Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic tabdjjmm+8 o;k h;le or Appendix;d 8; ojjmmk+h B.

Name several properties of materials that could be t7/ -/gxmvyc*oz8k cfc,r6tnexploited to make a thermometx/o,g 8 *tct cr6z-y/7nvfmcker.

Which is larger, 1 C -3d4r0o6)g namii o ci$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in theak9qvkef 0josn/4(t *:olpk (rmal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, wh/( jl:90 qpf*kk v4ea(stnkooat can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a stkp/-* ;itg ;mkid0e gclsr8(kb0yaa8rip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See T0rt b -e8;l0(iid yasckk */ g8pakm;gable 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear(- f.wks(x5d3jmbm a c7slcc - expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a fur5d c xct85,evanace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to toucd 5tec85cxav, h both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a sectiotzk.m gc* bszak;it wkc;s4 h2 h80x28n in the shape of a U8* sc;kz 82k;whh0bag4ikttzc x.m s2. Why?

A flat, uniform cylin .n vmyvgh7p51t-a3np kl 3wflv8c,a6der of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass th6;dxkvga0 7583ya m fijte7js ermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then akj x7y ijmv0 t58gdfa36s7;e rises. Explain.

A glass container mad5. u9 q8ixd n5 rigj5l7.0zvtus a5way break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Exp 5sa u.ld9w7zd0tn5gi58. ijav 5u qxrlain.

The principal virtue o.j6g u93 mlweof Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–139 6ulg owe.jm). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clockywq.ptvq:t2 vy/zg 1+, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bm0-4jghvhga)wo l z8 59ftlir (/u0j iottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not8 ivgt00llz9u h) ria/4g5(-jofwjh m stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly coo6 sqie3y;/5nzle2t l mpressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these chqlei;6lny o32 /t5sezanges in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water iamm8 eh4pf()gv1 gpfnek64 1tncrease or decrease if the temperature is increased from 20mpgf h4 81 a6e(e)t4f1mg vkpn $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Cikncw(o1x0j 6harles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperaturjnxkw6c1i ( 0oe.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows fromvsx ;fih)a 9w; n*ily7 /* xcimg.xw-a kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosoq 2 t:yz6d)9 dbply (xlv)lq+phere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth re(fs zb:/o*cys fers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Expz s(csof yb:/*lain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room tec.pchnr8:3 s 8yh k4pimperature. What can you infer about the molecular propeph .3p: ks4chyri88ncrties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day ist5qee*6 /opm4m qt 3cguvyi93 far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the se 93i*g6 v pu o3qqttcm4my/e5ame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at r59s- rrlqp e()e cly./adqmr)oom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temsacw 9du (g)r ;jl(/2 bwg9pubperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same Tsdb w/p);9jur ( u bg9wg2ac(l? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerq )b:z.t eaq9c,ph*o zous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile b9 qz* t)c, :pea.zhoqengine.

Why does exhaled air appearji k70mmrnf0 70xksoezs( :di , la;3g as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there*db zeps4x.a/v /qxvi a: pq1( in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in)+,r(qx2q p cg1 ib1yr ob/ien a silver ring of the/b2i,+rnpx )c e( 1rgi byo1qq same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scah0ho cf,.dr q.6e0 mes9+rwynle? d0r69hr ynf ceo mqw..s,e+0h   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 13x1) q xe) n5qa*u+ascn6 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol kg+ j2tj :pgbb 6w8hx)column has length 11.82 cm at 0.pj2 :jbkb+wtghx8g)6 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20 /+pnog*o25havg+ut mlc 5 ) uw$^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m ta3zzq(7stw4n w ll. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temp 4(s3zqzw7tnwerature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, riv3d f qdq+)(ibrets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is qr )q3d+(fdib placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a t3.3pw9ek9cyl /vwn 0e wkae3t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if9isfu(6l fs a(;bc8j r it is heateb8(jcri fau l6s(sf9;d from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled ti:g9m1)2ax uj.ga6gbi vu r,ko the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.5st;(l8dr;vq gt*h7k7pzm 4d p0 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be place g/llqj3z5cs +zs6.pj d in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so i-v)cv8 uah:6 f sh-2t)x )e e/omqqivbt can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal tt/hvceqi f 6h2-osv:8 m-)q v)bxeu)ao the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chan 1 soqzinn3pl, jwc;;dj7-jwca0 kb :7ge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangularjua2onl 2n*c) t 9hufx/6z1ry plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansiof*au 2u1 )/ylx9nznthor j6 2cn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an iso p5 wy2v.nzdf5tropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock i78nt 1ahod,ri pex4+mlh- 6nis made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1o471pdnmi ailxth,r 8enh 6-+7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The b ver/. v;3h 6kgntsimf9mti;/ulb has a volume of 0k tf /i.imhtv 6vm/grs39;e;n .255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is ro;jj)io 4y9 b-h5dcz/orltl k4 tating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velor z5cyotl4;jko di -hl4/ 9bj)city $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requirjh9kux +y(b p+*dj0 zqj*c7yned to+dphb90u k c(j y+ njy7x*zqj* keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beamkgcy9ce( 8 jrsdg+ 2 k96cp(zv of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.12h m5xx.da;pv xv l ubccp+,,lv4oj(6 22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tempera2ptkn g2u i(1vsk7ef *tures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatux02snjj: 5c zire on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun 5g p4u(dl-3 jt tr6edmare about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion enginqvtd8e+o 5ziktzc(/ oe0tj)1rn+9 i ce, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of abo)n51 zeetqok 0(ic+tc9+ zioj 8td/vr ut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gfw9ge2d/ ww7ocnn ,7 bas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrxb3i;+ rwdrcdwia- :*ogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 p /0pcpj t;of,kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gjc+g+rry, fo038 .qw6parajnu i*b7cas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure insib.;fu zidp51 mde a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385;u .dfzm5 p1bi K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0:w4.a3u ee;s2z-gid+dp xcp*r -ruoe kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift btp jq*b0y09 ni(ou+ hqy heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dens0yqt90 b *pijon+u(hqe than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air z2mmd2qz g*:p at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.cq r k ;,h* xm*e21.ey-wfziep0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s uepk-ck8i9*lw-c *nol j2d *xhand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mole ) zma; dume-5-zfkvj,cules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of waterztx:7j5lpp.bljd s f; 3k1x8y are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (aoao4 tv jjrf .s)6e-z/6b,cl 7et) ogt) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume rp t r p18y01rsj06p jllwwyr) 1f7x/q48vexy5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are i(5xd3lgi 0u,+bax+/pjbg p: c:tkyo fn each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10lcbug:3: db0pk5(/xaijo+ +g,y pf tx km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxyg. )p ; v6dxjnu9,soixv)yi1kz en molecule at STP? n p) ,)6sx;vxuviky1jid oz9.    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium a,n7bbida/ 8iq5mx )mb toms near the surface of the Sun at a tempera dbmqa,7m8b) i5ni/bxture of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed -btz2qq s m3(pn- p9lfof gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from3l -p2m(btsn-z9pq fq 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given mbzie1k 1 :;kfin units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 81b1;i:k f mkze. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecuj fn1-wja l;0ales in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubv3 6gme1c gs(st 1pg +0uba, ck(yi5hjled while its volume is held constant, by what factor doibcgu, 5ajv(g c kgm1tys+63 sh(e10p es $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given by ry-k3x 6 muk7g$v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases* r1f.*ryznlq at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratizf yrln*rq.1 *o of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of l-cl3z-vhj 44ez- am dnitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spew38moqvp7:b *1 bicw fed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at S:ycmxd:;, sgu TP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molht3dg o e/+d1fecular mass is 89 u in a living cfd1dhe t3g /o+ell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressurz-yv yni dlela2+.( , *sr1 8mxytsg7re P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranimpmp uu2z qe;7q5prim j8*+ x;um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, a4t;ccva(7xoin what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the preswfd12dgp-f .9vii7a. 5qdir zsure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) w fiqddv2.z ifp9gria7d 1.-590 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) bu w4dn;w;w( tif the humidity is 50% on a day when the teu;wt;4dw nbw (mperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at+j5i;b*mk t dl a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 a/nb9ld7/ zr iyfydzf *zj )*t,tm, estimate the temperature at /lty9f b f)zji *, dz7*yr/zndwhich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature )yrcg wc,i)kxuljf 1pp2 55c:on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and 1lgcc r2k))x wpp5 ,j y5c:fuithe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a l,jz:,p ;xnmyb znd -:day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the w7umvd8a*dtr ,udm /v) ater is boiling atm, 78uu * td)mv/radvd a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vojy ahi+/:mn-4eji sf-lume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5htm 84k9wcla5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time nee-fwq 9z;vwn v7y8q gi3ded for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dist9fwgyq v;8q z-vin7 w3ance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surrcp /90(dfvdzface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is aboutvpcr/9d(f z0d 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape mea,s:som3 ay2is sure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20l(y w+*s-;bh pyyg hu3$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal ri ucu:qe1+tvvt*f, 4koom temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool wate:eq4ft+,v*kt v u 1icur, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium 3x hg mmuh; xp0/)d5tfgas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in xgh /x tp;30m)5dmhuf the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.cajf. +m*y(;fy rt q -iee)wl05 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature;lc .y(e 0t *)r+-myfijwqaef is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matte0q2 7 dz k/dt2uxa75zw* jw5kevacc9kr is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum 4( vq2 ecrj.*vvul9pktechniques is about kjr(4vul2.c* pvveq 9$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m yqd)7pi t;-gnbelow the surface, to wind;pq7-y) t ghat volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning frx0n .y)m3; kpkeh/ gjy;2yoxgom the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, a x.gyoky; y0;pk23ex/mg)h nj nd this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal )n5huu ky)mb(1ezk * agas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77xz(dvs1c57a x38ry bz-cidt *rkyt8xr ; -e1 s0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of nra-tjcje t- 06t0 wk:the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in -0tekar6twc ntj0- j: the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitro t 80fxungyv; c5.vgqfc2.;a5,vuk wogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge p:d.p k:9 ot do(r7xyygressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is c:g.kro dptd7yo 9x: y(onstant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid meydosan9 g:hoh4. k,* gcq0+fn rcury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atboe :,ls7 2jib 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly ar* tp*w37sc fifound the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly optq;9 5 nvzh7dnto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ado 5wh2: niyuk0spted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully co, rju/uav7 5qyk sm-*d9uax5harged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the;xp r l7t/( v9yjm:d)3 odaqgv Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrmez;lo4dn:8 tkr s54vd/5m xlown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they havt; k:s48 od dm45evrlmnz/xl 5e a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases ajlq: /zqkit)h0 oiz qr*+q- 1s 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it rq:qq/jz +ot*hkril)q i- 1s0zeaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on th ;f ; w;nejyjk*bfex.2e following two days: j; .y;2 efjwfeknx;b*
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the dt igf4f,1agq 0ensity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth w, afqgg 1tfi40here the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure,wku -*1hjp.o e the coefficient of volume expansioh .we 1j-ku*pon is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars tddsoa(s 6w, b-owb7t8o prevent rot and mi8td-a,6 sbow (7wsodb ldew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg