Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periode73h*s 3udtofg- m.w (,haqbtic table or Appendi7( gatwdt3oes-3 .,qm*h hufbx B.

Name several properties oc qptxozb 4 5 *r7ko6 brua0zbqiy+3+4f materials that could be exploited to make a thermometp q0r+u6qocab5yxtk4br4 *3 7bioz+zer.

Which is larger, 1 C v7 -o48u6t *oils gkli$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium wi 3t9b-:ksss fnth system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperaturesss:-3 9kf nbts of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When hetf 96s11l) mfxva04rj xd cn;vated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hls;mx110 r tjn6x d4v9) caffvint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansionbr3u, uvx:x0ku j+w5l $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used:rm ka mu+2w2f to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bond2w akm2m: fru+ed together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in therbd;(ckg50s s shape of 5sdg(;0 bsckra U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder x*0y4x+ji xtmoi2 l 2*bh dw8:fn4ber of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glasshzkh35;ddj .c thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and the.hhdd35;c jzkn rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one pat+zrs8bx9( m art of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjactb8(z x9s rma+ent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex g1bl8j8/lp tahlass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyreljplb8 /h 1at8x.

Will a grandfather clock, accurat kvc)47 dvd-ky-kt,bxe at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will caud 5* i 1iep cajemc +15dg3om),)uh16lolzhn cse its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not sl h h udag3ci6ie+omd )z5 11pml*)1c eoj,n5ctand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (2hb:ha39 c9rh*t6 f fo;rd qvysay, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting wh*923yb6ov 9rf: f qr;hcat hhdat happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminougx+:ssp f9. b)a i:zum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is ini9fbx)s: s:ao+uz g.pcreased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic themdn;b;/6p,zjg 8q)bm o : rqbnory and the relation between ao;b ,g ) m/mnn;zq:rpbq68b jdverage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.k)bxr :u9s px.+yxr s:

As you go higher in the Earth’s az-mr o 3v6e.yptmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objectfypt8 /nfucs4wh6ud i*,-ng -+(*duz*cg sdf must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smally*-dn**nf6pu4(thuffg8ug+ ,dwzsdi c -/c ser mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly thane9+** s 2ntb3tl gg*aa5tdnbgo3trl ) water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular pr*a3 l nl gt +5t)sndb b9a3te*gogrt2*operties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfor+qj*2omae* w x,w4aio table than a hot dry day at the ** w wima24+xjqoeoa,same temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatu.xpw-xgdq7(zk ) a.ih re (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the sa:01euzrg rd) swmcgo,d1kb ;(me but the humidity is different. Which ib(kw0rmgszcr u ,:;)1dod g e1s more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to op-f f 9ja tbaf8h3l eda8;s(4dien the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engiaj8ta93 af4dbsffe8l hd(-i;ne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28) 2c.nb 3ej qe9d1 ewrvps,l5j,?

  How many atoms are tq ayz u1(rw20ze:o ny.here in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms i ap /vrl)h5dz6:,bu1gkf2y mln a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver rinz/ g6l, dr:f1 )mbayu v2hklp5g of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Whaeh* 1udfk f1vqg94ec :t is this on the Celsius scale?1:fefkg 9veu c14 *qhd   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temptv9-. .btfpjl 8*ua nweratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol col1 xnr1.2nnt ei 3fyko0e c18vnumn has length 11.82 cm at 0.01n.0ryenxfo kn1nt3iev 82c 1 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is 8*.//a3wrghx zut1 is v8)-jaegkp iibuilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300jt15rex.uu 1 lnlg qs38thp9:p82 n0 n hbk0pe m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July j1nk.en8 ppqhuh1bs:ut5g08pt9lrx32 n el0 (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rive,m5 oy.y6-if5cjs2yh, fa zdr ts that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 6s25,hrmof-,yz j5yaci f dy.1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a39qgmmucfi sk95 72t yt 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What o/:wzg v-1g apwill be its change in volume if it iav o g-wg1/pz:s heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 355bi3nq y0 hr9lj6 s/boot9;sq0.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL ofpp8r-ivbm cm w-lj518pxd :u7 hy fz7, water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a rna;eamj*yoidg , zb76*h 5 *iking made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrql w2 04ctse fnnjucd7)3 cg;9ow vessel so it can expand in essentially one directiod0euc2f4t;snjl wc 9) 7q3cgnn only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densjc- s 0br(lnz o.,+ut tn(iasdx,;md0ity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lxp -sx8j;0 eeq2is. mfength l and width w has coefficient of linear expaesx;ief q j2m0 x.-8psnsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotr4ye i/pz : 0h/ z,nf jmoud-.68+jbx oazsy0haopic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfatx3j3kirx s z c0)a(*yther clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 x*3carsztj)x3y0k (i $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside djk(*6c.b)ms yi3lao r 0g ,wpniameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has*).a6mi gwkony 3l0 jc(psrb, a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radiutc9r/kgpyr)o .x+.: /hquxk oqr7gj1s 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless gxqk/+97tg/r ) copy:.xu.h 1 rq jrokbearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requi 3/ 0*r 8rse/v oemzk6+llsqyxred to keep ir +ymls*z 80ok3/6 elvr x/qest at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sec0 t01qp) zkv5rwyu7b. w)fdx wtional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter d/kl;s+q a :93nhl. y sg-xbfc134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale:9nt81d hz:r71brw4d 3r7hrkv a)syg p
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature o5owu0vqu(kkp zs38g0nq. ea5*tu r .sn the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interioqp7 gu ca*6;ywr of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure an4paf9, 0hv gqiw r5b-sd a temperature w0r-v5, i4 fpa hq9gsbof about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using th1/sni( f)kcb rrf+nn9e ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of n6k; v2lva( mi1/plh5ds da/v 7 a9vyktitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogenyo;,d, k *vava ;wlb: w1zbw hrhj+b:; ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10q0:gfhc qv u,:,1l8 un hp6ryv.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure innx/4g wssfh;pe h6;:*sb/ lwaside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3s/eab6fhsp;;:/hg lx *4ns ww 85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg yq oc-2(jfnroz y( fi :2h9h5uhsc/1cof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balfcq5 emy .s*gum,+* dnloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 e*gqcys*mnuf+.m 5 ,d$m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15zg 4heosn0)1t $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 s(uyiao,cz66 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at secdazb7(57z,8 zo ma rma level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculeksy8x*qp sty: 1c sib7)b-t 4es / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in mxuz3 c;3 bka))kk3 fc1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)yt.lrx l(a(+uk53zb y moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumetyljkg 1 ek7 qk2ithh2. 5rxp.h//*hn 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molt3e*x) i*b, eyuz c7sqecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the q *,buxc3 esztey)*i7atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen moll ao ej:6s8p ,tldzo:4ecule at STPj:e,t l d:8ol6po4saz ?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at *fg-;o twud*m a temperature of about 6000 K.d*wgtmo-fu ; *    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules incr3df1yjk bj nc-58 rn*iease if the temperature is ind r3 *nfk85jni b-cy1jcreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4,) vqix;j+zk4 50;ng zb2pkckh 6, 0, gc+b)znp4h jk2 5zx k0 ;iq;vk4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molet8+*162ctn wlj :eab0rj c yt;.jkxufcules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, v9+ni5x ,h,/io hdcigrj01 phby what faco5nrdx9hii,+/gpvjc,h0 h 1itor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules i+nt/4o hbo ,:3 rympdqn a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the2f+z )qclk.h 2lun y:v ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio .:cq 2h f+l2nuzkvly )of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitr6a1 i*:yikp bqig03 nqr4r )vy4ke/hgzzo -v9ogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule by 6jqyf7+zfmyn6n0l6oo (k9 at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogrt : 4 e z,nq+rn/t gmi3 poe4rmi;zil8-hsq,.en molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an aminebxl e47/(w8t lz,0 o/t ekhiiefza 24o acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a liv/ox7ee wl0( ieh28kzaie zb,t4/lft4 ing cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can b53css 57 qdpdw+wh 7 o,rz(bqiiz8zl1e written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, mitgiy1 a, h2)d5 ow t:cit8+e0q tf/j$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in wha:m zkp6jbx9q 2v wr6y1t phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.u e/kw9oy4 +quoqj jjw)/cy,,01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90,/9 +jouw)qkjq,j ouyw4ye/ c $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (app9 4aze63vcoqwroximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tempeq9z aeo6vc 3w4rature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place whe,bh.mb q;3kxkfs4as zz6 , a.ire water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estim5dsa wte,0aa j 4qfoc c853yu:ate the temperature at which wata4 afwojqd0ct8a,5e 35y:c su er boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature ss)n,q(e/k anon a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relatisa)qeks,( nn/ve humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial preslq 3mpi7di)9dwwq6 0j:g+pc.x/rijysure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if 92ile0 mrju1te)(hpvthe water is boiling at a rmlephu0t2j1)ev i9( temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of fjzfc x/r; :+5i ya,lavolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dewn)r xot ;a,a4v point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (seev8q byyd*+ s-p Table 13–4) to diffuse a dist*-qpv +sy yd8bance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface ofa)zbeu zfe s/r27(8qu insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea i) (8r suq7e2ezzufab/s about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at mj;7-xbsotn ,a5y*o : fdut 86ni (jqr20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been cas,)csno3f r y5va l,a4librated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was caasg) nsy x4+cgf gy2;2librated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe callinf 2+gyng4)a; ssx2cg yg for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a /g 7 jg+.n6bgpchw0pq helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atmw7.jgnbc phg g06qp/+. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m,.w,7n sspb7i.7x dxr e andbw p snx7.r7xe7s,di . height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter dt se6-x2kz* 1 gf*6so iavxf*is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure at fum3f)j1lml. w yd4 t21ob4ojtainable using the best available vacuum techniques is aboutfbud 44y)o11olw tlmj 3.f2m j $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m belowe;2+cscg gfyt;;ji (q the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to thf;s q 2;;jy(et+g cigce surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s8p /z+s mbfc u,qhsh 9a:3jkr5 atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correhu 3j5kmzpf/+bqhsa9,c: sr 8spond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increasufp n ax21 i1t9doq+s-ed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770mjt4kx,*5tafhsu , rv0$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value ofwi+ wbm:a3 . dfb/evg. atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total numberm:3. gedwiabw./b fv+ of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculeonf v+jcsb/ sqe7yu 4/5. c4qfs contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressucx1 v1fcdwbz22; g3jz re = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cyl1dxccj; 23 1zfg2wvzb inder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bo)+ze 2fwvq5omn *5od(j7u gnzwl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline afqj5. b40* aj2cckpu jk xrss.d*3p f/t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator atpvxhn zoqj:b e1 /652y 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass tz9weu90ru2zjar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standaettb r/9o(3xy wtpq4;rd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fuoszb/ y.097cf wz /wiqlly charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ear8eu ( wdnwor42gtrx3r+ /d*xpth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravih k2ti87twb7 yty by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at wi7h2k 78tb ytit. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherica-zg yro8y; r 1zu4e1lil) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. Howrry1 uezgo1 ;4-l z8iy large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor prjec,dc9b33 bwok -3 seessure in the air on the following two days: e3 o-3bc kewjdb9,cs3
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density uuo:82f nyc;o of iron at STP, and when it is a s 8o:oun;yfuc2olid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, 3cl n aqy+0cjhn+y- 4vfor an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of voluycqcn+ na4hj3- 0v yl+me expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constad o7bi9j7xz4 cntly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a hous749z ojx7idbce (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg