Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 0 dngbsgh9aaxc w7 u0gzao(a2) ;:.nkkg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendnz0b.uk0)2c:9sd gh(aawga7g; o na x ix B.

Name several properties of - b/t;g bxw)fszu uq72materials that could be exploited to make a thermometuzb;s- )bf/wg27 uqtx er.

Which is larger, 1 C +7m pf+ qkz,mnvg.p l8ck5zw. $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equig f i++dl+b52lymty 4nlibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what 2lf+gym n dtb+54 yi+lcan you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron.rju.8dp*k ()qzofl+ (ag rvg b yx/(6e When heated, the strip will bend. Which metav)uol(/(*de rf+rbyx.8kap( j 6g zgql will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient zthx8f.b *1 qylbl4nnv31 1fkof linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat us+ kdcrufqvy2jcv n237 ziy ::1ed to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can :+z7dk2:ncc yfju v21 viyrq3be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have2cr h/ydv/l: rirpc *a+f3 .fe a section in the shape of a U. W:faer+d2r h i.*3l py/vc/frchy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floa tme/wynp 30 ( omav*qb+,hi0uts in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of wa,f6 a ga;276wrtah3 1viewixtter, the mer6 f;hwi1t ravw 2eixa36a g7t,cury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heate1hnmq. x5 o4 (cpyv4omd or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts( o ph1v4x.noq4ymcm5. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyre. *hjh0z6toa jx glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smallerz 6jjo* h0h.ta than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20pv (-3h/ oluuc $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulwoq1k3oh0gg (ec d,p1 ge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happened3do1,1qp(go wk eh 0gc?

When a gas is rapidly cogw ihm17f-o:y qh+m 4fmpressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature usinmhfw 4 om :gh-fi+1yq7g the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an al, fsz4 .ezcvmfkw8g5d8a2.aqgv x-uby* 6e 9vuminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature * cf4u9v 6az8 5zxse .yemg8.b-dvaw vqk 2f,gis increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and txjdop.)sh0 lo7 gb+3dhe relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temod 0)j .+pds go3hl7xbperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law followsbi jut,h3k0)l : 3lky9zqiy*p from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s a,vjy+;)/bqcdm7y uj1t:sgi utmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to .czh6zgi uc1klwvb::5e ,mr*the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fiftg5:*lhemzu c vbz16 k ,w.cir:h what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can 9+xb j.rvskixml;(wiv 9v0c6you infer about the molecular properties of one relative.iv wjxmbx s06r+;klivv (c99 to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry de 0avp txt322day at the same tem3t t2d2 ax0epvperature.

Is it possible to boil water at rot)dqiqlb :4d5k/f7wt om temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is dif6cr ,z64umtg3wpkw( hferent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.rt,p zmw w66kc(4 3ugh

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap ogx,t8h)dii-:rara )kqe+h g2f an overheated automobile engine.r th))i ghi, -g2krexaq8d:+a

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in tzcyv y0g(0c(9 -a;aoy*qxoe the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper f jab;m6 eln+pb;6q7apenny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare mj k /5*+f+ehzxsb2;jb,urr i to the number in a silver ring ijkx * 52++ uzhmrbfs/e;br,jof the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken t4z g0os4*d os3 *ufns2q(zuklo be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale? z*lgz4s0u fuo4*oks(n qd s23   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded a; thkw +(rff8zre 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol u9y 7 ytw9hs80eawyp:ni,*ufcolumn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0t 0u8,:7wsiuy9ep y fw9*hn ay $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is buic b uv)bt.a2ne,zzrd84u 9sy 6lt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 3gq;n ;+(58gy n4(f pt xtj w7tjwsztc200 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature o2z wx8qwntfgyt(gnt ;(5t4j c7sjp+; f 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are of q qk57xag-4*q zq;iyaten used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diamz;aagq7y 45q xqik-q*eter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ah)9lww+gurtcg6 l cf+k69g3f t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in vo6w)cqp wpmd et ,+:h,flume if it is heac:pf 6w,eq+ ,)p dhtwmted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL o-w wi- tf-(q 86etkwoueg4 4brf water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mLochj3z cx m90,tt,om* oa pqjlu0q035 of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. Atg*n7snd wsyp :d 7c;7ku() rww 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a lo(ycb 5wo(dcanr / 2nw-ng, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linebcra((ndc2w yw-o5n /ar expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the cha9ih8g u4pv 4tbsl-xl:nge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficfqd 5+ 7ep xp*(-owcasient of linear expansiof7csodpe x-+pwaq*(5n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sp9ioqgy go v n9p6+dp88glx4/olid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made ovjh 4z.ri wgb t99j.y :tdt7+sf brass and keeps perfect time at 1d htti.jvw9 b+4j. 9rs y:7tzg7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.14yb vao8)y4)z g5 qzb+u0 mm. The bulb has a va8o5zg)) 4 zquv+yybb olume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical (w1m3/al5s f i7e)wwaju4 pd uwheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle onwl)a( au3s m /w uefjw1i4d7p5 frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. Howc 73ec(k rr4fpru o9o6iwq9/o much stress is required to keep it a67opc 9of3rwk r9 4qiu(reo/ct this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.d 78t;qtjqk. p emz6kpi+/j7p041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1c2b/m p*xmtf : n +redgo)8;.se9qwas34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures owfgo 2o07n om8 dj4k;sn the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheitd,p; vw j3n+ld scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Eart 8v5y c*efohprh0(f5dh and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustiomcjn 4 q u8,.cnoo*j gyr.e;u0n engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of abouj*.e4,cr;c o0ny qunm .gu8 jot 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the xz//e;.x8ihqz vq0frn-e) 9tfrj i3j ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21bmpssida7k 4 u-):owp :r o-4b.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 k:6rhpze3 p2 s/ijof/cg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 0q;c-jz cl7(s x0 irge10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gakbi8a /re5g(bf2d)bz s at 385azgf 2)d(bk 8 i/e5brb K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg/4zn1 p0 3iphk9l hdhl7ywl4l of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the6-;cazy rmkvt 7*ht. 2clfnzx,5 ec4j air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppj7c-2*;a 6.5 cy fhx,zc tnv4tzke rmlose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15j n qlc59sbi**n2ewl1iz.y.91e yw sh $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.36hgjs;u 5p xj,y 9e;w-k bhtf0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes ax:8hc88y cirlxx2ks5 child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mole9tax wq;. 3ek1eriofd 20l4 a,lbek-t cules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there inqb0yeruy8j 7sn 1*c5p 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (74tu9 h3k 5suhtxa.4 tr ikia1a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume :fjx;ih epd(4 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecswc wh)c-m59 ;i wa9bwules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint:wa) hwsw5 99c-m;b icw Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the avera d :kz35quz8px1 wwkp1ge translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STxd1 pw531uq8zpkw:kzP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium a9r f;m9cl gyaz; lb,kr,9ni6otoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of,ll;f99 o9aryci,bn;6k zmr g about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules incjpi9uff xst/z6y 2g:1 rease if the temperature is increased from 02sz tip1ufj/6gf x:9y $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units h ) xnedp/gs-9bv7a r0wsfo1xrjua4 ) 8d;0rg of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8,v1oh 79rw4jf )xar/ rnxs-de0; d8s 0a bg)gpu 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gax bztxmb*u-7p:6;m(-slb ejws at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is nsxtl2321asazl ,: rbn (o,0-fn xrxndoubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor does nal:31xrns,a(f0x z,tbs2 nnx-2 olr $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in9ykkto uz t eje va8pb-,-.)d+ a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the s rv(e;mxoxgs1mc ..*mame temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the sor(m s vmm1xcx ;..ge*quare roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mole67) lghy*xqalm(p; )ske :vrhcules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygeni,c-eiy.c d mto+9e;5:qufjwxi ,u l- molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at w1;.x2wzizks 6 oke)c STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid 2q3m jukhcdd. 8hh++ awhose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell k+2m+cha q3hj dd 8.uhat 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of ahbs2r ,q ox*4w8qko ,g gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ukcq 4 n(q,sx7aranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what ps8rw;t8imwa x q;p 1w5hases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 at2 nalwc4.f utv1 sz-qd;zzd fq +/-8jtm and the temperature is (a) 91-az fuwz-jztt;4lv8+ q./n2q dd sfc0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day w)9wpf.v j8 qaybn -4lohen the temperature is 25 w 9)v q4 lbyaof-n.p8j$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a plqs2+ a/e oamsjdjr/sj1nbnb: l;9o 3, ace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a part+gleia9- * p;+kr-gu,s nflkuicular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate t-l 9,+*nl u a;g s+ikprf-eugkhe temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530tp t+-ftcut96vg f-y2 Pa and the relattc t2ffvt -+ g69tyu-pive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wallb/:vi4r6 ri1u5no mter on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a zt4zb81cl,f opressure cooker if the water is boiling at act8loz1 4,z bf temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumez3*ul, gfm l -gi.vpi mp7.s(n 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poib1y4r1em ps0ent of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine m,vmluqc * l)6kolecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dis qk )v*lu,m6cltance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insecxcb 5j6o uw:0dts to the interior through tiny tubes ca jbwc5o60d:xu lled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape bq/cro sfa6i: v*ws 77measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape;ahb3wtq 3:k+vc : vyf measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tempe3li49w uqp ge:rature. How much error will :9u ilp3wgeq4 be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylin )1ow6v euuth4der is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original 6 v1) weotuh4ugas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air moleculesbg k8oo/4 +ido in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. o/+oobi 8dg4 kAssume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abo 9azx7pfg1 /eo2vnix pz k0l68ut one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availabw rjh;k:sn.c0 7jbv fml2r. tdn7m-8j le vacuum techniques is abovt-smjmd; .cjh7 nb7r2l:w f0knj.8rut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capatn9w0 xt 54y i5ir4,sr.o /swufgs/al city of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs ex4 s4 sx wanr/t l.g, uiyrsw/5tof950ipand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon entecp,-g uch 8;n2e-hv(aa5sn gn ft5)tkrs Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this sucg)ta,n;2hvpt g-ef5- n(5 akc8shn peed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal g -yoq7uqrihl.wl6x5p n,k wx b2 /+yj/as is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77 w t(lg m*,cljcyc 2; .rt.7dlz54cvplv6mh/i0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospherix3zchmo4r9hq7z r i hr24+d9f c pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’shocd4r9ifrm r3+ 9 hz4xqz2h7 atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contae*++nb tif0bvs4 qeh wn /f-s,ined in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital 2hhs:ksr/+x h mw8 .tnhas gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2. s.h+kwxn: 2trsm8/h h4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquibtme , qe4, h58xano2blm3sv6d mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0 (xarjp ds+8;f$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly c+ fp/1)gbb p -(wybc ;li/9e cy/kumsaround the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly ontvequf),w a t+ y2gdr.1o a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 168 q i4kqmcgi)ets2rt 69 pws,8$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 19mam( 1q. nwh ttte49t,5 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ear ,tz38ifunxeq bx- j54th is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspendu ,wcap :(*ftgsn1rinvl y .+m+i *s3ded against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically,*ds*p31ivwfc. igsrul m+a,t(y :n n+ assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air fro-ju80c /,dd.t khls blm a depth of 14.0 m8-,lsdj.tl0b /hc udk in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following tqpb6 il+*ckq1 u.f* blwo days: pbl61k+ flbq* qu c.*i
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the derzi7 (.5 bc:neda:ec onsity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperine o7a.cd:r(e5c z: bature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to y6cap0t 5ocpl 0qk 66mshow that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficiena 6c5 ql6ypot 60c0pkmt of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people const)4jtcd/ql gx6ov q((vvpop nre35n5)antly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a hous p6(gq5)vovol3( vj/ )5xtqd ecpr4nne (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg