The process shown on the T-V graph isbocgo.2r e+3nn4ewt4h 8 .lae an

  In an isothermal process, there is no change i4pz7dv q) 8:c,h itamsn

  When the first law of thermodyxj k a.4;en+vynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no change in ivlf,sx7 ev(hp-t, lcxl9v8 v,cu6gr2ts temperature. hsv8g9 e(ut7lv,cl,xlc 2 xrp,v6-v f This process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this ps23v/ouflq sxxw f1rv g4s5* -rocess, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gssr24v *vosgx1-/fwuxf5l 3 qas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volumewm2yrcjx z oe td/zs );,4pf05 during an isothermal process. The final pressure of the ga 2frcm ypxos4dj0/5z tz ,);ews

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 sp0 a m; l;w :t0w:+wparmok:iL. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the externalp:tosp lww :a;r 0kmm:w;+i0 a mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated env wi hx s*3lz s)-aholu8k)a92nironment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundings. This processh3uslh8az-*lk9i 2)osx ) wan is

  When the first law o2i n8kl3ore )cf thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during : a:1musf3nv*aqp z+r an adiabat 1var:ufps m:qn+a3* zic process. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of ga,k6 n d6d*h lk*naz9dbs identical in all respects except that one contains dlbkk6n*,*hznd 9da 6 $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respectpqr( 5uv9pjni g/i+l7m )wf yk; k-.ejs except that one contains ufpjy9 m(kg;ek -qwl/i).5+j ir7vpn $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram is 3d97o -ozzk(hb*i kr08uvb w nan

  In an isobaric process, there is no change d.2/*yaqdfbhin

  When the first law of t/thb56,alh - eu78iq,fmmwltfiol2.x4p1i thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to gd g-wjr:*ee .expand at constant pressure as heat is added to it. This process irej-d* .ew: ggs

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred r9gi gdw67zk0ka9g b-to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internal energykg99grb0agz i-k67 wd of the gas

  The process shown on the PV dhya:e a vu8av)z77b8qiagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no chan c-42udhqyf.l ge in

  When the first law of thermodynamibtw8 u-dqjs pj3b i/u+/64lzhcs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand as heat energysiw 7)zdu sv,lli32h0 f1akq 8 is added to it. 1kiu,8l3vi s 7qzfdh )wsa2 0l This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferzm.ika9s2j ;zq+ 2cmfd2ng:m red to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the interna9ga: c;m 2 zqi+jfzn2kms.d2ml energy of the gas

State the first law of thermoqcwf),.v 57linh pzp9 srr+ j6dynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold reserd n h +g2 bb7jlfju,ukuj32r6 ac80n;uvoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a hot r 19tuu.z3sl+d w3.jk,hiazgk z 0qj(weservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics atqxamo 2:nq8.ccording to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the c1t.jl myc1h,asi9/-gmd itu 0ycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an0m1ijtys lm / -ut.c1id,h9a g engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined af1hlo3st:rw tv+6p mwy2t . s4s the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine e( 4jw2devd .yis to be 100%, the heat sink must be2wd4evd. yj (e

  A Carnot cycle consis7mm6p ynq3z 9qk297q5cajvy7p bmnc:ts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermody 1fgv t j2xe7y+ve(,fpnamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator isizdi vu: m .ly:dh;)n4 defined as the ratio ofvn:)lm .:;zdhiiyd4u

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio oflspi4qpy1:z/lk uk-c o q 3v-:

  When water freezes, the entropy of the wate k;d/:m8ssbrt r

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any pr4odce,b1+zv. yjehqgu y36i 3ocess that may occur within an isolated s y1.gecdh3,uj z3b i6e qvoy4+ystem, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermodynamics. aqi3x0r s+pnb9 2h,xpik f(+f

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us toyeui;7vf8or4 vi3 .ag conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What *4 niswrmkj/ ag 5c;(tis the mi*4/ckjg;wr (5ast nchange in internal energy?

  During an isothermal au2oitl x+j8m1v1z/v process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the wjzav1m voxtu8 i/+ l21ork done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process i,v-e e :jj1vg6eaihc3s -400 J. What is the change in internal eneracvj3-:v,16eejehg i gy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change xp 4o f,,otvc sq7)hu(in internal c4, 7xoqs(puvt) hof, energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doinbsku6jm k2y7b: *af m5g 25 J of work. What is the change in internal energj6 muka ys5*b2mk: 7bfy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 i7pii)wc d9pq3d ud01J. What is the workw)idd0u7i 19 ppciq3d done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system dehrg*lm0oi zi3hs5*b .creases by 50 J. What is giho .*z 3*ihbrms 05lthe heat exchange?

  A certain amount of rjtnl4 mm ,n1d s5zb;vz5nm**a monatomic gas is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. Th**rvn z lmn5mjsz d;t ,b4n5m1is feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by fpz ohcy 785czm.th)i2b, :r l50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are in thehmt8z2p.h:b yz 5l)i,cfco 7r sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of water ar0vf,q/ sc+iz4kjh8j .h.pol t $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in inj .kuohv546ye;7ot each cycle. What is thuv.4o n j;it 5e67okhye efficiency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per ppb4x-l6 d hkgq(hu; ;cycle. How much work does it perform in e4g q d6h-b lp;;(ukxhpach cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 1p(.ayeet8 i2qzbxwn 6 3 93q utpojqvg0 b)e*450 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaust in each cyclvq(e qya 36pnu tg*ep9j.q b4)tb3ewo80zxi2e?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat eac6 5d ojholn6s,h cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate d l5j66osno h,the efficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculaf xi+fg;3i+os3: nmk oovg+n2te the work done s nxo+iv++ kffig3 m3o2o;ng:each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so farhd l-jwy6*bn +s9mfe8 has the following characteristics: combus *hysnb9jfwd 6m+l8-e tion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficie:8u4n0 qogvn2 gxfyv5nt engines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamyfgo:5vx 20 4nvgu8 nqber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient enginor u.g wvyds1+7o d5y-es built so far has the following characteristicsydr.o-sowv gy d 17+u5: combustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. T0hc*gha5or qf6ppi 50) x to5qhe plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric powmt0x*lwdpqi9 k:m p0 (er. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric pn,m7jc sz2ay4ower. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which operates between ov,1x8wa frmw+3xk k-$450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine operatiuk8 ehc*x9br8ng between *k8u cbe x8hr9$100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the t5u r3y0*pzc1 eslx/c ts8le8 aemperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoir is u8 r5 zsp83l/ ecsxty0le c1a*$500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating between 9d+0wg ,2umz4i jksj ja zdo,5$40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 u,s7-2rh ucl hj 4+e+jqa 1bcmkJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is requiu,c2j-bu1l+s+a 4j7ehq r cm hred in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kpd6e3(atv;-w5emydw J and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. We6d3;p evwaw ( dymt-5hat is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat fro1 nwbv18dm- a ns8o.31jasf rjm the freezer and expels 356 J of heas 8da1.o1jr1bs8mnv-nw3aj ft to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50l9ng-.s iusmu.qe0b)k : + ytn g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the ch73mgmg hxmh)/ mvj4wz p+a,,uange in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP underg*fzq*woc n ::1mx,d qnoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy:dx qocfwm:zn , n*1*q changes by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at s9;xp3 htu5 wb$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.