Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg dgp e) e:fhd-d(le9: 1 yyv7dmof aluminum? See the periodic table or Appe1ed pgfv h)(9yy-ldd:7 :ed mendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermo1cmq10+odh9cz6g0 da9zr/1uzwfd 4pj: ru aometer.zzaru 0o q1p:9 6cw1o4g/aujf+dzh r9m d10 dc

Which is larger, 1 C4k/ gs-htl 71j i+hmwq $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B,2x,)ond vh dc/ but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the t /dcnh2x)d,o vemperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iropym/3fud2 uk*n. When heated, the strip will be d3f2puy*k/ umnd. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of x g-65v)*zqseb hj;vz linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simplf5 )w:.uv ven8 b4bmcfe thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts f ubm :e)48n.v 5bvcwfelectricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the s7y tt7tq d9k)jhape of a U. Wh7kyt q79tjt)dy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead fl 5sau g0fmx24qoats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-iqqetfy54sbl1 + vq,(q n-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit aqeqq ,f4sy(ltq1 b5+ vnd then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one partf uzm,0lq qc4) of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjaz04f,q ulm q)ccent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex g kqryhr q84gc0e++j60x pcxf)lass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heatge )0 6x0h+qk fxj4cr8yqprc+ resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate*tt wyo w1se:d1 2eij5 at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so5brnty a/j532fu7l kx badly the can will not stand up. What has happened?b5katxryl fju2 /53n7

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pistondnh, d b47exu f3,a q0+r71iiuu *l lci4igu8r), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, 7*qc d4in hfxli e1ialu +ubrrg,83u ,iu07d4in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alumwgb4(j djb.a1 +hf)lninum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperg1 .a+)wnjfbjl4dh(b ature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and 52ysk lav (0uc8p)rxothe relation between average kinetic energy and the abss ulor 2(v pkacx05)8yolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kine 2 g.rf1ztvin*tic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, tf6)z6idmc o8q h 7f3bshe ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers9bnodd p25o u6hh ro0dd u714o to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has prd05d79nh b6hoddouo2 r41p uoactically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room * usavjvg9mjtm8 9v;cd9p5 (gtemperature. What can you infer aboutamu(tv*8; vjd9sgg5 v m99c pj the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomforta-n oeqdjg/6*bgvb+s , ble than a hot dry day at the same temperatuqj-/ 6 d*nsvo, bgegb+re.

Is it possible to boil water at room f*koc9uli50, l ll(;m oz/o cztemperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the 2pajcd90wie yp;. f+v same but the humidity is different. Wpjay0e+w;9 vpdcf i 2.hich is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiatn t:ptt oof8.tiyps7 cx)tco4:. k)+ sor cap of an overheated automobile engine :7cp)xs. t+kpoift4oy.sntto8t: )c .

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud inepkpke(dc6 0mp+z)/ t the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penb4m tf*. rumi.a;-b 3tki3zyony?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram g wkw3nbf7kv s5wkj((4x)( ulyold ring compare to the number in a silver ring ofx4(wwkf(jkw(7un3y b s5lk )v the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is ofteng(m+d8exaj6 6((qsiuux. h pa taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?(a.uxx(gaqsujp +deh (86m6i   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 13;a( 6erz pat anr+x9un(so5w06 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, thr tin5l pyng5c.4y*3.) v bncae alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 )cpn.gi. *5ctylb rv n34y5an $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of j/s5z lud uiw4r( 4+qa3iuflr.j2 q w-slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wr xqmo.d hm 1rmmy9lz,y /0*) hbp4ldt8ought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and l9m /d y*)rhb.zqol 0md 8x,tp4mh 1myJanuary (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rive3r p3l4acg9aets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed9p4ragea3 l3c in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at--/agrm 5dwq :g3xigz 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change i;mx ecfu(y*y(0lyulyb*d7* 5 g vhi :vn volume if it is heated fr5dhv0yg;le( xbfv cyuy*:i 7* y(ul*mom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to ljmn 5j/ :m5aq,y fr1ythe brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 m/c, iiagcgd60dwp 6tt 0orv.*t+( so oL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a rinzkl)l2k rgj5, g made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so ikt9 qs pu28g4d4r)iqocxj/-us8j.2i kc i ,fvt can expand in essentially one direction k-q. )2i fd 8 2qj9guicjv,ussci8protx4 4/ konly, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chan q2m;lnroj3/m ge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l andds2fgl-zf: d; 0 p jst-hu8nfkbsy1 4; width w has coefficient of linear expansion ; slsfhftb;g84uf- s0-n kpddy21:z j$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soliit2ut rlqwub8oz9 *e;.j*9o ud, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather yff/7gpb ns6.clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 ff6spy .bgn7/$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside d;f7 h vkrsm-1liameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255 v k7fl;smr1- h$cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotatind7qto j 7ed 5-9excv1yg about its axle on frictionless bearings with angularcxv9 q7-ddj 1e 57etoy velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when 1o odyci1rp;7uj: uo r u+m,3tat 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at u ij,ryom11o pct7:3o ;duru+this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional areko2pf2 /2duh wa 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm acj0fhlqsqa pmo 3-m31w+li6dp)n4.et 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin s+gt8;xh0-;.9* ahgufg o 4pufssxt pn 3t g:qdcale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale18 ,yyna/vmapi9. okh +xwv5s ?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of tnfl so ij(8*b9 gs6d:ehe Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric press 1fthc)g skmxf3 )a)s4ure and a temperature ofc1 ))3g atfhmsxfk4 s) about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the hna 1j,8io qrngv4wv:* *ho z+ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen r; dqyxli i- lv4g:o4-($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen hb0ex0;k3gg6 x hoolkcn(9sg ngz99- ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium l7quypdd/) (3z(a xe agas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container hnu)to, 0fij h1olding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385oin)t1uh0j ,f K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0f) *ocz v4w t80glnf6t kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyaa,0buz8k7ycq e+uj19( du/hszq mj.lnt lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air o jkzhzuus j+/( q18c9u ldqb0ame.7, yutside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at /x:sheec; rsz3nv- .h ;t ts0u15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1k.c3 (n8ujmt a8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea lev r;f(dwpv-io qy-qfm+ )6e p/lel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the numberm,kxw836qodk;eboj0k aw, ,ujd .e; c of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are : pulxie5d jeao6 mt1/ j.kdn eqp4:w6h4a(r.there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number c n:*r (kgh2 e3yd3xmqof (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.8mjyz*b8- is ps4sis .1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-Lbwd3e67 i9rdc breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphddr7 69wib3ec ere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen mk*l9pwlp-a9 ,r.r*h ek mvk 5polecule at STP? p9lerk. pv5*pa-l kh*kwm9 ,r    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the66ydkk /9 n o9hiepv7r Sun at a temperai 66hrve/97 kkn9odpyture of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms .) nlu(pi;qwz speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from w;iz).p (u lnq0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4,2nl.f(zr-vw j;k v ae ,db79aj 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the ev (97k-blznw,2vrfjj ;daa .rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.,br25:;yu +rdyu 3h3 etktdgo0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held coe ;mhaipuf8dusj4 81s*j/o k4jb/gp+qwz :)unstant, by what factor doe 1gfuahj)j 8s4d 4/8; *ijk z:peubm+/ souwpqs $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gai, 6 ua,h,1 )y pm(r:8z alf5cymtefvts is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at tk6bz -;l*mpr ehe same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equalblez kp6-;m*r to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8ooo kses 2 xgo+r;6n62.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moleculemswb70bu ktr *;j+y y0 at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at ST 2pmnc(qr re0,P?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mahzk5 m --0exxbss is 89 u in a living mz0x-ek 5bx -hcell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written toos 9,yea 0 xgmkk-dts 4(t7 :yvd:0lP = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of y r :y96b3bcca ;/ )cuik jj3ofs2+nlruranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what pi;j8ocd u8aut nl4p 8,hases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 at;:b tujwm-vt: -2lc cfm and the temperature is (a) 90 -wu 2;t:m- flctjcvb:$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (apprg,7d lxge74ll9 x h(bxoximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25b 4 ,gdx le7g9l7lx(xh $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils 2ov t.:vj,udly*j,f s at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estfs14ys9 +e85vjt f8fej cvm:nimate the temperature at which water 9f81vsj 5f:mt4e+yvcfs8 jn eboils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on q;e ua2 j/0nd(el 4zlea day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity ijql /4zele(de0a ;nu2 s 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tempe bz( /cgl,hs-wh*m a8srature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pfz 5m50u.0ki*ka u surressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature oi5u ku5*sumz0fak 0r .f 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of v)c/lo (myeo: g: i0wukolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew p5-mnswn,rnk vq7 ,qd(ny axb; z e4j92oint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time neede y,03(wo3hwf e1,.b)d vwf u fbhvdm/jd for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dista(v,bjfw mo, 0bdve fwu/hw.1 )fyh d33nce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tgglnb3 f5f/ ,pubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional areap nlf53,ggbf/ of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 208wmo+24dvoihq i0z. b $^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape mehc +op)ad. xoxwpy,: h fd/.-qasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature.np:q.89evyie f o6u q 8( cymqb,9b2ow How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 meoqpf8o2e ,wb9q: 8b9u6qv ci.y nym(L of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initialgpu : o-q4lv5r7hl/emly 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gau-h4/pgqo lm5r7l ev :uge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of ajy mbj5*. /tieir molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tempera.e jy/5btj*miture is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about o(q, se ) thnk1dls*)uvne atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the +* ( n,n0xgefk80ztrw glp0oxbest available vacuum techniques is about gf0kt gwxpzn0 0re+lnx*,o8 ($10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity iwhk-29 w 4sllof 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume hwk 9llw4s-2 iwould his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returneq+hcx*-a 83qg.dzp fing from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle wi*- x 3efqz+qdg.pha c8th this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an i;fu3bnb b2jhlc- 5d1abm3lj 3 wsi2i2es8 ka0deal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770. m*gz 6wh- a.zf*4tnj c(camem$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, esh ;pxwtly8npcib qz-m+ 8/ 3 4owsf(t+timate the total numbe4 3yilf/w- ;t(8h +zpobtq x mnw8csp+r of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speepmjw (:iwvvd*xzralg q 9m()m;)i3/jd of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen use0fkp6cye )3n, e s6nv)kmlg a2d in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pre 0p3m 6n6s2l)ek eya vf,k)cngssure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury uhcz 6vd)ljqo)pv.w:hs j 2,)at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli7+ xb5zfrzgcv7yag- 0 ne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s e-t -d2ydwadn+i z 2pv-quator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightl595 rwhn- t4ilbzdu. rkqh 0t-y onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stalmq0e.8 v-.)fcv mhqvz2gh/endard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm1)+xb76r cbkn. fitlx at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the(+ s+22qe hwr xk4p df4 n;kuks:g9gfo Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis bapk3 s2g*tjak tp0lu1.: vo 9,xxkc4by lls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound fb vx1.js0p g43 p,ak2kukt9: ycxo* tlrom the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphy( s3 a,dzqxrp;a*lkkw4 ae6 4erical) bubble of air from a depthzd(as 4apxel 4*k63w q; raky, of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two d-m jipw wsd))4ays: i4-jwdpm)s)w
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differenb8w9b7r2o cxa +h/mo gce in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where thoamwx c+8r2/9gbob 7he temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pzoy:: h 1d0iwujr+2; hyqj9 0l9sghvuressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equalwjr990hy0+zdvhj:ul1u;qh :g oiy2s to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.