Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kgn(.cn+3 s:b:l vmfy;m.scknc of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendics +; c.m 3v:nnfkc(n.bm l:syx B.

Name several properties of materials0 t:*b ao3slcqe*6-jb.ww xk8vf9vt f that could be exploited to make a thermomet.xvscb3kfa:*t9-6jvt eol* 0 8 qw wfber.

Which is larger, 1 C2 uz r aczl21uvl1ut/7 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibriu:bskc7hgp -ta(yd; . hm with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about7tad ( sk:;ybhghc- p. the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum river d8kle u7l sgo,96fs(ted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the cullrkesd uf7, 9o(g8 6srve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of line4 g oix5bxpxnr9re9)v +5agb2ar expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of (6h,ic/w*; (vri6noobt f gtfa simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heatt6con,i (/; vg6(hf twb*i froing or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shc+u,pa5 b;l ,qgvuy;xo4 pf-aape of a U. Wc-4,y;a x,qb puop5+ lfuv; gahy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercu3ex c::bct v/bry at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of wamc( nd8*a7sfja w.p g9ter, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Expla7w.p(aga m9f*n cjds8in.

A glass container may bre4p l9f dxv cf dqrm*(-2re;r.lak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Exp*rmxe(d. v-9ql4r ffl p d2rc;lain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coef rvv5)box/, gmi4 ryvf/1zv/ jficient of linear expansion is much smavf /,v1y4rvo brxgv)/mi j5/zller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate6z lh )mkgdct2 6v5qf2q -jn/o at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of so cii+7 ,xht1ykda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. +ytihc7x,i1k What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by ) w)co 7jha.l5ekh: pp)o5 knfpushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momea eckp )h:5.owp7j)) lnokh5 fntum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decsdpg*8)ko.a v vs )dvals/h;3rease if the temperature is increased from 20 dkpls*v)s);.gsoh d38av/av $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory angk,p99z5 wvy md the relation between average kinetic energyw,59y9pmzg vk and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words howmb1;fo j17j m6 +nnfby Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s at yv ) 1w8a8b*osucfud7mosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an -t9spegp:g6: -r-kz3fttoyx object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the ory:t-3pg6pz-:-kt s t gxef9 Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickl4 05(p:krpiuu w:kbuz y than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one r k:0b uiuu4kz rp5:(wpelative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfe)r5 23y 9p fhujldis2ortable than a hot dry day at the same tempsupejl95) rh2yi2f 3 derature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatureqvu **:wsdv7f (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the -rxo)yll+g8m * u0anihumidity is differeral0- nx gl8o y)*miu+nt. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator co --lu 2t:dcqtap of an overheated automobile en--tl:ud2oq tcgine.

Why does exhaled air appear a giu;0/mv1wd n6oa *wrs a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-*ujaw gd/ 12t2tq8hwvgram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the n(c0:q d9o:k m r)xaouw8uqzl*umber in a silver rxrco:)(zml 9kuou 0 :da 8*qqwing of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken ieattsr-x76d: 6o xf8to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?6as:-fod8x t rie t76x   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are+x iwd ur0c 4rv(hqd*l+y kh3ov+;t8r 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at ejcpmwfj9qzi 8)zw-u dr(* +00.wuf ()-8 dz*wieqz0 j9jmrc+p 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway iii 6:2vhyuni/ :yfts4 s built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrougkgjix8 h6 h(n:ht iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperat k( g86ihxh:njure of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are oftene0cxx fb ,b-2gz+s qe8 used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in b+b2q8 e e,c-x0z fsxgdiameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4rq pk(/ib:wqn .m 44wgjo,t d5 4tg-or $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cmdm,f2t+a e; s ibu(4/dqy71 hz 4vweia in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from 30 vtq,h aeyb (dai+ 2/i4; duf41swmze7$^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled hvmlcwc 11/,) 7df j*rla:ri 0w5gebtto the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL ofnjq3ly r y)5s;c7xv k;ql7p5 z water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of ir2x9c3pgc +*t zah/ tb7m 3u,x 5crdiepon. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel sh.*( 4 c.wxwb: h2 j2cdh09kxxdh dwteo it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is ad2:hd cwebwd2k0h x. cxw*h9t(.hjx4 pproximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chang+amcuby8lazz5;a3* c e in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangulag5kr3ks + jyg*iz 2jrbw0es+-wk79yd r plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansij is r9sk++j7-ekkwgzd*y2 w30rb y5 gon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic an,b8kw :j,c hsolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfygos-t0 p/j5 9sjp-srather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 -50pspyst- 9r j/jsgo $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter y 8zo1+fatqfzi; 49fk of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a vo9o fk;qtzyi1z4+8faf lume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminumj:kx/w.0fq8afa s- /hu: cfso cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearing aw j:afs.xf8osuc-k/h/fq:0 s with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lej 2xw a sv3c; 8x+y,7nesgt-y 2wekp.ungth when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at twv3-k2 7nu a8 yj2et x+sx;ypc .g,eswhis length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectionaly fg/(qo)8esev72f yy64l psd area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1)dj s4ul wm/0fc(w:;0lcywp g22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaturbdhd7bp.(,db 1q tb 8qes on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatzs 743w)f*f:3.tgryrqb mw8edp 5:s6 e kwfhr ure on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the inter*5rkr/ (t(amzhu ,eqtior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric9lm (g(lg) ivq pressure and a temperature of a(qggmll(v9) i bout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxy nln6si0qbt 96gen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contaiv(jk1wy va asv.1r s a(xti/r,gy))3qns 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrog u o2,zez4.yttnig, a6en ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is fw.wdyr* +aqv,n 4/a kac 1y/yat 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure insir )+7squmk55rh u4wxy de a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 qhm5rxk uuw )754r ys+K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg scm3,jr q.u4h of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside vore7d a4o )rkrt5aa/5u/j a, the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose 5rd vkao/5r,r a)u7 jae ao/4tthe volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with aieoq.n)vl n e7cg02 tt8r at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atb94 qj voc9z5y 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 4 wtfi.c0gy2m $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of *v)l(rdw6nezof 3i; hmolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000n/v38a0tiu ty L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) onjd56:+mg i9fua 9eldf4yk 3 moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume idm6 )y c3tek95.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules :l:y-d(b jlnh qtt -k(of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last bld:tlyh(tb qk(n j:-- reath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational ku6n1f,2 plyi60lntrv inetic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST01tfnvpurl y26i,nl6P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun uajk v*1)sx e wvm017tat a temperature of about se*mkw17a j1 uxt0vv) 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules x4ukmihwp(,zmd(a13d p/ o +pbpx ( :cincrease if the temperature is incr1( pa+ mku/m ,xzo xphdd(bip43pw: (ceased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followin zcr7uo6j o2:gip,(jv g speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8pc6 ig,oj(j 2uo7vz:r. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas atotqxype+lr:/hq c 9s+70 d; qw n8eb6y 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gasl n3 lz (.dpo 7c52vp)iuuhs(v is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what fact()dl5 us cpvozh7l 2npu(.iv3 or does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a j k1.1i5d lzsogas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the r 2q.px3 muk+ap 7zmqjt.i)7:f 0fzhvqatio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio37mvq x2fup 0i7q+z)aphkfjz.t q.m: of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containedtz6 r6hp,atj - in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at ig q9y0dnl.a*w:*ftu 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules k 0s i6km c.0+kxomsr6at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed p)-wnmgf d :fjq ye/39:qo vjrq*;/ qhof an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37 o :- vrqhdnjq9m /yp/ e:);qf*wgqjf3$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressuohp2 qw2sehb6/ w2u4i94 kcc6b iwrge9y 4ud:re P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, bnxfp h6jz 0znnf,*-)$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pracv ,uz3,p:alessure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which pha38 ca edbx/2uvse when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 xadce/3b2 vu8$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (apag5 *glhy) 0uyproximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tempery h0 al)5yggu*ature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils j 8oa(cuw;ahsu*.) xtat 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a parttkh38k.q-n o6a kgy7iicular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperaturen kko.8a-3gqyt k7ih6 at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature wu,rp9n5e (n4/ yx/bdwq3ue -bsk3 ict 9w9yson a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is c/99pe-uky53bi( t/s4sdwwew ,unbx r yn39q40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day -j +k/jw yfxy7when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boi 0ezkwjk8 43aeling at a tempew3ee 4kak0 jz8rature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of8m)oyp tcqbm 3s/agkng6 ,5v1 volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew 7qog+a1sd ;n3q wcz- s7 l7d7lqa gwp3; (pjlbpoint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table ,*6 lnr/qgtmegf+e6z13–4) to diffuse a distance of 1/,gtfe6gz *e+nrl6qm 5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from tyc la23wm +x 9wt8a(ckhe surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average tracx+tccw(k 9a3mlwya82hea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated avx3 ) si,n(o l3afyxn0t 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has h+j f+c:rzfw54z i8qz9gjw8 vbeen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at noi cu82z(n m0ve)w q0cxrmal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and thz0 xue (qvccw80) 2nime cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helgx* jv8u(qsv:2xbpsjbc/n 11ium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many ballo/c x1sv j gbp*x1qn:(ubs8j 2vons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a roo4jxo7qe:5ua: -eaw qh m of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperauq4a: ew xhoa7q:-5ejture is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mattv-5 rtprro) -ier is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the h .8eilv-nc a9l1h6rk+) msgmbest available vacuum techniques is abohn.lmr91vlhmce) is+ 6a8kg- ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L whenuk1+q qj:i4pnkf p66m 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand iu: qk6pk+fpqn6mij41 f he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmoy 1vy ua6 n0wxx9ao6l4sphere at a speed of about 40,000yonxa6axv0 4lu1y6 w9 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is inkwrm ng 1z brus*ciua2/a-((,creased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume d(fv) em (kq2uc 1,ozcte89g0gvawq6of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimaj,owo0:v92a fzsr r* hte thhjw,fo9*:a zvr 2so0r e total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in ajyj:xzuh3t5* rsp2m5 y*jn n1 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 ,yf1e6pcmo 4jpsi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the e,m ofy 641cpjflow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercjb w9 80zjn w2g9hq 3q4t-uqigury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline ati*zha* z+v sqfu,q6 aan;4l k4 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at -iv6-or lkprws3-86j uj xm3i25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tighrjp k owzlqo89 *m0o76ny2+ vqtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in w*l(bj bipy.wnr *tc/fi,w -jm pq4 26the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, hasu:e p,z.4inlvkmh)ua ch i 8*: a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eavb j-p x -vbedq3wmy2(lblzs -*o/ (3arth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis bs,j/y wdo- un-alls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/,-oswyj udn-/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubblq7f)we2lcwvlr; c,j+ e of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surlq wc c)j;7f,r2 +wevlface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vaporji 1 a- z4d6q;ycui7br pressure in the air on the following two days: c7dbyzj;r -i4i u1a6q
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and whely 38c:l1)(km 7bo b/mgv jqpan it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temp qap87vclogkjm y(l) 13bb: /merature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an idean2 j*oyrlw7s1) khda3 yht) 9gl gas at constant pressure, thehw7o*at9s)k)jhg nyr yd2l13 coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their ced+(1g -/gisw(gipq icllars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept a+g pi1 ic(igsw(/-g dqt 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg