Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alumi)ad /z9vs*ui*9uh:mlps)q: j1-mij e 0wvfhmnum? See the periodic table or Appenssh9 )lu1f9 ju p )-i:hdm*i0jm:/eam vwzvq*dix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermom, kku 5h.lh qad/oi8(reter.h5ua(ir ,ok hl/ 8kdq.

Which is larger, 1 Cx t fy1sl5,*axie;8j s $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B z c pn*x 4nn*l9n7y0ozis not in thermal equilibrium with system C, wz*0l nx97p yonnc 4zn*hat can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. n: :j00ri.ivxflub2qq,0xl h When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal wnl0, xj0iuqf 02b.x:hqi vrl:ill be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansirma;b1s )ri -nh 9sri;on $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thelfn1*7 d glb.irmostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The bnd7 1* l.gflielectric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that garxe x 3+.3 ,rxwj)gqare fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Wh, gj.g 3r+wax r)exxq3y?

A flat, uniform cylinder ofg n65/ibwwh 9idp06qn lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tfg87h :htt ixdf 0kg0w5,26,(r vi0nunt kmquub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises gth7i2 nmfk05nxuvkqr0i fwd:06,ht, t8(gu. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part ofwf5 ;r9nts)knzlg s, (6h 8jlh it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts trgjshl6whf8lz)n,nk ; 59 (s. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is tha r2vsi(zx 9q8zt its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary2zxzv( q9s8ri glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 2ng+ a7e x)a.hd0 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom8l bq 2eq7tz+x and top to bulge so badly the can will not stb8x z+eltq 27qand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tempec8+(dkql. ec4 d.by wkrature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in parti(b+8c.k dkdly4e cw.q cular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum spher j;dr+8sve zwh+c8tbk6u*hvz/x02 die submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increai euds+ +zv vt6xj*8;0hz2bcw8d/ khrsed from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from koojvvaa*s5 . :inetic theory and the relation between avera :jasooav. 5v*ge kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows:ln 7 b8bs4/4wfpyxnc-w xpfn8tz;d* from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in thee n;,tqzzdk; 1 Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the v )yiayc 7e,(ur 6o;ggcpeb,)Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for to7e;ucey)ypbg g6r v) c,i(, ahe Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room tempers ,i:fill( h0q ak0rh*ature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the othlilh h ai,00rk(s:fq *er?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day atsnuw gc)w2ym+8o o/ y; the same tempu)yo c2om +8;sg /wwynerature.

Is it possible to boil wdj)len24 jij, 4 cfu,hater at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is t/tkqfb/oj 91 che same but the humidity is differ/cj9qbk/ ft o1ent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile9lc( 3;ghcy -ri, brm*cngvlb e0di/. engine.cir iry9*gn g,3.vlhm(bdc /b ;-0elc

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig.tv1u:9z z-y t9zspv )k 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram cop:yh q rkd4r23k oga,kil:4pu- per penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5- ;j qfhe1,ln)rp;0hgd gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the ) hnegqp;r fj d,;lh10same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is o(ib0oyxf h6b1 ften taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?by1bhx06f io (   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest andn8, q4l8fd:mtcj o m/0 q*vnow lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length,tru,k bd: b.eigqu v nfy6 6n27do4e6 11.82 cm at 0.0o d e:u tbyfnke r,.7ubd4nv26 6qgi6, $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built oeb o*1w 13x pqu 2ulg(ofqy.u(ru /as/f slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron apprb2m th3t7 ap7nymvx 7;pto5omsu8; y9oximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (averagm2yxovt o7pm8 ; ;7s7any th95u3 mbtpe temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are oftenoo u9;b(ih)+x/lv ms; ypdlv fh8z+o / used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry icp9 oxdy/; u8/msf+l)h +vl(zoov ; bihe) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at .sedqx6 ,f*fkm;s2a a 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volwew)v:cej/ 8t huqww2q10wd 8ume if it is heated from 0w8w uw8 2/jtc e:1wq)wde qhv30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the mok-/a,oo(a 4zx67 akk j8bld brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50066nu;ke+ ls,rp4 z( e0c 5xgbb qjteh mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of irogi6zu(b b6 3jan. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in cqxr .3d.aomd4g+)o2( fljh(l x 7fh ua long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear g4ofj3o h hl 27.u(xl fdm)d(x+ac r.qexpansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densith5tzwq ym;t--y $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of je6:l4x)o na plength l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion a6pojl )nx:4e $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrthj4+ dgs -9fk.vzce vp7l*n5 opic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass anyxt1 3 x.b:h3odv/dhy d keeps perfect time at 17 td/h33.1dyxx vbo y :h$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. Thebf f7hx1n++tx(qajs 7 bulb has a vol hx7f+bt(as1qx+nfj 7ume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is r yh(m03nlb 7s yla;wh/otating about its axle on frictionl;saw h( 0yylnbhm7l/3ess bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when att*4e-9z:mza , rsesot 15°C. How much stress is required to ke-e *om4:sza,ser tt9zep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 07b.vl9tq s) nw.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.ih, y kxod46k ic4hz*q44pyp7122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatc4v9* mncl k t)mt9.urures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheiuah24lc ::hnukmr6hdfw ) , o2t scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in t, :ixvoa jymc* 4a2yx49af wae-ook 9.he interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmos x0q*7.79n(ygv zqwc sjr qk/vpheric pressure and a temperature osq*q(ngvx790q .ky c7rv z /jwf about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at;,n 2,resbv,(uwr a9tj yg9t v STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 ;i ki;r4g:hmgkg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STmdfvqopfv; 4ow r45d zgj404v,*jg 2i(e y,duP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10jo axfldn5q8jf1o0 7u7 wm:0 e.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L co8ir etw*.wvv96h4fz k ntainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at whvzi4 w98ktr.6e*fv385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 trid3304 7zbgfs9zfq kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloo+w mbp w4*bez;rowt:36s2png uh)y g7n, which makes it less dense than the air ob6pmb w )pgh ;esw oz7+ try*42n3wu:gutside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air atlw7+z)kvmi3 t 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.03jh8f ed5ad* rj9jp r c +(cjuv4r;fg/ $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level an2y.o1 o,i/pn; veis ced 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the numberc0ma oil8ph+9ahfk6 pt5 um) 3 of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?/,x akug pvpk3yh0. f-y,okv1    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)/h :69f37bgw psph.a*unj tul moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 6ri e zw+yn2phzp sq,(q7j(uq u+a1k 65.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of ar2p1vge apmo3,zsq 1g l3.jf) ir are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere ie 1)oqg3p j g1mpsl2arvf,. z3s about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average transl5cd*;m 8ef oetational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?mt de 5*c;oe8f    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at pqrj9s jnotk6l 0--qq(- ag, *ukmrl6a temperaturej-g 9n s0mq*,- lq6ktqjrpoua-(6krl of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules in72uilq 6 z ntz-ofom2)crease if the temperature is inc z zioq-o 26ltun)7mf2reased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 62v) mihup wzo.g-y0*xdzj7 /k , 0, 4, 1, )dgzi k0zm*pwj. hyuvo27-x/ 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules hgnsgl,w)v/9q sm; js*yo3f* in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is dv4n*(lw/k iafn/vbarw6*sk 5(ba yy) oubled while its volume is held constant, by what factorw) bn5vy /v f kyaaisw/(n64rl*ka(b* does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is gi0l80 htw dl9yvven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of ajc3 n/.4vb eitheir rms speeds is equal ein 4vj/ba.c3to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules c.z .rj9 09s ovfwrekc2fjdh(0ontained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spq +dp,ngn2oxma3/ u8reed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen eze-ypmt.)p/bc: w the+-0zcmolecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a9v dv (so0cs ;xi8 +vq5eioa2j living cell at +qvc2i (sio;dx59jso v08ea v37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gg,9fq9j vv:s9q6r j g:gop0adas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u3gwzm458kiy1n)y kc)fvvwkqa*3g i(ranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases cp i+7tus4xk uj*; 03f py,8flz7e+glufzkl*nan $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when th1q8zs h1hxz1 qtxr3s 7t5qc(l e pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90qr1qq1 tt z s shhxzc3l(5x178 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humk g- 7hbke.r ,gmt,gu/idity is 50% on a day when the temhek b/g-gr mku,,t7g .perature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure,,ena,p jjkf 5 at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0omqsr1 w ;ttls5-p(:g.72 atm, estimate the temperag1l;(rs:w5tt p -omsq ture at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water isregv7 2nr. jv+ 530 Pa and .n gevrj7r+v2the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day wh . o9yuhp,ansnq*.w *pen the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boilismxd 3xqh( h; juph(u,ag3f vk j tx1-*9*kgv0ng at a temperature f0gm*9qu,d3ja- hhj h*(gkxx;sx1(v3u pvk t of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room o o/.6lh bzz4s4xvk.oaf volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew tyxq4 mix p,y)o x:;4xpoint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a;q2xmc p +lce7 distance of 15 2qc;xml ce7p+ $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior t;ite6tl) h wptqt; i5.hrough tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area ;el 5p;t6t. wiiht) tqof $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape tsvn4ftzg *q v-k30r -measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been l-pzs) 3g vt*(iujbb:jjm3x0 p5 dq j3calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room fo usauc;a jbm i++3;0tbrp* *temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL ofmoc ;+0b;i abasp+ jtf*u u3*r cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially)cxcog2 8dz, :; iznhc 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas rema2i o x cczhzc,g8d;:n)ins in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 j 8.y asxh7 7p;o7p :nnxfys-jm, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature iy 7a-7sn .:7jhxs;pny8ofp jxs 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom pe7lqin -i4 mhg.yinbz f8h ki.qmn/107gxw8n 0r $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the b.c(a xoiat(/xest available vacuum techniques is abou/xo ta.(c ax(it $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 c-zd(tyatnaw+37x1 z m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this ady-a3d1+zxatc 7zn t w(visable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of / j0 zeata h0*zkq6dh;about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the n/6qe0jk*0t d hahza;zose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from w ;y+0rpt*imd8npyf/ 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7 +syo4wi v,z9j70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosph)xa;mb u*+tyo eric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s*)yutb; aomx+ atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitroge k/a -8sfe p;e8o+5irh9k sj1k0 kjulin molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen 9jab 7vgz;7 7; -xauqzziip/i j/pd,wused in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured q/gwjz7;jadp9 a7xbuv p /,z ;z7-iiiat atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of 6lqi2wk;cbt+pyom)5nx(-2 jkigz m8 liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolineoyjx y7572 ga6, .bzr hy;nx,osh. rhp at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugl vy(r;a(fg 67gijj(mh0w*d j gy around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws ti/ if:qbg fo xx6/pwg.xc8 .*gfghtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ad2 u3.x -uubjk3y5kbik opted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a press8p/j ss(r+ aydo(o 5icure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is 1h.- 8+r 2c71ciqgc yh hg dvtyn11zaxbd(x2g$ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended againstv6a-/io lyc(v gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have avovl c- ya/6(i mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of hk ,8d:w :rbvqb3da7 uair from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfecdb:,q hv7 kwab :d83rut gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two da8csf.u u9b9d. 0uvvuln tl9 r0ys: b 0.s9f rucdnl8u 9.0tvluuv9
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent diff o jdpad;d+. wwji6sz.b78sx 1erence in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature 6 bz1+od.swj s;wxdja87d i.p is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas lafj b (j;/ycn.vw to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume(jj/vn fc.;y b expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, pe1n3i tbcx,1 oyople constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 2bo3ixn,ty 1c1 0$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg