Which has more atoms:js24; 9 jg5+q h*wzmnaq9(nd-cdgkrt 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or nqnqmsh(9czjt4wg2ar + * d-5jkd ;9gAppendix B.

Name several properties of matqp6l 67ndo7)yqgc)r rerials that could be exploited to make a thermometerq6oqr d p )l7yn6)r7cg.

Which is larger, 1 C icyos+ ez zn,jtp3x(o3,;d2m $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal d/+m ag0j2 hqtequilibrium with system C, what can you say about the tempera /q+gatmj0h2dtures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When 8j0 c.dq9ot.kw0 7 ylx qwa3igheated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve7xtq3a9q lc0 oywjd k.g .w80i? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of li:e9z7q3h.l vb9 gc eksnear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace pw + pqfw4rl(:(or other hwfr( wqplp:4 +eating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape ofjs/ lf9y vs e+a47wx6s a U.lfw+69jsav4ssx 7 e /y Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of leas)vwu;cj,m pv,r ag;, d floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hoq -,;(bqegz 0dwdgvc 3t tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises, zw3(;qcd 0g vdge-qb. Explain.

A glass container may brr5 5 wycbk-xc8 09bfexeak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent pa8cbfxr9x-5yw5ce kb 0 rts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansionb( jfrbd,8 1od is much smald b1b 8frjd(o,ler than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clo fnf0ndwg e cl(xo; 77)swcdi4wy -9q(ck, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda wk;f 16+rg1tzm g+vmm vdesxp-( ;uh*aill cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not e rav*vpgg -(+dmmxs6utm1+1;kh fz;stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say,6yk gs8dt r k1tj5:zxf2-1qcv) eh v6q by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Exp-)te1 f5x c62sq htv6 kj: qrygkdv8z1lain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water inc3k: guihq 3)b -flpu.3 l vcmw-r0 vbtji;am++rease or decreasefvi 0 h3q-lmgvu bbalpu+j+ c-r)m3;iw:k3 .t if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s la*kf94xp 9 inw8w;gviogi 4n8 aw follows from kinetic theory and the relation between averfi 498i*;npwg4 ko8in xa w9gvage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows fromz* bm(vfdz9nm5 d 7lk6 i,gyu3 kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the rati3ng g5b w.mgl4zt( ipr(ra,y:o of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must6wn :bl;oycc 1d +ypf5 have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no :yfp 6dnc b 5o;cwl1y+atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water 5b l uv+ q 1vh*x:cbt.16eiex(m uofk-at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of on- xlu v1ko+evf6:b *.iext1 q(m cbuh5e relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry ,d hrjeb o-1)jday at the same )jb,r ejho-1d temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (3 xn8s, 8xs(sgrvv/dkhm qz/320 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the airj+l)ybr1svno5 y lj .0 temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Ex 0srvjnj.yo1l +bl)y5 plain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator capgftog7iz8tw8d t8p 1 -: 2yehr of an overheated automobile engi8g tpzweh o:-r 8yi72 1g8ttdfne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a littletljml0a )tamd;3 )b/y white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pen8h be-.kt8ga y6wfc 4vny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-k4 /t9,bfnn,no*com8 tyo xf+ gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring ocof*nm n,+xy,t n4kbf/to o98 f the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. W5)bb.tt 4 semxhat is this on the Celsius scale?s4ttm. exb)5 b   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded areb ;9 ouzbr2zdu;ou(j; 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol c9+1(t4kzpdg3lbp w umolumn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 +uwkd94 lg 1pptbz (m3$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 v :ygx -v:j,fvx /xi1gm long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tjd kto 36 zz(anm8f iu57:iinuacg-7 /all. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperatu muz5dj-iu/g7kf(a7zi iao t8nc3n:6re of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are ag6e dreuml02pl)5i v/x-w k:ed( h,hoften used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm ink2hvie e,d: / -mlw5a lepd0(hr 6gx)u diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water aln32iby.) z,u nw* bjbt 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will bekdv tek *mv *mi-11m:r its change in volume if it imim t k1kd*:-r1 ev*mvs heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.msku/b9as8idl 58jx*f pda t (w5h)t50$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.5hhhp*b 6 tc56y0 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of s ,lwgsps s a50ry-n pj(cx/5k9c2f/jiron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel shjaj10kavr o*21 w.yycvk5 22)doc ra o it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of5 22rc1*ya)ryv kkja j0a dvc1.howo2 volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change i j 9 ut0k(mx5r/)7hbjqobxhxx-euv2 2n the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and widt6a .ye c5guxb;h w has coefficient of linear expansion e ca6.u;xbg y5$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soliqsfg +8rw/yp 7ul1uf-d, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather cllunrkjeq1w c 8+0+9f iock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 rk09 wfl+c8u1qenj +i$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an ins wfk6 if-vd/l2ide diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255 f-i2fkld/w v6$cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical 0:b :ktkj)hwf9 pjh h(wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless b(bkjhtwh: ph )0k 9f:jearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much87h/ l8*dkxkg 4be pks stress is required to keep it at this length if t4 e/kp8h xdgkbl8s*k7he temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cros kf5vs4y- )lb /q1h ao0w;lx* wsiqu2ds-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 2u oq-9 s bvk tnsjbumu89 n7k)4xo)6h.0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followisl6/um)7ivfx rl -v4z ng temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fah zuctt)) )rz(yrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earthv-4x: myj,aju and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atm z 86z-2yyp zril)cg0rds 3mp4ospheric pressure and a temperature of abopp 3g y)r6-0sizlcz84ymz2rd ut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxy(2ah0muq gva (sz: ix7gen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of ni)c;p4brof z-w n:nh1atrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitx8gmuxjur/e-o6t8ko rj *g71rogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0ly;4r g 0r8,qll(doop $^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holdingxy3l0xj en;0v)ugfpc;c y6 - b 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3yvux e3y x g0;-fb6p)j;0l cnc85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of8fm h xa7z4d3w $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balewm4mcp)ije 0rlj( , 1loon, which makes it less c ierel0pm)w(m 4j,j1dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1ev9ffq99w ie 95 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1hmbx c o.e8 i4p-+*ea6e+icrq 8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at2co* b x/*bsxf sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molec0)w xzifp 88lsit8 bn+ny1bw(ules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How m7c/3guoa3az x any molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, oqw -to;h upaq 2n9x(3f.f-xn   $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.*o .h9- 5 si7dj.aetcvd)/h .ebnmtl f1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in ekxf )l.4vkoyrdz y01 5ach 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the lask01) lyvf5 o x.dzrk4yt breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translationarw-s d/vuh/ /*ak df5ml kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?* v ma5/hdu/w-frds k/    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium att:tmcovd 6 p() rpc1da4c x nd9b4t.a5oms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 9 t5tba 1v)c4.4t(6 o ddamdpcpx:ncr6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the r)5 prsf /ou5qprmh* -wms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased fru r*fp5oq) m/wsh5 p-rom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6* cntxxi q38 rqz7)mt0, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Ca*q xrz 3x0mn8t )qi7tclculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleculev /gfp9ft, qmfr)zer- o:)v2ms in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whi2r s hpfoz i,-b/zuspb1;c(y*z kgw/6 le its volume is held constant, by what factor doezfs*; /b kg(csr- i6op u2 pzhy/zbw1,s $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given byfsi:h0uz+p 3f) 1x ntk $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, theqp g.-9i(su(nk.vco o ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots o(v n.ck-(.o i s9pgouqf their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containej6.2nx3 h,b1cl/- 7sph znr-xdkiv bdd in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule aqq- /ed22b ujiwk b3;2wl au/gt 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen moleculeei q /( kk-nb oj7vbqc9k0pv.,s at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass iih j+)je2r5 hbs 89 u in a living)h+jrij eh5b2 cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of 9b v;)sm qmc p k97w*k.wlb5opa gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u t c0z:-ko+kyknm;i.nranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric presscnlwv(4rhi1n,6g kd oj) ni 60ure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tempebl: ka+9cl dg*rature is (a) 90+cal*klbd: 9 g $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximategf woy: 3h, p9ia,d.adq9xza0ly) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25 ,:yg0dq f ixzh99o wd.,ap aa3$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boiohju ;xk 7m av07m,ob;ls at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a partibdya(ti 98bc1xj+ g o )p08agbcular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperatb i+pc j1aoa9t8b)x(y80bggd ure at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a dfb+ jj05gx +1cwz.k epay when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and t+k+bjwce5zjgp10 f .x he relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when thp(7wbw.gubr+9 ta. gve temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure g9y9l i-4a1sy6ungg x inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperaxg4 lsnayg6 -y9ig9u1ture of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room onsz7t, ;gntqv5o/7aex 3;oksg.s7 k q2tu4u ef volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poiuuq1. .-*go lihe s pfjxo)zz;r/9)vcnt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine p)k f tvyug v3t38.d5smolecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance ytt vvf.gp 3d8u3s 5k)of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects tovy/ ng .2tg7c6:gpg ym yw2go*:vlfq) the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and hag6 2 gqyvgfo n :g/m)gv:lty.*2 pc7yws cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure gk(2zagw/a lrkh f.7* has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been califvg8 sq8:t(zhd9-qh b brated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tempbx2jl*sui; u.erature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are usiux j ;*b.l2hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium-m,9 jss** bh)d.) hpfu7itbktxlveo1g j ;r1 gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to h vl.o17 k1bbgrp is-,j9 ; uxfjs*the)*)mdt5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, ace rc5qnos.xe 96w2w9nd height 2.5 m. Assum xq.9s c9ewro5 cwn2e6e the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the d;n . 90akdgzhsensity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best av y6;n0 5q l: hz.qgyajy6wbf02 fn4ecqailable vacuum techniques is abou 02 aq6jl n6hebw qzqy4cf.n;f:5gy 0yt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the vs4zw 7 tre f*.5ozf9hk (h2mlsurface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisabt m oh*s .9ezkrf(4275lvw zhfle?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s m.zw/m /eag;vv3+ urtatmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temw3v m.v/t+; g/uzrea mperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increa ky*fg3o 6org6,sye5dsed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770mf* hgp* sju-j8$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosphep6 a*qxuf )f8mric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate th *ax 6)qmf8pfue total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 76cmy /mw1 /- ctfw.fbn.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hopwydh 6m. 78scpso/u 6spital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K s/s.pw7po 686uyc m hdHow long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a b3 e,1 vuktxxj*wavne/:c s*l4 *) twbpowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline ay nwk6)u7-pgpt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly arou l9d;5zmncd,velm9 7u nd the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly f )mhv7loq(brw ybiq)+5 8c))9- ebq+lwl ifponto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted 2s-*o totbffy 8j*sylgv btib/ 2 58l:in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, h fe:c b rm5nwk,wdnm2wl5nwsy:0. 7.has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earxo s nl1.9ug+sr.yd )nth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against g8nr)xj,* mdg6 ,vc3yq2 9 gsjuyfx1ajravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per secsuy q j13g8 vrg mj2)dac, jx6*,f9yxnond must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a0 )ymv x1o6kp6 n(gmpa 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it royn6xpm(g v6p)0m k1a eaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air5s,28bfjlcn;h gg2 6 fboxa .-qmmdl 7 on the following two days: fncs 5 qx7gmg6f2l.a bbmhdj l8-2o,;
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the densmu;q j+no2e p;e3mw7f1 zk7 okity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earteeuk 7m2 1 z;f7;3onj+mpk woqh where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at const.1bjm3wpij96hubg/ p mv .s7sant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal tp.bjj16p si smm b3gvh 97u.w/o $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, pe,8hurjb1o 6l 1i/u7 bmim m hmvm:i.4iople constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the celli.ihui mljoumm/ 1,mb: mbv76 4hi r18ar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg