Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alumi7ybgir9d t9, fnum? See the periodic table or App dfrt9igb,9y 7endix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to m pa2m*;q y5dw9yzl bb*ake a thermometer.qy92 bm5*;d ba y*lpzw

Which is larger, 1 C4c g-q c57oo ehve*3wp $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with c*0,pi3ufs3 e4.+i kr3 rahfkps b kr*system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about t s0r*3pf3urc4br.p*is e,kh3kfk+i a he temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists thy7:0a0j t dtof aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will beajthd0tyt 0 :7nd. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficienthfh+ 8esg9-w s of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat u-vm hq*5txrh/o ;8ym5p me9qosed to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling sys5 po*;-qoyqx mt8e vh9hr5mm /tem). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that az)oeo jyaiz 9cw9h.; j0dg :1xm(8 nuyre fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U.9;x: y(zh9mu i1dg.jjz)o8on cewya0 Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder ouf( agz9-(qf5vf.tq 4i9n +zp-pan n nf lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermt0 : he 7n(wj-w6vl1oejkano4v m0 eo(ometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initiallem7oe0vk 0a(:je onv4( -j61wn ohltwy descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container mayfq1q*hprdkgh7jnm1u9wf* w 023p fz 7 break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent partsmdw*k*g up 1fr3wzq9h1 q0 hn 77pj2ff. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficiu0 8k bkqc+vne3mgh5pf: n5k;q0etg7ent of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of P37 58cefeg5mg;bk+0 pquhtnv 0 qk :knyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuratcq+t 4:r/f3bwkx d( uge at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly thkna jk /bqay/q)k2, 4ee can will not stand up. What has happeka / y)aqnkkjq4 2,b/ened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down az5 /f 0rftt+e a6mcv/d piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston/a 0rf56fztv+t ed/c m, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increasej2d6xni v:s 0a9/bhdx9qgis rbty-4) or decrease if the temperature is g 0n9r46i:i ystaxb 2q)xbv/9s dh-djincreased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and k(8 zma22gkw9 lmvp2dthe relation betwega8 lzp9d mk(2km2v w2en average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kineti3jtc57 z 8xwfac theory.

As you go higher in the Earthv-:u*bsjfw *z’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth re6az +kmw*1r/ kjfhon 6fers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about on+ 1*6hfka/mkr6n zj owe-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at roome7 wiu uvf+4bn3vl(9r temperature. What can you infer about the molecular propertiebwie(+9v lurv3 fu74n s of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomf:3t7(r37rjwp ;o ,bpoic u3nalf cd4qortable than a hot dry day at the same ti33p7jc t4,lnuf: ;3pr(bd o wacroq7 emperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20 n3;x v:()dldlh yk rk8$^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tempera5 cln,c gujn19kkaj85ture is the same but the humidity is differek8ck,g91 5u5jc njln ant. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated au2zzt1z/b fg/ftomobile eng/fz2fg1 zztb /ine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 1 3 qgfmwz z0r-av*5h*c3–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-grad;yio0c 2em4pq(e 1 uu qzmr:5m copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number )2,bdjnyh ( 7j(7zp qud t;mtnof atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver rq7ujd,mtnn;zbhdt p72jy() ( ing of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Ce; rhiki3hm3ee:4e6 zq lsius scale?3ehiee36k4hqimr ; :z   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures rec ke5a16wruw-jve w9 2lorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.n/oni,: ,ca p3jobl3 uco:n/ lo3ban,3p j,ui0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bk6d7roelk0 (d uilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron apprdb7pt grw/;4 wuqga2 3oximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and ;g/3b pgdw2w at7urq4 January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the r1mzl9vje;i;* ye+i zrivet hole are often used ae9;ml yzrzv;ej*+ii1 nd the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at nti bpl xk3 hjm;hj*)+a;0ap:*g xyr-4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it q2882wser4z6 fgwmd*b jevdbp5x *.d is heawm. z48bw 5b s682x*2d jvrgqeef pdd*ted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of wshhr-+2 lwv :nater at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 8mcu12+u*jz ojr+i2 y oq7 gqsz0kft($^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At /dla5g eqa) c920 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essent2mu3 :5(utq/jv rrxm kially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficimrux:vr2 /q(u 3km 5tjent of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change ikoqmt::vc 4.ln the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l anin)edz8l g95 rd width w has coefficient of linear expansngz er8l9d)i5 ion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotro)zdot7s ; wo k5,vwasqb. s+a4pic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect aku:- -xl/ta0.std xhtime at 17 x:th/u tdlak- -.sa0x $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an in oe n( s9n6wc:tnpw8(lovb7n; side diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a; (vc97ps:nn o8ot w(wnlnbe6 volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wux zzznq*6o7 (ostv.77q3pik heel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on po7tz7(z x7q6okns.i* v3qz u frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How muchw j.c6l4 l dfk/3:r*iqn bcxjeu28u-r stress is required to keep it at*3eu4r6 cf-k8n:jcqd2lw.b rxuli /j this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.jff-2 yyu /.pu *b:lib041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122f.h6j:u l h8hd cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvkbrudd/p ;ofl , l,e+*in scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenhino7.h,bhjs qnu /u5u; 2bo5 heit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are abou92 xvje- 92mbznfr/p2gtsr,s t 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at aw r ej*ccgzl p 6:7.t+lb8zs30soziz 3tmospheric pressure and a temperature of about7 63sowz ll zzc*.itpsc:e3 rz0g8j+b 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density 4c o thxjpg ,oy938:rtof oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of. rxhw8dy23ij nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 1wq/wgdwq2 uv+)+v x b18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at gh22qt5d e4 dw10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L contam.5fm/qx rzd)iner holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385m dqmzxr 5f.)/ K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofsj s ql5cx23v0 $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insi 0syyt dazk2dq7s u8,6v.sm/xde the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a ballov2d /6ua 7x,sysq kz8t.ms yd0on is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air avjw3)gc -udq 0t 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 1l1+gjs. weqn5guxj; $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea lefjzrkurq v,)p qsz-9w0w0.pb .2pq2 z vel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mol (cc/w2 x a6xmf ):k3r/vjwetoecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.0h fvy fg3z4, prv0or4 l ofs,xeb0q9,fcj4 z5)00 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles4f ;yy/vxz.rp ,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.17 tc*/pbqble 4$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L9p8x mu0ft r9n,x beg0 breath you inhale that were also in the last breamtexgnb x ,u80 9f9r0pth Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy 5)gfga.h6r 8 hfoclhi1 jd8.vof an oxygen molecule at STP?81avl.6. jrfh5c of ggihdh8)    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helis u0-17t-xb:8v1 dvmbhtqbhxum atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of aboutt1m10shxbh-8v u :x bbtdqv7- 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increas8sb0 r:zv 2 ervapk-i4e if the temperature is increased from 0 -z8ar4is02v rv:k bep$^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6-cwqx9x x s6d), 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, -xxx cwd9 )6qs5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas kr*s m3zqt ,q-pyvue a+/hko2;:-i z yat 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held ca hznbvx(z,1 9 z2q/jconstant, by what fa9 (,/z2x bvn zzacjqh1ctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculesv 1zkno1b(4ixo a0x1 a in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases -py:mw telkid80:zq. at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal ttdlik z.ewqm0 -:8:pyo the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of )t584sry , jdyhz8uh etut(t**yzjk4 nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms sfq;x:*s*lu zsnfk-01n k ru; upeed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrxp+rwm c:69exqj:y7fogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mln*0gcu6 q dkg z9)3js3veon6ass is 89 u in a living cellek3 z*3ug jnovgds lc)q60n 96 at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P d3f rt. 1gs1bk 4vs/2qcn+17bojo llm= $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ura3z xbbkgh.; -:, lziqanium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases 6prfbi7o 5 qo2can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase 7ffg-qic:9nrckwe .ck 7. zt)when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9.fc)7 :wiq.9zg c7 ek ftnkr-c0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50w 5- w 65sqobirr o*fdtvh-hu z207x4v% on a day when the temper7f q oh0x bi-wzvvut4r2o5w5* 6r sd-hature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressurew6tw7nk 0mjy )n5 skr8 at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimae *q8b77uta))jtlk)kheq72zn; r l dl te tu2ez) )rnj7t l7*dbh8) atll qkqke;7 he temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of zr u54oos7spk 9vt9x4water is 530 Pa and the relativtrpus45 k7 xos9zo49v e humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wa5lb 4ov836bnce n jc4xter on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure coo od nq 6ozl59hh 9 vmfrr.(b9zi3;ny9zker if the water is boiling at a z9nhmzqir( do96yfl9 3 .hz;r95 bvontemperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume bb 0itcow,u 9r t ofxjq)7ad /8;bdgj8n27u1l680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 p2-gfzs*vj0en99npf uko0y0 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine moj0 x(vok 4/83j:k( y3 vzvjack1cuwvplecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance ofk(3cvowjj/v18yua :k z3vp v (k0jx4c 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interiory h0:* rmrnhl-9)f.e ytbr 1uf through tiny tubes call* lfrur:. fth ybe) 19rhyn0-med tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measuredkq+jav9 +ut 6 has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has bee kwx:7 :psfjvu,cxylxd y(kvz7qq67nw ;*m* 3n calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperatuy l x)0vq)2lwpo ned;9re. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup aredyo2p)q)l ;n0vl9ew x hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Ack/ q2o+ck:a nq bptco;h5/u 1fter many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylq qp t/akc/kbo+h2unc:c;1 o5inder?   

  Estimate the number of air moleculelq++fm/ rkv0v-8 wuy1eq bgl.s in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height qw 8r.my-l+qug+v1l f0veb /k 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matt ,unxg14.e-p3lv,b8kgy es;ud lu*m qer is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availae)cqgeq5ltk)fkyk4 . e4z2h8ble vacuum techniques is about ykfe5.8 ekt2c4 g)qle4hqk) z $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fil sz6d 4w*l lkbfp6x 89jx)cjd:ls his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advi9d8x* bpsc6k 4 d)z x6f:lljwjsable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s at6v, +80nxi0/4bfydqye a iqyq mosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assn d,ay ye8i60y/+qbqfix04 q vume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increasec0xv a/ 36dg itazj4;td from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770moyif)e k21r /z$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at thpr b qvszf44 x 4 .j7nb ,8m3/hrw6ru/wk4xijje surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Eart.pbjq6xi4r,w7n jzfv4urs3 8mkrj wb //4h x4 h’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molec;seje 4ba)omj-- i/yaj(3 x p7cq4eyvules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge press6o w7 upxv6vq k63e3yhure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at 63p x6vqwhko7 vy6u3eT = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of lix1*ozj2xbwz js0e-pedk;b x,nw 03l q+m1 i3oquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline kc2 uu/93+b xmic hmz( 7auz*hat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at n )j2 ; cq*rke*dhm9.5urazw7evw s(z25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a gl9 07,kdhvoc37d v pokl obd6lj gv0;-lass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stand65iqniii bprs,e (-5v+ vd6mlard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressu hbhhy + f.c+re:j6b1fre of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth2qdgu9 khvdd23sk h74 is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vef2)lbbj 1j u tf2y, *)1f1:vlifrwkb krtically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lj1):fyu l)b2 li2fk1krwb,t*1bj v ffid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diamh5suqq02lpi dy53 .az n1oc7ceter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behave .c c1dh7y0i ql3auzq2s55npo s as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air o 3f j.d6x,kre,y.ewpf)wnsm 7n the following two days: ej6ywxp,f7d k,. .)m3f ns rwe
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density oft7 loin vvwtan+ sc3d5sk59;0 iron at STP, and when it is a solid deev s3n0 wk ;5o+tt97da5vlnscip in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an 7ammzjp6e 5th + ;hns3ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansiont 3hnz+ 7 mpjhsme;65a is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, peopggdw+;p fk33z*qk u-gnkjfi ; ;xg8j:le constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. Ij dx;kugk3g-i8f;k:wfn ; gz*g+p3qjf the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg