Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? gkibv+7u(vu c ;hf *l8See the periodic table or Appendic;lb7if u h+vgvu8(*kx B.

Name several properties of materials that could bs;nlm wk.+qjd519c fzz rxg*5e exploited to make a thermometer+cxw.g5qf1z*zskn5;j m r9dl .

Which is larger, 1 Ci7 j 9 wpegec93q396ttf 6zuvx:o6pwa $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not inm;,;crybh y vj8ho(23i 5vvv n thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about tjvrv ; myvc( vh5o;,3yib82n hhe temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted towhkz/zvr 9/(p hx4j;iwp lw b r2uc5)8 a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the u/(i2cz9kbj;h)l/ 8r z pw4v 5xwrwphcurve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear exp0 y7ro3e-o(vu)zek3 dn fc6mdansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermosygg 1h3am )el36w we:baq; 8xltat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it caa lw: aq8 1hbm 6xl3yewe)g3;gn flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that ares (g+,:xi2 / oivbl6iw a7hfzb fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. W+7ih bvfizix6alw: ,( os g2b/hy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mevn;+i/n;lccbl bil5ilb4 . s4rcury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hotkn+ g-qncj8o 5 tub of water, o8k -+5gqjncn the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly t*x0.fwhy:(/cg o x ns *r,jpephan adjacent parts.n /fpwg 0, xposjyx*chr. *(:e Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansiojy2 ;hue fr83in is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat riyu2j ;r3fe 8hesistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, 6/x jf4bmcho1accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom anda,;o76 kn onwh top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has ,nok6 7n;wa hohappened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pu va/7tvhg as0;shing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules whaa/0 vs;7gth ven they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or deq709rr(pjw p iz; ecg:crease if the temperatur p wgiz9r e;(q7jc0r:pe is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how C.bb1xymj pm ;)harles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the abs;.m 1 xbbmyp)jolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows lg+dmz a 9j:*zfrom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Eartuyi qg u0/yjn19(q-zl h’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth rej/ ,yfi:y/ vikoo7 k:cfers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the c,:yij oyio:kvk /f7/Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room tefap bpe-r -ryt 0o l6u81nsf*.mperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?*a -lpf f. nsyt61o8-rpreb0u

Explain why a hot humid day i 06p:xmp0nzcm/ gx+x zs far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the cmmx0nx/pzz +g0p:6xsame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water xvho a9ymql)*7*t/ i0ev k33 is2kv vgat room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same wfpa)alp 0i1) but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the drp)l0a i)1 fawpy air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap x50 c5y4stz yn6s 9hw6wa1)xgupumu6 of an overheated automobile engimnthz6w54 cysp6 uga01 ys )6x9ux5uw ne.

Why does exhaled air appear as 1s0 )qbksm x/ga little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in as 3k,/21xht x.nrkjk q 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number lsrn t19:tr 2v bshm;;bdy/t 0in a silver r9ms/srnd t:1 ;2yrbtlb t ;h0ving of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is thlbf2tar.)cg9 8tn) zpis on the Celsius scale? n92gftpr) zt).alc8b   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and l.6tt bz15sz r-vwb+ft owest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, th6ca;la;*q7p5 bayisfe alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0*f7p ;;asab i5ac6lqy $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (ztpmk7.zl )uq 54 zjm*wpa k*(20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately:*lw jt(1e1qj7 i 2cxj3pa t- v s.zhek,6rcjl 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°.sri61czwq1-t2l( 3 v,ejca j:xjt lpj7 he*kC) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole ldiw730/6rh5 wpc ys yare often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet p56wdl cy/ ri7y03whs1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 2bw8e )g /eoew l ;p:wfuqh95t4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will beny r4yur+tmitbv;+ 4. its change in volume if it is he 4yi+yt4t;m buv n+r.rated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the briadc8t0.z6vmbl 5+fa v 8ftz7ym with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water)i)yhoz: w wy5su3 8nt at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At o/ mk)2e(*engd,t shhy4(dcy20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained k9 15ysas0ysv,s;h fdin a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansiossyssk51h09ay,dv; f n is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in therso f*re 4-7eh2 -m7btoit)vk density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w.fj8b5p.a)ws:z -gjwa e z8 kx has coefficient of linear expansio) 8:8zz seja .5-fkbwjagwp x.n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic s9o d s;g4yx,fc()j bmfu pv3y(olid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock +30kbdv 0 0nsvinbjoy)61 r cpis made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1o 0j n0r 0)bkpnb+yvd v6sc31i7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mew0md cnuf8at,qq2u- (rcury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume 0(wdqfu8n,c 2-uqma t of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating asw-b q tpl 9 .-*)imygvu1l1exbout its axle on frictiongbl1elti p1-y m*qv- u) wsx.9less bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired qcj,oii/92jy/b je2ayjqs29 length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this 92j/ o2y2s,9iba jq/ciqjj ye length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel Itcogu42 *.dse-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter dj(lnq0w oy(b;jzp.b0r t1+z 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on t, ephoman zpn-q h+z ,*:ge03ahe Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenhe1ensca;in4 8s- ( aocsit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are tmj zk-o0t )7 ib8pa4dabout 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustionw5siw( n.u a8c engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of ab sci8( wwaun.5out 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gjm/nte)tu oazxq6c2)42s8rxqmfho+ +sx 4z1 as law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitum,- 9 xfetny/k3-wd jrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg m :4hdxr.fe 9eof nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10-3fxlv o +5vpyvblpc f(g)p9b(x 2(qy.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inu2w;ys7yos3.) g qxg)kbunj+ side a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38+sbnj yk yq))sug2x .u3;ow g75 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0a13ycmtxcv u2v)a4 ;0wl ak1v kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatbf,j pt/ a br9l2+3epsing the air inside the balloon, whi9s b2+e ,plpfa jrt/3bch makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air j7g +y0k;2dyowe3prl at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1fmp)5/hi 0o-x;mu vbx 8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea lev.b94w) s e0i 3fmvmtvsel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mole h3rzix a/3+k)gojg(*u)rxdpcules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.cfy t 6.; j6:lksghc7i000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, 0isucmjt9zw + v-4b/k   $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.f3qor -b(7e1 pmx/bqk 1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many mopt1zda6+; 46 uxbuoxw lecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmospheruxub 6+;w4az1o x 6tpde is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molx0x2fw8 doa, hp1m0zuecule at STP? ,of d0z2hxp1waux0 m8    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms ne;;/q7eh 0g xfkxung;ear the surface of the Sun at a temperature of abouqxg;nukhxge 70/f;e ;t 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of12rmsqal x2+q*wt(c9aif.p fs+ - w o8/jyn yg gas molecules increase if the temperature is increase1 n2arl tps j+8 2/m qxcywosq.ff+a9w(*ig-yd from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in uonk ;p uwrt2x/l vxd;):h ud,n-ru8n:nits of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5,pduw :8x/;:2n dkxn tlho)n ruu-r;v, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0:1g 5jxxuf6k z $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what f 3vl,rce8 mlj8 cu,(ntactor d3,c8tll8ujevc r,(n moes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculesd 701ca z,i u+lnw(ugj in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, to a,k 7rlt* rny3l4u3she ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square ror*n yo7uls,4ak 33trlots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogecw(ru laxu60cr b /r66t+r/3 irao 0zen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed w/b.ql 3,lpkpbg( b f6of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance6v+bqadrc v q :wq,p+9 between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amfq5au,l 0ggtp2+ ( wh; rkn2alino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livgqa2f,5pwhl(l gu 2 r0tkn ;+aing cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can bg-1 e wvw4)6g2xu-gn dcfyk6pe written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of hxdec .gs t.:7uranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what 2vqe (5rni,xoysf6e; phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature 9ca:qb+njd2 serz0-qis (a)-qcjdq9e r0bs z+:a 2n 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approx.br314.phrybx7lnhf lkc+ 9i imately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temxrp.f7 1ri+ hbh bl.3c9lykn4perature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boil bebqtl7jrj8c.65b6 l s at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular pn5r) 5wuafy/lh 1np26z b1d lylace in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the plr a z) /ywnh21 f1bd6y5l5nutemperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water i9 7q9c0ob gtw-p8iburs 530 Pa and the97- u0gtiboc bwpr9q 8 relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure xga:)kxq54 /dh8nnb zof water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate e3 h9du)xon-wpressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at 3)9on e -uhwxda temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of voluf 0cdzp) 58p29t .7an gamfrixme 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew/glw9zt)+(o;xmdhct d bk 14- xzo5hm point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffhn o4o0i9 oh m+ a5yiw1 x.cmx5t;r/ckuse a distance okmh /1h4mt9 cnx; o i0oo5awy 5+.xcrif 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of ins x( +jhrulvw:bq8cc23x5qps, ects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm lonr:3s ph(qx +2wlc c,uvqb8j5xg and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure ha gugto 9-qv8u6s been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibracswe03ks2rv* j+2qpvc8 +1q j-xchfrw vc:4j ted at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibzw g5y y1szon.r9t , zwgea7:8rated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup areorn 8z:gwsy yga ,5 .zzw9t71e hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gaj82d r u 3ykr 1m2xc v(g.c46tra)rwmzs cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has dry )r84r(6gmr3 1j dm2ucczwkxtv 2.aecreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 d39h cpmjwx(16o1lz sbkz9g) m, width 3.1 m, andhdgcw913kbzm1oxzj p 9sl(6 ) height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abbi:wtfe39 y repvmah1 hjs w 605f6j/:out one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attaipam:1 9*i8awfbk*m i qnable using the best available vacuum techniques is abo9ia81w**qmi bpak:mfut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to ful.epxwrm/q e9uk j79(d l capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expan7edp (e.u/jrkx9m9 qwd if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon eno r4)m88(k4fa0vssqum ecf f 4ters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond tom4a4e0(8cf sfum4 fro )8 ksqv what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idea y+:o 4 e2uch2z/buvhf v)jkd1l gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770m e,jt1c tw)3ab0w x6do$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estibl 6cey)4h +n/v)yi +tn cap/lmate t+ceny+n6lic)yvalt/ b)/h p 4he total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed ow0b hag / uj7d5jro9n) jc(+juf nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressurea -:xauje5hxs/pn. )o = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T p nesh5/.-xuaa) xoj:= 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in u8 xm dt(okg2ew;7vufe;(8 tba bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolineyac+v ;-d5v+ol;unnv+bxa .m at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were tow/:ng3qpdr en3+)pe jmn :i5v fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightlyv/ a rs/a)f/2fq ,t,p d p;1wyn 9rsbrz/:hrik onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 8tr9ps dov*-m bwpvgk5:fo7: 9 e vso718$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressd: 1glqlc uwef4j v)7/ure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from lke/g cb;rk.( the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tenn6wr)c02y ls rh4+cpye is balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a )c+hy lcr py0r62w4esmass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depthzuxp .w j9d +qvr*m-1w of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and th mrjw*1 +xuz wqdpv.9-e air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water 54zpaw ty,xl(vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: yxz,4lp a5(wt
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a xp:ckjb+9nq 1solid deep in thekn1b q9jc px:+ Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an o6/ae;zzkfxs f2 r 4a8m8eve8ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficiea em;4v/r ko6z8fzsfa8 e28xent of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot ah.5+e g8l 9vgl o9hwo6 dbo5o+ts6mtjnd mildew. If the cellar in a house6h56tlw h g9o8ob5o e . ovmdj++9glts (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg