Which has more atoms: 1 kg o1vc)jr*;3kf1p nm keof iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Akc3vroe;1j mnp*1k) fppendix B.

Name several properties of materials th7l,mt 7ml ckxv-i,fq, at could be exploited to make a thermomet k,tm,- lcv,mi7lx7fq er.

Which is larger, 1 Cqgru f,:aud5;7cb zt04 nenz + $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with syst;;z.lh;)g dm z3lcnyaem B, but B is not in thermal equili3c)n. lgzh; ;zy;mdlabrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When wf*oj8j cc/3* e,yg azheated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hin,c*8f 3jwoca/zeg*j yt: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient ryf(m5+pe a o 4lg)+gl dl8r,zof linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a svzfy11c+nx 2 dimple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip cnv+y2z1c1df x onsists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the endito74n x;j u.tf.1f,l pai e/lb3sl-d s often have a section in the shape of dlotsuje/ .n4f; tb7ipix31 fl. al-,a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead float7+ bbj/ v pr2;yrnw-kbs in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermomete3no 3 i(iz ;ge672pxz oypnio7r is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then risn ziio23gy37oepo pni ;7(x6zes. Explain.

A glass container may b(i)f/c , .n; lkncz,oq*hewrj reak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts,*e c/o .;qn,wcrhk(l)fz nj i. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficigjhhf9w- ,zzxen;9 ;v2r: htw ent of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increz jv,9wn9hfhh ;;et: -xw2grzased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, acmyd6 d;m.zq1pi 4 zy)pcurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to buinjg5rhz w)aa- /n 4q9lge so badly the can will not stand up-w 5g9/nz n a)haj4qir. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperatc*:4zgmgd+ma,nxmi8yq r + ;vure increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molec8* i,na+vggmrq+c :mzm xd4y;ules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on a(gr oazi8.7b 7 wazb.qn aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature i.w(. abo8rizq 7a7bzg s increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’e8-otznc rwl8-,. i dns law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the 8 tinl no d8,-e.rz-wcabsolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows froeks/ 3oox75t1ml,9g.dt qyy:,bu ofpm kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the cc57 5zk xc:vdratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objectfc uolwfr;m j3mamt6o1, 5n10 must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for th,5l;w c ornjm0u 1m1f6matf3 oe Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than waterv/k xg mx5pi h1e1ux lr7 5b26qqt,u;m at room temperature. What can you infer a1e v ;xu h7m p 2kx,q55m16t/iqglxrubbout the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at theco7du+4f;fsr s7 urf+ sf4dco;ame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperaturetcjg.,lea.j / 8fum., eg7agnzk 7. ee (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same bud fzsrn j4.k21t the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at td rs2n1. 4kfjzhe same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous toz-qbg b/9d7 ds open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engig-b sb9d /7zqdne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a litt/9/u: frx ke4g wq6oinle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a khs33gi4xlq: 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to ;-;,om eg7h9s m* hwjo-* 3v krtdj;z0xwqgnlthe number in a -7j*m; w;em os3;-z oh0n9gl qwrjk*txvhg, dsilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken 7z ma)h4pi yg1to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?4pa ) izy71hmg   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 138j:y4n imu pq;)8yhas6 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has dpsgg;*c3ribdnu 63e,*qmf:length 11.82 cm at 0.*:bpgr d,6qc3*udfmis3gn ;e0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bf0 xgfk.he9k)b/ulnmz(/x h6 uilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximatell m(rp xt yv)6-lv/3u( mmnel1y 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changmlm1uv/ r (n(mvltpy3-)6 el xes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are gx4*7syye h,n t am lo+j/.3yularger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in dium. yy/t 7eaxo 4lsy3,hjgn*+ameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at qg(d71 yd hfu/4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change idb5/qvj j(p1 un volume if it is dv5 1p/bqujj (heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the jq1yv. 0/zqr. rp kz(gbrim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 2;4 b vamu kejzjz7)80q0 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iro:osm 59k6oydymprn-2n. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so 6 v;ggkb 798yqqd ec-uit can expand in essentially oneq- gvbeg y876du;kcq9 direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changeb:5pd g0t*mj 3u rwj0j in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear exp 9xtl/+jyer( pansion jelx9ry/(tp +$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solint/6rnirool8cl ,m;2 da :m :kd, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfathe/nmove/ .;syvs s0v,er clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 yevvss. nvo//,e; ms0 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. tlf w89 h/;*z ggzjxq2The bulb has a 9thlz *xg2;jg8zwf q/ volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radiu. ;8q0a2 wnpxv9c(wmw(op bxms 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velo awmvp8qcxwb92 x own0;(m(p.city $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required gi ,xhi* ;8zr/vbvp;)j 7(eo gk5kqht to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35ev5ki;j)gp/vbo ,x thrgi8 h *(7kqz; $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectq ;)4, rhdoqsyional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm atczvb3 q9ta/ws6-ltn06zh d )z 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on g;094;tfg5hdm rt 0b soxol :tthe Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temp gwjmd c3xt(/y1r 87bherature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the fh fulv+u56t2/ e8 ei8v+ asdjEarth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tbvoy9pj7-ku2 s wd/d5emperature ow7bv9u -kd2/5 sjdo ypf about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using 9gd *5z v*y7-lmm8gn yssg2jqthe ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank conta.fbn gmd,45ctins 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nithaxn5*eo8gvat: pf j:, ke7o;rogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0j9wr lcna,qn;x- ja: :$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container c 3r07box ef02/fs9jgp fg7zlholding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 Kcz0pf s73og/je7 f2xl0 fb 9rg?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0( /. mxqc :g(t8xhv t1wapalu; kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the ai- rmpuyjl-1fn(/ +ir dr inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than t ldf/in-ym j rr(u1-p+he air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air yp/efp n0e7 fks3hg684j3mxd at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at chrj3qs1*q5q5f( m yj18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a c7da1x fxttr,lhf(-z t9 +bd0 qhild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number ofikuz.qdh;rl.2 f d/7eiyyfz kw;7,m9 molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many mpuc)z ti** j*w1qay 6oolecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of/a:*s twm0hirfx bu0x4av,:y (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum +0 jjce/e yasyg6nq5.e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhaleezj fgdx*2 jy4snb ,e6,s6ol. that were also in the last bfj6 2 g,se6lj .ex*ndz,ob4syreath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the averamrq or -/azzf39fb(n/9jqzo.ge translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STfozm.( j3rz on qqf/zb/-9r9a P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atomsu3 c50lailar ;u ;xw(l near the surface of the Sun at a temperature ucwlix;350 ur ll(a;aof about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gasgu+7up 7yhr x f3y6r1(l b+omg molecules increase if the temperature is increased fh3r+ yg( 7ub p7rygox6uml+f1 rom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, givuut5 2 qyp l.6dqs+fi4en in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 352 f .qytq dlsu+i6pu4, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20. r r(jph,6qtr/kn97ml1x j m,x0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what f) .nt;oem lli wk6w6+lactorm+e6w;6 lotlkwn) l.i does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of mo b02-oy 74aj7ve41fkpmulpk4-d e uur lecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperaturrl,(,mwzv 2sc+i,koo0 xsnm gzqs5al4 wp .8(e, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of ,(.zql20zs5go,4smml 8 w+( ,ocpasvx wrk in the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules cvfer ;y+*myo vyij,b80i. w t-ontained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed8p ba;/2f04 zfcnqicxyw 7ew; of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molec+u+4opvzfd ;nules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino duxtceuu9d 5d-kn/ w1 x5r97nacid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livdxuk 95xdu-eu 5cndt r79w n/1ing cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressura+ ,n1dl, g.8 gpsjtsue P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium+ev maoz33:i *)4r vcejuzxljv u- un(wtv3(;, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases caip 5m rd01rc*d 1rbm+tn $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperiva4, l(j8h y si8gn 31tzudw7ature is (a)is jg 3hdv7yia1zn48wu t,8(l 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a4r.p2yck uk+3w 0ou 5qa6ba75wvpzw h day when the temperature i +uwwkp yqw6o3 0ark54.v72u5abphczs 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where waterv j*m/k6v0 zsc boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains8lwr69 ge+dw b is 0.72 atm, estimate the tem gbrw6 +dl8we9perature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a dayu/tt pjk*ff9h 8.,dixup44 u g when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the *.guti4h8jptu,/u 9 fdk 4f pxrelative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressur ngqk1gqg* a))e of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure tudm ;czdpl;rm ob*:o6 5;lt 2inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 1zp; ;*6rd l:lt ;mot5m2c doub20 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumev9z rgr.0yry ,+gf j6f 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ofkd*t*x0vqy/1e tz pi r6rwa05 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (ka)5y1/ yokru ,dt6 wssee Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanc,/y65uodkyk1as r w)te of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface o9*u:uqwu(kz25kwcb niuce1(f insects to the interior through tiny tubes calledc2(wuuib:czn(we 5uku * 9q1k tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibra-/jic 9-)dhn j6p j4wl droc)wted at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure n+ 4c/pv*l(x zhjuv3 lhas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tempefg ou m16(vs d3rjx1p*rature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of coolfm1usvd(3jr p*g16xo water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cyls mxd lr7e-4 )lf-n/vt3hu,lc inder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, thlnsf3-e ,ml 7uthc-)l vrxd/4e gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of 9r l:of6 vz r)*yhrk05r9hdxm air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume th)y0:rr6ozr*hl r 5f vxdk99hme temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of eas30( zezp4nl2 l9bz matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the4rx61ok4n0un tku+0rn3npr t7dikyg 3zi3w7 best available vacuum techniques is about 4nyt710kr3uu76x+kikn gr o 34tzrn pn03di w $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacittaowo 9ac*gpe8xa zfbu19n lr/: 2z:9 y of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand91anauxlb9t 9a*cogz :p8o ew2rf:/ z if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returwc6) .tysh bg0quru5 *ning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright b .c)w *uysrgq6h5 u0tblaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is inc8ibzd/- fl5js5clz l 0reased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume r -fkx6ums9 wqk(:i ii f3a;hu5fsc55 of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the s)e.(hvh)od ujuj);a surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of a)u);a uhd jeos.)jv(hir molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules coi5. z-jhe)r4 /r cae7 vli,gvintained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gaug 7we0)en8eu myob c+y.e pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at ob0yu)me+we .y87n ceatmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury j ;w uet/u2+pwat 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolqa/avua. y:s (ine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugj7cp)v(:t l2wtdn0z mg6 qe)jly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass+qs2)eld xbffa 5b;q, jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoputao 3je1e-cvl *4q-sted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 a*iq a;o/ (oaif y :t74 gggs2sxt.ck2etm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from tlzq,n6+k 6 8tuniuai9he Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity/: mt+ej dckw. by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass ofk/:jm ced. w+t 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubblb3lcrh, w;k4 xe of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is tbk3hr wcl ,4x;he bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor prestj2 pg8svwr dvhoy ,ij.2 .o7-sure in the air on the following two days: j,v it27p.2swdo.vjyo8rg - h
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the ny,-;i jw: djjdensity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temp,dj-wjnyij: ; erature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressurey7 1rqcw z5-( akmw,6/zl gzlp, the coefficient of volume expazg,5p(ca q-k/zwyrzwlm17 l 6nsion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.