Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kqfna.,; w8,hd es.-vbz z uy-zg of aluminum? See the periodic table or w-,;yzu n- .h8 qaz,d .vbezfsAppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that cinp::kme6.qt ould be exploited to make a thermometeqtp . e:k6:minr.

Which is larger, 1 Ct3j7o3ebxv:fzx,yr9 t1j l 0l rp7 k73od f,fi $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in ther0d66 is9ouqh( id8gl zmal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the t9lous(86dq6g hd0z ii emperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip oc h:u uw f7m(/zf()1st/snjsnz 90fdlf iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See ) w0 z19 nhz:tu(c7mdslf(s /fn/fjsuTable 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of line.2zlyn zkpyr7;zv/sj gsw .33 ar expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple therl5t:c ph x+5ugmostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooc g x55tlu+p:hling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a seccit*ql ol32c wm 6/k/g elym.0tion in the shape of a U. Why?2m i/. 6 lqgc*0 kt3lywoc/mle

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercur1p nrhvgb: 2c6y at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass.o6u va.tvk ) 8zwply-ch 0v+qsiau20 thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercur) ouv ua-.lip0kvy0 tc8v w q2.+hsza6y initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one pabe y39nw1 v9ajrt of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adj b1yw 9vjea93nacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansiov;v9 d*m*tzome3d wx; n is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increas;*dw t3 medo 9zvv*;xmed heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuni -w.9x j f3 /2bcptxal/cle,rate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of so+feu ))btl+w +nx+whj da will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand ujw n x++uhe+)bf)lt +wp. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tempera tl: 5/pr*dwswture increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting p/s5*wd trw:l what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant forkl +8olpij o,(ce on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased fri ojo(pk8l,l+ om 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s zcrx b.a3qp+ weti:( q7)rv w)law follows from kinetic theory and the relation bet:3wxz7aqri )r(qp+vet. ) cwbween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from ki,2tz b,+qngdinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphereb ) kh 949xsq+0swpbah, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed ubs)*7z fh0eu- ygjbu 6s:5ytan object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practicaue *u7ujtgshby5s z-fy6) 0:blly no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water oe(q) f x k47ba8h,l pyg;ha6iat room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relativhx g be,)oaa;fy4 phi8 lq(6k7e to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dr+dpq bt8g952pi(c f d)r8 yzroy day at the samb5z dpfy q8rg(9+2iro8)d tcpe temperature.

Is it possible to boil water +rq1/9 .wfltg3 medlqat room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the aiqtreg7 - 3wm*ar temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more den3e wtram*gq7 -se, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiansod .e805 jy )ye 5ab p/uzfa/xjbz21tor cap of an overheated automobile ead e/5xy8z1s2 p.u/obneb)5 jzajf 0y ngine.

Why does exhaled air (7p:npjkvt 49dhf* h rappear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper peotwv vso2t-r9c918kf5 np )2;xj m mucnny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram go5+)hf9h qjeg eld ring compare to the number in a silver ring9+)h5eegj qhf of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be j 2 sxubee4fjt8)r;g)ov f(2i 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale? 24ux evrjig2 fojbst)(f )8;e   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest an ia9 jocioel1 7wr*(*gd lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometdfo109nor s693hs sasfg e :a4er, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 sr4fagof6d19eo:9s0s3 nsah $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slaf d f-kj2u5d b-br*t.fbs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m*93 k h(zh1ro fgfcao1 tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperaturefzf 1* kgh9cao1o hr(3 of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger.vp9krh,yk)*q: lb pjvlt m(7bvh-z: than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is vk:pyr)t kmhbvzlljpbv q9.,* :(7 -hto be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4l:eo39 p d* vog-yx pazr6io+.yfq0s; h ;0dmy $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its changebyn7)w.5yxjf h ;z 0zh in volume if it is heated fj5wy0hfh7)yzx .n;zb rom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to theg)m.cpi v,jnewt+:+m brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 8/z6nkm2m r/0y u zm1apq;zt m20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be pf)zqjr3; 6 cmplaced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in68k bs(my9019qhst ry yazps/ a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficie9 8y/z0shpb( 6smr yyq19ksa tnt of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the d z4dp swy5j39pugye4m*o8xy n16j*t xensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of line4qhpoeh4g3r,; f)eddar expansion eqf4o d g)pdrhh;4 e3,$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropwo ,u 0ku4bw9(t 3jivric solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfath5h z )xorz c;:u6tj6tler clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1zzc): x;6tru6o5lhtj 7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mmhgzbj,k 62h6u . The bulb has a volume of 0.255 6ug6,jz2hkhb $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum c525o*t(h jzf5vy uu lma kat( )i*1oqkylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on 5ojza5ku alif* h*uq k(( )m1o25yt vtfrictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lev 3f1/ h+rppffkb8i76eotytq i 8e)p6ngth when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperaturq fpe7t + 6rf88/vp)oyi tbi1 kfh3ep6e increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-n:of0u 65b)p bncdl;60av tmysectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm au1m f mx9 2iw2 ur+lmz)y;yt8 tf**a q6ba0qbit 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin sc: m4pw;yx bp6/uhud/male:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on theuhzo/qd 91e4 iv, r8js Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in th587+s-m e5n( e ue+h+y p1kgimfhjp pye interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustio0t rrq brnx2w,76br)xn engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 0rn)67x2xr ,rqbr w bt20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP us5 ;jc axij wos3nw4sw (t7 1 z3fqw,x-p.4angeing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contab, 1 myalvm.1dins 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 1q)jpa:rzd a:v 7 wp9a(8.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1f8oi;nf1vhy6qlk v6 lo3 q0t10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure insidagh u4 oqso5rm6tj9)04r svm 4jv .0age a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at a rv)jhram4 6 u4gvg00 o.st o94qmj5s385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg 5 w(n/darsg 5ip64 tj,e ujb9sof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyagw ipt:puf)/- nt lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the airg/-wt :i)puf p outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with airqy e;kj6ad sdzp)d:34 at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen 6h aq v(0:l.sky s ::+owwbnjrat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level aodpm, p gvc3,1jj apy-hx55t5 nd 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of 0rk; le hpszv;t)g6k2r bp3 q;molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? aihwu/k(rx8hk/( i)g,e vl8ztll7c2wp *b9w How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)uvt *k0:j t7, 8ib wirhybq;v*6hd/;fn9np sv moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumegu)/*r xrocr4 z/ u g)dzaln/. 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in ea.fqy+ofihz*g( ql4 t-ch 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last br tffl4qz g(oy.+q *-hieath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average t 5z5foi nit8+dranslational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?dt 5z8ii 5on+f    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helzqe-,i et3/ dv+ ;j0rzwz (hrwium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperatu w-0wz;jzh3 r/+qetrzevi( , dre of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas e5gu ;esic3w-4ysw;9gh cqz+molecules increase if the temperature is increased from w zsi+3ge;-sccy;weghq4u590 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6 xg/(p-xqh xr(a2 nijtp /68zv, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rm vnatxjh( -6qz/2xxr/p8 ipg(s speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at b(ldl nh(/ldxtib4ni 05 *( kr20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its vo)7uvyqd y;+twtn1yi7 lume is held constant, by what factor doe7n qw+; tuyiyt1ydv) 7s $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given:ujc;m8c tmq4 by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at thev;kd,uga q *8 h5tyae: same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of th:;ahy8 td*e kqa5,g vue square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speedj:oqgik0*,b0 is s ph1 of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule atn0dm7v 4peo xccy9:l xu(6g3p 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen mol j ;zfojtqa) o(:h2(klecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed o 7mfu: -css0vyf an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living c-vyf:s0 7u smcell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P ofe,+sqe9c wk*a .9sn wc a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium) sy/uo;:cag i, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in l.4se; 01japh rxlz);:k ehoc bcln*( what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temp zq ai+ixt9-i5 beik83erature is (a) 5qka+8iiexi-b 9i z 3t90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when th vfiti:i;0gb nw-7 z1de tfgdi:vi7w1n; 0 z tb-iemperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a placep cbg98ma6gav:e t5m* where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a par*.tbsss wl8 : bsgi s222bwdp8ticular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water .2g28dl2w8bwsp s ssst :i*bbboils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when theuo)m t.atac*lzy;wr0) ;);pxa 0amw k partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 4amac* arwo;w zkt;;lm0u) 0 xpta.y))0%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when tm94wr 0 .d42(tca q1clee sppohe temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressu1np,zhj v +g9lre cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 1jz1n, +lg 9vph20 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of v 1p4e (o.5d z2w omgzwtgj60ytolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its d8.x erj uaql2 qzlxj1 +p.m57rew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Taq0h;f0i:ha lguq82 vv:5fiyh2t0 ri i ble 13–4) to diffuse a disf2;ti:vl02h8hfig50hq i:q r0a i uvytance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubesux.c2 8neqog3 d1p5 qo41kox ,p 7kbcy called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-seeoy2o. qu bc1qp 4kkdx7x31g 8,pno c5ctional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape mof4ic ,5h:nj2n,prlxohs *k *easure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2vscl w4i8v;; qg dk0s*0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much ert .8 y x*s(l2vbk*zxajror will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are h.x bv(* y8zst2jalxk* ot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many b n9j .0j;fuudvv er::ualloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder? u9jv.ru : nef:u0j ;dv  

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 moin x0s(ktn; 1, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is1nn 0kx(o; ist 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about o;mp7j.tqug/ mmrq )q(ne atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure att0z5z+p.r5)yp m fib hsainable using the best available vacuum techniques is abo. yf0zspi+p55hr ) bmzut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs xpi+ ,rxfk, .3qdhp wj*2 3ndaktlx.0to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume wout.rx3,d fx2.+0dkq3h,kj p* wxpal n ild his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed6sd6u: gzb/a+ omma e8 of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nosebuo:g+ 8zm eama 6ds6/ of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased f nz3zxtc3cv 6:ldr t.+rom 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7706thxr za4 /.v xb5 q+kp):infhm$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pr 9c. aka .gqmlh9ww*d1 d0sr*cessure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth*s1 dc.9wahgw9d l r 0ak*.qcm’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed fq5j(o+f:plp8x: rw. t w1sotof nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (w.:zxys6d+ m u13,800 kPa) and at T = su wx z.+:dmy6259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid* w h1s)qsrntvho dda 0g7(3i6 mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolipc 9jpcgs76 5x -c/mml,u xfu+ne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly aroundjfr ; o17hgz)i the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tigh/m6hdrhw/ i uoi+ 7q.rtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standaryo4 /r ri9dsb4 jy)q+qd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a preowct5ll.db1 wkwi y:6f 23y 8ussure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eap uory.al y80.c+1rgprth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is s* (tq3b1w9h.x nzs+yr wn(vs suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound fs1wrb (y9sq3( zsnw*+ xh.n vtrom the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubbl.woneqg ar7on-3jo 3j, hgc6 z/um: u:e of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. H3:zan/.-,:6 3 encmjqrg jguh ou7 wooow large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vap 5-uhrtd5 ;+omg )unq5i6hiwf:af) luor pressure in the air on the following two days: 6u-tfu5 g; hm:w+f d )urhaii)55onlq
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron +) mdj dyap-z;at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earthap zdm) y;d+j- where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show jqbp,mgm22iz(; o xk1 that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume jmzo ;2b(mpx 1kg i2,qexpansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.