Which has more atoms 5z-us4wgc 9j l(enpv3: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix Buc49s ew5-v jzp3n( lg.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to ivgp,+4hhvc 8 bn1;g gmake a thermometer.18+,;cghgvib 4 hnvpg

Which is larger, 1 C-j6a jy(k *h6fuy z0aa $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equil)ra(l t0hj8s5 lrz2c8xek ws2 ibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium wi( r2 wk 8xhast5zjcl2e8) srl0th system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riu8r vqac /t; gv4c8zz4v*+mkuveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the o+/*zvc48zguc8 4u k qrtv mv;autside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansikjgdk1 9aov2u0t;m2f 5)o1dzwf m,jgon $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram o0 m xct49 9rge7siby7zf a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touc 7cbt 7s gyem0x4z9i9rh both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at thbs mxukl+28*g e ends often have a section in the shape of x b+g2l s8ku*ma U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in merc esa1i +-i a2p vjo1mlk:;wko,ury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hdhs*f,mjcldef +*n , *ot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.sdle,dn+ *c*,m*ffj h

A glass container may break if one part of it is heato*pjw5tp9n,22hlkkkxr . 2rb2qu;kh/ew. y ked or cooled more rapidly than adja 9/qkwk2 epw 2 jkoykrtkrhx.l phu5n.2,*b2 ;cent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient7z5 g2dkvmifm+2m.v8mh8 4 qgbyk uj6 of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Expl2uk+7gfy mmv qz2vi468d g8hmjbk5m .ain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurdhyd(u:h vn7of+w22 gfu (a*q ate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and toj grmrl)(hc : ,yar.o b8w4pi7p to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happened? yr)lrpo ,ab7:h(jgwm. 8ci4r

When a gas is rapidly compre/7 mnvwona 8+ossed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases7o mawnnvo8/ +. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or dz x in1 q. )ytfwhb9qrt,1h52becrease if the terq t9q.xy2 ,wb5h 1izf)hn1t bmperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory q4ywi0r61 6sgpee 5wl and the relation between average kinetic energy and the a 5g0prw 4le6qe6w1y sibsolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows fr sw+8 kio26yjpom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ramk2e.kh919vhvku14 j r txl/etio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum spe+,lp:+rge oxc * ol7bqed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosl+ :loxp,7 cboq*+egrphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What c:0p-e 6qbe4z8h naem ran you infer about the mol8z aem60e b4rnpqeh-: ecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry d bg3,;kz dlb1 a:gnt2day at the same temper:t b,n3 la;bg12ddgk zature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempebzmb*8t ,czu, q06++tae tpsv rature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days whenko/x:;kpu) i.eizc7 y9 rsg(w the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different.orxe(9 )p/k:g.us yz w;c7iki Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automci6w 9p:udox (2g8 immobile enp: ox9ii8g(m ucm d2w6gine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–4 mr+kerqs 7p128)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.gfr lvjxs(gd2a.2 sli 1+b46e4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 4h*/ngi(yn2 yng p n0vq+g wj,26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver inyv yqn,h*/ 2 +(gj0npggn4w ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often tak0ctq gy;bm z80en to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?c0q8g t;z0 ymb   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded 3p 07qx /c(m ej kxhvpw)lwf (t,u0ga/are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lengl /y0+,zou5odffc9p zth 11.82 cm at 0.fd0,9 y+/ uf lz5ocozp0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 mex: hn3mg2be: long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approxqn yf5+9 :hc0xhya zz5;cys cmxo 93,timately 300 m tall. Estim hf:5yyc9;xh3 xoc yzc,9n0t+zs5mqaate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are largma+c q52jnbm-*koe8 aer than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dr +mn2cj8bqk *- eoam5ay ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at k e 2 nmbo(;z**s/tcjf4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cmw(p -/r9(8dpoy bvqdt in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heatedp vot bd(qr(w-/p89yd from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL i5k +yg1b.vqq of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of watero naam38ei:: l at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is /pvv+5eljy5p z1(hje to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel *0 g *tr )pdlo rq0f6)gdvmf5yso it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansigld)0q 5)0vr*g*t myd6fpf roon $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the o j69 (gepna3qdensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengtezq8ei : 0qg*veyi1 ;th l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion:i* 1v0te yq;eqie8g z $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solsafyo)xp9g:yt,0u(8 o s pw:jid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is5w+v 6n ystcc09cpqno22gz j- made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 5g0n zyj q+nsvw oc6p9t-cc22$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an iv6b ac 6-qtn xwjthpzt2d+* 0z--z 4lpnside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a lhtwzpc+t -zbq2--v60pdjtz *n 4a6 xvolume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotnwd/b9io+x;.m)g0l ga q6 (j3 papklyating about its axle on frictionless bearing)a90 aboy/ (.n+63gjdgimkqp lxwlp;s with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress isqy0i-:c q1mp r required to keep it at this length if the temperature increasi0:mc1-qpr y qes to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I6ln5la1 5 2 xgruuz sku:bgx;6-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 vnfs)3sr - 6nhvr ,u 2vl*yjc:cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: h i(-:xp : e/bdzves.i
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenhe wjs/f5dauggw k8j)*1 it scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures lz )b6uo8h .gvjcsr9e/gd p8;in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure a it0r33 zt;(o*tlsqhd nd a temperature of aboutz 3s3ir;o*dltt0( th q 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gasm0zch, 4 ns)jv1kwh .f nfe-7g law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6:rmun 1dc u0a5- ik:gv kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg3yg 5/ 4 mjmqt::kbm mv6jl;fb of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas io1 x)4 g*z iqh5zt6dpl,pfh 7qs at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argx5 yduxd7(ajax m,mj-9p,6d pon gas at -ydumxd7 (x6a9 j,x p j,5mpad385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg r62lxvv4+3e7phk- nm qh yxx0of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon ac xi0cut2;a ,:ve kou wxe8p41fhieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose te,4 1;:pt02v xua cue8 oifkwxhe volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with7m 8nv)jwx-fj9y zn t5 air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 oswc9rl2 l.ai:pu )y0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea leve0vbkn t(p)(txl and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / jk1em+)5c z ky$m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1./ge pgtj +z//q000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of ((b -erd5hfs; v 8f6feja) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumepzjxzlc + / h84w b9u om.xfk.it3ud;7 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhab 33.hum 5f0pkqukm5 ile that were also in the last brea mhiuk 5mbqfp3530u k.th Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxyge50 /jcrvz c(,hdoomj/n molecule at STPr0c mzd, o v5jj(ohc//?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfacqyleu:-f,4z 9nizx,ch ux7qv6 wu 8 l/e of the Sun at a temperature of about qu7 6yilxwf-z xcve,l 9h48uuq,/z:n 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rmplam1e 7f-f yd2 1g/bms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is incrmbga l1pedff/7y2m -1eased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have tha 0z,4bo-25r hs zqpdse following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5shb, 2rz0 z54sdqo-pa, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecullr36ka 3 z8yhg)f cv uawz(fu551jc0 zes in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by whatz;-(i:2 qpf5xtd i3 u zgp*es*uyz-jx factor ppj-;txu di 5qgx*z2 3ze y*zu :s-f(idoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules )spkup5 ts4ww,d+ , gwin a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same ufpnn6ox4l k 6*de -rnx)g3,ivo+d )etemperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molix-flu n)+ nkd3o gx6pdee vn,4o*6r) ecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules cont:ksmw50bbqtfl 0l6ina2 . 8b oained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed(bdx4a xr;-(pljv tb;mt r 1l6 of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distanlqp42bkzg l/,ce between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass j0e(h4i-(5six qx jqv is 89 u in a living cellei4x5 -hq( sjj(q0 vxi at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of y;+klml(z6 p8rh1 dhk a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranifx8 wj:.n1s7 byojb*g um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases u/3h 6knmf1 1zd:bfeqcan $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature w4 b5-ls/st+vc1jvj p is (a)wvt j-l+1 b4jvc s/p5s 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% pmf i8y6hf4m7on a day when the tempi fyp74 f6m8mherature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils ao+m nk 8.3lk lu-gtfm uc.om/,t 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in thevq:)8 dmm )z0 ; tktpo9wmh:. o3sqrfwypq t36 mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temper0 )qp d:kh sf; yz:. 8wwoqrtpmo3q)tv3 9m6tmature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a damf b:opebsq um:73p g+sa:(-uy when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relativefp+ :ua :pb(m:o3bg-msq7u es humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperatu8 9t,ir5:wcx bu5l *y riioz5dre is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cookebewdma j(m- v4v a 6wrj8+fn,/r if the water is boiling at a temperature o (adwebavr w+/jvm 8n46,- mjff 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vol z2ogzp 85 u0smo6dtv.ume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dsg3:m,0fwl vo ew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycigspxn:m ieg v8b1 e005ne molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance o0s gn x1g0eb:8emvip 5f 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of inse c0 ;alck 2nxouo)o .v. mb1u*36aopzgcts to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-secti bc.nx0goo1.3mz ou* v 6kpolc;u)2aaonal area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measuree5 i,dc fgd+37die eah m.d.g+ has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrato sac7t1wtc/) 7-dsnzed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal rj(0zi b feyx8ka,9c75c8ms n y0iwu) goom temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water y8ie0csx wgz 8u50fi)b(anj,7ymk c 9 and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many ballvcq , 6mqms)t;ba4s, a (vpnj3oons have been blown up, the gam vps(qj4b,,ct a)ma6vq3sn; uge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molec/m;sdq.u/oe n /eyz/nules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Ass /y/se/u/ ;znmq dneo.ume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one a8 ysuk3l/de ,d o*gq.;zp/r qwtom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the be6 +jjs5ba p/vzst available vacuum techniques is aboutzp /sjb6va+j5 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to fullfd 8*0 3ezpqwn capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is thise*3nfdwz p08 q advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Eazx2-.xe q:- mwg r647yatfnwurth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules-ww6emgtf4-rxz qau2:n y7.x (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas(giv 9 kiy+6o zv:fkt)44nehm is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume h:+r yqcfn*z(ult o e /b714utof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosphelzag5t85e-; o f; vst m8;e6l xgkxlo,ric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmlo5,x k t x8go;ez8fml5ea; 6-g;t slvosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of n pwca92r)7y5tzb p(3px6wqyj. f+p fjitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen usec *6 -pfcaki7cd in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the 76k-*apif ccccylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl mzox2w bpw-7e5p v8zj)bu n72)0f nhv of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline f xl;frmcnx:e g3u7t(dub3+ 6at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit s9xt6nv)r keh41bu:7;8 jg n3dhd onjhnugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar atoxlrw9s u j14+ 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 1l gi65vhcu.g( 8$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressup-sxxh/y6 k ; f--iqdc/c1m pure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earveps4 43p fz+k3n*aso th is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis ballv+) gqja a*(h6scr/gcdfcv- syo ;j0 +s thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mr)- hj*s(+;daqcv/0cvya+6 js co gf gass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a dnpfm d4, 6oex)s6 v6eyepth of 14.6 d x)y,esovn64 m6epf0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following v t)zuqpl;u ,d p0l9p3oc n8(qtwo days: plc8 (0d3lqzq9;tup v)n,upo
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in tx0ag8i/u up1the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperat0p1 /ituux8gaure is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an idealontk6j7*ht ) eyd- b;h f:p.zgku(7bk gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal to ;e bthtb776d. *k(pyg z:ufjnk- k)ho$\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.