Which has more atoms: 1zh9zq3dmt/fzr5u rv+b;f.6f ,)ggay kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appe,frfmb agf3r9).yduhz;v z 5z6tq/g+ ndix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be ui2 xaspa;h 91s :k3msexploited to make a thermometxk; 1p92 3m u:hasisaser.

Which is larger, 1 C y jnhb k/a7d+jy(gz47.l4i 7z t7xeh s$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not i*:f+ ua.v hpfsn thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, an.hua +fp: vfs*d C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists oyh mq*o9y38hgejx41 of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Tab9ym *qxy1e h3g o4ho8jle 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expakxbc:bp9w 7:6m4xbkyc/) a 7kzi*jt hnsion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat ufj5p5lx,jf( vnq t6( used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling syspvf(q,(5 uxtj5 n6fj ltem). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often hav pc,1d;fx gom+e a section in the shape of a Upo fm1c,gxd+; . Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lp8y,dgpzdw k8ub+))ja 2kc 6g+qo a- xead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in.tht5m s*5:njpz ip6 z a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descendshj*z565 ipms:pzn .tt a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may oc+9nhnc sxt0t fg/98k2;sarbreak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Expsats rk+n8n 9ct/29c;xh ofg 0lain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of lin*mv,mfufg* 8i ear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyremugif** vf8,mx.

Will a grandfather clq.qf7o 38e+q wu 1yx+tm wjj9 0,ghfdgock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge 5lr ogujfho:/907+t) dy5krg qep kb;so badly the can will not stand up. What has hk o+ dh7:9k/g)f0ru y5op 5elr; tbjqgappened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down ax*7fwsz q7 m*wut 1+tg piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when the7u+w zsgt**tx 1w7 qmfy strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force0zdv:3 vkw7u4r uvx eg9 (f7ew on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the trxvkuw e:g zw97v0fe u374 dv(emperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relatioo zo)vnfrheg5ur/ a9*8xsj: 9 f(iig2n between averazor5u)/x2nj e89f if ogi(h:r*gas 9 vge kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinet xuw.ku6a,xo* ic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere,apt c1gvc4j13t(p7 )b m5(e* qn diqrl the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refel88-i) ja xkxkrs to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape veloixl8x jk8a)k-city for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly awe3sszepd q +087p*wthan water at room temperature. What can you infer ab 3sqw8spe 7d*e0w+z paout the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable 2qz/n9h +rsqs;kj ax. than a hot dry day at the same temperature..rks/+sq9nhq;j az x2

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatua9c,a:3 m :rbkjef)pp8,f iuq re (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperatu(scmz27yy* 6y dj,xcfre is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at th* ,y 2yyjfdzc7msx6( ce same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiatofe+e9kk n /xfk b9o+z6xqqpjc1w7+c+r cap of an overheated automobile engine.b/j+ +wfzc6e7qpekfx+ xk9q1o+nc9 k

Why does exhaled air 501, :dhcyv rq amxwtj65mzq9 appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copperl;x myapj50)e penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atvjonpe5( m+)( r 3vl*vprq;dz oms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver nzqmp(5lr(;)rvod 3vj* +ev p ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is of e qnkp oe-36um(8(deyten taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?6e e 83(-pqm ney(douk   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded5 s2,t8fddd1a t,smez are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the awb:lz n( by.;zw)4 vftlcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 ()wf4lz:nzwby tbv .; $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is buil0wtkrgv7rzze(3i 3 h dga+ +b-t of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximat3:1n :wi5 cz*4jj+o jru(a syjm2zhwmely 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C*1 cjhy:o5z4 iunszaw 3wr: jmm(jj2+) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are9h/ */jgxrpku larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet ur jhgp*kx/ 9/1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 i5h (m/kxmp, acdk00 r$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change 6o layg-3g5av in volume if it is heated f- lvg3ag6o5ay rom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 sn 73k-nhch, 5z( pqep 5vnqr5mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water ojfg1p nyh)/.)dbz 6gat 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of ironpaq),*m-6 na.a i8apmzg( q gw. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in esswf y2y* 8sg2tgentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to th*f8gytg2 2ywse coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chanq:)5on lhgpvr bh786( cyw:cy4on4a yge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w h57wl m zlm95u/kiwqi+as coefficient of linear expazlw5qu iwmli7 k59/m+nsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soliu 9axvc4(z ka2as*:e qew1w7r d, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is madytk 6q 7-mhvdvus6qt7)/e q j6e of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 jd7 mye6/s -t h v)q7vutq6q6k$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside di77hnt6ibgq-g xd,.r w(o6q,m i/l wuj;s. tfzameter of 0.140 mm. The bu i,w( 7s ,q;jzf-. utgd /nb6q7ltr.ihxom6 wglb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrict*m1db9*a1 tbq:uy dnal wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular ydbu 1ntbm9qtd:**a1 velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the de 6*hrz-p2 onoasired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this-hop ar 6z*no2 length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.:c;ye 3elof*+;tqm e6eth 3ne x8 9sws041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at*5)vngug ly*d 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temp;i6wz1j9t-go ujar nxj9, j 3ceratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scap qf;)tps3, meru8s* ile?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth n6d;4mi1eb gxand Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric prew8gy x-)/fc0 :sa gt9- jkewlgssure and a temperature of about 2kas tgwj-/gc9 flex80)g y: w-0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP wch o,8o9zf;68rmuks using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nit-;tsttmfy- r6rogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 1bnme64wwzf64k ,u1a w8.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0h dmcw9c5 )bp2o/b aa.$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressureyb1v1rvt/xf yaenc,o1+ 6 vl3 inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3,cna x+ey11l/vo1v r63yft vb85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 nms:i;mil jcu68eid d8*x p7 2kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift bywncuwa dd7q0v1,y1i7gqu 88tbp4 (e e heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1qb14ta uy q7w,80vg1we(pc udn8de 7i800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with (t 8euzhig/)vair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen a ns;ecom/f oi) q2wkhn rt(+*).wpiq6ngy 7 4nt 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 ds5/r ,f mn.wk$^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mol,:7g dtwyno2) n.pp qgwk z2l*ecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecule91m wb gg3lz1q-lwcr/s?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) .x pb ku+f);u(g mhh q(eb9 ae)figv .pz,-zk3moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumey7)ihox.3 g;t ell: t0te+xwd 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale th .5rmc9hhyio 2at were also in the last2 ryo5.chi 9mh breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic enerm*c,poxon u(dsq/k 7- gy of an oxygen molecule at STo n(*ucpskqd/x7m-o, P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near*dsld ykn/ u0:vu, dv+ the surface of the Sun at a temperature knv,lu:/+dud y s0d *vof about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms 2-u i3aqyq be5speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from 0qi3qu-e2 yab5 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6,nwpr g( ,c qlsxf k.-*hljim r-+j5q+( 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5,c5m+qln q*( k rjp(s-.wi rl,jx-f h+g 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleg vey )ix;2otlfg*9n *cules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by wh x1 wm9le5)pkdat factor p1)k 9xme5wdl does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a mwqp k,9w l9x:z 964k ngzs*higas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two ga9cuh7cd d :pc2ses at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular m9h2d dc: u7pccasses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules cont1vs4 yq8gn(ldained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speehis+h6; tdj075a vhipd of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance be uez1wy *e(g3btween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino aciaq z/6 taa.te.d whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell atq/6a..tzaat e 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wrctgei bbvd3:8 7 4suqmm2 c-d9itten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uhs lg4a)ca ,p tvb0use)4bh s:pt,i-+ranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can :ph-u v)w2r0.olq ozcm s(zvx9 gb:+ m$CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phasnvdxi,8 r/8ex6yoxn w a1+ne7 e when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 86nexi+oyr18 /ndn7e vw, xax $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the 4g+9mm 0:-i clgmo fhlnu ,ecc/2twx0temperature is4 euw+h0n i gmcmml-/:20tcgfo ,9xlc 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure appm (cx (9i3ojt a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure atuuq5s8v b)b.zdbceb n5a :(m( a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tempe bvezbbns)d8 cu5bu:5aq(. ( mrature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530eupav dr) pn8q 5p/uw36/zsb - Pa andvd3 qppr / -) 68u/5npbawuesz the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial prea-t*)/viu)u0lw/t 0ttfq) xj qkos;mssure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure insi1c(,dv8) ;wqbu ztk llde a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature 1vcq z) (8tulw,l; dkbof 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volyg2(8haqfaiw ;5pp 1 pume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pointb6:cwhgn1 . ia+9je* ka1rn mo of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Tablef zoaqfq229.*vdpi6t 13–4) to diffuse a distance ofzd o iqf6v*f2p2q9t.a 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior thr d9, 2/0epm:cewuua(rioe4z 4mjm s)eough tiny tubes called emp0e,4)ce 2a:ou euwzmrsm( /dj4i9tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratah,3 . oni daqfq6,j *zdd6oj4ed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has be5-f,ez hv4a+t0 n pnmpc cpp 28p/s9nsen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. Hocl*k tndfy.(k fi) (+;vuged.w much error will be made in a recipe calling for 30*d.( ckv(kyntge+d)fi uf .l;0 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initivgii/yl3,/ hnx;,c fe ally 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction ,i fx gli3n/yvch/;e,of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air moq5w 0/ ztp ykwj/yb8q(0 slg1slecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22gbqtlj/pky 0 05(/s1 q8z swwy$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the dh9a k86bnsfe 5ensity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is ahaskj+vq 6(1xbo h+qv1jk6a(sxut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 my q5 onel w(te5ni497j(k wc.m below the surface, to what volume would his lungn.j45wwy (cko t(qni 7l9eme 5s expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon entersi5 1u6audw iuvx7 sz01 Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Ba 1su05ivu6dzi xw7 1uecause of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideag7-ij3inmb)r l gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770-bn4qxo) 6yyl)g+xno0b a cq * cbu77em$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospherij)ljyu a 7stou.b l+i.6fxft c2 sa5)m;or1,cc pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of a)f.fjcy5)ja2m7tsoou x+1rsu,c.bal 6 lit ;ir molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitr px dk23 x,mfrp)mog:4ogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure =sjmif09mje* * 2000 psi (13,800 kPasmj me 9ji*f0*) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid meqxyj2p* :6b3( ds1p0exjc fzircury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0a*j-qf*0*kce n vhms4$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s l5/x .p27cdw tqgnrx(ao4 oo(equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly75w-lkna i ;jo onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standapp7 (si7e xu77vqjqo1 rd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, bm:bhl8 jm7cui /b* dfb4dn*8has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the hu*k,wk +;tw58m lmbp8v w bg.Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrownscm jmwxf17./bt:k(; xtr( tdc 3a0ck vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at (xfds abt m t. r37:c;k/0(wc mxj1tck12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-c/wlsa1 tt q((ym-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as wl st(a (/ty1qa perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure inka.n4rh ud*, dm9igrc* 5si7 q the air on the following two days: as*r,ir d457mukdngc*9qh .i
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the de7m2pgp0o xgjbl5 /(qx qf zc*;nsity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid(f0 xpco*2xqbq /;g5zjpgml7 deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas)foqql)g *f)ee/ q y)os ydyrx249+zg law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coeffixy4 s)gdeog )2ylfyr q *oeqzfq)/+9)cient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantu7 1w0yvu3psvly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If th17yp u3v sw0uve cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg