Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iro6lcc ge x8-f:tkn. jc-n or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or gj.eccl xk-n-f8 t6c: Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be ex:a ajt,g/a-ykcj(z . dploited to make a thermometej / zt.adaka-gy(j,c:r.

Which is larger, 1 C br1605b*i fx5lfi1koq y /reo$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, butm9v djirg*8q *fom-b7j c9h h7 B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can yor79mi*7-vdm*b f hcoq8 j9gjh u say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists-67 0mp y 5prxl3xi3hmsj bo1e of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip piplmyhjob3xsm0 ex176 -35 r will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of likns v9v16hw0 :whj:o czr-s/unear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (5- y07r7 vel0qxixoowor other heating or cooling system). The bimelqx77x 0-w i50roveoy tallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a swh(u krc( jc8:ection in the shape of a U. r((uh:c8cwkj Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at3o 3 ycg ye ug(:aysl37gb(f3z 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of wacj8fpmy swgnnw./2l+.ku 92 vter, the mercury initially descends a bit and then 9j.muwy 8n w.+n/l2 pvf cksg2rises. Explain.

A glass container may break caihs.7yiy(dr a;s-,7vb gb+if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Expdbb s-casg (7 r+i7vh.a;i y,ylain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coe/k3 gymxkh jb9/6+m (tf8 mnbtfficient of linear expansion is much smalx68bytkf+/ nbt gm9/mm 3j(h kler than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at;o t3bewf8)vno j 3 jdlnzb2*8 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of so (,lfyv2plb,z b1 j6;megyf6w da will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will (2 f y6p1f jmwzgv; ebbyl6l,,not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressedx6go7grqyij nlo50i p 8 u2/+6cscm)t (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the mov5l6xo8gijn c ci umyq t )+0p/rgso627ing piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum spa5cx5i ni3o u0here submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased fro uxc5n35ia 0oim 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows fr4thci4 dc qbo ;kv :2q081e7jzhfsqx8om kinetic theory and the relation dt i 8h41 cqok7;0qxhvf42sbzecq8:j between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows fr1zb)o uqh;i :3w q5qi-aswyo-om kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’zev+2c; tpa ;mejnr9+e9 : zsus atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Eartht t6j.mxn :x1brxp9lh2h 7 .zs refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon 6txx1sjltn x.h29b.:7hzp rmhas practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you in4) tvyahek.8.7 lozgc fer about the moleo cgzv.t.8) 7eyl4ahkcular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfo6i tcbl78e 4:nec:sfdrtable than a hot dry day at the same temperatureb fdet:6sne i478:lcc.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (2tf.s8/vsux r 80 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when 5 n3 fy1r r.* -:z igcklc3ku;nk-qiwpthe air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T:zc33y.ilng uk c- 1-5pi k*k;w qrfrn? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the rh8meb730lyoo:s wm .r adiator cap of an overheated automobile ehwy0ob8rm3o m.l :es7 ngine.

Why does exhaled air ap 5vzizu1zf 6-aml )3 f*z,9c8hebof wmpear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copxzp c8 i.is:j)per penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a2vneaz does k7)/4 uu6 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring ofzea2/v s74e uuk) do6n the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Wha anv mj52i :7;zy)kvqlt is this on the Celsius scale?7 vvq2 iymln)ka; 5:jz   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures record* 9 iex(/-27*ycltc . goxfoxnggru*x ed are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcoblb07hi.lt, x1hdz/m 8 h0n gmhol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.1 8nh.z gxbh,7hbml0dt0mli /0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is40p hdnx: g ;*wvlzrh( built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 7skl. j66go,yh g ni;m13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between Juhl6,jok g6i.gn s ;ym7ly (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivetm 4k)v*h/ rduk4af cf;s that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually ikhfu* 4m)/k fa;v4crdn dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4npqt3x-/.e:agu6bzz - qcl0y $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its claqxn8v52v u4j p6md3mvo2 aq3hrm3-hange in volume if it is heaq23 3r5v8qv-4mam2vhpxlno6a3 mdju ted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.(6d hg pk .soi9 xgdju(k6)3uo0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water *i-2 sir d+ + jey4 nwvvmv.5yy2-yewjat 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be)qzf fpy 2rb q:bxs 8+ .q;semcwck+5. placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, n::5m)y9lp u kvh yhjr,arrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear exl: yy:h,k )j5m v9phrupansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change m ik(u2:5p0 gjkgkf)win the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of lined9r/sl j;)f 08*ktugfmj5z fvv/ t+tjr0xt1h ar expansigjj ht sf91vtxt+z t8kfjf r/500 rl/)mdv; u*on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid,w1u7ihdsb4 ( t $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perg,ro qc146)dy nad z6ofect time at 1 ,god 4qo)ny6 1cda6zr7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercu4: /0bkp - spvv.qzqxt r7 9bjmqghq:+ry thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volum:p.bx4:b/ z qqgsvp 7 th+-kj0mvr9q qe of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical hqm/* i. e/9y8cefkmn wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionl mf9k e/c/i*hm.yqe 8ness bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How +dyb./bq x:): ld2.bpjyrj phmuch stress is required to keep it at this leqd p/r .db.yh+xby2l jj:p):b ngth if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional74u2 s*f/hh:ki f96vckvfw s y area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm2iploi366 y sv 1zc/nd at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale09 b*rqdh; zjz:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is whatcjh.9esf nfl)qb7 0 :o temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and k: pej-5d+.2jcp rc,nvkmo5 e/wxhd ) Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure aq,mbe i +3uotqc/*6efnd a temperature of mfo 6bq3 qe*c+,tui/e about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using t6dee1 k (x:huahe ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogenb k,tz6 z( getlj) f5fx.x()im ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP xw .qvuwb3x ;w ()0vlrcontains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gasmi,e g cf4r3 9cu:1rpm is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of ara)k-5vr4r kbx8s7 0u p kn)zuigon gas at 385 78ka)rr 54ks-kunx0 bv)pui zK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 6geg38 2dn6i8utxmud kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its (wnse.sc9+g ,uuz*x)upbd5hbuoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outezh)u s+ d.* ,( 5uguxnscpbw9side. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15ui 1k br)56.d,mq bdft $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at w4wo9zm6 pg3 r+lbn5hldo75w 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 2km.ypr l-/c -y0.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules i1b)po xls; j8(n0ak p/ $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? s1* (wip8 ajer 1nqel;o i(;hhHow many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of e9 z42w dus.dr(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume fo cd)7f7qpv9 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inh 1vi6a 4*dbp fl7ns8mlale that were alsov8as4i lm *1pbfdn 6l7 in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic uzj57+2jy2qk bt5,luxq e0a ienergy of an oxygen molecule at ST5u7lti25u z e+0k2b qax,q yjjP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfa;;ri1z2mfb lhce of the Sun at a temperature of about hz1fim; ;rbl2 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas lo- f9k;s6wpv molecules increase if the temperature is increav;o6 w -9lkspfsed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, -ayeh-wui8c 73e( .wcvt-3e u n,zgcv2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calc-aegv 3w.-(3t,v8uin e u cy-che7w zculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20. sjd+i-8ovgvq jc2 s)+0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by w5v1 wzc ku-8qvxfn 0r6ru xm3(hat factrwn vx uc0ku3rvm-(6q 85x1fzor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is givej)b8jt pxkiyh,(d f1) n by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the soaib)huq 84 okmt9+ /ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.uhtaoqb8k 4m+9/ io) s

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen cm3fe+ /7m/(uk8kpycylqe w(molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxyf3k3xuetm /.reg(q8 nfq1k )cgen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betwe.ho4 ,v ywu-qseav 2u6yu2ao0en nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whoseh.lq*h/ n6 blf bil174gzdtj4 molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell fi*bn/t7hq4hl 4.zl 1jbdg l6at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writtenm uj (mbv 41w ga8 a5d/*vfrnqc1+g4xv P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urlv uu+zr, av)jd*1oq-ynmlek.w q:9 )anium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what pop/s32 jt ypt iu;7 kfne.vx./cl*8ejhases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure z olc/m1d.q k5is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 m5lcqk.zo /d1$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on,ugb+pgs umc.m0a(g2 f bc7gkmqi2*s/t -5ct a day when the t b5g.mtf k,+u/ic(gp 22*gbqcu-s 0sct amgm7emperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a plac )tcn28ax okvadw 102qe where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particulbr -k zp(2jl3dar place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which wa-b l2jzpkdr(3 ter boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperatu1 o 7;u,/phbt). ruefwkux 6gare on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative hu.)uuw7,uar ;t/ 6o bpxfhegk1midity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wa/;5xnutlwyy r i+djm7,8890v svnm h rter on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the i.qwq gmmx94ef5v* m h3+e9kbwater is boiling at a temphg9m4k.q53 ebw f*9v m+x emqierature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room ofs wso,n y79;qv volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dyrbq-q r* o2/mew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 133dqo13 4. , cvmsvd+ qo kt ykuxx0nzza5k5f5/–4) to diffuse a distance v ufz5k+s kcy351t4xvn5dq qa .3x md,0oko/zof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior ,a w4m2ve)ht3itww1 kthrough tiny tubes called tracheae. An averagei1wh4t3a tw)mk e2v w, trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape ma 9nfznakfk(5 4sy82)sozchct94vb2 easure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been ca;*i7 m:x mkapk * tgy/en8 n3da+nj5dp ih:jb-librated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How mu lf f35+-1b h*p zbz+4uqkjagfch error will be made in a recipe calling for 30*uqhb p3j+l-z5k a14+gbfzf f 0 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm.l kmak-u*)0,j p 4 ig4n(nanyg After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has de yk,4ji(aukn)a g4p mgnl*- 0ncreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 0fa lvfhe4f ; /yo*-yl6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the f l0;/fflhya o-4*evy temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom per htu 1f7jy1 i*a$cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is sb2yb r1,3uq caboc 2b,13bqy usrut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills hisn6*o1z ua-lf k lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose tn-1zf*ku 6ol ao the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at ad tya.msbq3i64 zm80g2 ccq i- speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, t6q-d4my3csiga bt cmz 08i2.q he nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 12cknq)c1m bhe1y- dq /10$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofv(u b usb).qk3) 9:adec1 zm )qbii:wl 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure 2b i:l-6n0fq 6zzyd0hxikf) wpcn2*rat the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s bpdli2ki -z 6 z6f2f)r:0 0y*qhc xnnwatmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrog 4vkr0/pg1pjqa0t; y1o2b owsen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressu wo./zs/fc yl5re = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K Howzy /.cowl5 /fs long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats p8woe6lv )yje ec-hu8 me2 r-1in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline gbl)bju jpfc:q 3y/1)at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25 j/t*xdv*6y z o(eze:n$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar 5b -46bilugmnat 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standawg r7-(:nfry e2tit r4rd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 at ln.q4zl5yo9x ypl(: 6 -tbpacm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the yr+5nquwzk f :: ii0.rj(eq6 dEarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis b1 pd z/5ttyxng i+oi-8odzu6. alls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.8ouiodx 6 t1z nd.5pygzt-/i+060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphericzor5hivj ; a13al) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperr5 aj; 1z3voihature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the fo-7ghi:zzkehj;/ vcynq+o0pw;(i xz )llowing two days: ; g /0no+; zc-zeiz(pj wi7y)xh q:hkv
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when ijo6biujsz/elep10v +6 2 t 0.wcr ek.ht is a solid deep in the Earth where the .ol/vsj01p2 w6ject +u06kz.b hi eretemperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that,skbg-, n3at 96 uf-gat xf)bs5 for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient ofa, 63tx-ktfba sfu5s n)9gbg - volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.