Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic kur:snas34-.l9oa hptable or Appendil-pan9ku4.:a s3s o rhx B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploite)j,9y j-*0q bfbcay9 kg u nq,rl)7xhtd to make a thermometer.qtb,9uf-l, xy*qrn abg9h7 k )y0j)jc

Which is larger, 1 Cn.efnf.u 9g /x $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermalx r0 +l3xhve my0wdk5s 1t:/fp equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, andpx5vy0l wmx3 1 e0:h+rs/dtk f C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminu h1llehlpcz ieh1g38z 2- bzxq;,7 wd6m riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Tap llb heig dhwx6qh zc27z3l,;1 ze-81ble 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient 0b4 sc ok-(qlgof linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a fumkw4 gwc8. :chco x))mrnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electriw:wx4c))mmg ch o.8c kc switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the8mdm,2h,e d -cor w2tb cm;1s -xux6gb ends often have a section in the shape of a U. 6co 8;s-dbb g1mx2hu,e,-2r twxcm mdWhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mertamd6wyi f afv (7i7 qgp;u;/)cury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is fireh,:fungo)9 yaix/j :st placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Exp, i:hfuxo9yge/)jna :lain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is hz.,bav3z8f2stb) jnheated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent panfb,t8.b3s z2jzh) avrts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficj-2wz o5 gbe6pient of linear expansion is jw2epzg5 ob-6 much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at y.exp9y ldbd 1w86o4o20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will y sd.u0xg4utgb4;ce9 cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will egxd4 ub s0c t9u.g4;ynot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compreseg4prwf. f: ql.x)d+lsed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of moleculp qff:x+g)4l e.ldr w.es when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or1dn s,v1/d ftw5w 9eao decrease if the temperatu51d1wv d,tnws efao 9/re is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how C(1shojb a,erhl/t x57tf gh2+harles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between avgeltbrj7+1, hft hosx(/ a52 herage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law -iuw x8w+e hxr+ l)f2t6 ixyl4follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth 1qq(( n)tbzmseg 9rf mzo;0; l*n/yhh8zgvt; ’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Ear.j9.jmfqfeoa; ) q9s m5/ dkyath refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity5k;a/9moj qde .fqamy)9sj .f for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temp. /sg*ecd57*wvn czdx erature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative 5.cd/ wv7gn*xzdcse *to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable thmq qivf +yv+*;bj) 2shan a hot dry day at the samev yiq)2+m bs;j fvh*q+ temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at *6mu4sa wgb6/o4v20 n gwt5q fi4u kqcroom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the,guv52 u(lt uj humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same u2lj( uv, tu5gT? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an dbijqe64 vd9 x76kfo :overheated automobile enginefx ivk4 qedo97b6 :6jd.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winterl hg(m/ ybuu6 ;wa;,r2y g:swa (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4+a5qyn y:u;ge -gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold hl hwsh+ 9s;5sring compare to the number in a 5s ssh+ h9lw;hsilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scal)or7:ix ai2ty-xz+n ee?n zy2orx+t : ae)i-x7i   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest andkv ,0ypv9 t.fjp.e+n w lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometq ixm0 yw*8,sier, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0*0s ,ix8ywqmi $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 126ayuhq1l 8w-r qt(o t7 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m talnzvl-azu7k p.5 dl5.al. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (avk.a l5.un5l z-dzp 7average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often usedoy;o-e d,ru(3wnqk8p and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm oy kdp3wur - n(,eo;q8in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4te0ytue -lziz9:*yb-0y0lh u $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in di eo f3a9zcj t;ch,s3mzc3p1,sl,f2 rqameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from 9 s aqz12,ec 3zo;ft3 h ,cmjls3frc,p30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of w zb5lo0meu o6-ater at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water a has:0kotjh 6/urkg:, t 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in kwi2x( 5jn8td; 1s+e6jr cm xba ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in eqsgkn0 h;m.qm .hqi:2g u4 6htssentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansgh.:0h 6ms42mq.q ;qkhn tiugion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densitlm.k9pgyyj )du)t j20y $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate dn6*6oyx qnj )v .fo;eof length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansi*dx.n6fo )veq6oy;jnon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid,834+lgr z ;zjruv,fda $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clou 0b8d;zrox p /n,hpkix 4zf(5+pr7vbck is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17br;, uizk4zdxrnx(78p/0 ph 5vbp+fo $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside tq2 j.w9pccu4diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of9j. wqtpc4cu2 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 )b;in6r)cz:heqjqumh (tp d9 0y)y een8v.b5 m is rotating about its axle on fricj5 hrut.b()nbn) )qeyz ;896 dqm0evpe iyh:ctionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 1prb3485pgo 9dd8wrr e m 2ake05°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 3ro e5r89r0g2m w4p3pdaed8 k b5 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of crosgv4y4tugp 9j3 r i90pzs-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122nhnj9rd 6c6zm/w rl0- cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaturbe k.9zq/cp/pcg1a8 qes on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is whaosg(o wn*z+5 je )vhl8wt +0uot temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about7i.5c:qavm i wh)t38gz8j u zw 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engin su :2ckc; x 4pj.wt38xc;hiwee, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 208 kxce3;u:w;. 2swc ih tjx4cp$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of a06i oa-ti-gtoxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitroge 34z vu4j/ 5bbl/pchsln ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen (gtzu:9riyy6($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 6e4: sg9 ju*z/ tifhnn10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kgys5pp9q w, ai0 of argon gas at 385 ai5 q9s0p,y pwK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kn: 1cjnx u gn;*q+0cxi/yc2wo g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achie/:f6ouzfc9grmx; ad+ves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volu9f xd/oc:az r6gm+;fume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air u014uhcmfw md6:jo+ . hjkb3yat 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen rbs9 o3mcj nl6ac*36gat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled ball .l+ee-q bxidemdk a009g p,6ooon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number 38,rjw km/um8l,kl9ifcn 2 f sof molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000+eh/qxf() hx q L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) m1r aj87o qci+koles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.:x55u0vz q3-ztolh jd 1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale1*sx8tf mp o9z that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmotm o18s9 xf*pzsphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecu-t 8;8aggpnz+ e)uuhq sx,d9gle at ST+d8 ;gg ue98tg,u-sza qh n)xpP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed ofrvs* r6ifx1-e9tx 4 ubtwu39hor8o3y helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of*t 8bf9svurr-1etru9x3yx i o oh46w3 about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperatur2y*j+k k hera+e is increased from*+jr2 yhkea+k 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given)tku*; je ooj: in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, o:t kj ;)*joeu7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a(-6. q z+/w roky tnxfm .+z6oxqyoum; gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while) t)ptzuw (w6h its volume is held constant, by what factp)()tt h ww6zuor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given by d 2add hnos qgkbj:;p h37b0*j4ya0r,$v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the saa oh5ny6tfi)i: g2nj )me temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal t) iyo62h :)ag5infn jto the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitroges:epwwa6 . -vgn molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms s+jv4 rt0a 7dwk6ulk3xpeed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance be)d4 a8pxizz wx3p x4wc,6/r idtween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u inm/u2,y.,j di;d rloeroq9vr 7(ree8h a living , vdmjie(yur/r2r7eq eh8o9, r.;l docell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gamtc68ny sdl9nhoq: -z8 ft ;/dp6 8jhnqdb/r1s can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniug95a8oll fk8 f/hi 0k0lk+7er x /vnlvm, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases canxdd0u.io. rs 1 $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and -wp/b,glz apl m-5j.ethe temperature is (a) -/ejppz-l.wgma5l ,b 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew pointhmho- al4h(2jzmdg93r a;; lc (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is hd l;mz4;lr hh ma9o3j-g(c2 a25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure an n7d(xs :az5at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a pa2ye5o cku884m dok/kj rticular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at k j8e254d k u/o8omkycwhich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperatu9d (q8g4b(qidd- jxuire on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and t(u9x8q4jgddid(-iqb he relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a d36efc 1nk: vze:0riteay when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water isda-x86umc:lfxb -blopi/4 + y boiling at a tempera6xl fci -bd 8:4/ym bupo+a-lxture of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vog -5kl.gkmao4 lume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pob:x8cu -+, ub5xelm gnint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycinm 4osvbe3ke:a+;-iwr x e* q0me molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance ofskb x *v;wre:0+-a m4o3eem qi 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tig;eon0g9 ax ;1 e0rx*on rrwo/ny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long o e*n1wro/;r90 xgxngoea 0;rand has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape qyyky qv) dd(;a*5c5gmeasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has beh w /8wwww pm)+r+;nzlen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tempsm0o hy35 m:+ /jycb9)3 qqpbhsibds.erature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hy5bjd+: ysh3i hsb.m/ ms o3)qq0pcb9ot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in *e r d-61mge6 .vliekkn;r q0oa helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atmiokem; r.v1*606qel-rg en kd . What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m 3/hiena7la5g1mhwc5-r1 i - kksj q4a, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature3nawg--ekschl/i 41a 55hr1akjm7i q is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abot;tt0n ml*oxbf- .-z uut one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techn; 4l:-khq-qv wvw c0 e 6kxl9e:z *wgf47aayxbiques is abo fk-e a4l9g:w:cq*0 yzwxhlv7 b;q-ea6wvx k4 ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when dl05m*l,a;6kmt cir l8xtk/o10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose td 0*xm5ltm8rl /lok,a6; tckio the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere au4ida1 f:hb 3dt a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this spe ubh:di431 dafed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increa ,mtwxee 4 1,c +pic6dgij:3cmsed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofq gn3;swezqx g0 6;c.m 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surfacne;n00x 8ubhwhkhsmc c(l nv(1- , xv-/sbw-me of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphhm-s w8 (huhwcev1nkn ,m bsn-;(0b-l/vx0xc ere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed o os8hnyufy4+; -xcz6 zf nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen u l th2oi,iw((:pxno, used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, 2htn (l, ioiop,x:(uwis constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl ofc;r,+pf i-c9z (z syvc liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolin .3c:k)m0 bvq 5 u47vv2g oqsyrf5tvyse at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit iv8k2de6g tuo 7 63jlnq j69hesnugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glte kunoyw,9va +fy:8r r+ex0/ass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stak nljd765rl3bndard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm air t6jta 97yc rsk4.m(jl.t0e t 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eartj-dz yvg9 yg.l (fh3z1w)o0 ayh is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis ball1wk w*j 6pn 1wmv .0d(oq3:nqmc7bttps thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lit0p( 3dq 7w6cqmnk1wvb: wnt p1j.*mod elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter -;;ui) :e eo ddac1c cujqn;u*(spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the b*)c aj ;ueocndu;e1-u;cqd i:ubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: ,/ sl:oe r5kmhyl4xzk2eel )+4rmo ekl+/)e,e2 y5sk:h lxzl
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent dgk-+ch;o/ 0 l jkc1ufiifference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where-fj0 cco i1kklh;ug+/ the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, f28 ckd.e v2kyqor an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volumcd2eq82 vkky .e expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.