Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 knp22bt s;6 mro8tral-g of aluminum? See the periodic table or-larbr2 m8nt6pto;s2 Appendix B.

Name several properties of materiawk qn 9w,a r00p.0ivn3hlm;lpa0( j6l; zlwhdls that could be exploited to make a thermometer. pz.0lhp0,r;wn3i;dn l jvww 6lmlh( a0aq90k

Which is larger, 1 C hc(pw+;qi3+scr a4 /l8lrr 1a+ 6yzlrh6pjej$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibq q9h)/t ( ,oykpdw2thrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures ow,pkh9 q yt)d2t(qh/of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of al4 f h jv59 ip1mjfqb(alkk-36luminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [fab 1-j9 6ilq h(jpl5 34kmvkfHint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expan2 tc,zbr1pd g s-/n.nasion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simqpguy( j)z7f;jn m .+tple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimet7 u;ypm+jg.tj) nfz q(allic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the enth6su*)cx9qz sp o je-8 sf++jds often have a section in the shape of a U.qs *-sschf+6o8jexj u 9+zp)t Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead otd3 .rko o 9il3d/r:kbbmj6:s d 3wa8floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a kyb2 by /r6(cshot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit asb /k crby26y(nd then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is 2 vow;8u3 anhd* /gnlljg(h7vheated or cooled more rapidly than adjacen hlwg8ov2*/ghn ld;j7v (u3ant parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion e86 w4ue g-lygq/ wqq;w3p)vn is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise y)wulwg8 4-vqw6 pq3e e/gqn ;to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate io*0n 6q :fv1m1ctezpat 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and topg bucodxb;-,g )40vb q to bulge so badly the can will not s;qbg-,gv bxo4 b0)cdu tand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tem1 fnnrudk )819 sjsm-cperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory,k)r91 1unsfmj c d8sn- in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increakc-lf;a.:i gwse or decrease if the te: w-ki.g l;facmperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the/ -fi0yr nh2io relation between average kinetic energy and theynfh- o0i2/ri absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from 3 zwx(ujkrle(ep8)r/npw7 s3 kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmos nbn 5*(xoa5vqbct8c .phere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an oirv:w b/ew)f1 bject must have to leaverwvi w:)b/e f1 the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at roo5(0e, jr1ipn d9ineyi m temperature. What can you infer about the di ,jn ir5i1nye09(pemolecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at 1y.oky*br :lx ozka3 (the same* :zoxk3br.la(k1yoy temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatur58stjyc;t4tmb 7 oap1 e (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperatuk q(u/n-dojvl imgz;;-dl )t9re is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same um ;o-dldk /)ltg(zi9n-qv; jT? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiato/- 3:e szmiiae0 (: fpl+wqmgcr cap of an overheated automobile qslpg:zw:-f e imme/a+ c(i03engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28:w h:t-t zmro:)?

  How many atoms are there iys;jj; ..ibz ,z)vlj in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number o59di:(s,vgd/i 8fm9sido wltewbo15 f atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver 1isiowl5id9 gd s fd:9to(/web5vm8 ,ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” isv- lmjz2asr3- q h05nu often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?qn-5 jhl m0uza3rv2- s   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures red70j,iiu+o-9fsnt 3iq m l0etcorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol columnviegc es2, 5,)8oxtn*leig .k )styv4 has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 olntte )v,k.4,x g*y 82v5 ce)iisges$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of of( *.vp-y)ztpqn6a 7vu,oz gslabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximatypkb; wq,n: j:ely 300 m tall. Estimate how much its heigjky: ; wpn:,bqht changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that a7)z jbbjn vr kip)8gqt1a n j2b*m5(p5 3m.uayre larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. ag3nbp)b75*j i nvt)r1. jzm q 8puymb(ak52jA steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 vb syg)v3h d. +l78dlr$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter.b,n/ynu2hihv/v5rw 2 What will be its change in volume if it is heateyb /vnn 2ih5wrhu,2v/d from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 101ktzhcfs3 (2ipf l,el55 zw2 e):fdg n0.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water nsq 9hnh.3/dcat 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring m v( tbcgat(sz o;k,x bv0(nh4;ade of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand ih iyitv s38o:w m-i2+ zv9p0lnn essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approx+itp 93i w is2ozh-80vyn vm:limately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the d5s dfe+v) + wku9mer7qensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l an1h me,vy6v nw b(gc/*wd width w has coefficient of linear expansiocyvnhve6bg wm/ ,(w* 1n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isot,7b(v e k+idxzropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is mado3.zs).3 4s 4(/iagkc3ul :/zqdg oxpevicrwe of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 pcsdek3aiocz3g/gi4l/v4(sq uow . z) 3.x:r $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercuryx6 x-hiubrdd;(w z8f 6 thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a z-r;6d 6if8 bxuwdx h(volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylind0 )nyy p9t h5;c1kkbh;l-i bprrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on fck;k 0lhi95 b -t;yn1)hybp prrictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress vf4bjxk77(i q mw*bjqu3+i j+is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases tu4 vj wqbm*(x++jj 7i7i3fbq ko 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectionu-w4md1bg-, bou; kx ks:w: pnal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1-v;6rhm +ljjx34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: in jyy mk69urtaoz+t1 1cg:.;
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature okmmh7rv433)9 a3x pembg. absn the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of thhz 8j :q,sgy+a;vb,w he Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engiy /l0f*renub0fz /7e-jr g:bine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of aboutb-g/jb f z:ny7e0 e0r*ilu/rf 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxyges2)e2al4.oglvncl:r avt t8+ n at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21k9*mmu4 w-z nd.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of0 802mebhts,m ub-gws nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliumd6idaw( svx t 1y8e1t4 gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holdkdyk+.3; fm,0dpv mh5yeg *jbing 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?jy *be; m0gk+h5 vdfmykp ,.3d   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of/:xrv2w( kh2fa1xdn/ na .gp o $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buo6yn6:iw8xwr duv d9jz 8a4o(f)c imj8yant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air 6 iyvzu 8( cf:jw8armjxdw9indo68 4)outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air atyg lo+ wid85-t 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 /lo ox;ea.6xt $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea levs +xep; jq;n 1q 7rak2yzw8:ruel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the numberljr3nn1(d /j/kqldrp:o *a 5x of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in tidi76w7.da.u3 wkyvbq y8f8 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mohqv7;d6 ;db iue) jkg1les,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum2dpwa w l/bovhfb3ytmi86.i/w9o0d +e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath n/:yt 2bby 6 kzifb73gyou inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume t7:y2ngy6 bkz 3/ibtfb he atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule acwk ja,jq p2q..cno--t STP?n j.kpc- w2j.a,-q qoc    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heliumkx6/omazt4 u5nc :zs , atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperatunuaz z6 c 4t5/,:ksomxre of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules inc f,k1o n*c:z4brqv/y5wog )kzrease if the temperature is increased fromfo ,/5q41:*zkr b ozk w)ncvyg 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, givg,dnt*c qt 7me-/me+t s;s:n aen in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate t-a t*/tg c7e+s:m,m;qentn sdhe rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas1afesou ) m2y5fh 84an at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by whaaoxsk k ab)j.7gmo7lq djxy:;o05 3(tt facto.q0yl j axx)(k gdomj a;okbo77t5s:3 r does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is 2hp o3s:+ixujj2 /rrmgiven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of thagnn0kex ic +-s7db,2eir rms speeds is equal to the,abcinkn7de -s 0xg2+ inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules colpnid4qtek wm2gzq03 6 x19) sntained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mok zoz-,2 w0s8ramxk 1olecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogexg p /gk/ m f(j,6:;fidrzk+hq op1;exam*1rcn molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecuq2ffy 9cokqd0 a+0* cvlar mass is 89 u in a livinqok*fdv0qf9 y c2ca0 +g cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P = 6opa w:1:qw qf$\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium 0zj4 u(ha.ye+aaw ay4, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressuqb ; bra bx.8vfh-s*a1re, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tempe9g a7yuvcag ,+rature is (a)g 7c +y,au9avg 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on +62nw dnmz*.i nmvw6zj3a 4uv a day when the temperature is 2n av6vn*wuz.d2z +w43m mj6ni5 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 90 qnpa*q av (g1/srdc+1 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains 2vl x)5 ua 5f/sx0zbmkis 0.72 atm, estimate the tempxz u5flkxv) /5 smba02erature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature oq: rb7c, ds/zzpml ln-*/i4z nn a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidi/ z d cb nrm4*l7zpl,qzn-:/sity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is7 xen9 5oj5gwrs-n 4h2jfgl.y 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a presi+ nfokdca.*b :1ss*ksure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120+.o*bnsif:*ds kc1 k a $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 680fg(ht1c (.w( rl mu.pr$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point o l4)nj9tauj a fs5t95uf 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine mxj g9g1axf6 k/nrrlke74e8.n olecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance8 .e el rn67gr9kx1jgna/k 4xf of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of inserni 5db,*tcrbjja1 a6;+ z: jocts to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. Adta : + bj6rj;1n5zbi,jr co*an average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measu5rqnen.;(yz: vafaf2 re has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrate3 xe gc la,4+/wyrr yakzg4*e,d at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calica*mvsd j0e3/l l4d b-tdf42sbrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, 02a led3vbdm4/ st-fjl4dcs*if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a .gqq ;24pdmhj+qd oq.helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many ball24 qd h.mq qgo;.j+pdqoons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lqe 9g,ygzgor+5v /jeo ;x8io/ength 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Asse+q 8/,;zvg9 i go 5yxoojgr/eume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom p1sm5 -,ascr o(f,ml hder $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniquecn ma oas- ovx8)1ld0w asio1h*,/f o:s is about a)l* dw10onxh-o:aov 1fcsi8/aosm , $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capm.v *r lm qxicfvr49w(dnk:4 zv+(h/facity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would hivfcrq/w* :v kv9n(4 r4fdx+m zmihl .(s lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of 5s qf;1j7u l.pdc5 kvnabout 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materialsdvfcl; q.j5 1u75n psk; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is)ll9t qxzh )p8ep 38*d,baoer increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770: e78-mjph09yp:ce 6d:udaf 4dqob uhm$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressna o7z*l1pku8 -mdl1sure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’suzdanl8so *p71km -1l atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7io(cf6e81eo h.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital hayl ua 7-f,)h9qj /vpcls gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How l yv7hul cplq9j)/-,af ong will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl x*g 62qr9qiq jd,yue: sehl3 ,of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atiy n5o*t*irfd, ma2bn k1ctj6xq4 4z , 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around thebehxyzi1zz5(4m4:ins 4ia)u Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tipvqan2b k f34z*hrcpc a 2+(c3ghtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stak poog -b:dv47ndard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, l)ab1d lg jx0n 06gbt9x+n p*vhas a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth oeutd7c) lmz j860 wrajgj tls 799-0lbbx:5q is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity byz9;f-y91 c8voo3 ayle +kutcxyx 03 bd tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elasticaltoxb9c+ -v8;3ufcxz kaey0o39 1 dyylly, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble (zy p41q-q3o kfi1g hwof air from a depth -zqp14yq 1f(k ohw ig3of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pr egk7/bw kwe4yx/; (lkessure in the air on the following two days: w/bg/ keyxk ew47k;l (
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron- xfgzq4; bq2b:rikt,h r3o3n at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature bqrrbtn;- : 23fx 3hgqo z4,kiis 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to shoo-3jhjvctd 7824zps6sdn -(ci eko2rw that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume er z v sjiojn c-74po6 (dh8-2ced3s2ktxpansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidifyqpc5: af3ost 5 their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a hoq5: tco5f 3spause (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg