Which has more atoms: 1 kg of ij9k +/,ajd q6uldsyc*afxc : 5ron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appen yc ljaj6x cu/,sdfd5a :k*q9+dix B.

Name several properties of ma mi74sbelnn(*cq x- m:te4cr rv8+nk+terials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.krir-e mx l*ebn +nq4c:8vstn7+ m 4(c

Which is larger, 1 Cku );hnif5xh 9 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B isc s +ycvd4fr+ w-x7/ato7 ea .6j-zcno5hnk l3 not in thermal equilibrium with system C, wha3-ct4.anc zrkye n76/ hcl7 5vosxowa -+fj+dt can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iro;p)ew 27/3rmpnz qmyx n. When heate23ypqm;7w)xzen/ rpm d, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expabi9h2f7 nh(-8q9 vfobv) kdb nnsion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnacesb7- 8m.a gs +g)td1c3s hwsvl (or other heating or cooling system). The bi) sg 3gshst17 s8m.cvwb-+ladmetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that + u*h3uq).5laf(*xe3 d bsvvkw4l wkbare fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Why? wkuuv*)(4 af 3sklvxb+dh3*5qbwl e.

A flat, uniform cylinder p7z -q.*fpdpc of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub ofklm//ki86qv dcg 6d7g water, the mercurd /kl/cv7kqm8ggdi 66y initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or c4z-bi.ehsi tz ;d( f.h/x 8ne.9jwzmuooled more rapidly than( ehuzb.xz;8i z.s-mnd/.f9eh4 wtji adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coeffic3n bzu, e3dr;hient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Enr, ;3ezhu3db xplain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accszuig.8 0jhe .urate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so x 3ohuw5lhyj2d 6q :s7badly the can will hxhqu 53o6y :j72dw lsnot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, j7gz s-rgz6n+ by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes i -rng+s67 zgjzn temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerge4/axl.o.g cqt ood2n6,s vt6id in water increase or decrease if the temperaturex.q4dv aog6 /o2ocnl tis.,t6 is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’lk c/(gt f h;9t,i7rngl601yhne2me7rwc4j gs law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.cfhe ;e(gtltr nhg7 /yjgm1 r0 647,icwlkn92

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic t xj;psa8 )sgsww-c1tosm 1*t/ heory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the rate0jp 9wtvsndno5p / 3q/ 7jc/mio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objeae 9g/qnfj(n* ct must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape vn/f*gq9j nae( elocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more q-6 c2xvzq6l.,hz znc fcs,g/j3 :uvruuickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the moleculg3 lvuj:6uc2znz zxc6r f/. , cvh-q,sar properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is fardrwt r0j.e8:2d0i)e rsyn* ds more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the s280 wr*dsnt id)0.srejyr: deame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temper m4r-9mr,.. eos2ekliz54.esoorb id ature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but thpm*j(nsfj , +ce2d2 jwe humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid ai*pw jns+ (2jj,df2ec mr at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dan,pl.d vfdw88sqb: juio ;jq g19y4/ nggerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile jwl 48udojypb.d ,8if9qn v1/gsg;:qengine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter )luaw;8,7o /oxx07el uczip q (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in .2/ *gvvy)a;wdf a zxxa 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of at 8ohoe9yc ne+m *lf0ytjf2;c9 oms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver rimtfeon0* f2cche+9 8ljo y;9yng of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be +c0chq2u* cwi 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?iqc c0w c+2hu*   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempera 4 aze rkzr)rtee8a g zm(+nwvd(;*b,3tures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass :ve-xaxnr x696hi1c9f)5 q v op3vlmi thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 rvcx:x61ehixv vaiplo6mn- 35)9 f q9$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of sla az9in6 sa uc:d3d2zc0bs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approx9ct+ gazvwrnun/l 4+ /imately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes betweelvawnzu/ /9r4c n+t+g n July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the riv+ hgi0fm 2amv+et hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in t+02g fmavh+im he hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at f2go fe9r2-zy sd(7m v4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Whn6:t4fgeilsj :u96oa at will be its change in volume if it is heated froutofs6 6lin:a4:g 9j em 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.p2, igay);p pf0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of waterxtn: /otz)5etws1cd s) )upc 5 at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. A g:x oy7iyp-/ws/vp f+ygz qf8g 0u:3et 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can exl9.z;q et(m;a5fmg zl pand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approxm; tz9alq(em. zf5 ;glimately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densithlvk: cn:*(f 2tnp 8spvy 0;gky $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and4+2sl,iv 1qg,fvs( v *w7f7i d4jo ucbnksn*f width w has coefficient of linear expansioncv4+*s,f4gf(kvjwns, 7qdii 2b1 7usnvl* o f $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soli-ybi4cy2 e -zmyuc)o8 d, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect ,awge(ra6)pzh)a ;s u time at 17p6e)szg w,au; )h(ara $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermomox75wm0n igqvzu72 . meter has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volun 25.xqmw7vmiz g 07oume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is ro rkji .+6pax 91r,oiantating about its axle on1a+ro 6xijr9n kp.ia, frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has tpz,/5hukha w6)rhv w8 lx,2lthe desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if 62 uvh ),akr5wh/h ,l8pwxtzlthe temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional ykeyor2o/d up,je2 :t+6gv,d area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 f3b7r1cf5rzj x eaz1.5d eb,h cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temp +s1vc savq-r;eratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what t+bb -pw.zlq)o ( s 791 ki)rpsgte1htyemperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth andx *zz.8byers 2f6pwh3 Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temper3a ys1r gz(pngu5w h/0ature of abouwh r0pu(/3sggn51zyat 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density otz +3gw5h3i 3 i;/gvxfbkcklz;9o k9of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kgzh ,wa5jqpr;yit*22p of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg o* vl;lon 9+ wucu,vur 84uplt:f nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10iav9ck:x8 iea8m;wms , q ;rq/.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holdinge)wey9ixgb6:vz8hg 5 dsw8 7y 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385bw65dxw e8e)i9:gysyh z78 v g K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg 3 peqoc,( tej*3ilw+6fusy a 5of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the ba+..l ih*i uiyj,3dmt elloon, which makes it less dense than the ai li,iem. uhti3.+yd*jr outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 154 pd6uyhx3 :-cc,q /tflxt q7n $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atb:u:+v 7wa7:wde7tf)mcmaj t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a cy)1ut:j;x ojcl,z/) ;ee5 ldhpoi-vchild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules s-jj14hjy d-;4w;hgd .: 4pimivqzhx / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Howk8dwkf n y;n0/ many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (j80x 7un r0kwn 2wmglya7:p-k0h2 ueea) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume9h vyq)bw7c b0 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that wsrf-p.v 0di dr3)g 0leere also in the last b.ds0pfr3 vd-l )e0rigreath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the averadp /o z1 sb64mhk8; kgz w4k:ksjp5:wtge translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPh 5d4;kbs/so:wzk 1 ptj8zw k6pmgk4:?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfj*w i*il9pvi )d jg;(iace of the Sun at a temperature of abv i9ld(*ij* i;pgi j)wout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if tps)i6 2rg v-ucf) e*x l;msxw,zbd75vhe temperature is increased from 0gle) c 7vuw , d5*s;2xz-i6fr)smbvpx $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6v4 : l4wtkpw+bo;;t.4h2z yj c /fjjyx, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1wfvl4ybjyocpj4zk : /t; jw .t 2hx4+;, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules ina r.nukn 6y-s0wlq66uj mp:7z a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is dony v. yeqi,8/gubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor doyen8i.qgvy, /es $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gv2 pydtv) at(+as is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two 9 ugob5fo m45egases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal tf5o9eubg45o m o the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules container5krh b5(rfm6 ec6 xufvxk2 1 2h/t3eed in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spee f(hr e f:0iym+24j 7x-k1 nqnngz5jzwd of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules a4qg g62 7 pqcr.)cmnzwt STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an aminop: 8 lbwm+,ulz acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cel m +bp:8l,ulzwl at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writ92iw3,q c exh :y )ugjpt/fj8eten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, in2bj3tf j m wt5,bo))$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phas gdkrvul4fl--lh :z( 7es can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the preshcff8c(ea 9y-lh k v*) :ff(mqsure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9q()( *c-ma 8h9ef flc:f kyvfh0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% q4my omdw:nj.b)z; :don a day when the tempera:;4qdbn.j: omwyd mz) ture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at spjkkxn ;tko.b/i6 (+ 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains isfij41,i; ,o ybf.vgnk 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which watejoki 1gi fnfvy,4. ;,br boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on 4new;o gph08aw0 5k yqa day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the p;hg4ok w n5ey wa0q80relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial prei6 pn0w296sxymk q:3hnye2fw ssure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure in6 q ,tonkc;t*j,a- fwkside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature ok;c- ,k*jtof, 6t wnaqf 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vpt3hyn-(7k h4 tevoh9olume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point+64wtn z5mgr c of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needz xf,ov.uf.+xc ch81s ed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dis+ .hz,x coc.vx8ff1 ustance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through m4-gooseuf5 +tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and h -omu4feog5+s as cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibra 0gs:xn; ff00etxl1 ifted at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure h1l ot bgk4wosa 73-7hcas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at k89v i-zopq* znormal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if th9iqpk -8 v*zoze water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially - n3io,5j tp4/eajtou28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure t54pujij/a-te, 3 no ohas decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6e7jrn*m j +,fy m:9hbb.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Ass7brf+9*h,j: em jym bnume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matterxg)bjlcoh;g ii 4c*z 2r c-4g2gx7a :y is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usinhe *q5 43vrnjaxom*e ,g the best available vacuum techniques is about nme** j35hx4ra o,q ev$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 mm/j pe bl+rd3( /dbsf2 below the surface, to wha(lbp+/ d3sm bjrf2/det volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returninfo8sq l/95vn08u rurxg from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this hig8 85/vrqonlr9 0sxuufh temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increases fz4zx9)0kmucp 1.ys d from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770mys9d(5 pbr.m+9qh dyb$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at m/ebw+1lrv rfyr*s nmq+8x) : the surface of the Earth, estimate the tosnby xf/+r1:v)r w*er q8m+ml tal number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen1t3v2j4c3sysaso 0xe) gt( ti molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen u(9t a;fz01d9 fasv4uoo)qiiised in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T =fa;s4t )f (i0a1dq oi izou99v 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats i/ kjov73wgl9un a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolih(f(r6vdd z.n 1ywv(n ne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly //hvz( : jkydmaround the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 20oz4la g; o,sm)$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adop 0,2rst) jotwoted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully qu9mv ;,a85ksjn3um 6kb 2xlbcharged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth;2 tp0k eo;uzqw7ar* q is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravityg5 (,5vxppvh q by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass p5g ,hvp qx5(vof 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3+mtyz 7.fjam* .00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at m*y t+.zfmja7298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air o7vzguev, . r: zqo ghup)xq917n the following two days: qru.o qzv:v 7 x9z1hupg,)e7 g
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at 1n;y9x w13mzwvmzd+5 g8rpv r STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth whed1zwv n39z+8r1y rpgw;mx5v mre the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideax8 0.y hkjshuuthh5, b*y(qe )l gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal tub 5.q,xkhysj h hu8eh)* y(t0o $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people dj3 y nl t7t)4fs5h(8ky.bh s(pgx(5vauf3 oeconstantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in4akfy et7vs(3.5s dbh ()j p 3 lxyn5uhf(otg8 a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg