Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See8 e errnj)k:;j the periodic table or Append:8j)e n;krrj eix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a th 4s99yy30lcuug 7vxwqermometer.u 9u7 lcs0g3yxvy4 qw9

Which is larger, 1 Cx uv-) )a/k5qfeiv+9 jqga+my $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibsn v mwinlirf 106z/2-;9lyjt rium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can 9nm-j2sl16zl;firw v t nyi/0 you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alum bv4av* oili;jw +679lvbgh-rinum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.]l hl i+bawo;v ivjvb6r9-7 g*4 Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of z(q x;p5b 0yv8dbs/xelinear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat f phr/wrzpi0f)5i0 l0 t hwk5 5yo6l5nused to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it cok 6nyirwh5p00wh/ftz l ) 05lif5rp5an flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section fju5 yg3l rs/,in the shape of a U. s 5,/g3u lryfjWhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercur96 puq h-h.-otisui;sy at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed h1gaz6 3kbz .gin a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descezg za3b1.kgh6nds a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly n:x(meui.4.zxej aee:;j ,;jic,hg othan adjacent p; (.o,g unijic,xmzj hja4e.:;:exe earts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass)5o21bxq zsd1 l r)5davefur) is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the fz) bsd2 u1 d1 oe5)xa)5lrqrvincreased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate a b iy./g2o(1qij-mdiut 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so ba wy myv;s0.r;udly the can will not stand up. What has happe0;y uyvs.wm;rned?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (s5u.nv:zy (2ir:p9rh4 v nrp nzay, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molehv:zp y rpn:z(n.u n9v5 i42rrcules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force oc o;b wg9/:ebqn an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the tb ;/bwg:9qoec emperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation w3hqzwe *yd,4between average kinetic energy and the absolute tempy*q3w ,zedw4h erature.

Explain in words how Gay bfis3gdtj3w mkjnf79 *( (aj,-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, thpi*1 z sqmk5h-e ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refy-y1khzf4 7hk*y p3lcers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never 7y3l zkc-1yphkfhy4*return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates md gm7(rf klj) i/*n)+c+7. dggz yzbzlore quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molemfng+b ryg7d*ll cjz)gki.z( +d7)/zcular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the1ms0rgt37frq3b :l ij l i0fs7 3rjmqb:tgr13same temperature.

Is it possible to boil wa(dlwg49q jz6vb.4avuter at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air t g6:+mnf 5fdry0qbntk+ 20jk qy6xno-emperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explai:nxqkf2 -q0nf+6ry+d 6 k5g m yj0ntbon.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the rady.jo5mb 4c -yriator cap of an overheated automobile eby4mr. -jyc5ongine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in7 ir a9*w8xnl oixc11p the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are theregf.:w7z (ldju in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare tzw qa0 pv.6cjtr0b(e* o the number in a silver ring of the same ma r.wq z6ejpbca00(t *vss?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is thi3c636ltkbdr * ,txy chs on the Celsius scale?3yc xtdc*l k6,r3t6h b   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recocwhmtwp+95 z(ll f(u1rded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, thels.(zk5 /1nhgqk pdw8 alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 /8 p5n1gzhs ( qdlkwk.$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slab4h*g dwgy*v8cs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron app3wxxn u/0y9bfmqe i 8y2,uam ,roximately 300 m tall. ne,8 ,by0q m3uaw/xxyu9 mif2 Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger tad: fc9d*hu-+n(ss uwhan the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placeddf *wn+hss9d-ca:( u u in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ajzj7 7z )wao6ut 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in voluht497ls 3 wnw ;l:ajdmme if it is heated from 30 nj dm3ls: 9w;t h47lwa$^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of .i:y5fhkg+xco( vu4h water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wat39pm- o-6hbmc8lh et zer at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 2;x/fz3cuejox7y x m6 70 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in ef :cqp+4thus ,dng0 1a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction on:pq4f +uce hsdg,t10nly, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change n+(-k6dtzn :p-w )x-bjaq ry pin the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w*otw()1 vjipz- : unoe has coefficient of linear expans:io *1wo ep-nvuj (zt)ion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sol fwi7 jxq yf5l.p*00rlid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brasspnhavn6,/ b mu-qs3 q; and keeps perfect time at 17s3qq;av,6nmhn -ub p/ $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometernavq 8 ) fq2x:rwr*3fc has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The buf)qx 2fn:q 38va*crwrlb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotatob/e5u8w;)r tf)d)tjsrja m2 ing about its axl) ; j) fjmt)a/eoutrbwdsr852e on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stdk2kmih v r9x+)(+4ljo4h emy ress is required to keep it at this len2k(eji4)rdlxmoh y 9 4v+ m+hkgth if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cr81tfq xs/bey:j/:mn / 7wargooss-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 c o ivvk1 gma62zzo*x34m at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures onxf ci4.y-3vxb the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahre3hw b-zh6 6bvenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun aykdvci,y,z 34re about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmo *3 amv qwkk*cu i1:c,nbi0oq4spheric pressure and a temperature of a1 b*k*mo4vuqcqk3 wni:c,a 0i bout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of o7n xd 8opq0cd7xygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg o euhelntu;b*8yce)g)p ,1* n af nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contd e:8k,ke)x;7rm hmpk zupt ,4ains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas ib stiy(jg e-08s at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure 680qeb-npn ionmds3. inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 Km8penn s.niq3-6 d0bo?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 5nh2o).h fxs qkg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves im+pwrp7 .wu ;rts buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the vow7p.m; rwrp+u lume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with 0hprxfa( x cd8te7j wt;flw )xe (28l*air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.6-axja 0v5z vl0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chic( gb)l/ /b5tx nrbbs6ld’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules /t4zjz * 2+hqjh- zqm0udh)3jt $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many kstky /3in)bn0 4j5qb molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) ml,-3q/v g kwpa9wpk(au x;8+klywom )oles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume ;b h d,w.3,dd9hhr u-zs8ijvz-eh ta55.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules ofqw rrr06weil ;z q*c6b * 5i;o,yg6isf air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last b 0yqiog*iw be;, cs iqrfr*zw56l6r ;6reath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen moleculdfu1my.z) tb8d1* e *ffwuht*e at STP? *1 twuf8u my*.) z1e*ddtffb h   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the shmw y2g0:y:(iplss2h w3 j(kburface of the Sun at a temperature of abouj:h:mk2 i bw ((g3swysyp2h l0t 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increahel ,*xqa*u z8(n dq8hse if the temperature ish qn*e l *8qhd(,uzax8 increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in e8*6nfoot *tkpb5 r :junits of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rmoe jokr*n:f*p b tt865s speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas a97yergv + l,oxt 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gasuc wy1lpw,bit*:3f l/ is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor doesl w/ cli3p,*t:yf1uw b $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is g j(uw:d(wt ;x4hfh,hdd/ d dy.yqw-7 hiven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature,, f2g4aou i2as the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masfsg a2o aiu,24ses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containe+/me8v nvs3gdvpa9 -wyoi8 a8 d in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxru4wb, .bo( dq g4qs4aygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distz43xlz r(ad6b-pvss 4ance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose ep :oi:ucr 20;jzguo 3molecular mass is 89 u in a livinjoo3 2zi ug;r: 0:ceupg cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can 7k.dbt9xs 2r ebe written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium1 .adxkzqz8nj7u,n-y , $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressurelczk(pm.a9 )p(* k/ykxu )uml, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the .ips/t u891zmg jgvc j5n a+g:j2 zum9temperature is (a) 9+ 8 njm/pjzac2959j uiv1 tggmz:usg.0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day ab 6 :m:67 l.*lbju3frxwwxwllk );qa3/pusmwhen the temper mlml lba;6 w6lwru3xuk 3:s.)aqf7j *pxw:b/ ature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils opn2ax8 0r bj59h38dcl4pucdat 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place qmh/ +,mmx 6ujin the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temp,/q +x6mumjmherature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressu ikt8 yrf3; 2wl*jo0 xol4anlk;ah0 *hre of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40hwahkjt0n o*3;y 08k*lax lfo;i 4r2l%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when pske.5u k)xkf: a23 xtthe temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a prmbrs .*stprj:: 5xv +fessure cooker if the water is boilingt*5mprxfb:. +sj s r:v at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 68l 8qf7sbxer na 15v4j:d4x6sb 0$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its d -ndy /agfrzja43 7se /w ipieo8-mh:;ew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed fozj8 mjh bbey )3,fq3l2r a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance ofy3 fhjlbmz38 ,2qb) ej 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of inse 6f5s4o ( vwwyz vw+xt9qz9q(wcts to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average9zy+w65( o w 9sqxfzvvq( tw4w trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been8g1k3ji q-rhs0/th j0jzm m 0z calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tapemf9n- vhbd)a 7o;pal o: -y8gl measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperatotzy-;y, g7 apure. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, o,yt 7 yp-z;gaif the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium5e1m a3 ( qfpqmirew4ak(.u5k gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in5 mqrueaw(kqmea ip5.4f1(3 k the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lekv,u 9;ilk) zkngth 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperalkk; viz,9)kuture is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of myo.f 35h rsl8qatter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availabll)0jc g4dkh qmxz+pg0,,l : 8hhx)n rze vacuum techniques is abodk xzl)0, xgpq zrljm+)c 4hg ,:8hh0nut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fill,iobfe2 bfwiv+-no +bpksj (1ay9a1r)m 7e7os his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickl,(kyp-oofsiaeb1 i 7bvr9+o71mjbnwfe+)2 ay rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon ent7g rs3xb11*5gu c gp03 zkqwzxers Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a brigh1 5 zb17gkxg3*wx3srz0cpgqut blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fro9rkt no fx+h1z,1x o g/s(+erqm 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77;7 p dlm16t )tsmet/h (u-slft0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at 9 tv(:h)pnkcfthe surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphef(p 9vhc:k)t nre.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecp g8)va nq6vk90 aucl2ules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gaugs zmz w2s- ie50tbyu40e pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flo5 subi04-ze sw2tmz0yw rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at wd2gy; v.1 xbnaugjibz 2-)6t0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline ag /w5 pgh 5lkd+3koup-t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earygwxi(e15l; *wbxse q;sz)6 nth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tight ho,b6-mbi/miyee/n;4(gi) /bkjsgm ly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stanfg 3p9ba,-1shz coh/6 wlyi 9qdard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a p4tgg4i +n *vsamq- 0abz:sdb9 ressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eaz ib1xv q3ly2+6uj v m(dj4il/rth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by ti e00c(l oa5xtennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they hav l5txioea0 (c0e a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter vki1 txt(6* nr(spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches thr6kx vt1nt( i*e surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water 3j6ja 96pzub 1s,d /ttzn, nxdvapor pressure in the air on the following two days: n9x,t nz6ja /z1u ,pj6tsd3db
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is am/m ris3+ x s/sgvgm.xe o02l. solid deep in thr/ 0 so/me23g s.gsl.mxi+m vxe Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an m,b ,;kr. 7ugxb6voc h7ks5 jsideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of s kbmgucs5 v ,j,x rhobk6;.77volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantll4d *dsh.75n2q1-1psl c b fd pbns(pry dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar ilb2p5sn p *(1sphdln f4 d .7s1crdq-bn a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg