Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminu:c )h85ndbvn+zw)giar 5 k9wum? See the periodic table or Ap 5)hu8rg+nwv5:bk)ndzwa9 ic pendix B.

Name several properties of mu9/ke7rvj2f iy 0 /eyaaterials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.rfy/ue9 kv/ j0ae7iy 2

Which is larger, 1 C ,i(fz 7inz zgd6gdzwyb( 01i1$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibriu7,*psg q0qz4zq ldc-wy n7j0bm with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say abou4 qnzw0- p*c bqys0g7qljd7 ,zt the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rizpzy:.s qm9o- veted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal - .:so9yqz pzmwill be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear 0n,r3 fl-chr7pp ( zmpexpansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diag7m yik1l9 1;xzp.c rpfji2n3yram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different te.l p 1imkyzyn 3f1c72;9pir jxmperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the en97zoxevzkk8;1 a gxi 8ds often have a section in the shape of a U.ievz71oxk x8kz89;a g Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats innv whpup9co*,a* 8 u/k:iwy;q mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of u l0p wy9r14 cmlkx3k5ev,jw5water, the mercury initially dj ll vuwmyr ,4ek593x501wpk cescends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may brm 1gr whi -y;ld,fkdcw()-4vd 9pixp+eak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts 9, wg+dcipvr( ;-y4pfwk-dhmlxdi)1. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of lin40lka82etjv1h5 h ccqear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise te1qch5 k t82vlh4 jca0o the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuratez pc38jgom h9ovu.q)u 7ta;nk*5 f qn9 at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge sotz+i iod np.6em3/iq 5 badly the can will not sz/+5 n.imodqep t3i6i tand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperatu6s2l, f84ww+h n )nlpvf ae,nqzbj9d6re increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cojp l w )z6w9ebnsd,vh68 2,a4qnfnfl+ols. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increy f7 7ck7z0)a)iu smdrase or decreas0) 7)su ca fzim7y7drke if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law fa- kdmzum3v :)ollows from kinetic theory and the relation bvkmdamzu-):3 etween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows ,t6oco0 +2l+ 0 fwt;hdnxmhlofrom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Eahssc4e85 3llk fxk5lv 77 ojf5rth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Eacdc8 ue.hr s5sx/ :.jurth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The esc/. s:u c. djx8ruch5seape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room teqcruq-py*c: : 6xp0 ycmperature. What can you infer about the moleculcyu- *xr c ::cp6py0qqar properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far m7goz)-lv0yljerrq( /yg 62ou ore uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the s-(r/jyoyv)7u l0qz62ggo l r eame temperature.

Is it possible to boil watefz3h ynql0:yn 7c, *czr at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the sudxcqe 9 2*m,same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air a*sxedcqu2m9 , t the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobih15ttzjjjolzm 2 u+f p01l6.p le jj1 ful+16 . zlhzmjt20ppot5 engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)1cc:p 1 ghdsy.?

  How many atoms are thyx xglqwnf 90 6,)pt8nsct,5c ere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram 3 m5 se:m/wadumth- ph*c*u k9gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of *dch at3u9s p-m* m:e mh5u/wkthe same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsiutgqo74 8xddu )vbv 56tzu +,yos scale?)457ux+tvoyu d6d v gt 8qbo,z   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are4weiph4-y6m9(j6o u x/sy iu o 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermome9-l 1kfr;gz vfit; i:ater, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0vrfl-;1:;ti i 9zagkf $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is builte o*cw;-o vzl1 of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought irom c:*), 7hk jiejhley4n approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (averagl h:4 c,)7jejym* kihee temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger tha;b2f1. cu1 .kvnbqe md(op8 uon the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter.e nb; f8u(mop121 c kodqbuv. is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atdu c2n2 db7fv, 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.7zgf:2g5j nztsju.v -35 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from 30.g f :tz3s v-z25gunjj $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is j3mq (jllqvp;p-*j(dfilled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20cp/hab -r0 nd+ $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to2xd ( wwvih y4+8w/bcrat(fy8 be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containjzp (riq8c+:ml6pixrk ;- 4 roq/nx0ied in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially o+qr;qon:0 iprc(ij k4px8x 6l rz-m/ine direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change i2t)x0t nje/lb ol.g6t;pav/mn the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of lineaxy 79j-*a gpd;qjb8sj r expansionqj- d g 8j7*jxsyb9a;p $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid5 mpdiw0:xu 1u z-kv2k, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is 5 6gm:dibwk2 fb+:vev,x/ge uey7pq5made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17pq+ egv f ydiwexu,/2 :kv:g67b 5ebm5 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.1ryv4mm9d o ;m*40 mm. The bulb ha9m4m dy;vm r*os a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of r n+/o y)jtpzc:ioa)) nadius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with anguljy)ac/ont )nz) +i po:ar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length ylue82. ls to8u.z3fx)u/disl v )m:lwhen at 15°C. How much stress is required u28yvsfxol.z l d8)m/usl:li3)et u. to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectionc6cmahs8u (g,jxzz 2 2al area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at.mmj:tdlu1s unv *9w. 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the y0uu+7:jxyz gKelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit sza6o(32.t3et6.a wpvqh cpt1txy k;5 ik0xtycale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in ts:xj -;w70nemt3 rjejhe interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressul./d8f: xtisc re and a temperature of about 20ixsd8c tlf: /.$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideakhgh-o. -*ie ovivz1) l gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contai67s/z,q o6g,k lazd/glr o(vsns 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP containsn cl8v4j3.tfm 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliuu38xera e kv0nq1).*jwwzjh 06jek0 vm gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L+:1siy*a;py ohpo07a :eh cs; laik k/ container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3a* ;o: apy/ l+p7ie:ay;hki1 oscks0h 85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofvldow21)3uus tko h2 8 $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inf(qf(b toz4a9side the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose th(bt o4f(z9aqfe volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air tt a:jna:/ (hlp)aj 1eerk.;oat 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen mu(q fdlmx7y6-f/:qp at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s ms2sc- jrwcw-j - :z6chand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number m5./(x dj3-y oj zrejjof molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water a0 0.aunj xjto+re there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mod+*6aif/ c eyiles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1(v8(d *g*qiy er-k3ijxyf.z a$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale o1 i0 nb50l, ghtvh(orthat were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant d,n5g0 (hb t1oh i0volrensity.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translz,pv ; ao2p/ ,kh hcfdquov:71ational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?,c,:d1 h;7/ fhvk po2oauvzpq    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of 4zo3q7 .6xueoviqe3 vhelium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature .e7x 4oieq u36 q3zvvoof about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas 1bnspq/y f*; dmolecules increase if the temperature is increased fromp bn y*qfsd;/1 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6,ddb 4.cncz6lm iw:q 7hs)l/n. 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and qs:/m.c cl dzbd 67iwh4)nl .n8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0rb4l g08qr60p2sh rhh $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its vgqn4u 7m;*ag abz ;z4lb 0:ugbolume is held constant, by what facn*u gu q4b;4ba ;:z0mg7zbalg tor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gasyvg(bd 3yt.j siv669 8fvfj2 v is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio ofjfc ls go07 5bq2zo3+l their rms speeds is 750oljsqb2+3colz g fequal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed oqra(jdxc-d*fw0a/,pqk( 5m zf nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speehg5y( qrgr yj(6szna-39 /mopd of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average dissu9ea5 ud ,y+vtt;c(;zq w7srtance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a qj zhy *9uq0 h.xs:;mr -b/u 3fyvjrl.living u.qzhf j-u0xq;3*.bsyhlr :ym /9rj vcell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P =w- y7b:t2t7x2p wssc u $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, x5qm1 i) koqd x .kh-3drze17y$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can cjg)oc .g.de4u smi 62$CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure lw5 kr1srf na9 +z19vais 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) farrnv1 wszk+l9a9 5190 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the hdq le7j*,fw-u o s8 (;y2gtygeumidity is 50% on a day when the temperatug*g yt-8y ;s,d27oeu flej( wqre is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water)p wmobk* g+desgo px:0;g -*b boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place *i)d5gth2lxfb)kp2 v in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tempfdlk2gb)t)ph* 2xiv 5erature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water ieah53lj 76tk 6q 7 fjtrov)tza.*0wpo s 530 Pa and the relatij3rl tko)0aq6a75o jw* .f vtte6 zp7hve humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of w ++/0 jib mnsich).dhsater on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressurepywx+ gw;p0 q3ls7ly(qsd, *xsk l7,z cooker if the water is boilingwx,p +0x7zy; 7*p yklqsd,ss3wl(q lg at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room61bo05kigw ee3hp vld350m o7op5iq r of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of; 5f ;-0r4*lby ji-yjj1psqpidu*gto 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Tb6pd qc,mu+ i+u,9h fsp 7bow0able 13–4) to diffuse a dista c+6od,mb w,puuib79p 0qh+sf nce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the sur*wkp/m./p6wbg prl,fhg1 gt 4face of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An averagew gg/1pgw4 f,rkpht/pblm*6 . trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calxk( c4kfgbgv r/: .l 78c-lbvjibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure ha:r*kfe*ck5 qm s been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal roo vgw* bm5sn: p-wtex.;m temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool watenwm ;t.bxs*-p:v5 gw er, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a hee :quupe(iad9) wd1e9r pac s86g9n3elium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreaseee8a g 6q1i:3p(udcrnw9 9 de pu9e)asd to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air mraoir21)f i8rolecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tempe i8r1fio rr)2arature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the d5tzs3i ejy-a9nk :9z. ne0kiiensity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usingv +-a:vaz r3gb the best available vacuum techniques is about z:r+vba-g3av $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full 5hw3 ye6x 1+hd qllj4 e:znua,capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to t16 jhluh z5x4eny:l+w3d,qa ehe surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Mo ywy7d td6 y;thhp.ht86r7 :gzon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed cory:6yhpytrw .z;td6g7 7thh 8drespond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from rv k1e,s+j .hi110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumey533rar ld f y cdg 1*4gue2(*wjav4xp of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the su quedp/,x)h5cg yct(d/d 8ln)rface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere. uylqx )/gc) (tde,c 5d p8dnh/   $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed o+7fawq5tunfxn4fa:ol l19j +f nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi j ua p,rnk 3hc7.1tog,(13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K Howgjp1.r a7otu, nchk3 , long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a 15led19u rk/xj /tw) fja kmur66y d1fbowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a7 8cl7di zhj7at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around i cwjjp4xy99r,e3w( v the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightlqi+d-i5h4ws(s,f7g b cpj(j jdm0*l xy onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the ( mtwxhbo4q9bzpdoz,2jx:/ 9n5 p 2tv18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm19w ,fey-futcyn0hnw3 g*i jza2 4lc2 at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thez f uyse27u,/j Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis xbag2beid*jd 5u ; *smvgxf q1p :2:/rballs thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elbi g/2*dpj;: s1u:qfebx ax5*rdm v2gastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble ov/9eq 03 jgwdaf air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K3e w gd/9jq0av, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor 4br- 9z:b*7rl ndcibwpressure in the air on the following two days: l974iwdbnb:r z r*b- c
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, c:hi)0 )b m-/k2b lzcwdg f.t64wzdab and when it is a so.ba2cwi: f)6 / hbz-4zbg cdlkd m)w0tlid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at cons8 502vgdkvhhj tant pressure, thehhjkgvd8 02 v5 coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people consjkqa5fy1o 8o,tantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (ke ,qfo yj1oa85kpt at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg