Which has more atoms: rw 4.03y uuhf:jc w6b(t q(6vaxkiln:1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Ap3jafw b xvt :.6n (k0i(cluwqhr:6yu4pendix B.

Name several properties of materials that bi-r / wypxz);could be exploited to make a thermometeyz;wb- irx/)p r.

Which is larger, 1 C x;: bcu( o4drw$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with sn l qx+vnd)v(l1( g8lkystem B, but B is not in thermal equil8(l )1nqk gnlvx+ldv (ibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. srj(n ,5kgqh4When heated, the strip will bend. Whichkh5rnjsqg( ,4 metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansion 43x yrtkp08zw$\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a d,x n1m7hkj6+zv 2rl pqiagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling sq1jxl7nkp,zv+6 mr h2 ystem). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed w+g)j mn;i)t6d) ynv qat the ends often have a section in the shape of a)6q+y vd)wn jimg);t n U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at k2c4o0jun) il 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub ncm:7vh3i.vfca 9pt + of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises.i 3v.fc tp:hn7am+cv9 Explain.

A glass container ma .wu5;wayc6luo( 4i i oak l5(wgvr1l6y break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent 6igwr 15uv io.u(lkawl oaw56ly ;4(cparts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of gbmvsnw/693o,ctgp)-jw q 1cus;n i, linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to tm1vs),tc i,9nup ;wgjqbw c3s/6 gn- ohe increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 ksbj7a85 j ww/g;nkf1$^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly txf n u79yjmxx5m 7r(sb,,hw,she can wis7,fnwm7 xr5b j(mxu9ys,,hx ll not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tpl4h4gbkw- o +emperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these chwgb4o 4kh+ l-panges in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water inm+b7(itsz l*n8rgg qf0;hx9zcrease or decre ggh+8(fnt7 ml0rsiq; 9zb*xzase if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law followsedo*3 maf1n-k from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic -1o *n df3mekaenergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’3ltn3*ejt ,ntch- 0h,vk,x gms law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Ea7gsjvz:shh f 3(p) e5x:pso4zrth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the.pfrm yxo,7f - Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’sr7o- xp, ffym. smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What c9+a jpmcgr-y 4se9v 7man you infer about the mo scjre+7gp4my- a9vm 9lecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortb qxp 7bn05-o tyzg1p10k9 kxyable than a hot dry day at the same tempert p0 bkn1y0 1q- kx9xg7ypbo5zature.

Is it possible to boil wfyl) - ,libp0mvx5w 3bater at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is;jj5w t xp pj*r5 :hl 8j**xbhy7rlv2m the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or t lrphj:;**t7pvlj*5hxw xmyr2 j 5 jb8he humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of ansju utns3230k9na,oio 0f d3c3pa(r y overheated automobile engin iuod3, f cr3onas0392(tjy p s0k3uane.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white o4zlx(r+8evhj:u f, p9 vka+.btvy8c cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are theoqj id8zn52u5 re in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compupqa2 k an331care to the number in a silver ria1u 3k3c2n qapng of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is thisg 8kwo*uv)of ) on the Celsius scale?vo)k) 8 uwofg*   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lhu:uex/663f ed tp-c:lyj; h dowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, tg*z.slot4:d ;4qk oq+(k sskz he alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.zsq4d+. qkz;s(tl:4os *kkog 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of vw58gb spflk l-2*+hmkm8* tvslabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m talllwzlh:.7c ru) icj;8qrb0m4h . Estimate how much i )ji 4 :cw7m80cl.bhrzlu; qrhts height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, *l n8ukbbn:lho1dldrk+*u(; rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) befo u:**n r+l1k dh;knl 8bbl(udore it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at xngj2g 40m 6ny4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it 2g u or nzdoz;x.(r9m*9 ukv2uis he dnux*;gz2 o2.9zv 9rr kuum(oated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled k9r idmwgg0ez9 ekd2:7: s y)rto the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 5qupobnt8,y:; p by uko+j0d 915.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron (b 4smfj, tdd nv7sdv0jd;cb:fd5/v (. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can exp 67+/pu;;sccbmeufgr:f0jsy and in essentially one direction only, show that the effec:bup f0 mc;gye/f +jcsur7;6stive coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density95e4r- d:o(vmrcdrlf $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengtrx,ni :eybb+jxp 8 5o/h l and width w has coefficient of linear expansioniejx,rp:by+ n/ 58xob $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrog bpf2i13rjsn lkx4-1 pic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfathevlk :1b57rukvnlqg 3 0r clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 15k 7 3:nkbulqv vgr1l07 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 m48svxz k *ca7mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255*z 7ma84 cxvks $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating0.cjfm5v ;ndk jk *iz- about its axle on frictionless bearings with anguljin.;- 5 vjcdkz0kf m*ar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the cctw.) yst*bollct ,3)1x0 jwdesired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this lenbc ,sxl.ttl 1) j0wwt)y3cco *gth if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-b9rcd8oi g 4q.beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1(e3cn. b2lp6t htukcs0 8ixu,22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on thtsg e;sb(k nx m/rz792e Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what teou0k 2r ;brmqn-2asg 8mperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are u;zj46t pp8nob2soc ,ncv39 uabout 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmosphe x)0pog l0n: zbg+5cjn5u1prwric pressure and a temperature of a rcbl)p050gnwjonz+pg u5 x1:bout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density ofn, (xu9;c 2hdrpg :)deq-mh(ly5xtwz oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of:0aycn5dz ;(0)b uah:6 rdm pzsodtz : nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STm-wqf 6ow5gb( P contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas isll r /smrh 1kfa x1pv2d+2/e/k at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container houidwhptnf79 6 k 47ja9m;1gx gkqf, -dlding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 -q7m9af,gdpkj;7nt9ki 6 g4fw uxd1 hK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of vwa k +q: pk:5paj(q q+h;gr2a$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air i8z)qgg idr oh/05s ug/nside the balloon, which makes it less dense than therzu5 g/iqg/o h0g8ds) air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled withqe a0-l gl(wo/-jbp, j air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.*wdcan/-g +,, upx tgqkbrc:8 0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea l /du2)pd (;ygud1lzpgevel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number ofj9ls-ffgj,sx:fa(q( )ll. wc molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Hoa)lyrm6-bf*jc vc48mg /7pxf w many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles9j/le cbouj+m +xet7x ;(1 n 8(qkqjyu,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1++xk jykmu/iwrg 0i:3hn7 j1g$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath3e(8 b 0ajfq ms*uzb;m you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant densf;amqb jbu3*z80 e( smity.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STr0ibo 7hsu-4jv fp kdp5();ga f-(ua;4pdkjoi hv5 rs0g p7b )P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the e+:;0zcbgyr/obz u zlgp2dq4v-4sb33kud5 r surface of the Sun at a temperature oc0rgpz:3354db+deyu lbr-k;2z4 bgoqsuz v /f about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rmsx:wau:mpi76 x speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is incrm:a67x xiwup:eased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, kzn-+/jh x in1/c6n4szxhkx k/ )oo 8j2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8,1)zz/4i8xc -xnhjk k+xoo/6 / knsnhj 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a 6s b.l r4r/uiggas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held consrcm*d ;4 h4zq/ennqyt )+h1-d wpdu7stant, by what factor doesqedr7wz/q-;hny44+ h ut )np*1d cmsd $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a pt:x(b;0d8)oh7t i1 crpe*y:hlb uqo-y p k4lgas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the sa d1te +.nn1vllb2lsg :me temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the i1+2e1 dn snl.gllb: tvnverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained bq ,udq,nim:2in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mo(dq,q 3vr jw-4h;w olvlecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between 2ait6ov0vz( v;lryg6 nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecut29(x0f krhqllar mass is 89 u in a living cell at2ktrh(l0x9q f 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P = 8gtxm c v9 hb18,+9xzqp eriuhgh8d -/$\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ura ij ri sg;9va(8q:v9nzip9*x gnium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure,3xut )7t p2txv in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0k*4- b8qr6tu 7nhvf a-o, yw gk2 d-k+i.uhdzn.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9-u 6-+k8t kq7khhwd-oz4 bu , a gnrdi*.f2ynv0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximajk9ksm/p15v. 1cyd hdtely) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is ds5kj h19dyp/v1kc.m 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boi( wjmn*,yluy,ls at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a parj,j/*1y9tlnr 58t4xt 5 . r quqfavhjrticular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whic8 .l rxty5t/n*9a51q,4jr rhqj jfvtuh water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when th cskub-kj +c:6e partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and th -kscbcj6 k+:ue relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressurek :lvtd2 p ch c-ykh2:b.ji/npmc0b(6 of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approxim(fb za5d3pqi:ate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperatur piz b3f:(dq5ae of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roo)yn* hh bums1rw6c7ol fq +9m-m of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew 4ogom/yem 2 ib h8-7eoy/nv3xpoint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycitafx4r11t(w ine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15(ftw 1r4i1 atx $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to th4pdnda7 ksldl, l ; t;ka8myw0k21 x;ie interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and hasaypt7 ,;; ;mldkan4x2dkl sdli8w1k 0 cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measm*hkbf. mu- k;ure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure hasgqbvis03/4agxs ; d; w been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated a86nxm l ; ut2kx8m+ kzbn.qdz-t normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the ctdbzk nx .m2;xz6u+ n8ql 8m-kup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a heliump6s)e9g 8ryj f8fuib5m q e;w4 gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remainb w5prg8 ej894;ef uf)ysm6qis in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number ogf uqbuv;ettq k m,3h/157 iul h,gg77f air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume t 1;u7gqlgtugm,kvi/b 5 7qe3,h ft7uhhe temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abou d4+a( ) gtu6p tlwh0gvasoxt gv848/ht one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usi/jgb7y7ym cz0 ng the best available vacuum techniques is abouyby7cmg0z7/ j t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L w*8p.)tyn,rsp 7.ox rhijtlu 8p yn q68hen 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surfacx6lnph ), q78.tty.opujy 8pr*snri8e? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphe3 sxdlzcp:j35 re at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bri3d:3 jx5csz lpght blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased faz; km1* .n8z4mg g2*vit7kyy;f cnacrom 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7700q6htsmbkm.;)5svkdmm- h ;fdp hb 06m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value oi:, mme;1rf s7c :zldsf atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphe7r:lmm;es 1id,zf :scre.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogefolame- 0*e0n8*cxk hn molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of ojcc4) kn,za:lm)/mz6qr qpe 1xygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and kc64/cq1qn,e)m:m)z ralp z j at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl ofe 1 ncob 6z5ygql :0y a-)r8pn:iyqg4v liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli7u*flyst9j,fem72v c ne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Eartv -*4t4dfhge78et /a3hz:2qp h zwfpch’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly j xsx.lc7k-ccorgm p n 92*1u4onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the mwhjt0vz5dhzt1 fn .79 3ybv318$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure ofr0m bm5h-j du: 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is v01 dt ac6sc60w:pij zeu90jg $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspenehnd-,joiq5,wiovyh:) ;h r- ded against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they havv;w, -nhii5ro)j yeo d-hh:,qe a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cmwmz:2 z bif(w6-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches th6:m iw2f( bzzwe surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two . 1v cctw58*rzk lba6sqxpg(+days: sb wra( cgzt qv+px1*856.k cl
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density oy3q(.zt x. atmf iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperat x qtm3(a.tyz.ure is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas la uxr7dzen 7k-p*e 1if1mtk9,zyp (r0ew to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficieptzr*enkkpf 0xr udem ie1( -17 yz9,7nt of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot/16okz1n qp u2ij,s ff and mildew. If the cellar q2pio1 /f fzj,nuks 16in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg