Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See th4be,fqg e4 qt+e periodic table or Appendi qq+gt eb44e,fx B.

Name several properties of matnh*g,dbyn- 0t2nmq6 herials that could be exploited to make a thermometgy0mhn6n- ht ,d bn2q*er.

Which is larger, 1 Cxp30mr(/w2 w lhq;gq7bsdl m3 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, ;,i2pinb mtf4but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what4 t;f,bnip2 im can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. Whn+s9p h:k + qiol3)u m8yyo6dken heated, the strip will bend. ik83 ym y lu)qs9khpo6n++o:dWhich metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficka+es.;k-r n g3iwp,cient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a dialapzrt/k 8p58vt 7p q.gram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strip8 plr5pt7ak. qv8p/z ts of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the sha4b8+p, 6q*a im kdgg+if:qe jayj:s -ype of a8iyj,m dap-4jg a *+eqb: k: 6+fisgqy U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead f i2n/c xtvxt(8v 5liq,hjt0.lloats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glassk0laqpn*4 a0m) rjr4b thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury inmlqnk0jbr04 4)rp aa*itially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part oq rcu*u0 4gl:mv h,q1ef it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. E,1legr4chq q*vmu0u: xplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glp:-6 dx 6khz;a,+oo l.hcm;) oimjch uass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explk cj lp,cxo. +6;hoou:mz )-ihm6ahd;ain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20s6p*m5,/hzmm h /gd ox $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge96ir v:jdvp leh9 hi3c)paeg ) qdw/ fl;37qk3 so badly the can will not stand up. What has :q fe3 ;l vkp)hav739 q )3phlce/69g drdiwjihappened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing /7zckfv y+ ze)down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temec)vy7 f/z +kzperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decr s.lv0qud1, x96w iycaease if the temperature is incre i6u.,aq9vd s 0wycxl1ased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the rela 5aw+5 vzx4vk+b +-ybxbtol,jtion between average kinetic energy and tb+4l5j,x 5 wbk+-ovv+ayzbx the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law fu tp,-qo9ub0 oxvf t w-qy3-a5ewg .50xp n.srollows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere;kdvtq-xyumt59 9 r+c, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimugomjp ;xf;6 (g 4pj3cpm speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no3fjppj 6 ;m (cg;px4go atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you zizy.tk iqbz:e 7x*k:j3c:) p infer about the molecular properties of on73p)kx :zkz y: :ji.tbezc*qi e relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is farjdn ./7m + w.1ljqg7z-hhndde more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the q d+jndzh..1 /hmwgd- en7l7jsame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at roosjt/lui 4ie8f1 28flo m temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the s:pf sg, p5y php(ub:q5ame but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Ehp:f5u ybp s(:qgp5p, xplain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator qwry qlmg*so70kc8- no,b*uo6 bh8/ wcap of an overheated automobile eng6w87hnr *mby8wb,oq ook*0c qg-/s ul ine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a ls5zg w-llb1f9y-o6selg h:6 t ittle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coppe ef5n3f*rwwpi2qy zhs f2/,l,v3q4xor penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to tpz*mc wiy5*v-srx g0 /he number in a silver rv5s x 0i-y *cm*z/pwgring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 6v6+ci ihj6 h0fj i;69xniyog)m l)ha 18°F. What is this on the Celsius scale? vhx 6i+6jj )ig ylmhfh9nai;1 0coi)6   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest sifd;3gg/n/ dtemperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column hon )-rulv2 t8gas length 11.82 cm at 0.0 n8-g v)l2rut o$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bd0 3 z5do xih/ddps3/fuilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tal:57f1k t/rxf 5x wsecw4g/p p6 7bntcp.mtu5il. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of t7rs/54/t5cxfxukmwgp p7c .:1e itf6n 5 pbw25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than l)lp1:oh d: i) j*0jlr oje(jsthe rivet hole are often used and tlje j 0)):rlds*(j1ohpoijl :he rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterjx duo9k 3c2huh*h8t x0zim-8 at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.7 5,(l zb79n+om movl(gvu dt*a5 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is o7v nlzmbu5*ov9dtl g m,a+((heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brgy). i1/qnng .ogoizyy9t +5 jim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wqw1 hget0u;;ul gm ,m5ater at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring -: aknv88f ;4suysvbk n rjx ed30(0wzmade of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in /kv w 34t,kxmk+n rtg6f*+xjra long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linea6kk*n3xf/ ,vrtg+ r kmwt4j+x r expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the denzp tu 8w* (ur.wln.4jjulzn44sity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of mw 1m.ouj7sn/(lrk+ ou6z 9vslinear expa96v 1zjoo+s/.ru( swm uklm 7nnsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sol81vktdbx;v w g6,pru qooj5 99id, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect tiz/5dl 8clb4wk me at 1 zlk/8b 4wld5c7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mern ue 0ls3pg/ wvx(v7yr;n b:(wcury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulbb:gw n3;v(er7 wl/ ( 0yuspxvn has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is as z/7 :zysik(kco ep1(e o;j6rotating about its axle on frictionlesko;es1zk /c 7o( jsiae y6p(z:s bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much str9ccmv807;yz49gz o:ljd omks ess is required to keep it c gdc9mo;sl9 j8 zzm :0v4ok7yat this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional p lw(swy 3,cb).8j guyarea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm atoavqv gfy 5b- (uu1)a+ 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperat .jnhinkou+snwcu; k70t4o 80 ures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperaturccrv j 04)ug 5+y(ceave on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun aress a;qepk/isa)yuto s;): n */ about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric press qt t8/, )r785actzudwqw/: ghemsrq3ure and a temperature of /:uzs wtdt q qemqrr)3, 5t7/wha8g8cabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usi1r2uf2fu buo3 ng the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of ua- 2y8hhql8 su:wmrab80l ,gnitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg ool-kw8v 8 b; : adm:kjt2hjc6gf nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is a+fvv1 n0fh*zot 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside ambh1dbo h:372z 9nxjt9pe i.j 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at ht.:zxm9dnh7 o 3j e2b9pibj1385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofop5lc8xm+ b )s $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatingzne:9nkc ta( )z(.nqb the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon inzk(qe:an () b9.tzncs 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with aihwf zrt x, 3jlwvu;z3d)ph)2 y1v;yy8r at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen mid m1i dcl qh/12,jt,at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s haqgqk6v h vse 1 aj381*8fkt-wdnd at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of eac3+ wuhm )kl;ulsu79. pf9mmolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How maah*/hsa1z xybw vs,-(9tcg8xny molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mole*,h rvu( /rlqus,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1b- y1s0b/zplv $ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molen;wy inl,b(q- ,b w8ycn4q,b jcules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the lastyn,y4 c ,,b(b;qn-ww8 jli bnq breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen mols2vy y,sfe5: qecule at STP5:y,s f2eqv sy?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the suekfc1z .h0*d lrface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000k1*el .df z0ch K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules l0th 5a5amoka8w8 zyhl,o3* otov(j; increase if the temperature is increas5mha a ljov38; zlh5*, 0tktw8oayoo( ed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in uni6iti5lc;hg/zal)3:kcqvq rv7 +v 7f mts of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4,lg vz v7lq;hc/f 6v7i3aq5 i+ mk:rt)c 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecul5bzx y x bygmyu,-c:68es in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by w bl:j(xcfjlat4zw )gn nn+ il 34gx-w5kp6))rhat factor do:c3 k)nlg+(p64lx5r4 z n nl)bwfw)gi-jt xj aes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speg*wr( 7s2xclfxcej7 (ed of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio onyk+xic/:0s jf their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of yc/+0n s:kij xthe square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in att, 0 w:ky 0d:ei6hrznn 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an lwp uub pn/.7j+ y81kioxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average diw9fpd p-uof95stance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in evhy15- /f,se;z y zuifu:8ewa living cell z 5h uvfszie,-8 eyf1e;y/w :uat 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P eysrfl v)i3e5, i(v or;n/jlv2: xqh+= $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of iuexm:)vwc 2 5lr f).a2ojr/ curanium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases) futm bpom6am62giq;, 8nwu1 can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temp mj8jkt,qce( 95wi*yverature is (a) (ivt*mje9qcky8 ,5j w90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approx2;6mcbqcz7j limately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tem q;j2l b7cc6mzperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils e 2i:s/nnd;qzsb 3cqr;9 d )gbat 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a parti*l7g8p:,snzda zi9fc cular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperatur*lci a,n pzs:g79dz8 fe at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day whenxnt0hmc 34+:5q3omwb 1u2hjnmkt)j v the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the jkmh 30+2jxmow :u1 vn b ctt)43hmqn5relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day whebcrm5y, 54 csun the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure coorbj jl/c5h 5z,4rm*ced c7t+j ker if the water is boiling at a ,rd5 mbccljtj*h7/ e4+jrcz5 temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roo(e, k))* nfodtcn(p(nq;gr p gu0 v*zjm of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its deoij we9.3vnu; js 2e:x6x2pbm w point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13p k + ) bfr:8s7wuvofcifwt4fr0e 61u3–4) to diffuse a distance of 15 +w)tvu c7w80 bri1 rfuff4 e:kops3f6 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes p*n4c e5zt2l+e9zj wicalled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long anziecp+ l54 nw*et2j9zd has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratedj-o6f h+;v- lwomxtd 3 at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape mea64beig 8x-qfasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tempe+dn41jf,7dath 3 q- /c) zilfxe+hnlerature. How much error will be made in a red hz7)fl+3 l ,jnaqf e1xi/ne+h4-c dtcipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas g :9zorwmbp n-qo bmkdb)-wj7 ph088fk ++b v(cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the7mb8g+h b-8mqbvb o) prw0k +w: df9k- ozn(jp cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 681deuv)7 xt57hlt otydjq7q0 .5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assumey )8 h1v57 tdje7q xq7otdutl0 the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about okj93fpv :c0yd+ o. aq bpnj gvys840q1ne atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum technique e +;fbxgfa y3c65sf9p5lbld,s is abo ; cl3fdlg,x5f+6feba9by 5sput $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacit pwlu /s/ku1ow,vk50sgrx qw07r7:h e y of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if hev0xu 1p, wqk/ 5wweo/hgls 70k7: rsur quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the w ywi6uz4yis)z9j8 . tMoon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because ow8 )yi4tuy.w96szjz if this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idem:mo9 .lw zft4al gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7702k,;(*vbyd0uvsq ,go* tadyq m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earthp-66x rdad/(z1 fvt55 uhwlvzb az y)1, estimate the tota xzudv1l)a6y5 t(bpf6 /wz5 1vdzar-hl number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitroge;qmy)9*l-yqsd7 t bfdn molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi i: f4bt yr: n97;ibo5hmxzb )h(13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder lastbm thxr :n:7ibz;f iyb594)oh if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl ofjnh m50k;y*gri q lp,6 liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolq 99g6j uwmif4gha(c 7ine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earthtzt9(k ew 6wcgi-;2fh’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tighdi e0yx leon5h34ng :)tly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stan1 xtvf458ep cidard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chahyxupsp*::,- 4c oo)gru5sacff(s 0i rged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eow(;; ,8j2pm ) xs(l+ ejmmpp2mlpu0ew jpm -farth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tenls)/ gxv.6+xd w ufkboxy*0(nnis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound fr* wvl)bd/6 oxx (s.f0xkny ug+om the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble ofeyji. +5tnr.x air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is cons.+yjr 5ex. tnitant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air 4nxpdep59t wabz-5 mg-., 0dy:fsbkfon the following two days: mxz p 9.t55a,wyb4 efb-s:-k dd 0nfgp
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and wh3 l*2 +ouab+vuspx1*sub izv-p 1ev7ten it is a solid depi bso x*t+1-s3 v+au 172vuueplv*b zep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an idealruwt)3o .+fppyhv -b) gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansiobo3rvtp u.p) +)fw -yhn is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people r.pka.l9t b*m- f grz+constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot andrzml p+.brgatkf -.*9 mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg