Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or gb k, ;kw2g:yo fg+.hzpoo/s-1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Ap hgfyb g,-z./s +oo; :pgwko2kpendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to makoig6wxiv063 hu2: 0q7nt tqka e a thermometerh x3it2v66k0u wo qg0aqn7: it.

Which is larger, 1 C;wuxt inp +:evko.m9 z gro)-+ $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in theo3rdkk1 c)xl +wjin 5(rmal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B51) io(n+ jc3rxwkldk , and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum 8 dy61 +xymeae jz3s8. )spipn3gv3h oriveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint 8138i3p hseye +s m .v6apng)yzjxdo3: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of libv:pzii .cdyx;h*6j 3ap5s 5gb2iqi 2near expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of m;u4z9esb z)/.xis8icuko6zb. ai 3a a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different mxs.4 /a6 uzai ;ozuzmcei.b)si 89 3kbetals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the en6f6y5we;e 0 r73tgceu/enx zlds often have a section in the shape ofxtn6ferl3u z6/0c ;ege7 we y5 a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mer8r8osqic5 i b(3pfq(ecury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first p62.kxxno7 u o o5tx1+gkvyv0s laced in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially des.ok 7ny v1v0xut 2+x6oxo5ksgcends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated9kdj6;bbq l2b 7wnk6k4x; p yu or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Expkb9n6plbx;uk 4 6kq7j;d b2ywlain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its (6e79 hoi 5getiw sx;e:cpr0xcoefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than thcgixw0; h6ox sti7eer 59p:e(at for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cloo zm/fd/vp s 6+fgu(.kck, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly t;8dm, rsiv k3y) eck.ehe can will not stand;v yei8r )kk.cd 3me,s up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its to8seo7 pq cia/ q6rn)(emperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperatureo78opse/)qa c nqr i6( using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in wate/ z 5co4d/yj 1be0ldxc3k gx+cr increase or decrease if the tempzc1b+ ky/3e /jdg54xol c0 dxcerature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory 7aymu jdv (:hdfqh69( and the relation between average kinetic energy and the ahdvydh u (a (mq6:fj79bsolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac+k afp/ .cyqunqc ..1 kga*y/s’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, thegvr v;tvv.39ti kn 5n; ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to /bz()x)ha smx the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmospherxbx zh )(s)ma/e.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you i rw9edigm n;27nfer about the mrw9d2i7mn; eg olecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncqbe;kq2mm+* yomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperabmye;mqq k2+ *ture.

Is it possible to boil watsp 3yvd8 -ig 0gh6;xb nr2wee5er at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when domfoqx m- d1vv jh2t96f/1 t)the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense-o /9jvmt6vqff1d xm1 h2t)do , the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous tociv lmcn7w3 () open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile enginew vln7m i)c3c(.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28n0n/ - :d0ds3lqbu zlm)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-.rf 5wy rt,iu9ry20nsgram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms qk 85 maegxk2.in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver e8ka 25 qmkx.gring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this onkb.zhcj z nf 2ja0j--) the Celsius scale?j jfkabnzc-2zh0. )j-    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest te q ya p;1nx7eefsqwq,vl c;27(mperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometgzphbt7ztwv8 .u+1e0 er, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.08wtz0ztbveh+1 u pg7. $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m longueck6(y2 f2qg (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13 0itlp z8b-;1s7 k3ygktsox3h –29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperatub 7xzks3-tth k g1ls; 0ipo3y8re of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are ofteno; l 6nanf6v9dqln +7r used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placnov; ld qnfla676+n r9ed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water m8 (+auz6j,uxaz 0wohie- q w3at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What (ziq)xrdre(3 will be its change in volume if it is heated xe3dqizr( (r )from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim wdfz.fdwgb, jv7y(8c 1ith 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of waterlr *be 7 pdqt8j/6,eo+0hbzio at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made 4pp joqiv/ie,x *o)f3of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in utkvd k, ief g6kg0)0gx/ec:prx,v,+a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient ,,, 0ud/ve) +v grpxgkx gie0f:6kct kof volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the4l)5ewri zy9i density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular platev zfjpv10td(4yhk9f7z 2x +hm of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expanx7y1vzhtpdz+( f m942k0vfh j sion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotro j3v /k)k rhorqdgc317eev2r1pic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfathel p7 7g-rl uloap5u-5 -w3jafgr clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 p- -7gwfl lrup7j5-3g aua5ol$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.14+8bpl )u99erb tnx.uq0 mm. The bulb has a volume upx9)9 b lbt.+ qren8uof 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrix62.ibv4s3a z0w kenwcal wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings withez3n 2x sb.vw 4ak6i0w angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is rzs l2cy1zso96 .jm cj/ob c;g)equired to kcm jcgzl 19y;sz )c/oj6.osb2eep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beaxz/6ik6f ijff 95,ex qm of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.18 xt*boo++n5dn tys 7q22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followi62xgep1ghoi0*vka 1+ ngxv4mf )n ;mong temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on tg:ou5dsx j0/in..c-c k1h n ;bhj(oyhhe Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth as19p3,f v yqnnnd Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a 9ptbuau chh)qfqrny5c ;0i ce7 ,jn 14g,dq((temperature of cnqr f,q7 1uyc(50ctqah4p uh(,bj9eig d;) nabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal d oiza;eh:vg5f0/)zl2 z 1 (.htq4vplj*ggwbgas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nx w s oa5eez2;*bp7md/:dr k:g jbl*c7itrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP conu 7o8i.wcbyw lcr :1q0tains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at vckdmyl+ g65;k7*mo k10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container hol iyzz2 zywc.rk/h9+o) ding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3859w/y+kz) 2 cyz. rhoiz K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg(qn/we 3yc:u y of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyfs.gvrc6 -fss (f/bycga85q 8ant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it le c.fyc ga5 (/bs68ffrgqsvs- 8ss dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 di;bupf tg3-dza)e6x.a1i i :$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18*(q pt,vf76 xsko 9cb ke/vr1q.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a u-- lce6br1s;k2kf d echild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moljel*.d:ld xi lyh y3;7ecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of watt (59kjgv-mdpuzc .+;;,7 s eq8ldacexycm6eer are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mol0*+k dfy 6tpesq2g z,rp;arv7 es,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume zfh.ux.( nu*x*.,s ;ybpg gra5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that . kcgvm)/i3zz5 dr y0ewere also in the last breatkr 0mv/zcz53).dgyei h Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule aw;v k43.hx)cou (gta bd(y6dot STP?ck(twyxo3.4) bg doah;6u v(d    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speeakg-y-x.aq +mdg/+ lud of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature o g .a uak-q/+xymdgl-+f about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas moe qczvtj7(/kqts 1hvv5n20) h*sjue4 lecules increase if the temperature is increasedvq 5etvhqzt1cjvs4)/0*7e 2h(ks j nu from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followi5zo3+rd,oqm uh2llz8 ng speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms sz hl3ou 8 o2,q5rzml+dpeed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleculeadzo8r2tn*::wghe i*s in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is h k-g-i*k 7qqzxeld constant, by what factor dkk7* -q i-qxzgoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecul5g)s nxzhpvgk77j(wlw 0 o;fa)k(j0mw9 ,v btes in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio o*tm8,r 2ym pu*:iez uoxx1og;f their rms speeds is equal to the inve t xo:*uxmpo;ze,2y8igm*ru1rse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containe taekk26i)yss* t d khl7:z;6ed in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0am 4fhncp(96 b $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between n4snx z8czh*( hitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a 52nf5+enbtfz living cell at 37 zfe5bnn t2f+5 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written Pj;e l nl-uem14 2(kdmch6lrw, = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, l exam6)*4 reqk)(/d4kem: bi.kxiqn$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases ,4qk)vm (qm5dazib)b x 0 z4k0xv:tuccan $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tem1 j u(wt16x5zya (vw7fniyh 7e)my j5xperature is (a) 9 ji()x1 (1w567e 5 7 vnayxfztuwmyhyj0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the ns ghxd4x5ma- ;l98f htemperatf 5 gsd la4-;9hx8nhmxure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 90zwxvnc/9w8)7guh 29vs7 h mhi $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mou5k* 12(ohabddxstlqfxq 9 exy2/ ra-t4m,u,t ntains is 0.72 atm, estimate utq2om 5dtta -dy1xe ,l9*,4a( kf xhbrxq2/sthe temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pre tbkeu9c8-9)b 6raifrssure of water is 530 Pa and the ratbe9 rk9u )f6c8ibr- elative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a dlsr4z + yis+:kmsr; t6ay when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water ixtc +nv9 q(jy4s boiling at a tempex( y9vn4jq+t crature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volud96rupwwk )ir qp.x+*,l(sjwme 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dewdvcb; hb-g0h 3 point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see sxthq9eozpd)92q oc n v/09yt83 vkuspjn;3 , Table 13–4) to diffuse a disk3s9vu ze9hv x qo39p tq2 /tns jp0yn;cod8,)tance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tu lleyv*,ce)t: bes called tracheae. An aver,cele :l* vy)tage trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape mlc)in.f6boj*6v 5q jp easure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has r*;0 gqdd c5ymbeen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How muvd.nepms4 k- 6ch error w es.pd kn-6v4mill be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 oh( j g-gb 8ehysr /8-a tdw890sy 5v5hwzixh:atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressuy x5t/gg-0oyhas: 5swr 8wzhdeh (- vb9j8 8hire has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of len tl ;5j7(tqf cx,nqw+rgth 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tempet tclfjq(rn+ 7q;5,wxrature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter isggu y(hk.6 sn+xxr5h2 about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attaina9uj4g4/cwpm*xeuv: he9 -r8l*gwl pible using the best available vacuum techniques is aboutpuxr wmlguv-**/4i99:egehc8pw lj4 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacb. n3ojszdgtkv.)gjw r l2,,2 ity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface,s zdg22)tnk.g,rjw ,l3oj. b v to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed ofhv*d8 gs pi,e; about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because ov*8h,sp;i edgf this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an res l.al *7e9umz7/vlideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770ip e-96hjibk-))uc c tm$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Eartho/)9 9g,byfii p3xsbh, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’sg bb)93s/9f iih,oyx p atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules cont3w (+-j1dlb fnrdgt c0ained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital trn5( 5cv 3pephas gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured vp3 5pe5r(t ncat atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl vw0x6pw-xt1zq7 cmsa 5x 0 hw/of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol0ey1 tyq:o,y wyzhq7z 2f( ;sbine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the ;)k:euf* tvi xEarth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar3,2 yeo4oa*hhc6 a cti at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stand cei1*a amh; f7s5b7rkard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 1 67f.yl6vkegnar i: +e95 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth i,fkjt,rc-;gb ;k u js:s $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is sus3 xwb;ifp3 s*vpended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upw b3;wpv*is3fx ard at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.xo (y, ;fa6yfu00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is cof6uof a,;yy( xnstant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two d/*peg6q( f b2 uj.aglz)yj,qaays: j.g/q g*)6zqup2ye (j,faabl
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it isj v r+;q/s*l:ys/3xk- pukzxa a solid deep in thx :*v /au ky;qskrspx+-/zj 3le Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas abvl. rh;wqdd*qy j/( :t constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal to (*r vwqj ;d/db.yq lh:$\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their ce -13njhijouxd6 ,pq i: c*e7ktllars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 2:7duqtcn x*oj, iej31 hk6i -p0$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg