Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table o-lj9mf4o.gd o r Apl j9-4of.dmgopendix B.

Name several properties of materials that cohkm52 f,ux oz 6-i. .hjoba9usk /sk/xuld be exploited to make a thermomete.sjk.u zo2h9u kxfkxm- a5 o6/hsb/i,r.

Which is larger, 1 Cma /0fyr 7ap*u $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium witl pf cqdaa:g:( tv5k00h system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can ckp:qv5af( 0gat ld :0you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip c;bz3trd8 fi g)/mu7h1,tzlc f onsists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the ou/gt,37 i;fuz8bcrzdl1th )mf tside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansiog3ob tgme0. .kkt w.1wn $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used tl )2 y* mtakoigv-x6o0o control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals b6t0ay-o x)mg li*o kv2onded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a se ks.;4 hbrx1qiction in the shape of 1ihx4qk;s . bra U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead fhinch1l4nphi c 0y 4,9loats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of wate 6zdoo;,,ezh(cgwa1 xr, the mercury initially descends a bit and then ri6,aze g(wdo zox hc,;1ses. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rz. 4bfb ioc6*cq2awi4apidly than adjacent parts.4co 2b*qf zaciw.ib46 Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is03;*gsn j- -pzz2cxfkdbr n;o that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain whzbp;snf2n*ok c3zg ; -rxdj-0y this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather c+-,b5bto z)zlr.ag mp lock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and t z+.a)gsk 2tnd1*j fheop to bulge so badly the can will not stanzh*1sgfn.dk+ta )j2 ed up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing d iw, erj)d 1,oophm /t9w.6topown a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, i 6rdwo ehow1ttm)/ ,.jpi o,9pt cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere 1(t0 xoid3:maa+ul1aedmyf.e k9l5 psubmerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is inc 3 dut9a x1p:0 .a5(kll+demaoyf1em ireased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law gpe5pwd ;*6 zb8sd vq8follows from kinetic theory and the relation between averaged8 bs dq*;pp8 z6weg5v kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follotz +e53tp a4p7er/ m0u4b; 1gemfvaf pws from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in t6eb+lrtsb * g +hbjc21he Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers 6 veojc*,sq9l(8z pfnto the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphereze q6pjlnfos(98 c*v, .

Alcohol evaporates md; 9mqu uu0k-core quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the otherc quu0d9k;m- u?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry dao9pa*k4:*li.sv+tb sx rxet ,y at the :+ te*xsxpk,r v4sia*.to lb9same temperature.

Is it possible to boil wych6pm0 *ht fuy2cbt5. +:ahzater at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is6lb qnz:, e+zwxrj y.; the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or th.:l yj renxbzq;w+6 ,ze humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an o;k9+vwhajkpw7xba31 3f ul 7everheated automobile engih 3a+wj7k e p73kxawu bfl;v19ne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the wia86dpb1w)w fe nter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper5.3m6xox6dmke p6up q penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atom k9fzn;64 eohf*m d(w(br /bsls in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring okfd(/s ofhr ;lmwn* b6(4bez9f the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often takenkabvb- h( k/ k *22phg5r0rqrg to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?pka2 kkr5 g 2-* 0gb/hqrvr(bh   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 13yo:xpla4zf rhd8 q8 cw j(d8++6 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, tu:g8sfri 59td he alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0. udifrtg5: s980 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is buill+rme v j 9q2i7 3fmzqrs*4vde8wn 9-pt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fi.g0o;z g zh mu74ul3wng. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Jan 7g.4g0zz3u;mu whl onuary (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets tham .iq4j*s7wq dt are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is s4 qm7i .jd*qwto be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at xk1) gs *nd3g;ykex /xra0yp 84 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it7 y3.owytk/u ar9hhs mx8z8)a is heated frx389t7a muy8 /z)k yhrswaho.om 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at ). e8t/jatai dxkq;s:100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 5i iio8ggwdwr/0)kg90.kl h a /5.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be plw oxbdx0wj,-)uewr;fny41 x*aced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expa,8 u(jpfqq gh3nd in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximat qp(gfq,h3 8ujely equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in thezoc-7odgo:6 ++uvb.i k. aplc density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linoowv .wm69b2w ve ktb94)5g nkear exp4529vm6 o.bo eb) w9tk vknwgwansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic wo4bbfxqvh :s9vf 88 :solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfatheynt2iwl02(fz ld )v +hr clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 (w+ytv lizdl)0nf 22h$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. Thtn w.(b ;3sj;gjrig.z 8dph0qe bulb has a volume of 0.2qdhnj.; .i; (3r8sjg0gbztw p55 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radh) s2vmut0u s.ius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angulatvum)us2 hs.0r velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desireddz j)(x/ dycs3 length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increase)zcydj xd( 3/ss to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of ds /aw tcvit)d-+zh33 cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 20j;kmy)cp;ex; qva e 3+$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin sca 945hdfj5c8a(jjuo mwle:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit*1.bq kl g ujhmpx-vj98i5 e0+uqy fs/ scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are7gvjdkl *l yd*p:qp 7/ about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, ; ,imo1ka42zh:jpzx l air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 4xal2k ,ij: z;zh1 ompabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen e sr4/*( jkz7fpqd f,iat STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of ni( 9:wbov/lo kp/zz2qd trogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at ST1fzcd -e7ra; uqu gth 4(nt,v+P contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium r uv8:.kiedqp0 h)8 hugas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg ,sie1z5rej0 +ie d 3*w 7+785z vaxbcfylujwqof argon gas at 385 vl7f+s3jc50y,uxew*1 dwj+zzq5b ai r78e ei K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kwcawfa6 rw11o7.omrf zzy7 di44+-vig of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insideylnvb*ltc : s80.- gnb the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Sv 8- cgb0*yn sbt:.llnuppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15rt8 fw21wlpb-mr/qkt 3(f ,g o $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 .8 aw/flanlci-4 j5u -q gp2po$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at gvj7/ t* 4axyt olj-diemd;( *sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mole.ii q3epwezx*-ad b n /hdj50.cules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.fn ; 4k- oda*6)heuynw000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) 9mmfi)7b gr1*7jc wp:an3qajmoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 05vr-;vv7 lz091szb dgv1s bzoj 3wsm 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.k9/4up- ilexv +qzfo/0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hintpzok/ivxu4 + e9/q fl-: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of 9djfb+*oq3j7vxdvtwo; 6 1d 5gbv2u z an oxygen molecule at STP2tj +o6fvod5 xdd3 j *bvgu79q 1vz;wb?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfacec ekakp 5 p5t6 gv7;rw)ud()wi of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 cdawik)rg;6v w 5) te5 (ppu7kK.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if thj5 t6) pa(q sawtvm-s.k. + w;y6ckljhe temperature is increased twpj s+( wsj.h-6a.l m;6)ka5qtc vkyfrom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of kmm+j l4mxl;1(i1,vlb6phv , d05vsse*cdriwt /s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the r4d l vxs 0l5vec,rmj dwh*,pit+1lb m16vsi (;ms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a ga*s6jgv4 hlfh10l0* e7su ,t cr1nytmos at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume7bh0un;tl,j,up ;h gt is held constant, by what fa;n,0,7; g tuhpu jlthbctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speedj 3f /oyjw)wj9 of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of thei.*uojljnz 6 hr:q.s9 *k3fqpm r rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular massesr.jknso: u.3 *qlh qz9f mp*6j.

  What is the rms speed ofj :ndey/9y2 pp nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an o w:synd;2k8,ez6l du/8xq ,m8t h03uighj fxfxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STPvleu: d1zxah,h3 pn+;z at(7i?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in qd 4d d5pmd9d,5shf1l;yj txw s.6l d1uj-yz7a livinuf ld-5ds65mpy.dd9t ,szq j hj41; x1y7dldwg cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gasdu zke-)frg.qe111pe can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumj. 9m(pf1a1glw -ml. syh3ec+jsg2 bw, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases cagdn97;qrcjg* n1r2pw t,ef v, n $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)hdt/.nu +iz u, 90+ i,dzthnuu/ . $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approx3jd nwqqn/u 0 :.on/deimately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperat/no/d:eq.nu3 0ndqw jure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water ba,y *j b:)k ,)tkjwob6o7cvytoils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the m k 4mp+iv0dd5sountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boil 4+sdvkp05mid s. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of +obk+wvf +g/9qr v6/ge9m gik water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity +i+kkr g +vbgf//m9g eow96qv is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 8f7fss( 7.m/yxp aomt $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a *kxag f+y3,lq pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temg,ly3* fq+axk perature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of voluqev/nk 6d4uhy7x2 8 jgme 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its d5bscwb2o/ koagd2 u)u d2k) l,yp :d+new point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed a m 46aj7 qc *c8(siw91srze9j a+gdxpfor a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a disi * sp+q4m 98( jg9c7srza 1jeac6daxwtance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the v fg;o 2/cn*czinterior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cros*go/c cz;2nf vs-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated a- :o4tqi4wp weda1fa *t 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measuregvub+ljny 5oiq9: + z iu9t++gdqy 0+v has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much erye sir,2(cl 8bror will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the c( r8ec2i ylsb,up are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28e;s ub5kr *y:r atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has de:ru*;se5 ykb rcreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width k7-kut wyo j:;8b)x dn3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the t- ;nkyk 7jwx8 otb:)duemperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one ato:s.8p/uix k8rr, 4ydor lm8/liw m4jkm per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure qp:4a 8utpuu 2ira69 oattainable using the best available vacuum techniques is aboutqp p uauo4r96u:2it8a $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 mok vv2ky.sn26akag2, below the surface, to what volume would hisvkn6k.s2g 2a2avyko , lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moosb9e 6qkm4ue0 n enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed,ek96 0sbqm4 ue part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 110 b5m a27itagyivnb.pc 1 j2y)1$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume o5 x ,39gxqxsndf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, hu ;yub*(2r0gr65 ql,ybq rrtestimate the total number of air moleculrr*(uby yqr5 b 6rq;0,hug2 tles in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules j 6ychwc-c / 9yqb3gp6contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge vru -h-(d -ezqf v;0lgpressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is v-;rz -efhqdu0l (vg-constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of1 xq8wd,5uu *rx vt-pz liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline as (llvb34aw6t0n2gk p t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at c 1d c .+wt fl8euzg9*dpr5ry,25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 20p -qn5b)d olj1u s.9 cvqqr*a5$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, aducap4a8 ,mng0h qk,4p opted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, hasky ;( d/aq:zj+i) k7upd:iddx a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eax +/t slb6al8vrth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis(skbj8 5f32egj;v ir*; g ebpx balls thrown vertically uk325*r(e;f 8 ;gv gbpbjjixespward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) blg4k -tmo3hwvnc+su h+v a )f7962kvj ubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large ihva u o7h4+ k9cf6t2k3-jv)mngvl+sw s the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapqb nzz,z-a6*6frmu-m d-:at bor pressure in the air on the following two days: *z-bmura 6zd fm6t-zn-:aqb,
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent di o wml*v)*milov6gu (ur09p a9fference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earrov(*li6 u*o pm)9 v9g0 waulmth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas lawm9 w6-e nl1 jclz5+hnq to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equalc1n5em- qjz9+wh ln6l to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.