Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg ofenhk kcfllh6*1 l e3gih*31r + aluminum? See the periodic table or Appel rh3*enk1gl+he l i16c*3hkf ndix B.

Name several properties of materials that could by /*kerq9aqiaa bx e/1yv23f8e exploited to make a thermometerbq9y/a 8 1yfv* x2areq/iek3 a.

Which is larger, 1 Cc crrj .ae57gy/ *q4gwlyq)t; $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with syst)() gpv,mojes em B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with syj s pm(o,)vg)estem C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminu tmt6v5+zr;y t d q* 3iyo0:j3kqf;prom riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–153fqk3+oo0t;m:t ;tjvd* y6zp riqyr.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of qza3v 23l qp)yf25yj qlinear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a s*l /8g.yarwzfzbo: ) q8yyi4furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conduct)br 88qszl yz.gif: 4yyw/ *aos electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often hav)o 2sw.kk htwy389giee a section in the shape of a U. W9gy. )h8sik23o k ewwthy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in me7bvcph isg,p -i5)xs 9rcury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is firslat* )wru2t4 nt placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and *a 4ultn2)rwtthen rises. Explain.

A glass container may bnn*4po rfp 8kwec3 6x5reak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacepw86k *4 fcopenxr3n 5nt parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coeffici5kf; 4h tramqb,)r pz1ent of linear expansion is much smhp4mzb,rkfr ; q) 1a5taller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuom5sowm2rd(4r / xo 9lrate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the c3 hbgpnu 2c; we+0pn0qan will not stand up. What has happe0 bp n;e0npq+gu2c h3wned?

When a gas is rapidly compresse,fm02ju r5u eg ubx2:hd (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molemj,f2 b u:u5r20gu xhecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in wate3mv68fmk5 geer increase or decrease if the temperature is increased frm 6efm83k eg5vom 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic thejsnbfc55b21c,k , /dg:e7 2r tsyfqftory and the relation between averagjsse1tb/f5,bf7cqfcy 2 kg5,: r2nt d e kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’shyvr(sk4j 2hg*u )4.xn 3tdid wu3r n9 law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Ea tua-vg f+k) qi1u)hr+rth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refersy0j uw)k 2u39by;szq u to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Mou92sbyqukj;)u03z w y on is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more qulh jy2:-88gx fqtwcdgt3 y /3tickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the otc h3-:8 /t8y2gq d gxwtf3yltjher?

Explain why a hot humid day is far mor*:c-u7/ g ypyfvqw6i4 j/fco6lfd e,ce uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same c g*-6f/coelf47,yuw jpf dcv :iy6 /qtemperature.

Is it possible to boil water . ikk zsx6 8m5v i9wv:syw;3rwat room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the e u78phqh6 e*cdi8 u.nhumidity is different. Which is more dense, the dryue dh8 7nq6h*cu .pei8 air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to ac0 kd*9f)zmm5h,d myopen the radiator cap of an overheated automobilecmk5h,a d*dm f mz9y)0 engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a l8,uva4cqm+ry) u. yv naem q7;ittle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gramyc;9xh3k e,zfy5nk7h copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to tml.( lueq+d p)he number in a silve lm+pdl(e)q u.r ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the1hg z0)(9uuuox zas82zr.bnm Celsius scale?u8m90n2ozh1u)a (z zbux. rs g   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorjt04yjy/d *ah:dh pjg)nr 9r) ded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometueph . gtq9x4)er, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0..huxg4qt )p9e 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m loi)pg1 ft jil5+ng (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought ::e sgoor9sv2wx5 7bh ix7) r0r.b;d7lyn qtl iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature ofg0lrnb:7yvr.:w ;sx b dr7xli o )sh9527tqeo 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivetsn ( 9q679nbgyuy194w dt dka:b fexda1e-kof5 that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is coolet 6u akyo995y4q1 nw97x egdfk(dn- feb1ab d:d (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at ;z2; s.rm5u;v-t*fr(bpirex /h q bj v4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cmmodztb dt,7 tir) 3m3c7a7.ah:q,y-il y i1wi in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it id h7, i-7 q,mydlta3a3ti yt bi7)rw.zm1:o cis heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled3ot qn8q qtz)svvk( -35lq w9r to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wxe) d9:d+vb gemj-,o vater at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring madel( 7;mxtbmq+f of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, n0mg v 5*axvl55;s v p3orjo6nsarrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linjo*; 35 xovms p a56vv5sl0rgnear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densityzk v ppd./f.e/hzc;c-n5mr q fn++ff) $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has co0.b :n/ig)tr mgzmo) 6k5hyi jv60qrs efficient of linear ex0ohrnv )ikg s66/j.i:m gmb) y0t5rzqpansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soliyc/zz *)90* zar jfudu3+bia4/zqrf v d, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is ;ogzzazz6;0fmade of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 zz ; g0f;6oazz$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer h9kw9jo7s - z +wee3o5fr 3e;m5rvwyspas an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volsf py5veezorw ; w7k9me395wo3sjr+ -ume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.4co3vp ew* /1fk1 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings*c13/wko vf ep with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requir;c:mbx; k5v n ntm/a)c,her*g ed to keep it at this length if the temperature increa /r,;k a cvm:gb*te x;nmh5cn)ses to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectionnp)xz )gmg z4f;r/5tqal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 13c 6qqvt 3ld 4bqfijsg)6) ,r1p4.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kel-c mbd*zqly,b1h(k, ap8 qp5y vin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit bf59fd(;zjwj 79bj mk scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interm u(z2 *t,rpln-0yx xwior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, a 9 hiu01djg7nidz5 bizh s376fy;h ux-ir at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 5dbn3;9h usj0 i fydiuhi7z1hg-x76 z about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at a qr6(hovfhokwemot) +v6/ y6)uc. - fSTP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrju 2af)lg n(5uogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.1i-yk/tpihv), hy. vz a gmm455 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1up vm m);x53+wu n1qms0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L containh,- v7.s 4ew xjrkqrs6er holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385rsqx.ehvw46, kj-r 7s K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0(t ay5uv)n -rf7*ph ncxu2g;;vyq bs. kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatin79jgj5dcr4 ijg the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air oi4c57 g9 djjjrutside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air/ z*mxqh)n;pl. 6jwln)yf hp+ at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18equs se+a; 1 z (8lskp*;;qd:b;ih kqh.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s h91jy8)f jyrh -anb mp.and at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mof *a3bbgj opy6ma: vkd:sa9:/lecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there i/:mctq dt4b )pn 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) (b/5gnheuy2i moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume .7eoa3njawjb4s -x/d 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-Lxv2 mm 2-zlt2 i7zzcgm6wwj(* breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileox2v jm iczzz*-m(t72ww26lgm took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic enerlxd/lxlrv i;g(s5z* 1 gy of an oxygen molecule at STl;* 5zx si rgdll1xv(/P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heliumh*/jt 1x4zwcx atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000zxwjc x h1t/4* K.    m/s

  By what factor will tz/h hy 9 dti1 uut/8*pv5:xmvhhe rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is in8 /u:1dimhvu9htv*x z 5p/thycreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units my. ihfo4-) vhof km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms m v hy4)-ihf.ospeed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at xl9f 1 do1rh-csgj2cy8 7c+de )2ifmj 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, (n asjb):n+6dhxv2py,g.udm dc2r(w by what factor doeu2c:6 d2s, v+da(.nm )ydhwnp(rgxb js $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculzyfsl)q-,:nzi p8yz+,sgx nw5v7 2q mes in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperatur2*httda:)w5 khr;k uj.d uko3e, the ratio of their rms speeds is equar j.k*;:uh3ddtatkw 2) 5 hukol to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contajfm6 ott 0k b)n:r.r(nined in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule 6d5x8skxj. srat 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at S 2d:gv) mtjllwklwx :2-b14oq TP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose moleculs;7m2eplwt, c d;x/dc ar mass is 89 u in a living celtc,;d w2m pecdxls7 /;l at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can 3xk/dhl;t b7o/d.wma wp/m 3 jbe written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urz myuj5+1js/uanium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what ppu 4+zd:clq g4hases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm u x)4+gan-9hymz8iq 4,hmhsyand the temperature is (a) 9si 4y+z4 -uhh)qa mhxgy9n ,8m0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a/azl4jxm/2d k,o h k:ff *wh+y day when the temperature is 25 * z+4kd/:2 ffkmy/lo jw hahx,$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at axz/a8.awz9fy: f6bn n place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, evd6f,1o seygq 5d+y9estimate the temperature at which watefdq5 1e+yd 6 eyv9gs,or boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of3q)d sr/nixyq*l*ru 8 water is 530 Pa and the relative humidiq yxdsrlui)/r *3n8q*ty is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wat h+(p(5gsiiia1beh+q er on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if thmo0yx:qy,+bj 3m gk 8ke water is boiling at a temperature of 120 myx go83 kjqy ,k0:+mb$^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 680+ jd 6j2qh q88.8 pgdehrpav2vh7ng-r$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point om 2ctsce,r 6*z- cjux jnf-f;9f 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuss:23:p4 m*zk jzeiyr qe a distance of 15 pzm:zskje2 *y34:qir$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of dbnv knw56j 3(3o2bjy insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area ob jvb6(3j3w n5nk2ydof $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been ca+tf) qs,hy( nolibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratqbl8qi:u ct+b t;3kf. ed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tempi1uy4o896zrbu vz 5cmerature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and tv14z6 cyobu5zu8i9rm he cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas c pj7t5p1o z8 *i )sf -/jwgddxb45p7loe,mdl oylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remaindw8s7 l,4/oj) 5pe*1 -gf 7xbmpzd ti5oolp jds in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air moo wlrddaymix3 jn52- z1;9 c z5dde(h2lecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and hn2y-x(jdri9c2 1z5d5 demola;zw3hd eight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom 4a-z s kvf i3 4)rpzwa5xpul0:per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum tech-/ i6el(,yk ehjb.tclgz 0iiv2m6vb. niques is abo- .veb06g mk,/hlliez.i(jc6 i2tyvb ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L whl w.ywoq0/f (yen 10 m below the surface, to whaty/wqywl f0(o. volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning fro(-gw)f13lh,;dcj(,ubg n ag hhio eb0m the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (B0(w(oe n,fa b hh3 ggh,1;-bdulgcj )iecause of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideaq;p*im(bu4r hl gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume k-*e.u qyv9ijof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the suromd0o 1j i:u 6hpxhf.,face of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s h x:o,jo.uf1p 0mh6diatmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of niv5j hs627eqm8strje vw*,qz2trogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital h mnb0o42d +xjlas gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is cn2+j oxb l40dmonstant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl /dc7, gktpqr7rl e :;rof liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0 p8 n/c(4zv0vftbm+j p$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at9x )fqlg 3puu; 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glak cg v0eebrr i+2n (mir-(j4c2ss jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, a- q7zrg5lpq )6fnk5vc dopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fulvv2de 0r;e m+dq 8or*jly charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earthuj(g* ;cfelenmb9 0 )d./ onyg is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown v7e:d-c,3huf;ezm eh vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and z,e7;e3mdfhv:uch- e are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.))ksb 3g uea6v.tnu;u00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature isuu.k gu)n s6e)vt;a3b constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on tgpd s q8/+9mbphe following two days: 8gspm/ d q+9bp
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the densiw e 0zk0e0pdmmky. 1 vs5bn :i6w3jr;yty of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the t1es kjn e 5prwvd;zm0i6y0k0m .3bw:yemperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas atn5ezug:(f8 hmur1ox3mmz(bw 4av* )z constant pressure, the coefficient o4f(zowu e*5u)m (:zr8azbn hg1 vm3 mxf volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their c p0ni0lg/q; u 4v-lr lnhlh xxb8.a-g8ellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the c; -h0 0hal ux4qglrn88n-lxp vlgbi./ ellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg