Which has more atoms: 1 kg of i4 ,u)(y j:0xybjv hisw fvqn9*ron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or App0u4yqb*)jvh:vyf ix(9 ,wsn j endix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make aqr k0e +qc. ki7f sec5yt 8:*ep*6khmt thermometer.t.7tfy **r8eqe m:6qks0 e hp5ckki+c

Which is larger, 1 C oce+/94*g s xmvpe (urbl*g,w$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with sysz/)w,en)5:vb tzba l mtem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the tempeez5))nmbzvwa l :,b/t ratures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a 9a )zjrf.8 od6qny h(xstrip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal wilnrxj o.ah6z9fd( )8qyl be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expans ;se8t0y6djg zxc gztmfx588* ; y:uehion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnac1xl:vx7y(hx fty9b3 ue (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a g37y (:flxbxyvxu h t19lass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in z*ef a;cde7 4bthe shape of 4 7bfc ;*zadeea U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead ed w6 y6g)t9tt3)3uikc3tkyz floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermu2spb c 619v:s9fkixvb)wzs. ometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends :9vwkbs9c.fs zv2p u6)1xi bs a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it ob1 am(f3n zll 5t,:pdis heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Expl n m5, f(t13lblz:odapain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that itv(b3 v9xl lia7s coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than tha ba 79(ivl3lvxt for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurat; e goq.3l ufng.bzs;:e at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottomw, el-)lhvkpk9 d pxrg1/w.2v and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has ha.9 r2w/gd ,wvlv1kxhlpk) ep-ppened?

When a gas is rapidly 57d trh9luelsiccy- q1+m 0:ncompressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum m: i5 rqscd7+n-tlyc0le19uhof molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water inycdvh d 5+ 4dhtgn0:u0crease or decrease if the temperature is increased fdtv4hh0u+05 :dyc dgnrom 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theok 4h cbv:d7(vqry and the relation between average kinetic enerh7 vqd4 bvk:c(gy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic thqxq oh*j+a pify -:jl ;v9*p,ueory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio ofqbds0 hg(9b 85diin;pc 3z1i f $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objen) ( zu p2yf*5besidf9ct must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is f9 z(i) f2synpf*bde u5or the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infxaj,b6 :d*.ywbo5wy bsp t;p)opo +k/er about the molecular properties of one relative to the otherpy.,6 d psk;/):* twjxo5bbapowby +o?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at tw b t41yvy-wn l32n cdlkvu:94dsr7v +he same2urdlb:+ t d 47ynnvy vvl41wcks3 9-w temperature.

Is it possible to boil wb pb4x,ao,p :im5ag3 mater at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the hu f+j *v1o+jyjv;rbbt8d z8 7woo/n.vsmidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the *fj1rswnbd+b8 . /ov j+8v7yv o ;ojztsame T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cata/bsna6a kz -q62sp 6 wc2z;np of an overheated automobile c6;qkw nspn -22ztab 6z/6 saaengine.

Why does exhaled air appemgxb*0z*dpb 2e 9c6hxar as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-graei2bl 7- w+fvnk/.v ly4eeolk*j4w1 x hce,c*m copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.z/by(-.oughm-m w5 ms5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ghm- ws(om-.5 y/umb zring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” i0e 6fj1sb5tebm8 :t* w taflj/s often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?t6jwa:8s 5b*l1ejmt btf e f0/   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperfesl7 x1 a2f30oleq ,b :am7g:bkeg.hatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11k(i 1nh-b2vui .82 cm at 0.-b( in1huvi2k 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 11ta2k /nd;qy uwuj4 e l-+1dhqm sx7r,2 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig-mj bc2q, hvopl* q0ba0j )k(c. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature om pk(j0v 0-,h )j*qcq clb2abof 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often usffr4u kt b68f(q3n q*akod j2:nn*ma6ed and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be place fq ad8*( *k4katnb2n66fu nq:rjom3f d in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 k y5 -trro02xt;*dvwp$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Wmyp 0xu4t6;*:mgoyeukb(q* l q 9y w9ehat will be its change in volume if it is heated from 30 *;q: o tb9quy pmwy*mke y g4e0ux(6l9$^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 10t-b*.pph;gt o0.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of watersx0uok b a-xhka7-)f p66a(id at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring*yomp yt(nll0(jrg r(2z + rm0 made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vesselz mx04fbzx bg7)mbpix4p0 1)v so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansionbmiz100v pbpf 4zxx7g )4 mbx) $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the de tol 6dau8fju*p46m)m nsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient c+too7 shz18h /v6 ymoof linear expao8 oo/ shcv +tzm61hy7nsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrj0 xar(fd--rqt8s 9 asqj*k4-cs o2 exopic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfj jk7s j)v)ibnx94 a1bather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 x )19bvk4bn j7sa)jji $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a me/, exc(la-ycsgpv y9 0rcury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of yc 0 eylpa-vs9/(xg,c 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminumm7vh jafzsr-gf2 - xt2q+yua;)zd:f3 cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angularm2trq x32f-jzg y-uavd; ):f afz 7h+s velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much strec y3ld ,yuelqfl :.,:ess is required to keep it at this lengthlue cfll:3y .:dqy e,, if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional arec7byo03awnzlc y5; 7 ye4mr)ua 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 25ns34 o,gkk2:kzmb4s ilg+ws0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperat lf:z + 2ghh-6z11w(bbnquqv fures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit sc iyq3)cb.w q9gale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures d5l;mqa*muf 3qn mxu:k1q 0i.th 7 6rcin the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engixa b, 8x+oj8vbne, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 2,b+aox8 8bxvj0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of ox q:o 6 b66ox7pkczjqxl jzz,ksff05 0+ygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains qxh /wb t6)jp/8 yw6uj21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.1r xb afbmuoj d8xv)8my 5:h0/5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gasv :5,dvwn-*uy t1vvrk is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure insidf5vac/ymlt f3 s4b.+fi 2+cgy e a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385bym3figfs +at5yl/ f24+. cv c K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of ze5 *kl(l 0r hfv:i4kc$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside t5+b h+y )e/u ooo:m: .i,cle rgs6bdkthe balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a ballouoi ,)/g rhc5ts oe:lbk:6do eby+ .m+on is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air a- 3-d *dqejtv.0cwd wzt 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at ukyt 3t nok.a +gw0km 4ql/ 9r*thjb ++cr5u5n18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escape -8p*1*ygrs 7uhpgp dxs a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculw5gpt;/b dx m,es / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molec8ja 18/zrk zytkth4qxaqa 11- ules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles,ggdh.ep1 j9+w-xm wjwo3z( 6y    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volump .6 8spmwtu/vh8ysf4 e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2. h )ib82ic)x29uzsxpy0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last brea2bc)8ipy izuxsh9) 2xth Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translationa d r3113+ 9sekoyvg1bec;l adyl kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STr1c1d+a;3g9sd blevoe 1 k3yyP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temrdxj c.js ,2.:u0sbuoperature of.j 2 x0rs bdu:u.soc,j about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed jm jnb rq*u/6)qf9ykjdxi0:z3 l+2i yof gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased froq9 imbnryq23fkuijj0+z:)y*xj 6 d l /m 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units+mem ci:ne*2l oq6/o h of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rn:moei ql2h+/o 6cm *ems speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a g uv e4e.k 4 q-yenklx90*ryy,kas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held con lyq.kj:8s: i b cv4co8g8ri7istant, by what factor doe8jq::b c7 ci8l8vgry i os4ki.s $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules ib)8ip+yl g ;xli;yt* yl7efcl(x 7te .n a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperatur0 n ca )e4ru:q,swix :sa+uj6qe, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the in sqixjuu+ :,naqew0 ca 6:4s)rverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules connmdn rw+,( bxn-wcgc 5-r dph.r/y:-utained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an odl z1n .;9fyzjnw6 *pcxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betweeuw ,jf cvqk* 3tyo4b0z9y x:rlf97u g9n nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u *4 cfuf-x rh3kin a liu-cf3 khr*4fx ving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writ9k u:fgul97cnt1y y7aten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,loru1ze z(;a, :igrc; $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure,rjp1bae)*d j fpf5 17qdj4zo- in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperaty u*p :;h.tayl ninsemm f8p3649+o qjure is (a) 9fyn9 u34qhp+6im:aj * .topmyn ;e8ls 0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humid7 z+8, /w0vrv-o en* jfiqnllyity is 50% on a day when the temperature is ilyo q/0 vnj -+v*efz ,wl78nr25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wat/28c/qp clmhw er boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm,bmir) 07uvji7os;5hv 1k wfp xkp,0 g0 estimate the 0vxg 1v7iskbw) poi5 mku;h70j0p fr,temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on lqi;mad kex7 m*wy; ck,y05 ;ma day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and tei mcq;ya 7lw,*yxm ;m5 kd;0khe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tems 89jsqq3pb4fu *4q45sw noob perature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a predtagyl 30x ((z)m7 pgi k hb0cjv+8pb6ssure cooker if the water is boiling7i30x at hm(8jkgcpvb(l+60zgb) pd y at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume s( 1z;4ygafpk 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew p,t21qs mh3guz haxi 6(oint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for ap/b7i c4b (cm5gthcl6 glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15 (/i gml6 hbccp4c75tb$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surfuvq65z,x z f;lace of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area oq 5f zz6v,lux;f $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at7i+a .vel7 ;3keyeahu 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrat 72nitycs8v(mm.am i 5ed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrat.4glqk1c ese60yp66imjpm r67p7 khyed at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a r1iy skm e66c76jk p0pl qy6erg4hp m7.ecipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gylm y4:mu2bq4m45q ci as cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decrea4b2mc 5m ulqy 4mq:i4ysed to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m,;ws f8m,zrt o/ and height 2.5 m. Assume the temper; / wozf,mrs8tature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densq91q :yxuv u8l b/ exsqix(81rity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum tecd8,lzzkz9m z30*a 9ijgjy ta3hniques is abojg3jzz3azalt*89dym i,z 09 k ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to fulwyl xbr11/8 sp0ygm*ql capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this ad 8xwyspl11* 0qybgmr/visable?    L

  A space vehicle retuuy /z-n*cmu5eva,u ca t.q-1n w+i(corning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is sev,cc1- ye +.cn t aam/nuz(*w-5u uqoien as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increash rmd8b5+qn ujk-.,csed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77(u*waj9aci zg 7kw*a9f 8lo/ c0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the 1;xntwevy4y b*a9i k; surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’yxwy9;1a ket vb*n4;is atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed o7det os9- aits 2z-cd-f nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxy m-xhjg/g o c;bcx--f6gen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K Hbj-fc;6gm - xo-hgcx/ow long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at mjkm3 r58cog tv/3+f6/fnq m1iol:m u 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline awmjipt xx20 )fb ;:rj7 cf21xrt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around.:x9gsmcm+tck w8g/b the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar ;.qvbgd7sjh(b m 9z6p at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adozvim-ns,c. *, nu2p2tgl 2wcapted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of4b2m7id6vww yo 64krb 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eariqmj (g6ktoi0h2:+5 p9 apg omth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennish1k, 4 +rtmonryisi)1nf0*qt balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.06rit ot1nm h4 kyiqsrn, f1)0+*0 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sp,c*+,n,l erimob afccn)srh -)m+f l8herical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it rea ceh8)fnlcr+-) m*bsi,,a cf, ormn l+ches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: mhjj)+r*5 mx3 ugtk1 c 1m) jgkxhmtj+3*u5cr
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and *.xlvyjj o-se+ t/ 2fhwhen it is a solid deeplt.hyxso j -+2ve*jf/ in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show thatgwmv(,ov by) -, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion ivm b ow-(),vgys equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people con2g r 7cke i ws 3xmm22*pyfef:2zx)hh+stantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a hou+m:z 2f k2*r2wf)x2h pxe3cm7g eyhisse (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg