Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the perio2sq)j ; y1pg;p*ho0l hjx(gcxqy- a h4dic table or Appendih 4hac s jq(1 0pgl;yhx*-yxpqo2;)gj x B.

Name several properties of materials that could be ex v)e;l(yaefug9x vlje sw2 t.7hxwo;8fk3 .n*ploited to make a thermometeroehge 9u tf l2ax7y8;nw vv.x.)fls wkj;(3e* .

Which is larger, 1 Cj(6;+ ,jtweqkx 9hse;ec a 0r17cnsoo $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium witq4it8tkp r5s2 h system B, but B is not in thermal equilkrs 4qptt258i ibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When uk/c1i: li,s z.d(j gaxzj4 4hheated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hinl1du/4z z4j ,k(i jxi hgc:a.st: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficv le(i8ll0:o on 6-;ohn:vsh/ eowny,ient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagral3j* qp-zzy ser29z-m m of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flowpes3rz*j2 z 9zq- ml-y to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a ps; vg9wd7b kw704wkfsection in the shape of a U. Wd4w7w fvk9gk 7swbp0;hy?

A flat, uniform cylinde klsbt3x,w8v (a m9k r98r) /ix5lqdnlr of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass (f5,o m)ygi gss 4hbh7thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then ri,b)ig (m7 shgfsyho45ses. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rap8uam q z2t29ip8sub8qidly than adjacent parts. Expui 9 z8 a8bq2s2ptq8mulain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass w)pv :-ema.uv7av k+ris that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass ( vv)k7pv-: ewa ruma+.Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at rix1)h)nm9gsk e+ *z;u zyvu *20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly thw s9vp3:jn/he1/rw-xp e mi9 ue can will not stand up. Whavu rp ie1mjw w:/3h-/ps ex99nt has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperat0x6-.t j-0q,y4 ftl s jwcakdq24 lntrure increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the mov2q yqal,stt0-. ljkf4-xntdj w6c0 r4 ing piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in wate azc20*(n dspapyy5/nr increase or decrease i/zysaa5n(c nd*2 pp0yf the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kineticsu2y*g oi9d z3 theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperat9 dszy igo2u*3ure.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from mg1nzfp)6dh k8gr(+ c kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’6nmnc;aij+w 9wb;ir 72:i dpns atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object musa bybvlujk-* 93n-mrb 8d q59nt have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has prnumv kba938y b9bqrj-d n -5*lactically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What c el98r92*zqi-vzq kfzan you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?2qk8z9evfzziq 9l r* -

Explain why a hot humid dayp7f3x4; lfkequv,2 d.l b5lx bgq /8dz is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same te4z/x7;l ved ux ,lqkgd8b.f b3l2p5f qmperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature/oxv n9b9vs -d (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the airhb w9 j6lxgz99 temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more9bhxg96 lj w9z dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobilpy4oe+o79c ad . samc0:zwf4f7hp fa /e enginec47 off 4mo0ay97fzehdc.pw/ apas:+ .

Why does exhaled air appear as a littl* )t u8 xf*n,pjuhd)qjsx yw(6e white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram cop, ;lhw)5lx7 bnz9rtht+ ryx 5hper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gog62d ):w jkdlold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mw:jlg k6 d)2doass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. 3d g; v9ojo)qlsa.b e3What is this on the Celsius scale?s 9o qedba)go3 l;3jv.   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperar)5 6,gxiiz zl nnon:/tures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length b b,6gt unq ,oy)t *)evt1mye-11.82 cm at 0.0v-q)t61y,ob te,)*tgebmy nu $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built 9-xwec eqdkby s,;5+t of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is b2z;d 5/jx;yrlt03tyt;gb8 c ghva -tuuilt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and z3 /bg 5 c-gutjy; h;tavtx8;l2 d0rytJanuary (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger th ()tnnh+axb20 zw gd5b-x fms/an the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 c m)( 2-0fazd n /tn5bwxx+hsgbm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 akwrxoa-92,vgit(e4e /i n2l$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in.4h z7 0l7ib-p0t n (xpm8g uthyb)blc diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heateux8t-p i hctbnb(4 g0by.07l)zhm7 p ld from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of wat9q(q mfs s7 0qfht0ea+er at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 :l.pw na1w*ebmL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made e9n3 adr8vv8aq*(i qamhtn ). of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expandw21beo :taaoz 5p1 3/vex g zpgy,n9:d in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient o1w po vbzd3et9/p5e:zno 2ag,ay x:g1 f linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chaxg8vf/-n i l)w,ww1 1lo. dwlbnge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengtc1k+ndf 9fqs+d z0yj))t nz(eh l and width w has coefficient of linear expanfd)(j0sk y1f9ce +)ztn dqz n+sion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrop,e8 z56vn:rwrmy5wl l)ir6ge ic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect timen7s7h:ygqi7l k z5) wd at 17d:) is5q7 zwlnhgk y77 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The b.n8f* isk:hins 2kz 4qulfq4szh n8i2kn.*ki: s b has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating a-u 86ph;b (u71lo7c rh;)r dqblw i lyw9nc0ixbout itq 1)8rrdl(uuyl6x;l-7o icw7 ;w hh0b9cib np s axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is require7 ) e)) rkwnt i6uh)xpbk,pqt7d to keep it at7h) n kxe6wut)k7t )prq)ip ,b this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectiohn )rm.,n(iwo .5bpxkcnlgz. ;)v /l2dkol-unal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 2cj u)cslk-wr44o; 1 3( ysqoaa0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: qo o-44g.ox,y67pfqmkd 0p6 e lv :emd
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale? ; th x vh v9:czy.qmyy./x8ry(   $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are rq xrx f7y*6bd6mf 1:qq v/uzgv-e f69about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tem aye q6367;a dlgw2r jdcp.9imperature of about g6jpdwad2mc yar;9l 3eq6i.720$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP3 p*r5o+ teetc using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg ofwo.*s6k y. ; fl59qg3neuwp mg nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrom.w( .pbliht-crja 9.s,. grqgen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is 86) ob l.d c.saizcx0vhf ns,2at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas an9)sre6xn+ yk/ jt; st 6.fq bzf9ck8ht 385 K?+ crjk6kff).x qh9e tn;t/ssb6ny89z   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 deg h 7p3wx3lvd04ii.kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating th42uvgctytern69(h op rvp10 (e air inside the balloon6ov92try pnvug0t(cr( ep41h , which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 6kx9gs 2+ch+)r cv ojg15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0y co:ci86 a. lbqfd,ug;7md 0fx+k/jv $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand a b ldi:x p1a1gh:rbsy5j/n7 .ot sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molec14qcjj0 5eu7*api qjkx ch38 eules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are ts*5t c3s dw a.)znh(p +cyrtb:here in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number 3cg z0if)rw2ybc x eu(l t;3 7xh,9ambof (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 56 h;wri3ow0 gd.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale thatw cpyo, o vd9z.ep76us0r:(h v were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the a9(dwr:c v6 pyp.hez0osv,u o7 tmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kin9bp1y7k12uo 6v4qb w u nen81rd znt7getic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST ndw 8qe2vnn4k6o71 971gtb1rpuuybz P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heaovdm*liy- io*yg;rtlhl83h .3(3 u elium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K. *g8ailr*o elumd (t;3h3h-oiv l y3.y   m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of toib.xq-y+e ) l **ustgas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from 0 yu)et+iolq. * tbx-s*$^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules havvpn+. k8 l7 pc2u-yy58n cvuome the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, andv c 2cpulnvno+ym588uy7 p k-. 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a o*7 ntptw;y)r gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled wh* sc sd346dmmh-uq :tuile its volume is held constant, by what factorh64u-msqs :dcud*3 mt does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecu/,)xxm2d/w dknu d 8ybles in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same v:h1, dmp lb r .bt5sleh,tc;(temperature, the ratio of their rms spep1b5chm., b vh(:l, ld ;erttseds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained o-3p6ig6s9jm 9ip qgy;w6y rsin an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed nz4k0w bhh;5 jof an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STPjypd4h+ym2n qz8/ lo c i+,x/d?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular ma55fxf1z( qjzfss is 89 u in a living cef1(ffz5zqj 5 xll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure;vwbp 4r( oem(k f6 y;wkc;macs5 ,ye2 P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urzqd4l+m 9 .k s/qw0k /ml7dntsanium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressurea8p h:dsa)dd1,;oh+. csl5*t3tnfc mrt o+ jv, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperatucs18cfk(gyf13 m . hkvre is (a) 90 vykh1.fgfck 8ms(3c 1$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humiditya2fs c29yh g hq-atcb/ik+ :v/ is 50% on a day when the te2g/ibay+t-akh :cf2 s/ qvhc9mperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure a:zun pve d:-j9t a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mojxmen2 p)4.gl 7+*xv j4 rifx04qxy xluntains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whyjgr0x4vp 7xefj*l2 44 miln.xx+ q)x ich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partia7gil dl3g(vnk9v5*o z l pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%?*v5lgv kl73 ( d9iogzn $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature isp v2r(t+ftgh/ 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate prexrw+k 6bw)d6n (h,vgnssure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 12( xnwh+bwkrgv)d ,n660 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume pefdmrm/dyss- r;6ml b76- m+go(m0 d680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its d s jgg+dtupmmu n* 8)1+tas,0rew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a/xg(3m(b h ohu distance of 15 3mbu/ hh(gox( $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior th pxzdu.+p -v*8qjq .qgrough tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectio*qg.u+ qpqz8 .-jxdvpnal area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calii iz(oi(05qq ibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape mek u jetdov8pnv)8n0 30asure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much era3 beo.;) zmd 1yuc+ne2d3q pbror will be made in a rece 2.pu3bqmce); ny b1do +a3zdipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in6ie6vk(9 ywcrrorao9 hw 4(ge n4cd2/ a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What frac c d ey 4ar9c(2in66v( k9ohrweog/wr4tion of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a rc)mfn 8v v*fr(oom of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature imv*c fnv)(f8r s 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter i okrx411b7ihwyb99 pi- hih eww.qn) 1s about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainaaw( h:eet:9diq1 /y ghble using the best available vacuum techniques is abowt:h dq1e(e:ah iy/g 9ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills hc3j0i/ cteph f957/lnzq lg o.is lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungsez7qjhltp5l ni93oc./f /c0 g expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at as*k+ ,em r+tvaue6q0czk wp) 5 speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seeu)5 6, k+ze*pvqkasw+c tm0 ern as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of au1u3zw/jpf )hq4uf 2i n ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7 +v jbqrr /1xl3q2hz,h70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, qb jo/)3:yp yh fom;- mj-zf93azs2q zestimate the total number of air molecules izfzaz- qy j 3qmf/ pm-2y:joo9b3;h)sn the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mgq r c2jk6p.yi/)un7oolecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (nceiu40nc* 7d13ucd 40cn nie7*,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquidofsunz:h-9 s8 mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolshs- :f(p9tu jine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snui g kn7 a)r5*j,xsnq2o3r :mndgly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a g z*7c0b1nyy *esq+cwqi olo8wz97 5q+ob a4tjlass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptedn.ey/m5b a4 lf in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fullyzb r881ci4 q2n) aqhik charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth b 4j3dcirz cme,r )w((is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis banwn d86b)zj :llls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of njb8 n6zl:w)d0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth46,ricfv5mkr1wr6 5 eg-;lae9pqrnx 3vg5h c of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, andrg, glw4n6v- h95aervk5;m1fx q5 ecipr3cr6 the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor preslh..jc;j:fvuve9kv3h,nb x 3sure in the air on the following two days: uhf lhkej.;vj9vc: bv .,x33n
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is 0-6ha, 5oynb 3ciled*w4 us kha solid deep in the Earth where the4wbnk*odl53h heucai 0 -,ys 6 temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show kdr spl38;db/ that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expa8drk3bpd s; l/nsion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their y3ze 6f fkcs+al)+4.k b ywcn,cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a ho l4fs 6 fe)ykk,+ cnywa.zc3+buse (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg