Which has more atoms: 1 kg of i,ub ,4rbah xh;5 -k07 qldwogmron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Apbo h5h lx,0 adrb;,q k7wgmu4-pendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to ma/xukk;)fe(y*25cpau dn2 h17enqr ch4yl1huke a thermomete(u;puhefn/nc4kek 5ly27c2a xyud1* 1hh )r q r.

Which is larger, 1 C 9pt;4 ( dpoiii$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium pep( :1k8 lrsnwith system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, a (pr es18lpn:knd C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aiob.n cpz58 )yb s1oa+i;rj h3s8z-pjluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See o h-sbaoi3p+8)nrj8z1 .ysbz ;i pj5cTable 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lt dz1u0zy7 p2rinear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a d*/ emkujc wu(2s ,e j ulk*4uslz/c,-niagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. E*cuslmej *s 2u,wc(-u /4kn/je,ul zkxplain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed ate2xjn6,8iyjz 18v.fpkl 5zss the ends often have a section in the shape of a U.e ,f p8i85jzksl z syj1v2x6.n Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floa)7w t +zbz rzs-dy5yb0ts in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a 9 gelb u;guu 1t+d6aux:8n7cxqgtd-/hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then1glcuu 8gn+6xda9d7g/uq :x;u tt- b e rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapijfu5c9:8tf jyy31r q3 lkx ,zbdly than adjacent parts. Explain.tf8bfr,qy1:x z3j cy uljk35 9

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass i: hdthz7u6g y;lrh0r ;s that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary gty7hulh; d6rg:r hz;0lass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, ;x-g ,haqa3l;yi1c je accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottzp,;;kw( fs t(s 2ggncl(v 1rqom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stangl1z ;(vs2 tcf;g pk(q(ws,rnd up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), it or182 kdjaivz15 xei,s temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theo1k 8iz,15 d2eaor jxivry, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerg,0s; t .o1-zi fvnhqk9b4knef ed in water increase or decrease if the tempet4 ,k f; fkznob.q-19n0sheivrature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and sg3tg6qnsrsr9e dob t9c1,1-:e csd0 the relation between average 1o9n1sb r0es6d-rcg: d s,g9tq3e sctkinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinvjrp:.qxp (cy *b.va(etic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the r1 s2vbbuq a:9b:hm. +igk zo7ebb6b*l atio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for thefwv67 g3xjkg 9(0 qvgg Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The esca fw0639jqgvgg( vgx7kpe velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water -mwlzu1daz4tmz 4 *kln0/ef0 at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of owt0k0 d/l 1z m4nf-lzuaze 4m*ne relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humwdl673dj3rlki+omhun h3 v o82y :;djid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperatu3um8ih v2 7w onj:dhkldd+r 36loy3j;re.

Is it possible to boil water at room tp;a b x6v,5umt)bo-7spt6gyrtuln 72yk1.dtemperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the aifea, yqpfv ,,(r temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, tvpf q,,afey,(he dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dang9 tdjxmng/( 3uerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile nt mj/3u9( gdxengine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a li8*symi p8a ;6 kk m f4:3fovnp4 l7m)atwl)wwvttle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4k6)a7t:xa i4dhlgdq( -gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the numbqf( jm/p3mzq )s7hy ;wer in a silver ring of the same mz)q;s jpy3 qh/wf m(m7ass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 6815jpn9tjx l d2°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?1tj92l d5 nxjp   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempogb:q/x0p5o3)ut jgf0 re ;pheratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column h7;: 55f cedcrhtyvsi 4fc4/ttas length 11.82 cm at 0.05s :4 t e7itcd/rcfy5h ;fvct4 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway i y2:d/(v2a nxoajfwn*s built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron appr37av2 dl xadkt-2l/pvoximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Januar3 t2v-ax/ d dk72vllpay (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than tg 6aoo xaktc4t:w ;x q+6q(yw-he rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter a4(qt awq ;w-k+6o txcy:o6agxt 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of watere7ne4ply18vdsjo zt - fy ,g:, at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter.+r zp,u2bv7m0 o0pa+pg 3pj .qhg d3xl What will be its change in volume if it is heated g+mjq.ppb3x,3pv r o p2h00 gu 7+dzalfrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brimhud5nww1; q4x with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water au5uo4 ctesf o0- 8jx/syh9 )yrt 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed inkamw;oqp.)7(o;lb g,k: w cz0 4b ukol a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentiall1j7twuv zds:((8ui)ee w f3rnq bz0,iy one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximatesd(8z7ewi,1 b z(fnj:03tqui v)ur ewly equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chvbp7(wq0+p +yr zunmm0ked *v)p;. txange in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and n0 nx aw-*5-i3bycdrr width w has coefficient of linear expan5rx*rwy3- -ancinbd 0 sion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solmq p2/m 2v+tkzid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is ys0gq /,iqh7:kwkoeohei,7y9e1 lw, w fg35 kmade of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 9lo1eqik,keg05 : kwo3ysww /i,yqh77 hfe,g$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diamebu0 jdb:5ifc8 ter of 0.140 mm. The bulb fb5bu:dcj 80i has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical whel14c ye nusd k0n.0n7cj:g-ojel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings wiyn.- 0snk 7 j0ulg:en j1ocd4cth angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stres dmao m7xp;y4g12pw)wp67p w iix2 bn7s is required to;)7x4mipm dpway1g o p277i6xnbp 2 ww keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-bea 99u s la-lkhv/.l f64(eu-xnpk bousf 07n6gem of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 20h:q n*vc e)p7 ro(gp3i$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temnu (cbd,4h g put-ru)8peratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit lt936k b:xaeascale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures i n1n z)f/ spoy;3b0ts2*pyu tvn the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmop0q5uh(17 mn o z)kz p 4ro.sl.ap7ogbspheric pressure and a temperature of abozam bzplr)qop.khn 10.su p( 7o745gout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gzeqoz m,qra i7:s 91k)a 9*zacas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contai/v; bt) qe(z ct*vt+vyns 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg219d j9oyqs zuzq *z0 x7zjozi7h4gw2 of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0p fm9s/-a1mmt 6cozs( 1qyv3jcl4e 0t $^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas ;xy4mwrs9 xfyarxs)(n.+a4 v at 3x; av()m+ rws44yxxs arf9 .ny85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of 91s*s/vua+e k7fxn(dg) g qle$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating th9a,2y oers+ide air inside the balloon, which makes it lei2y,a ed+9rs oss dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at s c o1l b2k ubd(dk+lqpha1r)j -y.n1.15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen ab+0mvh*opr 1k t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon l)ano. 1 p:c ;afc-hnmw( ;y*su,cfac escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mo .jz2n*xn uh4)ybr4gmlecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there mpthzvx:3s 61 in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molea;v9vm;sg 2wlv52pht)s 8vzls,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5. bj-jyv4cl7e 3; iokt2 ::q0kqh c5gdh1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air6 e5wn pdwk*n um1.r*l are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [u*wn5 .w* 16 emrdlnpkHint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energwyke.)py 96cd nv y7i;y of an oxygen molecule at STP . dpv9i6cwn;7y y)yke?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atomst6uu-w5l ;s8)qe g dpzw: jwo6 near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about6z;ld 5:ugjtu6 p8wq)- weows 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas moleculesq).b.tx ljkp:qrngd8 p 3h0p, increase if the temperature is increasedt p pdr.b,j8hxqk )0glqn.:3p from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followin+1i43tb mrn iw,sghh87uzmv 6 g speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. u8z4mi7mb+tgrihvh, 163 w nsCalculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules i*huj z ;/v6; swfizib8n a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, byorm9s0lb- ckq.vm s )d/wd:l) what factor does dl b-/lvqm9s .s)d :woc) kr0m$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleclm,k+ m e.u8c +y0biuwc+p6xhules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of the ph(ql79l s((uoft 8xzir rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their mole 8qf(7 lopxz9sh(tlu(cular masses.

  What is the rms speewuda 7gu7(4p lm /kbzfh;e38jd of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mol+ v(ihbmg oqw:b g 3+*ohfvh()+2hwpwecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betwekk wtj.a ,o.-1g3,uwm9yon wsen nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms wguvr j:4)h1ppljl 62 speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell atv4lwp6h1 jluj2 pr g): 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas ca x+kf72de +(sp8 3p. qzoonsenn be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ure,jrgk:c b2qqgk80z1anium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases ca++5lk q ule7ms+jxp2f n $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is kp:/qlg xur,+(a) 90 :,xr up+/k qlg$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity il +w6+l s907myyoplcfc (o+dns 50% on a day when the temperaturelmlp ( o+6yloc+9 0ydcw+n7sf is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where a;2o jk eh6gh8c w,c(cwater boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in r :na bvzbvn bpd,yc ,oa,7/(-the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature,y:zd / cb-nvv p7,,on brb(aa at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a da6 .fabq+ v/hxwng)6 ddy when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity isa/bw q hg ndd)+6f.x6v 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature isxf;8gg7x 7eyt waqr* ; 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressu+ 7. v,bfmb;xvuf o8rure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120f7b.,um 8oxufvr + vb; $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of 7 h xxsme,;gg6 i5aqs,volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dl8(w mxk re4n/ew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glyc72sunv4 wo/j1lf kk:eine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance vunk1el /ko:j4w 27f sof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubesd *+92ynjv syor0trj 3 spv:r2 called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional ar ro syn0j+vry2 s v92jt3rdp*:ea of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape meacl zjzc1d ( zris s, ):l26q+yi5/gvn27pupm ysure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratedcp0cyfd yu;7)r6qi 5qxl- :vxi 9fcp , at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room te 9q58q s)ki1bm* a/ nil;ezyqemperature. How much error will be made in a recipe /e9m ;8z*bqqyilsn15) qiakecalling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helaa4; 4 vc6a0ox6. vuqrglw8pe ium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction oecru6lvw0 o6v8 axq;4ga.4a pf the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a roomhtw e46 e e2e/tzj2;sn of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperaj s; 2ze /e6t2heent4wture is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of m 0phpcj1yw9 :gatter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using c*q f1gvba zzxq*.f* /k5jq* vthe best available vacuum techniques is aboutfqq q* * f .agvj*vzxk*zbc1/5 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity c.j2( ( p pg9sdo7hb)dq/ stggdu 8i8sof 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he8d7g g 8dsu(tp( ss goqi.9/b2cpjd)h quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earthnf1 ( n:f,b dtnj771mwvz1 f u)gh3hsm’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seeudb1th n 1sffz fmw:n17 ,v3hn( )j7mgn as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas p + +ofip2 rum*2wj.vvis increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume sexx:v)ah/g fb c3d 5uju7+c( of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth.nlvii( n.wdft 2jfdd -. w.fu0wwyp7x-)yd9 , estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth )-utivdwnp.wdfj.ld.fxyi 0ww9d f( y27n.-’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules ccw 384f upftxiwcj 1 1enr;6c,ontained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 otcu./cm 5n4q+ralo ;c*v l dp- +nei3c e*6izpsi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/*cpz4-oec+ lc d6o +t r u/;3qn5enmlvic* ia.min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowp8 puqh3bx )i3; 26+ynwzjefml of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol-8i)q( ue*vj u3o ezdoine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly aro;d h0v0ree.bc und the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar atq5g bm 9t vyw5gl9f7pnrh)ufv6-e 25u 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adqf gy 5 yw -:/+8nqbfrhsa19xlkvt 3(ropted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, ha9zc7pyn. *2s ):z,a x/pwx qbtffh;abs a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from b m xbt09;n+dzthe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid xk89po rg7r9 4oalri-1lkn* gis suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mrnl4-or1k* 7r 89gg9i olkxap ass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical)ijgny-/7man (x5uwcb0 e(eq- iv so,3 bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a pe( 5nio3b(s7x-e/gvcjyai n 0meuw-, qrfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two days:umt0/d i c9: ypbra42d 2b0 4mtiddau9/p:yc r
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density o1 1 ktc+rp;vf-bsc-r c h)btx l(oqk:7f iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Ea-t : )q f tkckvhr7l-11( +;poscbrxbcrth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gaso. c5 wb; elp2 pjc1y(1xze4up at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion isz.c(b2x;lwe1pec4yopu1p j 5 equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify b m: ufa;h3d3ltheir cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at ld;aum:3b 3fh 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg