Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodjn8fd 5yes)(9(puhr bic table or Abehurp)ndj(8y f9 5 (sppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make (ag sy aj2wz1g2 u52u/om)ysja thermometjg)ujw15oassgy/ a22ym u2z(er.

Which is larger, 1 C wh c7:ff* abd6fn )4ko$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in qxv bs36qe 62/i,xtg, twr/futhermal equilibrium with system C, what can yo x btwur6et6i3/v2x,, qfg/qsu say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a st(vi 0 ww:**s*)ymwwp jrtt c.crip of iron. When heated, the stripc. ww cv)t*(0m ypwi* :wtr*sj will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffici;mlclloi *)k.b(u + cf4lgjl7ent of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnadn,meglpq4* )ge f, o8o -+gnqce (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded tog4oenfp,gg +ld, o)eq*mng8q -ether. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fiih*x9ep v txd/6 uzf*7ehko/-xed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Whd*-zf7p /xh*6ot e ixh e/u9vky?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in n84hzp t1 owc;mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in afz v,q,o31,puq 3fblbsh9g/ dpbbr( ( hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. E9bob lv,/b3h,,r(ds g ff(uqqpzbp3 1 xplain.

A glass container may break if one px wzlg 3h1 f/1 ;/jln2b7pybzjart of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than anl3 j yzjlb 2;z1w/f gxh7pb1/djacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass i(v o.z.lqgho./;x 7ri htxfi+s that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordv.t. i+r oxfho;(h7.i z/qxlginary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuratecko 1*2g1ly pl at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause it8s5w4sgni j,y9rv x.)wm:mjy 6j*cqcs bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not 9vqw5 j*g6, :c8cw )nmsy xrji.4ymj sstand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tenaj6v:6g u*t).qsrdhmperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature us . nrgh)t*j6sda:6vuqing the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on ano98t.st) l yj cawx5x 2j.tln1 aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increaslc8 )n xtojwyjx.9ls.t12a5ted from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and twn+z*b5 jk, fa,sr mn6he relation betweb+ z,5af*wmk6 jr ,snnen average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows frojh4 35woj2lvom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratitf,xusxun: zk8 6a:x +e6ihd6-v, yyj+)hwn zo of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers tor9u-qi 6rpf) 3qdl,uca g*,ym the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escap,)qy u3u, rq6-cal*9fiprgmde velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly th4.xe3ygcmum8 gtz- ,0udl :xp an water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecupg y4.e3m8 g0,-zumdtxc x: lular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid d r--mzqvqxkt8kkaw/0- ap38. n 8ywdoay is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperatureqwa-8a8/- nv. qwk8xomk3z -ryd0ptk .

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature :ngitfn; yepbtt4 x i1e8 p 8s(gz2b(1(20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature ik+ioz,erk 5 o.s the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same i+5,k.koezr oT? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overh ggo ey yx (:)wvarfu8 6,jne::60aasyeated automobile enginer( 0:6esjva: ),geofw u n68y:xay ayg.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the wint4dh9n- yits4 der (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4 j-y50focyjh .nx2u7w -gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number ic1h5 forc 38oln a silverlcco51 ofh8 3r ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the.tj3ll fv+h z/itul(. Celsius scale?l3(+jv f l.. htuztl/i   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 136 k o+q/ f0i ixllty ,j-+/w/ehp$^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermomete iui2g2 ae6m+72xia vsbupm)cmo-1y*r, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.02iv7b* g cami2esu6m auo 2+py-x )1im $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slaby0.hj nm+oh( ms 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of pi .cs72u4 k yta6d 6ef+bdy/vwrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) anv4db.it ea f2ys 6dkuc+67py/d January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, r+ sm/;t4*gqirj4ugwc y2pnm4ivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivesnwmg 4ur4cq2i/*4pm yt g j+;t 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at0jm*+p1u xmhrd8rzw 6 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be 2 wt*)mcd ct6eisbm4 9its change in volume if it is heated 9ci4ms2 c)wtm *d6tbefrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brih94w.foyj w b1 ,fyv:p zq-vjvr o9,9dlk+wu1m with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55. ,q1u:q jpzpya8z)myg .q3;iv4jt3 jl50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to v psj.u k9q k2.o gb51meuh.nw,a.x0qbe placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so i5wsqh,1usqc 6 t can expand in essentially one direction only, shquq w5hs 1sc6,ow that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change io3l+t hky/q 3jn the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and widts bky.;m*d7b iz+ vw pubv551bh w has coefficient of linear expansionp1kbdi.5u m*+ wvsy7vbbzb ;5 $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isogc u1.p f5w4tajkpf4);xad- ytropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time*5+)6/f liddqh gcqhp at 1i5q *h/ )hpd6fg d+cql7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm-lwxjcad0g hd ++z7m2 . The bulb has a g clw -ddz0m7xa +j2h+volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindriciq(z4qlhz6 ( cal wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearingz 4(ih(lq 6zcqs with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 578 .k/uaikd fp- d3b:napfy p15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if thf :dufn3dpka 8p5b7apik./- y e temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-secb5v nmyl30 768,cufxh+wxlj rtional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm.md0 ria y. 2gev:ruw, at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaturehn/v1jtq bo 7-6 ;wcues on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on6pdl i64re0 lc the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior ish0-u1xrvft+:r) vbj2 dx2u of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air-xdc6v-5 n0;xeh ps chyn6wii k1 j(8p at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about i1 0kxexnhpnv6 wh85 spccd6(-y- i;j20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usinrw lk06.9f3aowo:z m ug the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nmd0;wk61 uce/ q*yqgvitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg 6gmjvk((tgxb 4 py87fbf8 k2f6lz7c gof nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliu0sr x)h4a gkjsg0w-b 9m gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure ini spj3-n 7ovve ) 2p0zmuf84orside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38mioo3 pvf -) pju7 0s2nzer4v85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 3gx(z w;k4pjc*s0 mzs kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air ijvm . +vj(. zz txfcgjgmzs-3e-0qi62 nside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is-jv m0jigxzzmf.6 vseqc+g. (z3t-j2 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled witx. ph-7 qzi; h;du:ryth air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.p 2 jt5cfm7hu1aa*ll4j-q ci60 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escarj5xg q yulev4k4 17*opes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculeao(4mq z 5ao4k /wxc+as / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecule9z+tf e9ml hh(ua,spa rl;d++c59lvfs?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) hy-xu eu +8t+bga* d6-yn1xuwmoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume dz6pwwudpnf5,5p a1h j + 7zx35.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each fcsy18:g8 g hn.4kcrt 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: :k hr148c.fny8ctgg sAssume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average tran82(tyxqjj(a4mguwt i0: bw 5x slational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? xbt(:w4 28jaxj wmigu ( tq50y   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed ol, km l i :5nkyi.nv*mw677zdlf helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of k*nlv7iy z.6,7m k wndim:5ll about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas moleculy5aol+o 8 3gtaes increase if the temperature is increaseatoygol8 +3 a5d from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followuw. jd4z( :k pipo3reeb69 mp/ing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate .euz(b w/mop6jikep:4p3r9 dthe rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleculwsc (m0m5 .mw y rx(ixc2 udlzhw7(*8ses in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by w 0nvq u6ybfg wu((vzt8pjxh d3.9rkbq3b*g: .hat factorqgrb3 .j8bv q:*tny9. xu0k(b zpuw(hv f d3g6 does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed 98sutvda yk-( of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio:obwm qcy7 w7+9l8nhp of their rms speeds is equal to the inv7 h9qym8lcb on+ :p7wwerse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained a3yt,.lb 0boz in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed omv2b;,5 fxwg4 x)pn+cvbtx ;tqx( m3cf an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nit1ii l++ad g0n69o wvb4b;p s;1u wjysdrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecularf1a;ytjl .:qkn z; 9 ;ct3xvei mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37:t;fk.lyniq a1 e3;zj9;xcv t $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a,3jem, l( qwym gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranipqg(lc ybp4;cu:ohd y s1;0*fum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what fhy0 m;mu5)ko 4onyy-no1+ h ky-:mld phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperatur g n2:p5u9ciw1fj2kgge is (a) fpkigjguw:2n2g1c5 9 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximaul rd;x. 8zmka)v4 b4itely) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperatz) vi. 8 d4a;m4xklrubure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a plavzit *uxmsx8bz3q i3 8:c2u: mce where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estima:qvk( 3hn7+ r2o h(uo itz7rmx8djm i6te the temper(vohojnqrk :mzd 6tu+2ixr(m 73ih 78ature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperatu-mce 4uuo/( 3cegme(njd 9 5ucre on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is gje3cm9c-m5d4ue/ucu(oen(40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressuxwa7e/7qp /x4 v6p68i zs sxlzre of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure co5gb:i8mbv7g 4r ljoe1 oker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120 r:mggvo b1j7ibe 58 l4$^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of eeh: bxq- i*5fn;d4nnvolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 mbjxw-irm( v*)0x aa( $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) tojaf,h8r-b,jd qj uxiq:+ .eq , diffuse a dis ,-jjex. + d,8jhiuqaqqb:rf ,tance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior throug )k(fw +w1fu fovm(/qxh tiny tubes called tracheae. An ave(1 (+fm fok )qwwfxu/vrage trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has beenok6 3+e5 *cxdzplb.:qqg 8 lku calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated x6ow:t. q omb5 nn6y:d;sq4bc at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cupw:r - a2yds)de was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cudyda es )2:wr-p are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Af*w -cyrff00 ,loklrfpn/t *x3ter many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressfk0wr r* p3nx* ,l0cy-ff/to lure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of aius k vtjue7g+,g6 2p2gr molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature gvk2t7s p ggeu u62j,+is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matteg57xttz+ahz h 0f/o:e r is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using t;f8zt 0w:9 2p fv8sny8py .xr z8sfhoohe best available vacuum techniques is abo88pv;r:w9fsontfsy hpo y xf 82zz.08ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m bek-/*fyp9 ,m -drtcyf4cf fc/plow the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose f9 -c/fk-/ c4 ym f,tdcp*yrfpto the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from th/q7o7a rfog;b rj-b+vu x:z m;e Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of 7:ja/7q-ouobb f+;zrvr x;gmthis high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal 3a3u)8h9p:iy7ob v 7wh uhgmkgas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume om u03ksqumo2nt 49b0rf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atk-mb +d,eo p4,f* j9kv etvg8vmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total n4-9ev,fgt*+k8, dpo ebjv vm kumber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrog,a9 mfsht0)frp c/4 rhen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxyge v ktn)n5 5cpsajzh*7,n used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (1tjpc ,)h5 s*7azk5 vnn3,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at l6x+kfpyr p;n,+b+x .poti, k 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolincyxjm8h -8g*mx 0eja6e at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly arojn jor j+d z;dyd(iku4rev-e84k425v und the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightlc7n3d m mcmhaj)i+-r3h3 s xw(y onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptbh-)hdlzct1( ed in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charguj d l))(+gnqied, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the E3zd-f n( ,fph /n(fj(5o sqxibarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gr2tfm) ok-mr xgx(jg0j j2(fsbrfh.+7avity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass o th.xr-k+7mjx fjb g(0o2f s fr)j2g(mf 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a dero/ g+(m.kolx 1i-.w3c3 r lncvrr-xv pth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How lr-wir.+ lclocv k-vg3rx 1oxm(3n .r/arge is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure .s+ng2ckn 6.v mps+mzin the air on the following two days: c nnk+sv2pmz m6s. +g.
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP,sup**-d/s;ic xru/c1wid pw 1 and when it is a so*d;1rppuwwcic 1 *ud/ is-/ xslid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant p(rr8advkr y3u 4fm 4vzt, j0n4ressure, them(arrd3 n tu4vj,8yfr k40 4vz coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellarsmiwdk/e;k4 g 6 to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar k 46i;mgew kd/in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg