Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic ta gbk7( 6xns0yhble or Appendix B.s(gbhky6x 7 n0

Name several properties ppd*:r(y s 0rmof materials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.y:dsp rrp*(0m

Which is larger, 1 C hp fy+7 ni(y8n$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with 9,ata* u.i/qh+rp1jnqs0w9 e t1xo gqsystem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, whtte+.u 9q a s0wrq9o*,i1 aqgx/ pjn1hat can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When h 0e9/txpcaxizpv4bng. j n- d7hw,,s ,eated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the opn,xh9p,g0ez xt v c.sni-jd w ,b/4a7utside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficien .jt*zna s w) 01rkvf2(a:drvlt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermoss+wa7h tk-2l ttat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device c+-7s2ahlttw k ontrols the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at mdy6)jrjzb(21m mjce7y8j ( po tg /v;the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Why?vy)2z6m 7j t/mej8bp ydco1j((r ;jmg

A flat, uniform cylinder *s)bwe p8p qb(of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first x)on 5hnhdm 12placed in a hot tub of water, the merch) oh2nm1 n5dxury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it i oun xvba. 4:q/uz1a0ks heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent p x4u1oqzbv/aaku:n. 0arts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansitvvj+zl;06 w*bo wl 7von is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of;z+w v6j0wll v*o7t vb Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cloc*ia(t5 7qw fgbk, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda wilkiyis1-x az )(l cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has haixi (1)ys-akz ppened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston)vwykdwgh.-3l 8 em g+)jxpi*/, its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they striy* mj/-gg)+k3i. 8w lex vdhpwke the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminu,6 ah-g1 ) wyg2ldx7w ywavua.hp8b6ym sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the ta 1ypaway6ggh ,6h .l7w)-u8 wxybd2 vemperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and t +q..g9 ivfnbthe relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature9.v.tfg nbq+i .

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows fro29 miv/ ypcgmx :k8ymjb-ar0w-8y(jam kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the r9 )z5q 5 4n,qexenw mi1+zccrjatio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must idy )il)yb ;b0)vgz,r have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has pracbgyz; rydbi0v,))l)i tically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you iufzk 9(v t yp3)d)qae jz:l0q7sydy /7nfer a 7sd) yzu 3p:(q k90qa/7z) lvytjefydbout the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomforta.tb.k7b jv8v qble than a hot dry day at the same tempe7 bbj kvtvq.8.rature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperaturd61j5.v if(lrz jcy i8:ft1kie (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is thfu0fu+ lg //dtsh m:;b8ugec;e same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid a;d ubfe0/m:+8 fc t;guu shlg/ir at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is da*ehl0u ia o;njd 1i-v)otwd.trx e289ngerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine.*lenoaui- d 1x)v jw; 0oi.rdt8h2et9

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud ,wr de1+l(o2d m*xzoi.;y olt:t ,c+ugsm aj(in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in aanb0gwu8, : 8dozzbe/ 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to th6wxy:9e vp3y .6n3v e5rxh bzqe number in a silver rin5zxh r66 y y.xee9 3vnw3qbv:pg of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scaledcvg *rde9h1) ?1revd9*h )g cd   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recordedds h)8z*yz- tx are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column hasdnk.-+j s cw35vw9bhgfv2*n s length 11.82 cm at 0.sjvb9h2-w gcns3 f+vk.5*nw d 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m l2pwpdna(s za:f9yt( 0ong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m f:k(-gvx1 y7ai ;apzl tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (av al- ;1gpxyzkiav(:f7erage temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that ar:lbboxm g0 9*isbsz-2e larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm iml:-z os2b9i0bx b*s gn diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water*;t+g qf5 pgdbjwt.4u at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diametel*q61x rke8(th btua 7r. What will be its change in volume if it is ht86 hr(tb a 1u7e*xlqkeated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim47oryi rlpj*) o/b,siy / jt.h t2q*vr with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL obo7 8liai/sg o6 4hto qw(ml*(f water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron.u)b0b /9kzskw q6hbhghd028w At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow v:,a 9ycyfm4 qbessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expanscq:,f yy9abm 4ion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density ts,q-s m(:f mi$\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l andpptdd*t) , 9zu width w has coefficient of linear expad ,pz)*dt9t punsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid,vigyih8o- :i c)8yqhd+8 )uge $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clgg .yu0j k7g-lock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1 lgyju 07kgg-.7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of ua1iw8k z 6kce*/5 xqu0.140 mm. The bulka/ w56uz8kueic*xq 1b has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of rar/1- gf1 +ndtm -6fwbficqj8ndius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on fb-18fdg+6 tj-n fci1n /mwr fqrictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. Hom7z w :aqkm/-kw much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increask -k:wmq/7 amzes to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectio 5fg2ur7)xcrr rw k2)gnal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at / so fk*hnhir cp/2*;y20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on th)o6kz:e(fe g pe Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what 57xp7(w 4( c7p*sxj zvvwtczztemperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of drm 96imu5s,ry ./bal the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at pdst ;f+pe-3*2af jdo atmospheric pressure and a temperature of a *e3 p;-j+t2spffdd aobout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxyge o a3.j2um0lm,oidye p04xy3nn at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6gh(phj05y.uas3g j lvms 5ez-0q0 rt. kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP cont3:h:wz+c-gks hqjek+ ains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1kv. idlwdsx1 l, *d6w5ao-+k e0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.;msvssi00m t00-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 30 0ms0vitm ;ss85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of lofz14hr3 h9i$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lyaag (axtx,s108. ihdift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air0as1x(x,hyagt ida8 . outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with /*bb f*e v//b 6lnqhk csspp/6air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1br8z;kndq+cp2dv0 2 qpn m f.)8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level a;e w vcyvr c+0vd70khar03t u(nd 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molr 50q75;t*o ujles7)v jkws zjecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are j)-ap*f apsrxk8k t6f iw*9xc+0vv6hthere in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moms x 6g.ig*v,lqangw v.- m,4 oubj-n4les,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1+wk9ibl+ 8riz $ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are ii/ bhpllyc ak;5/)q od5x0y o.n each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in th0);cdo/lxi/q phy5 kbo y 5.ale last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energwz pa e2k12rum; ;-lrfcbqw.;y of an oxygen molecule at STP?2 w;-pbk1q.z ulw f2eamr;;r c    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a l4gn,q5cz8z qcngt7 4temperature of about 6 c 7gcnqgz5ntz8q4,4l 000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms spee.35m txc7xal r6-vphz 8zq.eid of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased frza lihzpqc- ..em6txv378r 5xom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following s;yqt nm:pol2 6peeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, q:pt;o2y6mln 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in6z 159t s,mmf rw3,bw:q/mbmj t6ps1j+viekh a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas i.27x)t te ygl;tn eel5s doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factolt eg7te2) tn5;xy. ler does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is givx+nlxy /0h ez:en by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the:my(r u7d5vr)m c pwv5 mc:hptp,4m.l same temperature, the ratio of their rms sptupl vpc4 y7cr.d( m,mvh5m :5wp: rm)eeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in asi -g)9k0fu e1 6rwbt nq5ggx7w2zon1 n 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an ol4y vxmlgy*rw45x/ 59w nr /z jqm/;nixygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules atis0vvr9j9ft ;)m jhq, STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino abej hb3jk)wcc .pt 8.fa -.ir4j 4wuf x-nx:(jcid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 3jp3w. ja-4f(hk8xu.jecri t wx:-nb ) 4bfj.c 7 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writ u6kyyx6 yfvv4m z7/z(;wffv7 ten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urayk;0trmf x0odu 7 xbdt83x;3 anium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases canvdw/)ot t7dd d92p hqj9g1c/h $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperatujmbuq3 yyezn+:izo +0(f5k 1 ure is (a) 90 nkeu 1 f0ob +zymji+3yu :q5(z$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a g ejx.8kl, n8tday when the temper.e8nkt,lg x 8jature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place ;2uink 7rgl0x where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, eyh:.3trgu zv97+ of o9kyi-nd stimate the temperature at which watevy :. 3t nhrui9ogd9+7kz-ofyr boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a dax71jj .dcrg bone2ybhtrqr d753-: j7y when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative hb 772- :qb3ytd1x r dhgojjnj.er7cr 5umidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of watsk4si 2zck0 7yer on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boili+ 5ll p+qi4hv/zglk y7ng at a temperatuh74+ilgq 5zyk +lplv/re of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 6 c4p glltor 45q4u19ku(hc-rm7e cnt680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew po r4)k soc*f;adll )v2uint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a gl.hjk .io)uh hk( w-dq,ycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15 q k,.ud (hwh-io.)hkj$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from thehi 6 uq+ea;dg. surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-geah q;.iu6d+ sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2wn jcxiq64 i 26k24o b)gxkr-l0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure hnlce+a3mrbccr,ur xo1: ) b(6as been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cu qn)gw3 nr0gho 4xee( w*u)7 4kso:ardp was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recw : e4g qh ) u*ognwnk7r(oxd4es3)a0ripe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initihkujun wvo/)s1m,uejan4 * (1ally 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased tows( mn,au*11 )uujenok/ v4h j 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lengj-aezz l+q65cqk88lj y j*6wf th 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the t ljw5l8kezq jjc*-yf+ 6za8q6 emperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the ded*l( s ; fvb8:,/iqjgl+ mfgbrnsity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques ieacco)zma ,*fp zs0) 2s aboua0,2* )aoms) pecf zczt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to fulljfqd6bcg.oh0w0 +1c cb5kh0 r capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this h0 jc0 r0hcbcqbd1wk.6 +og5f advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon entzw0*u9 j /ajkrers Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special mat* /j9wkzj ru0aerials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idea w o3k1r1got 1kaz*n/vl gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume rl 8 tikk.j7t*yck ks4 c9**ohof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at sy1+gz)+oii 7r8 zejx the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecul)z7 ozr8 ejs+ix+g yi1es in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speedb.*. +z:mglhd vt1crj of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used inf,fwsfa); eu4y n 1s:n a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at ae1;f nf:)f4, s wnsuyatmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury ak-ljs c9s 6 1eloaq/:yt 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at5*umf+g sfde: 5 v*ypy 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’z51 hm85vu) ww jdm7ngs equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly ontoi wz*ib. 54sbl a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stawh.y)2ou9hz (e.w ew+nl z9landard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully ch03 .sfur*ilo yarged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fro9citnr; 56x:p( 8qozh 2edjv xm the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tenn x8 7mvtphez)1lvwd9 +is balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tepdmz+e98 1tvl hx)w 7vnnis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameoorxedl9/7 o 0(suog9ter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is oxld0o7uors9 oe(9/g the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air kfb0+rj 0r6l9) shxwq:5cxns on the following two days: nr w c5+hsl x09x:fqs)6bkjr0
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron tdild+ d(5 /qaz1xc4 tat STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth w ldcx(1zdq td a5+ti/4here the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an :ody8r;/-j7x fjfxopideal gas at constant pressure, the crjx yp/o;7fxjd8 o-f: oefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cell9q1fkm s j9h/ifu2;ba ars to prevent rot and mildf2/q19i bsmh 9aukjf ;ew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg