Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of a) grxj z9wl-,lr1- iqzluminum? See the periodic table or Appen,l1qi- - z)zjgwrlrx 9dix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make t8/mhrdo vd g*mpt9adh+n //. a thermomet.9g+h tm a/d/prmn*hd8to v d/er.

Which is larger, 1 C4xk+m;cob0qajv/v;8dqdj(4 d 6mp au $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system 7/w5krpst1cx2lhi: z B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?zc/xr:i57kwh pl s2 t1

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riqgf,z :9yu/ lqvto27nveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why ntv9fguy7 2 /q,:qzlo?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear exp7c+b;rdy s jv:vqm o74ansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram tqo/)e)ok k:+by umn pq;59od of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling syp ue:o );b9o5qk/)+yoqmd ktn stem). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the . 9 vqwhr9r3rr78xk t7;sbvd bends often have a section in the shape of tkb 9x.dr3s r 87w7rhqvb;r9va U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinderzwqc b -j+ wuxf76y6a(j ;j4vi of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glassd.ta6-)vkji x3sam)gc :t *m q thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially desk )t* 3cgdqm:-aimtj6a) v.xscends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled mo rjen(f (p8.-inld jn3re rapidly than adjacent partd3e j(-l8r .fnp( ninjs. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyre w9r pm gjw9 (qz-60ohi;h9dyqp1hr9nx glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ord091 jdq;9n p9hw(m qwzyhi gr-rp6o9hinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate atuie o1y()m 0mk 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause itvei9-w qo z2j+s bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happene ow+2vieq z-9jd?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), i65akc ow(6acv ts temperature incacokc66w( a v5reases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alupvbgk+ gtk3g(f82, 6 wa9d)z, jwuvr wminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increa3up9r 6dkv wka w) g+(8 ,2btzwjgfvg,sed from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and tmv+lzc.x e.-ihe relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute te.mcxze+i. l -vmperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lus7mrhn 38wy: q2 gjdd:asac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratu.d vmu0gpgzdj+ 7ao(s gq,-7k8qd o3io of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have toh zej;vdo :y(d2bxmjn c3z/ub+ a :e78 leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has pract37;2uzdb+ jz:mnaby jhe:dc /ov 8(xe ically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at;k1z8sxgs1 kh room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?xks s18hk;z1g

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dttf xg2 +.der2/bj wd/;ul .fpry day at the same temperatux2 dlr .pe f2btj+//;g ud.ftwre.

Is it possible to boil water ja7m9,lm /jvu fv1d0 uat room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the*a8*f t(zllrkmh2o q+ same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or z(8o tal*fl+ h2q km*rthe humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator c 6pi3zk-e8h dj-itj9 qov6) jcap of an overheated automobile engine.k dh9tj-)ijc8o i- 3ve6p6 jqz

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud ind.19 nz9fjb ;ub1+6xufhti xc the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in49 -)w0 7icp7cqj4zvineax o f a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold j m20uxc)cc pt3 +z+/8y fttoyring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass xuy+tcc )j 08ttpm/2fcyzo+3?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken toz2)j/ uy,zxdb54y5ka b6of m t be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?,4jo duxakt)/fbyz55z b6 ym2    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempera71(njqlc +)8 x4nvooie det0ttures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermomete2q 7wa/u ixsh3r, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 uhx q72/ i3saw$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway ishr6x-mnr q2h 5 built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wroug, py *kc p0sz4llo;xi4ht iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height chanpl,lo;yc k40zixp4*s ges between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger thaud8yzo4ae md13w ,:ynn the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) befyuoa:w zd1dm 3, y4n8eore it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water o6xv7l 98zzhxat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.jj1t .n j(oma/75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heajmta (o/ j.nj1ted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water t +in: g6m)bokat 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.5p cqivb+ gnb;84q(/nfpxb 9+c0 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring m;jygh40d 500zznnv o tade of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow v+gxk u0gi(6w cessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expac +6kuxg(0w ignsion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chang;/qry5g di n6oe in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengs*, zqbp*pqz48*ajn:nj don 5hvk* d2 th l and width w has coefficient of linear exp nq 8h zoda:*d*pnpjsz*j qbv42,n*k5ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrojphs)9,et)x z(isn-r ):qwpz, plq -m pic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather ,fei./6h) /f3z,n vyq g1n 3dk gcw s5p6ynabaclock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1e p,y3g,/16fqavc3 5iayf nsnkdh6z. gw b)n/7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The idgteb) *(2 e1 b5bpujbulb has a volume of b) eti(e1bj db5*ugp2 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid alumin)9oa*,vybde idex 5( dz4yijb ywc)-/um cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its -c5wijb9vod, eiz 4yd/a(d*eby ) )y xaxle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°e).joqx7h;q lC. How much stress is required to keep it at thio.7 q)jl hxeq;s length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-se9d-fe mzv;2fglpqb :6ctional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm 49nyp*rmax j o;z2nlikbo *2/at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaturpnhhyx(ut* :. es on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature onmxjk+ml3u4 5itrk 1g: ;hs7t3 h n/att the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 40.6 msfbkf4v:4 w9;zjl6u5k w+m oik co00$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustiofob p2-- u6tixg,b+yln engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of abfu+yp--2lxb6o,b it g out 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen atb1pl r1+-ceqd STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogno4zb/ fqb+gy7p81 t li.9 m8 czndhl1en ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogek.*d uc37qy iln ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0b )xx0c(u p1.wson7dm : fvr 2wzbz3d:$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at ah n:bm.80atd +khqy038h0:+bda n. mat8y qh0k5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgqwaj.vh 39xuh-+op: ut;q-f q of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achievesd,/qq d9+a kwj its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than thaj9k+/ dqq,wd e air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 x/) pgp8s9hs f$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atx.8zehr0 wz1 vbg1w 4e 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand ae(rq0xp8dl rn4l su ;4t sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules j- i 0u9cvng8d/ $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Ho xi5rva35:c fhw many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of b5p -+6uqias1/dmcps (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume cej27r 1lv9en5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhaqr+, 6uyqqg o:jh7m7tle that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of cm7y6: q+qqjoug r ht,7onstant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translatio d+dl3nkv++usg kh 4o(nal kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?+kdonl4+3s g (v khud+    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of 0.rapr kfoj-+ ,rj.sn the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K.. ,0n or.akfr-sjjp+r    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the tempera:*2cagscsty,h91 c w rture is 9rs*:2t1yw ghas cc,c increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4,iu4 g;k aogq88+tc)zy 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate i8+qz8; )u kggcayo 4tthe rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a ga 29 vz c,m(lym+0j/z g*;uq6k qj/z cwod7taovs at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while itsrf2 jyv+/ ijia1p/n 6*abm b4e volume is held constant, by what factor doe/+ aiprmjn* bb1j4y iav2fe/6 s $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is rlsi3y a71s v w+; -ion.jn;vwgiven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at theqvj9 bqmf:bov8 -7*ge same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the mjfg98o-qq* v7:bbe vinverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5 zwlfe+-8) +vgdg ;,;m+ b zcqbvlk(ur$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molest1y;kq1 :u:puboyt.,w c qvp2a :y1ocule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance be5,itobz1n l 9xtween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u x4il7l 8b .rsuin a living cellb l.u7l srx8i4 at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a n3y4 oaulvkl.v,f6zo: ef8t;gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,ckk ed/t9 n0q: hy0ni( $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what o-jpxa 0(kv n9np02md(lzqm+phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (joh7: x1 lak+ua) 9hxl1u:k oja+70 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% o p xo:9g)fi1iv7e adjv)m3j+ gn a day when the temperature i ia1)ggejvipx:j3 om)f d7 +v9s 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a pp;a2ivor 2cn- :ig l9clace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estim5;y cuofyp 5z-ate thpfcyy5o z; u-5e temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when ttz3/:mo gl)lqj 92htche partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 43 2zt: /mj )cg9qhtllo0%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a *ov.6 ysgohr rp8 wl90day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate press7ick81-ty jwm 1 5kigdure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperatwy81i- mkdi1c7t5jk g ure of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumvvnch57yl :ba98nvspy(i8 o)e 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point /jksft -tqjxy)st4 36 of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time nee0;mefrv+yic8 gx, (zul 1,d hsded for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 1,ld(8ez;r0f,+i 1gyu xv hsc m5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to thos w.y 7.q0dgze interior through tiny tubes called trac..gwsodzy7q0 heae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has b m*.6luh9a0s / yprjik t+goc1een calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2s)n-/yfkefr 8 0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temv ekwtymta ixj+eg8 10q9a+. -perature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if t aky qa+gim0xe1te +.8vj9tw -he water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is ini,5 h kwe*qm8kyr;db, ztially 28 atm. After many balloons have bey q*zrh wb58dm;ek ,,ken blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air moleculzi).) c 3cta cvkb(knu-b8cz/es in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and heig- t)c/v bucck z(bnaz38c)ki. ht 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about sb5c rhka8xc5 )7 :be;)amayh one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best1lqdq6coxci bwf298w 69, wpb available vacuum techniques is about 9q9c6wif 8wbxdqo,bc l6p1 w 2$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to o fg8)b hp ;2k ,k;toy/no8gcy6)ebow9t del 9full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to e 6)ltfwpcny y9 ;ko g ,/o8ebt9d8kobo hg2);the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a spee: ur r1mymw(q;d of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? ( rr:q1; (mymuwBecause of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fromb6/- nk0ug cij mvul:+v:sdp: 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770mnhfm+c0eea6 l :fp2; jhpj )3q$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric presr:k. ,gft r;msr9nzq(az:pw: sure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s waqrz:.,gnf ;s ::9 rk zptm(ratmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained *q2i i19ye3x3tg)rjxw: jpre in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygeutggk ase 9 pc-i*4*l4n used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant 4gp4a-s i *l9*ktucgeat 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl / o,oro zotv)wf 1huve-54ir+ of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a3co 8mhqaaqefb.xo5,z ,7a e 9t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were+fj2 11a07 qi0c*wz py vkdzfd to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 24 9ntyvnu 71c:yl2ed t0$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in tha1mew3e+ ns ,twdw20mi zuu.,e 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a press+yfwv e.: q,x9hv vnf9ure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth -b. i4h4koute6k qup4f84 wklis $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis ball0 r.y;cw42 q8cwxi)ii+jdv nns thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a rin 4jvic.yd x+w820qwi c;n) mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble .fp8l0eem8; kxq1ek t of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a pe1xe.lqtf0 e 8m 8epk;krfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on pmswn3jh 6yi8sx +.t8 the following two days: +8j nx yh6imw8. pst3s
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the den 2/c j gh*zzjx9m2tj/osity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deepjz mtx92jh//c2*o z gj in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at consta -:hxr jngljxt0vv.rj/52 tf :nt pressure, the t.l0v2j-trrnj xv:f /j 5: hxgcoefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars thk3s3a+( . z7orailseo prevent rot and mildew. If oal ahr3e (. s+7ski3zthe cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg