Which has more atomsid ugznva7i) y1364o6yi*yl8nhm.x o: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix B.oi. 64 zx h*ilv)noyau61n8y3dy7m gi

Name several properties of materials that could be exhw/,3 cs3+/qkqf 6psfi ry3lm ploited to make a thermometeriqls/h 33kc 3fq m+rf,wy ps/6.

Which is larger, 1 C (ui, zt k98lfr$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B,xc72 u+pob tdgt -kh8eq/;ye; but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temp+e tdtxe2 uk;7;qgyco- /b8hperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminuu0 2+ybtmt c6cm riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of 60ub 2m cc+ttythe curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lin4tx3nk0po9h1v fxss dqo6 x0t6abf7*wzn b(3ear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostw fw8w+sp 4kup72eq;cat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how w+fwp7e42s 8 ckw puq;it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in thp +d 636onijare shape of a U. Wonad+p63 6rj ihy?

A flat, uniform cylinde ei l05h2r 2g 31cfpsnl)ldgo/r of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is firsks2k8t+,ujcx q c3 vk6t placed in a hot tub of water, tv sx+8ukjk632kqt, c che mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled moreh(fx,qjrr+deod+b2, 05m hs w rapidly thro+bm j (,d0 2hswh,efr+x5dq an adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its qcphk3coat ) q);z1+m coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat reqt 3)z1;ac)hpcom+q ksistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 *0srm,2 ha zd.s(or i8x n6xsd$^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can j-9:gcf)ti zz af5k: jwill not standz gt)5-z :j:ac9jifkf up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pistopcbf xr ;-9 en;hqws88n), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the 8;rc8q9pfb;xens h -w kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in wajk.md *ig* /x,.x jmt,ncmom(ter increase or decrease if the temperatumoxc(tnmj jdgm*/ . m.xi,k*, re is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the nm ns.m1y/a658unmw trelation between average kinetic energy1snt86u mw /5.y mamnn and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theorod:k(b(bf8 dn i4*qgqy.

As you go higher in the Eaq -zskl4mk 2i:rth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object ea--yy f+ilkd k7uri,l9su7 +must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moo+y9l,i77s k ulafki--+ ue rydn has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quick03kfc5 5zxc hofp7co2:4 dnvdly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one re o :xcfcz5f v4 o50cdnd3pkh27lative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day hx,7lsc5 * bepat the same temperaxb 7lsep*hc,5 ture.

Is it possible to boil waterb-fi.9cu ab9 r at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the sapwh08 v2q;6; rbcvmpl z5k( ubme but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.uhrp5bz2kpcb 0w (;;6vmlq 8v

Explain why it is dangerou1. *vcp0uwjf .ch oal4s to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engi0pao cjwlf.41uc.vh *ne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a littlej6 9m 3v6zgu+xgf.q cg white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coppec arx8 t4twf/fq78ttr.1m r)br penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atomsdd 0weh .l8iq0 in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silh 0. ddleiw08qver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this oh ajyqo)te)vd 5qe(7c3r-m) l n the Celsius scale?dv5a rc ey37)()j )hol- mqqet   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and low4dw5, st3v jjlik** caest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm ask -xn98d;i 5u bd)2 hsbcq) .nj6wvsit 0. 5n;2d wbihc )uxds 6.-nsj9s)8kqibv0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m u2a,bdr-sc16s 0 r prd )rnwvvo5bt/2 long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximat bk;wn yiu: y2f(y.*rkely 300 m tall. Estimate how muc .:uby;i*f(y2rkw k ynh its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that areflvjx,.wm1rmz6r0; bazk bk6s3d:( t larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (u6zm0m:6. dlkb(tabvkr1xrj;f z, w3s sually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at6 *jbsrq+ du((ds(xy m 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if i4uuh6z e:mptzv0 nu5 n:u8.cx t is heated from 30 xe m:v5uuzh40nu6uz .8:tp nc $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim witd6drv;wh d5 od4vu xq2hh5r80 h 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of / hy (k6oo7u-wazcc8ewater at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in aw8f0o x3sy1fuq7z / of ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expwuc*q.7 fiabi.5+mt1 f bqqj3and in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coeffi3i7b 5fqc*fq+a m.tqb j wu1.icient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change tg 2rc y1(0gvzj qxj*j/dk ;:pin the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular p:m)( hdllrm+ dlate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansil(mr: dm +hd)lon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sojot:hw8o3ngvjb +on:b n55e *lid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time akxql-3 :deo t/t5a p5o54lm3ekze* n xt 17 z5:x-ep5n tkm54* l3/ oeaeqko3x ldt$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside d(gip(d 0 xuod/-; bhrliameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume i;o gduplb(hr( 0x /-dof 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical j , (da*o8pzckz9hw;ywheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axleohp kczz* j9,a8;wd( y on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much hgam67z-f 6kestress is required to keeme gkz6h-af76 p it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-secti p o-m 23lmu6cfx 2xkc3+e/ev1 1rwjmaonal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at ;3m a 2hcuq llvm:*u;cg6k) ih20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following t8g l*cr t .ulu/.c36hf h;jpqdemperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tempe b+1mop)l 7epz+ /3)zl3cwt hevua zk(rature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sunzrlbi;7yrvn 1)dp epr)-85x o6:q vc d are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure an5mwb zv3.s1j6kks5sl8 zsx c7d a temperature of abous s55z3 bsl61wm78. jvxz kskct 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at Sn16q /tbx6ke;l :ruin TP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg 8*c ym vzk1*pr4-n kk .uawweh5,kzo2 of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg o+t23ptalf: who(gnl 0f nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliumw aipf):*l:gj b6)ue. iixzu 6 gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L c, 6c6 h8k1xtlbllr *ycontainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 6l 1ccxb*6lly8k ,rhtK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg rb )-fl.gri p)o3ezj 0of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves gu 1 + yhjny01/yclip1its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it leyyj/10u+1gnh 1 ciy lpss dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with bkjqd86g)g n 5air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 4 tzwalp)b( cc58e3iltc z:(g18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at seeccfi q8,w,nu )x)3fba level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number op*sih++u egr-a;qs* ,oq v 5alf molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000)q2 etvt i:0hn L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molejn kvc(oq5(n/r)sj z7s,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumem9/lq :yxvj-1 h0 xygx 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules oh,bzfsi3 ya:ssldy-99;y 8hf f air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo b98la;dhsz 93i-ys:hyf,ys ftook. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxy3.53/cw q8 kpxvghtiqgen molecule at STk .xt33pcgqi5vh/q8wP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms spee5z 753mpyk egud of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of e5uy5gmk 3z 7pabout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms sprx36e-q tya 5aeed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increer-axq6 ay 53tased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following sz+- ) j i(qvz x n:cv()w.nflz+4fvqfwpeeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3ffq:(vl +.n+v z-(4f)xzcjn w)w ziqv, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.1aaag9, bzm; g0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant,av(gc a semyau06,0 k/ by what factor doey e,a06ga/a(m0cvku ss $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules21tpmih c87+f)pjs fg in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the 99hk7wgzm2sjcxrm:. same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equawxr c. gzmhjms927: 9kl to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8wk*) ,b:x5 gdb hwafsu20po3f.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms s huuludu0w7 8obaq 9o993 ,akhpeed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules a( f)v5glkxmmn, /f *j+4rrla zt STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino a51.bhbnl1 vtkgb7 9b mcid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living c1 ht.b59bvbm7k1lb ng ell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of af+ tz7xo h yl22+f(hmr gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniurwrzamw40*td y(94q f m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressureul1;- ;6reg g3nej ibi, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is9 e*xi4opccn)7yhggo b +v4g8 (a) 94oh)g8g4*pbexv oy ncc97+ig0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a jtx 4+pw-b t*3/sxsev g vx:g*day when the tempvxtg :* sv-b p+ xej3t4*/wgxserature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a plf x8z,s 0+vbwju9zn( lace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mounta) e2kmi4gouz5at qmnyh+8* b6 ins is 0.72 atm, estimate the yk u n2qh8) eitb+m*4m5zg6aotemperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pv6fsl id8d c9vf0w72pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is206wi cdvf8f s 9pd7lv 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day s hht -,u8,nmot 7)/pwa si0:+pnuwuywhen the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker ifiv)3+t(xxp rnstrwy +a65 8xj the water is boiling at a temp)3wjnx s t685(v +atrrxxp+i yerature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of voluwq 5i3z. z 1vo6f c5hiylnf.bc6s :8nrme 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poigfouj/2*)- 5zsncs sent of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needefcrmqt/q r:- 5d for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15mqtf-q c/rr5 : $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior xlivr 0s:x)3* mwflj+through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sel*sr0+) w f:3mjlvi xxctional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has p-:vtlu+)o kv- 3.cp fl q,ejwbeen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure hasz)(qvplxo6,1 d6 g 4tpryxg-z been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup wa8xlcel(2m7 sshx )mt*s calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the w8ms( mx*2eh)l 7sct xlater and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After ma ;t:tnv(.rp(ey 2(iwk rpn +muny balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction tmpt.unpei:r+wy;k( ( 2( n rvof the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and07vf(-qydw 5lthv u 2z height 2(- 02huvytvl 7qwdz5f.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the dwgu6 q6 t9hthjm*eb 2.ensity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum toq5o 9(b stmd9pi8y/iechniques is aboutiq di8mpo/9(sty9ob 5 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills e4tp+ u6prujw;h))vthis lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is thispuvpju4; re6t+ tw)h) advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the ,hjwsy/ju;( sg.zibf tsy,) +kk)u*yMoon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is se /yh );js+. uw*sy),b,k tiusgjy(fkzen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased f;dtmj8*7q)4 z hvf jgirom 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume5ihph -w.v)xi/hj ,vb5f a)je of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, esticyb7bdtpsx,7 03( yi nmate the total number of air moleyb0y,s7x(tp3 c 7dibn cules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.sph; bu45cfn9 3eibpx*6+hl8k1ih n d6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospita4 bbvava3g9-t l has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will gbatvv b3-94 athe cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid my e;bt7xm8 z(z)sh:0b ln 3ubnercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0,t( 7; p+ p:rawi vfxxh8pz z1e:w:jqv$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equ*zyzy 2j(c:tf/bqv-jator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass ja.f 1tvl7)p qolr at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopt/oatdo*4i 9uvb ,ly:7mpy pt7ed in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, haspcz-)crl8/ u b2h((tz7tiq k3 i+acc .pthmm9 a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from wd*sszjn 0xn5d-(wxq 8p9:jbqh+wo7 the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspende,89x ffwzu wy7d against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must78zwu w9 ffx,y rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of aidn7d-y7t )(d w-qb cefr from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it re(w--7d )7ybcq fdetndaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pre:z:o wq y.g0r7z w/0jhi t9hsf9mtch5 ssure in the air on the following two days: 0:0zsot 9ft 9/cy:mw zgh hw5j.q h7ir
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of ip3i3i6 mcic3k4ou 1 yrron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Eapu3c6ko3i3rii c1 m4yrth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to sho2cq6dmg-z it6; tp8 1nzifg/ rw that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expanzr6q2tipgf m tz1n8ic g/6d -;sion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to preventtz ggzju* 8+sj6e -0ndn goi51 rot and mo e-6 0 dgsgnj58z+ zn*uit1jgildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg