Which has more atoms:rsoz 4a- 7 x7h6,luupr 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table oa,s z7lu 64o7pxu-r rhr Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials t65ubdxm9 pr:by;ue-v ul:v ( jhat could be exploited to make a thermometelb;d 6b rxe9j vuu:m:-pyu v(5r.

Which is larger, 1 C );mbqn5e3 s,rtl -wlq$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with rdk fhj.o-byh.y9 .,5e 6hb pgsystem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, ybdhpjbr y he g5ko ,6hf9...-what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip cons l5i5kdsay; sz0 28osjists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be 582 ;l5oj0s zkssyi daon the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansion +sj-,j.rp be1v,gbu c$\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermoz j+ +3kpv6wrystat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a36 z+w vpr+kjy glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often havejt8ec .,j3gy xxmyocfo:l*7w9 .sqa: a section in the shape of a U. Whyy8gmcxx, etcj jfy w ao:*o9.ql3.:s7?

A flat, uniform cylinde;g; zui+*po,6fg2 y4d mslfdir of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is firaqx33wl q66 kjst placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. qqw6ja6lxk 3 3Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapid16foc3 x.wn xs0iv q7gly than adjacent parts. Expwn07vf c.igxos361 xqlain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expaxs.uw:no/b4 8 dukr :ny8z) ugnsion is much smaller than that for ordinar8nb) s/udzxrugk:8o: u.n y4wy glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate b m.yj d47.gilqp6(km 9wnx9a at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bott1mv;ot0cyld8 (x p-5dsms- tvom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has-8t 5sx c(d-pmd y ;l1vmvso0t happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a q4 ;(c7 simtnjtt*r,v piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when th jitt,t vcn;4m sr*7q(ey strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere subm i ;w/ 8xgyq37zqs3xcmerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature iiy 33 c w8x;zgsqm/7xqs increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic tr. far q9a.mj)heory and the relation between average kin9fa. a). rjmrqetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kdlj)j9 r1 n9zminetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ruq6 p/7p ah8vpatio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object mustpi6v(n7ahs 9y gaj4/ks48 ljw have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the jg 4vy/7pssahk jaiw9l 6n8(4Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperatciaxu jnqu-f2 9y2befa)o 45:ure. What can you infer about 2b-a5ya92onfuf) 4 i xuecj: qthe molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry x6wcz gn,ad g +x42pk-day at the same temperaxdk g+ zpxca6gn2,w 4-ture.

Is it possible to boil water at roomw5): xt9u.ybn 9win r3oxr;e n temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the aiaq)cxi2 q ui7e 5m-o6gr temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explaciq6ue mg 57i qo)x-2ain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an ovsf riui+w 7j2n()1wq j:uu2xnerheated automobile enunj 7+f)i1sjuqun wwr:i2( x2gine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the q myc8(e 5cxj z6(vhy)dlpymlg)q1+: winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in go ww+be8 vd9)1 v;f/txux9(c 0dxl ela 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ri xw px69 y5c6buvsmnyp./5 yg:ng compare to the number in a silver ring of the same masv/ b x5x65s u:pyy.6mpw n9ycgs?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on tx/: hk-auq g+5gv1kys he Celsius scale? hkku qyv:sa/g- 1+x5g   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recor , wvqng21z-h.c lg:;j .jpkhvded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass therbx. /a( :m9xn7jk qnsdmometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.7x xd9(qjm/:nksn.ba 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of s6y,ld gzbjsww4ky4u y/+fc+ 1x2u+nv labs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig qk/z* xxvko(67az5y sp)v,ve. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature5 ( zzx7, k*qkps/6 avvve)xoy of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets cq3 phu lg8,-h;iqp l:fs-ra0 that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooledsgq3uhla8r; --ic f,qlpp: h0 (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water aurgz (9zc;6i ht 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be zw3nccfp watt4 8.()dits change in volume if it is heapt(3 cwz 4 n.afc)tw8dted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 ojamn/v d-aa*,v 7i z5mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 *ppv.c k. bqr;$^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a rivodhx5 /u5m44 m23bxwsdy4uj *b:dqt ng made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essential2ip 3momhw x(kqu6-h d/s 3mno2n c-z5ly one direction only, show t(/ h3 3umnz w6kxph5-2niosqd mm co2-hat the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densit wmy, hge0( 6ql,9ceory $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has 5p:vjda4rfxc s29b 5acoefficient of linear expansion5xf 5v4p92bc ajdrs a: $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrr6kf vpb6:l 4-0lxtv/z + lqznjj: t;kopic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather cldt1 a;bmf pj2 q7zoh(5ock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17(j;t721odam hf5pb zq $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter oypl0/ lc1pw,ecdh1 kc6 h,*p zf 0.140 mm. The bulb has a dwl1*, ,p 0l1py cz6chhck/ep volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rn zvk:w(nk-a 2otating about its axle n-w2 ankkz :(von frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desire j.cpc- u:1pp4ntrqx* d length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increp4: j* r-n1 uqtpp.cxcases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of crosskuxsg j01u7m2g9 a7id5t,l rn -sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter +9lt +qcujk* l134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvi zww*ngeh:hg-w0;cy ,w4j+a o n scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scalke3u( 7/zmdi we?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the ints a*btpz0(4(fd1cs loc,huvyc 2.v,terior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature c d /zmjf(t prbbo g,.91zn*h0of about z* 0ctmh/ bb19j.,zop drfgn(20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the idea94o 1ha -z;bubw,n wspl gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains xseo5f jo2bdm; fic .;-1a -n v,i,kze21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg3k12 wkjv yk2a of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gamg k9.ug ;7e zp*gs5 ;qfrusn;s is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon9it zh2+wjx7w ib-6gi gas at 3t6iwxb h-+ 2j7iwg 9zi85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.00y b9w.x :1a* oawjcwny 4mg)ut9rr)m kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the3 3efkmjoiqmz cb4)() air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume ofkq ozij(mf3e m3c)4)b a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled wit(ca mx6m9bhie3k d) zr:t .b9wg39oqzh air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18./ b63lrqdy3tbeu l:u90 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and-e,,kw jzg+k or )su-y 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of :g-:,-sao sky pli2f umolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How mtd/,)ornix 4 dany molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molesn5/1s9r;r. lsdyhwmb ,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume uka +80lup*h j5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhalvd jicdf:o7j 77*4pscrdgh ihb 40k99e that were also in the last breath Gok :r0jh7* 4fjhdicddibp 7sg v9 79c4alileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an1(txs v (fjj/d oxygen molecule at STP?ft(x vs jj(/1d    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tempera4 3 v4wi.nnyp2 5bslpature oavb.s3 pl y4np4w 2n5if about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas moleccxpes 8w s 4m o*+s/qw99,hpwjules increase if the temperature is increased f9*epc4m/jhqs s ,+ow8xs ww9prom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, givenkthkgwzq/m*gtw9-rzv h; na4 m8 8azwi 3-/q* in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7 w3w8/r9a w 4m- ; /qztzg8k*hngqa tzhmv*-ik, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 1bd:07jfjtva d +,qjf 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what fr8 kc, ,uumieytfh y5t):6ru 6r8**zhs .fp rvactor does m pf*vi erhf)ryz.:uh ury8 ,586ts6, u*rkt c$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a 9lu: w+qrex;*lhhpz g-, r 5sggas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, (xsxz6 e2jnt uk5zc /hr0g-/ lthe ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inver k-z//n5exu(6xrhz c 2s0jtlgse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mol ft8q7ph5 ph0uecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mole e :yq+e 4;xkwol.(9 ivi;uouccule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen moleculij.rx 42a*x vhes at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an ami n/f g9vwgix5,no acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living ,n5w 9vfgxig/ cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written Pzp 4gcq bx-vw ,lu 35cm*sg,j) = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniulh3/7k ,flrmccg h/ x6m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phas b 70r5nm ksy5*nscxj3es can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase wcgbcd)u1 88:rw 4 bhddhen the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90:rwudb h8d cg41)c8d b $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% jy(:ouqj /dv;om 6xv1r9;uab on a day when the temperature is 2o;;vxarq v1yjbu 96m:/(jo u d5 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a placccur 9rr68 (y1sggg* ke where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular pla8i*3 bv z2emnjb )cq,pu+xlr9ce in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temb 3)9le*p q,8u+bxrinv2jcm z perature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressur s7f9u ebxmrs0)/gn .ke of water is 530 Pa and the relative humiditys) /n7 kmue.rsg0fx9b is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when thu j99 i/h6 dhbkl4b(tde temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the38q1tau:bo00aq fjez sqo09 a water is boiling at a temperaturouabztqf 090q1a3jsao8qe : 0 e of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 68t(5,j f1racd v0$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew3t wmi( apv2d5aa+of 8q4hoj8 ,d9ska point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to dn1d-*:4aot m noy 8ygziffuse a distance of 15tyd *1-z: yma4ono 8gn $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior throughue7e.n 2lex n4xm*uwlv- hva.n5x+ u2 tiny tubes called tracheae. Ane.e 7uv*+lx5xae-lwv. 24n u2nmx n hu average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been cal8sa-j7whh ekv;e.p qo*t ,m6librated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape7cwmt7cz wrcok72d8e ybqx evc( e +-/gl080s measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibratekbw358m v wll*g+x7n gd at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 3 xg*g8k5l mvl+nb 7wwmL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is ixn;41gwp,ms im5,v fpnitially 28 atm. After many ballwm v4i5,,;1 spfnpmgx oons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5(sbx) w5tpytafana / rw2.k4d0u5ig 1 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperat rywu1asd4tw5(xia.g ) 2pf0ak/5nb ture is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is axzc3+9my ug.mi( , iw2kt t3vcbout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniei ./row ;/ a7-pccge 8eq4y1zz bk(tdques is abod/k ec4 qoy7r-wib aczez1 (t8/pg;e.ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacihm7dn i 7dbmv/a70oygn ,zu-+ty of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quick d,o d7m+zi- nmnua/b hy7v0g7ly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from o5v5b)bu9qrs w v2nl i0e1* axthe Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km o uqv1nvxbs*25a b0)ei9 l5wr/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas isvo7/vy ebowr7: 0;tis increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77:fhw0sq-)/ov 0bf wd)-us rn h0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of //m+go4 du;7p ;hlt kh okog-matmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmospkodl4o/7g-p ;om;k hm/ hut+ghere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules con( ,a.sk-trh/lfanqugy /2 to 5tained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 20m/7ywe ghd2ox u5+6zsk f)-sj00 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, 2oz /emxusj -s)7+5hywd fgk6 measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mej9mg hq0 (tex y;nok;n.mf+p+rcury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at oyv9; )e qva*-bqw8 zs0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fq1(m k eagc2op-k2,rzd9s ;xtit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jhjpu ga t14ru0ni1u7a)u 3 ;enar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 18s; yjra)c sus u(69n)e$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully z uhd1yis2).w 47 lv,wmnhk5rcharged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earthxlb)f; x(x0xqk65wr4a r8ipoon/ sd t(8nx0 v is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravrak 7,s;wuvh /ity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they haves /,hv;wrk7au a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of ag ci: )-:d2jf2 bzugyair from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant a2:u a 2gyb -)zcgjif:dt 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air o 47e lwllwv8y4n the following two days: 7l84yv ll wew4
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron a ,)vq+ro4nkm;- at9pqw bd8 nst STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 200 tp;qvm), -qnk+n9w s4 abod8r0$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at consta0 yij nvn7/ctyi* o9gfo;f.,u/ckm:ant pressure, the coeff ,.g0mjcy9ifo:n at;fnvc/ i/ *7o uykicient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.