx+qxod 2qk5;$^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitr1f*wy fh.wwec r6 fs yy5.v/vc/ay9x (ogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose moleculardq*ys(ex5uyods(f5- mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37 q5e5(y dssd(ux* -yf o$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure o w3 v y/nd6gmpz3 (5 ohfh/gw;p(x06iq; asbmP of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniu 6c;iiqqwx: sji6 j:0sm, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressuren )rd-x -41i lrjf5tke, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the te(aalbfur- ,8d2zeo w*mperature is (a) 9aw zlfu(,e*d-o2a 8r b0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if thei:,tjcedb3,bgyw.; o 6l ig/i humidity is 50% on a day when the tem,b;:j c6. i wglo ei,tby/g3diperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water bo -w7k1xs wa) lsspao*7;u9cpiils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 ap+o xdg 1;:ktmou5hp8 tm, estimate the temper+uo dpp8gk 1; mho5tx:ature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day z i ey0290s2gjqwg-r zwhen the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative hsw9 igry2ez0z -g2qj0umidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial qsh 6dj s-(m6wpressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the watfoh cp3ai8e(,i14 g.tmin iy3er is boiling at a temperature3ci3gnt.,( iaepmhy48 o1 fi i of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 68 7+pla,ani jwx(3s4n xyh1d, l0$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point vjg t444pcd9 s*unj:e g.)tymof 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glyciksine9 og./vgcc8d92cxryv69q 8 zk4ne molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distak4r/i98yo.z 9vgq enxg8v d 92cc6kcsnce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior thh8-vk)pw :nu arough tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is aboutpuhn:a8v k-w) 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measur+xazomzukjc3: fzib.j :3. t+e has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at p wz5yyv: a;)m20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated aty0s8 bher7a(nvql r/93f ys.:ko,p1ttef t v7 normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool wpsry(3t.fbt /y, kat e of79v:7 l1esqv80r hnater, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cdyn,:m, jcx :bylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fracti,,jc nbx ym:d:on of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.,b1xt(v 3e+f tynujz- 5 m, width 3.1 m, and hefn ,yx ttb(ze1u3-v +jight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the d5q j19wn,pn / ij:oglcensity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure arlewtzko,08me 3 5io ,ttainable using the best available vacuum techniques is abozmeki5ol3 w,8, 0o terut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the s6+eplhd 7jpz 5urfap65l+e p7dzj hce, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’1y5 w8mi -i-2pn0 u 5xs+xtv6z dansyas atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h nx82d a ta5vx5yn- m z0wiy -p6s1is+uMolecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal mkjvban3k2krv)k2:t(dm:+ sgas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770qrr*ey a7 (x7n 1i3raem$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric prl8ec fy zyo,87oc-/adessure at the surface of the Earth, estimate th /,loydoa fyc-zc8e 87e total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitr9k selz1r0: 0ne)bz,so,m4 qlmok 8tvtj um23ogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygt2 .vt1 gh9kdwen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last.hg9k 12tdw tv if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats 8ye v(5z1y3fmwy )eyf in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinn6lnr1a0 pj pr3b3a s3e at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snug(gu(uxe2ucpm//u qy267 i ogi a4d6pfly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tig2nl dllfv/fnavg ) 841.ve-i jhtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standarrw)oib2u86q nv :eil/d, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm atmz o/y; 1-:l*4 wjufh7iugvuq 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from ()z;/vl eh(ovc9 :*jpnx b6v aq-ayhwthe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls t m*n+/i7q r;rbw oiyd,hrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls p,/ rq biim*dyr7wn+;o er second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble ofqut .:n*g(fvn*d l ve/ air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How laqe v/*n dn*:fg.l(vturge is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in x qygkq vy*j + xl3n *lvw9axn5s+-,:athe air on the following two days: qx jwan : a5s-9,ylqvxg3*y+l x+kv*n
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent dif / vmg 4edlfoh-b 55mf6b8l)m8btzp( wference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tem5e(8ozbp8 b/f) t5bm glw4m mdh-v6flperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law toan u5 byr)/xoc3-ny*nugjt8s+vv0yz7m+t ,q show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient 7gzttn0 uvobny *ya) +c+nyu85 xv,qj-s/ 3rmof volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their c q yc1c:6sz tqa7q2wn g1q;hd5ellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at qz1qn7gqcts2hw1 6 : aqcd;y520$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg