Which has more atoms: ruv37 :.7mv h*gou;5nqz emuuv6 y ex91 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Au9e7muxoevhr.u3:qvn7z ;5u v gmy 6*ppendix B.

Name several properties of materials tqa.*9gjq7 vgy hat could be exploited to make a thermometer qvagyj g*79q..

Which is larger, 1 C q(rbf ra(muy- pz lkj9w0d099 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in therludehs92+xbmao:+ f7: + rad vx)gy.f mal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what xd2x)sau o :m +g7ah++ r9:.lvfy fbdecan you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. jgb46y vij5f8 When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outsideg6jf4 vbij5y8 of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefmp lx6d2nusmz*matm,sw 94u r4/7b9sficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used tof v6q)nilh*/wk+w y j+qvt mr9 pl/4 h7mj*y4o control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips o o/)wv6kl7j* tp+v4ih/+n4 qw my9jrqyhf ml*f different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the sh)4c uq( :wrqo(+pa5gbi b: ymyape of a U. g5r:y4bquy)b(o aic(qwm+: p Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of le- ,ts.(mkbjc2me3xbo ad floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of watbc84 z5 uw:ljwer, 45 c:jwlw u8bzthe mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one km;.smu* ew.ls *id(kpart of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacentksue.l *( m w;.skim*d parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its cod *0v1;apo wz uhbhs*4efficient of linear expansion is much smaller thao zpb sw*1au*h0h;d v4n that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurateb.4t(h4bt p .md+ozml at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulgq 6udaa8i; (8llxap*,uo .k gke so badly the can willa8 ql 6(lkxkdu.*i;ao pg,ua 8 not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing dof c.en0k2 n02vw pp5;qrzn g9wwn a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expandzk. pn;fc0ne2q 5 rn0 pwg9w2vs against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in wau 5cxohtx z;k/2hvx -+ter increase or decrease if the temperax tk5u +2z vh/xo-cx;hture is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and +ess,w*j5 tn2s ksf5 ethe relation between average kinetic energy and the absolnses k5 2seswj*5f t+,ute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law foak1s 9qhor1x 3bvv*e,llows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, t v;qz1wy,)h txhe ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the mi oyss. e4uxw (4bd1a8ynimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escyb aueo4w( ys.1s48xd ape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly thamz/q6sa -wr7e0 w1cfxn water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties ox0- 7/e1rm f wacqwz6sf one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry d7oslz- .cek) say at the same temperaze) o7ssl k.-cture.

Is it possible to boil w-(htjs +7,6n ozgfigc*inet9ater at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air t,(vm*2c1bq ;fk m maa fy50ltvemperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dbf 2 (1m*k;lamvqm,a5y ct0f vense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automo3* . hwxik8h5t wvvsoif4uy3 kg46vc (wt .-pabile viv-gs ait pcfwvw*wk5 4uy8h4(.ox3t 6k 3 .hengine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little whit; bvu 4ncoou93e cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in 5t ukgi5w i;3ea 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to t4(j. sxcfar1p7kn, i ghe number in a silverps rcg74 .f,ix1kja(n ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Cel2bbdi,4c/9jwk i9c7zj2 kjr g sius scale?9wg,i 7/2 rcjb2d bzck4 jjk9i   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded art 4ymb(iy;vc 7 ic)8xp q+fmh,e 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol colu0jvrd-j4fxb :*n lfl m.m*o1emn has length 11.82 cm at 0.00mv*x4fj1lno el:bfr d. *-jm $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12t e fdqby9oi// 8(ao8/bvs 0gc m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wroughtbp+ .-f np.dnn iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between bf npn.+d.n-pJuly (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that a.qd i8*zek7g1 )1n wt8ibfrf bre larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter f)b17 *bf1n.g8w rd z8qetki iis to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a-x)t.hf3scpey 10cc+cy -y in t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in vowe,32g)jpo ma ;:* 5pnkp dnmelume if it is heated from m5 d o*pj2wpmkpna )g 3e:;,en30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to th(;p ,1u5sy3ulmfim une brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL o6d gj 5gfl9aed+d t6k.f water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be plagh n.m i /5k)d-bj/vkv.;bdwj ced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expan7z0p :are 2mjh cqzj8+o5 j. cwe1w9hmd in essentially one d2jc1:m0j9 5+ moc e.z7he wjaqh8rpzwirection only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in tw.* n+iinm+e(vsi:zf ha ;5l xhe density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of lind1ne ,g(u/h bhear expansion , h( 1guned/hb$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sol5m4)k1/pccro8cl -x u dx;fs cid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time akco+kjrx,(z( *de (emt 17 *(m(oze+ r(ced k,xjk$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermomez-:coz c/)gj dph+evace ;- 6zter has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volupzz;v/jgcz- :+-)hocac ed6 eme of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating abojjn 519 jlel5 c ap 7nws2-;ppf4y-awfut its axle on frictionley-enc p4j9lf5-ajwa pnp ;1lfjws5 72ss bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How muchqunn2wv b(ntk+ .)gn : stress is required to keep it at t) wvq u2gnbt:k n+(n.nhis length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectifd)9ul 90wky; yyj(gq d (6szoonal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameterpanl.7:o aso 3 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on h wht/ id)m*9tzx8ys0 the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what 3cub) vdb/sp+dagv 0 :temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures iwvys,vx1 40bd n the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine/cd7ba p s7f1g, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 1 csdf/p 7ba7gabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP es 11. 5.ytsdgsard3eusing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogenq,ja uh 3pz-6ul1 fm5/ 6kufai ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18rc d*gv74 5; fackjzo2.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas 5cz+y+kxut0kis at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L containi y pgf5p 58t/ c:bw8enaz-hd:er holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3n8/ ty8gbi5fwd -:papz:e5 ch 85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of3/mfg1 6gf5vw hasuzz/ ila3ptbdyv 802(.bj $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside t*pze5l 7)x1 tnxvo0d aiz*ho4he balloon, which makesivon4 x zo5 ae0ld7x1z*th)p* it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air f7eh(t f5v8f (o mp;mvat 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1.*h p5 x.xodb m/*fljt8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon ews hajk*h 31 hvhp-(lde qb0-5scapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the numberr g/xe3. m8jc)0(myy,welx*y- nk nov of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.00*) ixdjtxeox i :r6)q (x)0ear0 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mo+u3)9yjnow kiovmx17yoj 7, iles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumpkqyi8u5q :5 gya3vh 7g1ogu :e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air ax97s(h bi f,vmre in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is abouxv9f,7 hims b(t 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of0 vc..dvd3b zut9 v0ys an oxygen molecule at STP s3bdd00.utc9yv vz v.?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heliumrf6rpfzk *zb( v/ aijy:135pdxzu9, v atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of aboutijapf 6 pk3 v*u9rzfdz,yr(x/51z: bv 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if thej)9( yr*b bkwi temperature is inc9b*ik )yj(wr breased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4t(79fttba:l i l ghlbu5iz9-4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, ab4ihil- zl(7f :g9ltbt95u atnd 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecult.3* 2e un1yey :s,7,zlaeea m nfaqp(es in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas rxdqxmmi du73-oyl39o59q i3vp4 f(lis doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor doemprl5-i o9 9ydi3mfv3 lu73xdqx4q(o s $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas ikl ;j yfp gf;bk9;i*pk5qhc 16s given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperaturs-.kr at4 qbgpj03u*79acxfb gj bm88e, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of thei 8mfx47qsug*kt.ag jajrc-9 08bbb 3 pr molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculesee8 y) rilx6 h56ino9u3 e8jte contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an rg ,/gjg+i1 choxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distancez we) r-p5qml/ between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a l yw5e392n xagpiving cell at3e5nw x9gyp2a 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can bezn/o 3y2ny zv x1w4a8g ord7(i written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urif*/hz1 za z :muko/7kanium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric prectgm 8w4s o+;issure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when th,g fz6hpue8ywh* a /ydw (di/9e pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9wpzhae (8/wfgiu 6 d,hy/y9d* 0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) ifnx 2 ae2x- jss6p.za4grcsr5* y y*pj5 the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25 yzgsy4jjp x aes2sn*x55*a2 c- .6rpr$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 9m6bz*re18n s 5qhf8 bf0 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a 7)3zc ((ofq; aydoenfx3 k1knparticular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tempe3 (fyq;z 7a3dnx()kocnkeo f 1rature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when th*bk(5tem5v0b x) d1 9uk sduxye partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and thk5 dx m yu1b)950*( svtekbuxde relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wats;v7nmddf7 k3er on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water i;xec iuy g2n27 h4r4oo3nxqgi.vwv -7 s boiling at a tem2-v3ox. ic;747v nh4wn2g yreoig uxqperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volu,h 55,kbihicb me 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5)j,e,cdtum - jd*j72ca)yi gj $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Tabhr utno.m( ;q71cd8p3tq(s ygle 13–4) to diffuse a distan;(mto cu( 8h.rgy1qds 3 qnt7pce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interis*m9q1p b. dw nuc-5jcy6o:ogor through tiny tubes cadc9o*ou.bgsyq 6w1nm: 5jcp-lled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tapedytmjr i j+j42a5 +t.u measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20 i 3v18 pqknr82 *b*e*ncvoyfg$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. H*hb.o+vzq) vj ow much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, a. h +jvz*q)vbot 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atmy g1od0e -va)u. After many balloons have been blown up, the ga-0eg1 )ovdyu auge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number 3rhs .pcvw2nl, ( v cqk1-x*ohof air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height ,hcl. * (qh2v k3cn-r psowvx12.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density ofn5. r:t/+ph p r h2y/w8emrndn matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the besq5(2 ajepvi7ii2u 6j2 rftlp7t available vacuum techniques is abo6(ipjr2i72 jeiv5 7qupl fta2ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10k.9dewm6 q5 -3r-u tjrtx 7fuy m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is -mxu 93trj7-. 5reqfu y6td kwthis advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere amt q:lq8 8xb, tf a:jjlu3:d)bt a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle musblttdb8a,u)qm xjlj: ::3q8 f t be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas i w-9rsy8/g8 w5l uvlbml*atb;s increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume :k (u +ny,iu ;xayq9 ig:gtxb/of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of th.asqf mw5e)5+kh a94s rh: ooie Earth, estimate the total num5 r ae.ka9f+moq:4hhws ois5)ber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecyor 0*p1 ezxub*udc;. dws:n t: 6js.fules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gax, 1lw/cpqi3luge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and c,1qllw i/ 3pxat T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl st5f f5v3seq 0of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli74kt ra6,s nipne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earkqp 02kf4zx/zx w/uk/th’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jaram42m e3a5p64-ngti qgkm ;um at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length sta82g dsuf uc sdq3b5 w1)vkocy r9:m40n s-q1gkndard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure ofoi8p4sxjv9 l8o qp 8qv7u2qx4f1nb+g 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from tz xbh.fh477 uihe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended b6s8k b;fd , 7rgzscb61h2xg jagainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a maxj kcbdgb;68s1f bzh,76 g2srss of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bu /n3xejp.yv(r;l. gvqbble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfectqr vxy(vg3.. ;pnlj/e gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor press22 :,el*i r tt*ynuynkure in the air on the following two days: n 2y2,*:urttnel ik*y
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density ofm-jlkii4sx;as6ffb8 ivhd h* * 99,lc iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000s f,*89lchks4v;9i6ixdf jl*h b a-im$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas lijusvqpesc s6j jv5 3x47 8t: h1+a-mlaw to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of vospl3+4sua-58xqcvjsj m t6 7 e v1h:jilume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars t 7-e.2alcnbkjf.: 2crcn6crdo prevent rot and mildew. If the cec 7.re2lr: jc.n 2a6n dkbccf-llar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg