Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic tablewgg0cjl;,kyr f4z7v ; or Appy; gf7 ;l0rzk4jg,cwv endix B.

Name several properties of material,il3u2 -uq:lzcbc.w 4iso wc (s that could be exploited to make a thermometerubc-c,q :(2zu3wowc i 4s ill..

Which is larger, 1 C h psd0ux.f8 r*6(rune$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in ther,oa wy86/yd -*ff jyqomal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the o o-/yy6faj *fw8d,yqtemperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip ol .m9n-wxrxx x h:5gvf13s( puf iron. When heated, the strip will 9.(upg-xwxn1 x:5lmrf3hsv xbend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient os2kot5(bs n0qx ;* tkcf linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostm6tq+m :wm)( r s3/9ahqd nniyat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of t9mman: + hid3/n)6y qmr( wtqswo strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at thebeevk,+ /*sj j uiw;t8 ends often have a section in the shape of a U.8t*;skuw/ ebije v ,j+ Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder ox1s0wz,0jdkb 34n(hlfodx4 of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of watkb v-7 gso9nqccp)8a- er, the mercury ocv-8 ns-qb9kgp7 a) cinitially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may;rmuzpxza 8d3,kw :x; break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Ekzz,a uxmdwr; p:8;3 xxplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its cgxo sb0: 8ef8 m, 4t4xw8uulnvoefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gil8xx e v4w0o8mfg:bt u4s8 u,nves rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, jsybss6g5ob)aiz*e 9(- fpw7accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the cabm*he4zi:*ruq)(dsg:bl( 9h h v*gesn will not stand up. Wg gh* ssmb:)e*(9ld 4r:uzh *i h(bevqhat has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a elta;m( xch5,k :nl ,cpiston), its temperature increases. When;5cm kl neh(a x:,c,lt a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in watww-x b(-mpmn:yc5 7vu(ap7 pier increase or decrease if the temperature is increased f5a(-7imwm:ypc px7n-b(u pwvrom 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charu4 7uaz iufa-,les’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kz 7aaui4u-,ufinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law fol2iqv+)p v e+06go v xy1vx8cullows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the rati ;r4)sw)yrxw62cy (fjpaw zy1 o of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the mini.(/n90c fp1qnzbb t5n(ayye:hfmv c1 mum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Eart b. z5tf:1m qvacn9( c10/bfnn e(hypyh due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more p1329ajj qtbc quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about ab cq9p 13j2jtthe molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry dakji; +i 2ljh ;dx:z - ofcryl00hw9qqx7j5 ux2y at the same te2xihy920h j wqu x ;iof:;j7lr dl5+x0 cjzk-qmperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (ked t+w v/ z48fa:g2g 64 gywmqmbu,p(20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air t2e2sr;itr4 3qcv wyg/ emperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more denseigc22ertw 3/vy;r4q s, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangeroud6nkvimd, 4h9.a ,oob-vd 6 ims to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engina,-.,i 6bdi ohn4mdmvo6 dv9ke.

Why does exhaled air appear as a li* 8 hu+h fvq*qpl2xu:zyk:w6ettle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-qavp5 82( v/h4we*qyd ubuto3gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring comparljd( w2e6u4 o1bjc1 n cins6j(e to the number in a c14blsnj ioed2ucw6jj16 n( ( silver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celi m+vu7,3wbp 3mo+ iccfcj3y8 sius scale?ciu+p3fymm c3j8o7+ 3bw,c iv   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowe, chriew bdf.(k/q+ e/st temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermqnycb2t btf- eh9o x;+ vjs3*7ometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.9chjv +snb*x2tbtoeq ;7fy 3-0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (0 9kyhgxy1k s/20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron appro12mi +qpavxittuq x .9wy/26iximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes betweea2/ptvmit i+xy.1q6wu 9qix2 n July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets kt67pba)xk5x; nih 4shg5u.b that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually i5 ;7 bxsxkhgbn6.4)t k5u iahpn dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at,ami*ya+b jw 4 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in dias/ nyq. dr1q5zq6f 5tbmeter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from 3qqb q65r/.dtsfy z15 n0 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled t3gj(;axf,ru:f9mc pk7 0bl5pediq * t o the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 )yib;n(+ 8jhyu9qe ss mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placy6, ; ;eb lg( oe -drju(k67umexnn,jmed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained+ddm7, (7(awndzxo fvw-ufl 7 in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direcauvfxdddl7zwmw- n+(f(o7 ,7tion only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density 6u7; l shps5ua$\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has cozigkgz)elf 2n7d 8s3s 3/ogo;efficient of linear expansi2gz lg37s3z;eo fn/di o g)k8son $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an iso(-h.r noujj7smk r9fyv v3r(9tropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandf at1ul5gc yl-1;1ntxpz f(trrf:l 54c ather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 174 cc5p:t ft-u(f n111 rtl;galr5yzlx $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The d1 x5k6 b 5cz9vd)pmpabulb has a volupk59bp )6 m zvdd1xc5ame of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminug2i/w6cglp o*p(r+ gz m cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axl*c6o/giwr+g pz2lg( pe on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. fr/-x:r advk 6How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature 6k:ar/rf xv-d increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I pl81rxh wizf 37)fn6*-.klr5rcaxo h-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm :huoc 55d kv)nat 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on then hg*h w*1r4+r wqp:5lvylq6e Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?)s- vpk-1y.a:gkjfh9x f q5 iu    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in3c6vlu ce)x0n 0+k( * zs81ba viewqvo the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and zm(r2);m kjeya temperature of(ymzre ;) kmj2 about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the densit,r5e-dw (+nhr t2kvs ly of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrog3z i8z vk2pa:jen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18..unyvkiig s7 a47j22povi/k 6 5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helib8 l1uth)luyay.-( l 2dza 5k2 s1eumnum gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 k mt rqv(fpek1j4:*of .g of argon gas at : q kev4prtf1j.*o(fm385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kz /y07 z1ly csyk8rpy/g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloosfi+-8gce.1 ka y slag*aw: -on, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of ge ak 8yilfgs*.--1 ao:cw +saa balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at *+ s.pmg2tk2c: p s2w5szotsn15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at e+c 0+y;asu aorbk cl.cp; ;+h18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea lev0yxg7tk3+gqv*m em9b6bnq ,( aeex1 oel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of 7xwgn,pu 2qr4jp *em 6molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecx(87r mgi xj9qules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molesbr/. vlfh7 s6f,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum ,y (cplkra 8g8ks1 b297lyfpoe 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules3lsxh,t(k g t7fv5 km9ce*d/a of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant densityt3s fk/xa9,edt hvmk7 l5cg( *.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule attzm +s3 cei1s- +8qaagjt;da2 STm;d+2aei8as1qgzs3 - jttc a+P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfa lfi)rl )45bx)s; iblsce of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 ilf; l sbxri)b4) 5)slK.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas mo7sni;m3twu ,e lecules increase if the temperature is increasuis;m ewt ,7n3ed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units o,v f ki6 n7hf,t 8dpw(sy;(jiguiu45s f km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1,i 6 ( dky,u5hf4;vwnipsj(f gus i78,t 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules *m+vvgm- k m7we.2nqwin a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its vf6snhtr -i09aolume is held constant, by what factor does rat 6f 0ish9n-$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas bdye qv4,(x-o p+.vx69 buccuis given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases miif c78vkb4, z*)uk 3yrric(at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of trz78kmk3 u 4 f*icbr)y,cvi(ihe square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecuhgrry3ppmp6.6+, t vwles contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mm5rv(nhy)g x 9olecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen mole9h5pc ds zwxs zh5p)3,cules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms spe8m4 1bovslp:ra2vw9;o8 xhk*y65 oo(kw l ataed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at k bo8oa x *v1my5w24r6 ;pso8av 9 lkh(:tlowa37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressurjqxbz / ;cvgmfy3r g 2v0;e7m1e P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uip-nm16a+qov+xb: ryranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric p9nlswz)je2 v* ressure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0. pym*it w 2ao4q(8 e((oupss1h01 atm and the temperature is (a)( 8wo(*i( spa p2t4syoe quh1m 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if t j8zpg7q4d crjydyb /b06 cn7,he humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25z nrpgcby77/ j q4j8b, 6ddcy0 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where g34cv )e3rvv. /b8ajbn )cajl water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, est qg8wo;,f .:3wc .b4xfqpqxp mt(qel5 so7ra2imate the temperature at w3q gpx4etp af:7ww q 8fsbr;.oq2x l,qm oc.5(hich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when 8ngvo3+tv 7w k0c-1w+l4fu g,q whbyb the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humiditb+-yh 3n18q c w+boflwt7kvvu ,gg w04y is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tem q:mz vx.1to1k.p hlh4eijn ;5;zsvn1 perature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate preqpc;b2t ryq; mwa 0ukx8)q(n6 ssure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperatu (xa u)c m0qrwpby6;t k8qq2;nre of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in ano ipr,hr)b.qgw*d)k 4 6/sj s room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point o*npam5 ;ozu/i f 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (s1oy +ds:gz 1kree Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance oog: 1dz1 ry+skf 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insect+ d/rcjkc a4w:s to the interior through tiny tubes called traad c jw/ck+r4:cheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has bedtry 7u9*zw)hr gn+2yen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been ca0jt:hvyhu nqo( /+. rnlibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperaturereo+3ir3 m i8i. How much error will be made in a recipe calling forie+3orri3m i8 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a kc; g/gn2 r.zwhelium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylindezn;k./ cg2rwg r?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a rojf(o gjt ek ,flz0p109om of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. j0 , (k 1zfjefo9ptg0lAssume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of m2-w5l1wb rikhim o71akcw:) i atter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vaht+f*wd 2 og.gcuum techniques is about d*o.t +hg2fgw $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to f 5 :up )ozjjk1uuid m1sq2)me*ull capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advi )kez:21 msupjdqo*u)j mui15sable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed oz6 8; t2k2k.lfcibh9pg vd cclt qzm:v)jp3;9f about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part ofl kb2:6 f2kzq.p) l9t3;ht ;j pz89mcvdcc igv it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an9zolm/7kz9+/u6h ;h. osq blcci7bdv ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of ,m oewzr,6y+wuisy,iy x1.2c 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of g1qcxf q4wgjs (8w::ndz3+wythe Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Ea8qg3yw xgnf:wdq+w1c( jzs4:rth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6ek:bhyu ws99-$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge presfypi 65 kx3 f84dixtuj yivi3g)8.18hftua/ssure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant atx1p8ugxh3 v.ifykfd3 )8486i /fiai yu tjt s5 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of u1cbbr e s, /y)i-c6ejliquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atd-+hu isq0*d g-tf/21uwyh-k urp+pt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’9/ h, wzkzvwooy5igig2(c0 zk+zj.8 cs equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass r3j( ,cur 9kmcjar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stam8.*3k fjlc gdndard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully 8xvsb77y7 sqvw v11gd charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the nsr34k71ji jbEarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspb 6bx :uw:z0+2zwrbju ended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 r0z+2u6 jubbz:x:wwb kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releask7 iws)0tb 1pfes a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reache0wt sikf1p7b) s the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vap0ox.m9 q rhl/hor pressure in the air on the following two days: hm0 9.o hqrl/x
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of irw1aedj78 - zuqon at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Ee 1d7uqjzw 8a-arth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas lawpixq lys+w-q j8o-m c(t-9d x1 to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion idt9qom8xlx c( - -+w- 1ysjpqis equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify1ss;3oo ;cmef sdp:81eldro d lg.m)( their cellars to prevent rot and mild8 osd( og:dfmecl11es.3p; r)mo; s ldew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg