Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron pg29 9d x(d6jsys6zdtor 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table otd6gys6 sd2p (9j dxz9r Appendix B.

Name several propert;i; x; i0hpbfbies of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomete hi0xi; bfp;b;r.

Which is larger, 1 C 1(6h -mu*dgmj. jrj bc$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibra40/ w6fbo 6b7cpee keium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatur6efo/e apew70 bb64ckes of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. Whe;(ly7y,mft o ro t4ro0n heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Tr t(f7ol,t y;yo0o4rmable 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefffm*lynf,d(0ruzd 7fjq4t o -, icient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (o.mj s8 e im4p,;7edsjcr other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow ts.em jp;,487i mcdesjo touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section i* o 4usxi+a1oxso.e/ m1e 5qdbn the shape of a Ue+u*qo s4/osxbm x1e a15 io.d. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in 3foeoo6)*z wm gy cp/8x0z.as mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-gloti kc7l*:apex6mgtd j.h.4(ass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, tkcioh4tje pxm .:a7g(6.td l*he mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cool 2lsjz .a)pdtz: l+gv(ed more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain.(.ll ):s tvza gj2zp+d

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear e8 (uvq/rty7voxs s cr3/vna(pow.4g-xpansion is much small rusvos -/.y(( w/tq 7x4na8cp vr3ovger than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, zf)3k /pj2,ttwu pi7 ry1(jjy accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly th p1m1n: 8gen dadz,l7y (sta5ee can will not sta5zd 1la7 ,e n p:sygd1tenam8(nd up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pusy 8tj0)nldpy w, 6 7k8s0hzx)k vxfwp4hing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molec7) px0w 0kjwks x, 86ynd4ptlzv8)hfyules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant foro x -no81r(,t /wtml3hu+osh0dwevt :ce on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increasedlxu/e sthth : dv01-wto8 o3mronw+, ( from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and 4c1ict j0udf/the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute tempera cu1j 4tf/ci0dture.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from k qq zjms,)kk2tghw29x n8/ u)w-mgu;xinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Eartjfioz5 qfn*1 1c u 1dyo)gw31wh’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimd7q eg*ef;dz9 um speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is ab9qee *fg;7zdd out one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can yomrtoie0so vz)7) d 17iu infer about the molecular properzsv itm )r o7od)10ei7ties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable thpi b7)(y e./k(c(jlrt j obeb*an a hot dry day at the same temperatulyekob7(jb jpcib .(er*) /t(re.

Is it possible to boil water at room temp z mlo/n 12 )z2zlzq6tbpo9/u9wkkm: cerature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same31yv 5-ra lslwmx3au5 but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at 5l l3usrwm3 5axav-1 ythe same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an 1of4wfxm9qzu7-5lop 4w 7ct doverheated automobile enw7oxwo4 ltfq mudc z719f4- p5gine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the wint+l qchth)6bc3 er (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-s4ey 2o rocf,)3*ijf4bkdw5c gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms p k+9vfro0(1 9ykzyojin a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of thepz0v(k j9 9y yk1orfo+ same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on tjwh uinl. btg, 65r4,whe Celsius scale?5j 4gnw l.wt,ui,hr6b   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest gr .xyvb3pbp( /; cx,cy7+tad temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol,u zh-a i405k 7xrieqam :w :gjr2*lkb column has length 11.82 cm at 0.5rw iuxj :rem 720lh-gaakqz,:*i kb40 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of szmy buq2+3jl :labs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wroug-r 6 qa /k/apuidk33yh(5qm ghht iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height cha36a uydp/k qrhg- 5( a/qkim3hnges between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets z1hm9eub7 zy)u k0hxf9j m0pk 1r4*ijthat are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is jzy9ipfr4 9 uk*0u1 )m j01bmzk7hehxcooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water3qat+ geps,z3op v b1+tk av/* at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be -f+q.,3mj-fj ip ckaxjwv3; o+9fs z mits change in volume if it is hx;z+ ikfvm m-q.wc j -jpf3ofs39+, ajeated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of wafr1nal9 7/3(gx agwkp ter at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of c)1n us tkb,s(water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of ir f x+rbsm)9l:ron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel s-pb;5r3iu0 a1/do-mf rljpw x o it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the co;ri05xop-jufpm d31/w-bl a refficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in themq aat+ef mh95n*k1zm 4tk/:c density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and wi g,p4vv9ur ,k t38alqedth w has coefficient of linear expansionr 9vtla34gqe,, puv 8k $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropicxncamfw(i j n/) )*(q5okohoaat 2.e6 solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass andt i. i/96ow*a7wugig y j+gs(i keeps perfect time at 1gi/i y ao +9 (guti.w6i7jg*ws7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameg sp676.pzb)z f/0 kb*i drdioter of 0.140 mm. The bulig 0o .rd6f7zz kpb )ds*/p6ibb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is w upto8-xt;z, rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with anup-t z,;8wxo tgular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when a,z(e r9zoifud 1x+b0d,aflz2y dr( x/t 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it xddur9(dlz, aier2o(z/z,f y1b + fx0at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-se4aj 1fu5o) pwqmn+3rictional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134 ./h0qgaqyfa 7.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the kej9+b wf7y4oKelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what x8o6 /r o9rhqav-ox c3sfs;9utemperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun artktp w +b.m+6.f 4vvhze about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmonzq*-eaei ;:*6jrmvk1q+ t u,jxh e+p spheric pressure and a temperature of abn +iruxp:a+jh;z mv -1 t*e6ke,q j*eqout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using t;rzp n 16f1 7dyh))rnncrmon,3: aoovhe ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of 4kzf0r+ ht3in brnh4gf8-f:u nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of ni mqf5 pfc q9;+xu4;x+k pj0tedtrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliumd hf -px5-z(sx gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kmqa)s ; opuu.4g of argon gas at p m aus;.)uo4q385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o h3xq :nsmm5h,0h3 cc j0re+4u:j2a min 0ohgmf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside th jnsr f9 9fc3pi45luu.e balloon, which makes it less dense than the aipc 5 ir99u.4fusj3fln r outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with2n9nphu/ygrm3v k cs ou-:.t. air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at6/aqpr6tm s 8g 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes1da.ksoc2 7zhi1 g- xb)q1a fj a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number oxq61kzdm f39sf molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water arlr+:rpimv p2(5.j qare there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of ldlc;u41bpv b6ytm td7:j;e0(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum8 n7dli5t ;6ve*v)l1iiel qz2nnv2qge 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you i;wh,dsa33sb w nhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.],swhda;swb 3 3   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an. zkfindifi1;2 96jejsgb70w oxygen molecule at STP?f6nj0b.iskzfeg9wj d12 i7 i;    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms n w9p1i4lkpsfe *5*va near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of aboutnv1s *l9 iape k*f54pw 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molezu+ s9;;i(l, faug4tfqe x /bgcules increase if the temperature is inc9t ugb;q,4ffu/l g;a(sx iz+e reased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds,7gat +o-ghsr-/uk3rm given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calcugms-+ /kuar7htgo- 3rlate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of mol:mts 9i,stoys1)s7mv3t7k wbecules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume g ,qtlsxe7elale2mywwl* ase;+7* 0 2is held constant, by what fae e2 7wm0slt a;+2g xeelsl*q7*ywl,actor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed od4g6i0d. yx ymf molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tev 32wj7qgaf 7jmperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is e3j2fj7 7qav wgqual to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molevnc5 b*qcz-x 7 ynx;e.cules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rmsdgs ;ahuj( k3u jv-os ;:+ci*g speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between xy;nmq(h qd;jeq,a;y o95) hujs. u9nnitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u inxzuw3:ml g3s 0 a living cell sm:l3u30wxzgat 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a ga9fnd i rw7ov3oltmh(vb (q2 l8g;)ra+s can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of jye s-f55(*lo jfsdh 3 ko)zh;uranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, ic4os; fky ,ti oesja+(y)0nn*n what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phas2 w2t86* gauch )jnwrje when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)wh) jwac 6un 8j*2tr2g 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day, wy5*a/9r;rfo;q,a 4n.cpfpnbqlhj when the tempe;;4 h,jn5y9qa f*acpo r, .lfp /bqnrwrature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a pl,4khr1nvi6d wjq :h ,b,j40u0tp gplm ace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the moun +ipaze)e.5wn tains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whichzn)ie 5ae. w+p water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature 5qxwb rgrg8s m5 5+-7lav1xj5nmz4vb on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humiditys x55 m7bn1gra mjx5v+zvg4 -b lr5w8q is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressursuj c5la/ 3xb;k-wf)r6l1hyle of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure ins/gp8.q j bn*i m5ts8jpide a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature on85 tp/spj8 igq*mb j.f 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vol sa jj 7*pu,ht9hfyb)1w4( +kjg6tk rlume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew ppg:m-jih3k4m-e 0xj point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needevti-+gxo/)ru d for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dis-iu trx/og +v)tance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surfa3ryve5h 9bl0k,s xgt-kg m-rqa6x :6k ce of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An averar xsr5t 0xkm3kqhy6b9l,:k6vga --e gge trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calip.i0nvjljb 5 )vjug5y o 8pu2.brated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated as:t*9p cgzfc4t 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much errut9arua8l(i/ign 7e . or will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the ctraa(9iilngu7u.8 e / up are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Ab:erj ny:4.z c wxw.jn uw.l9)fter many balloons have beenj)4rnnuy.c jx :ezw9. .:wwbl blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lengt:bu)kp qey6n; h 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature6kyqpeub :)n; is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the den /2/5oyuhkmf )zhiw5c sity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniqueeh/hx9e m1;l 3dvlbsl*q. crso4nk;8s is about ons v.x l4qh/sl81;r ke 3meh *bcl;d9$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungss ya (4r96du 0j2womwc to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisablcuysmj4( o9waw r06d2e?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphk4 oho549k gbhnen9nq2 nx5+s, k6 mejere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a spaenx,95 johsbk2h9 o6qe4g4 knm knn+5ce vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased t0esft0w vbud5a k,3bj.k0v .)g)gsw from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7e j6 vlv8k,d1t70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pw8j- hl4 rxs3 pu(qz(lressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of ailpql x((w ju4hszr- 38r molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules b4k ,mniz art9 8kpi8ml3x-y* contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen fs r8k,)ig2y3wyxy+ ;ax9 gl yused in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, meas)fkayy ;yi9g,+rs2 yl8g wxx3 ured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in at /wmb/r)jt0q3 k tak: bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolifn h z:c :b,)d/5hqgpxne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator ahyn s(++ hd;sit 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly ontolj/fquw7/saf.g k o-) a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standa siiqc(p1 s5q(m yn5u**ge0g jrd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195sfi)7oxs /)n. opdb- t atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from th9 os)g*epz3 awe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravq4bdr gm*: 2bdity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second mumdbq4b* r2:gdst rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bzr sragc(vr ,3 68fcdx(b5oh- ubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reacho 3srra8x(d( 6rcf cz,5gb-hves the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on 9nl 3 eurrmg2i3c4*l mthe following two days: ur9l3 3 4ermmcngli* 2
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the+csxxdk ox0hsk57 o+;l,a(ln density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep hdxa0 , s5;+xo7skc+l k no(xlin the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, t)s4t wxo b*uopq) 9:ughe coefgt4uo9 q:w)oxs u*pb)ficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.