Which has more atoms: 1 kg of vdy n)0 2 6qzs90drett.igbe)iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendi.)60nsqdgv )y0e9 etztir 2dbx B.

Name several propertieb,pe(qsc a/ v+s of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometse/ q,+vbpac (er.

Which is larger, 1 C ,db. a:eut:h- x0f xft$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in therff7yk0omf; w/mal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can yo wy7k0m;off /fu say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to 3n) if)fmfn0ya strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be )nff3 n)miy0fon the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficie);luy*d hwez .s3o jx8nt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a 5;yuv1* 8epycx7bab6a hulk6simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heatingx6pekvy567 ;b1a*au h 8 byclu or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are n/miim;0 ;ehol8 ry wom8i29g fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of 8mnw0; y e;imr m/o82 igoihl9a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats ifup3y 32nduq)n mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is f1c4s 8 onbf gz4qdxgx:urb6-7c 1,ud oirst placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bidzuf68rxg c 1c47b o 1,qu gbo-xnd4:st and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one parf/lkmz31 y/icp tkg3-t of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adj/cml3kkpyf1 3 -igtz /acent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coeff1s-6t6. r dchvadmrmlxp +08aicient of linear expansion is much smaller than that . 6mvcr6ph+ d a8ra1dsx-mt0lfor ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, nie+y pfy/i;+iui 64 waccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top tz2fum5 f5:dhwt wolm/2( a3tio bulge so badly the can will not stand up.5 ztiw (5 l3wu omfa2tm:/f2hd What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperaturfcpu16;bun9o uk s: m)e increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in b;u6k1 cufmu9s):pontemperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum 5 saw83cmrt ed;f za) po1t86asphere submerged in water increase or decrease3 a86fp;d5 os1we aam)ztrt8c if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic t jdz/ .7pm(xsgheory and the relation between average kinetic energy an7(m dxj/ gp.szd the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows fro6l*ae nt(3-pb :0pbna. uk erom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio xhs+jg i730xafjg0 4fzqm(,dof $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objeea6v+mzxr) z 5ct must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. +5e) max6zvrzExplain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than wkor m x37qxc6,ater at room temperature. What can you infer about 7mqrk3 c xox,6the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable thaxnl uf,eeb) w*6w gehw3 6)dmoet4/a+n a hot dry day at the same temperatu46+w3/)wfe 6ubhm*,e xnea el wdg to)re.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (4.hpwfov 2z 6v0yp8o q20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the sap27 bbm dns5v*aq-.un me but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air orsud p2ambbv . n7*n-5q the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated j pxm4p 9xyk,f0ms o77automobile enginex fxp9 s,74mo0 p7myjk.

Why does exhaled air appmk 6g 8r) 4 f3*i0n8hwnc9kxt, wqcgrjear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gz fua:vhxj45xga qknzq c1s;3a+ q6/+ ram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram go4 q-vq gxkz46icw bkf)q5+et 8ld ring compare to the number in a silver rf tbq xegc4k56q+ -w)kz48ivq ing of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the h5hm-5/co,5 buxta zl Celsius scale?hoh-5u5z b m5l/cta,x    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded ar2y,z*vz+dkxdcie */ee 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm,fb7po mt3z- q at 0.b-pmto3, qz7f0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (qt i+;mg*as92r xy puea (*iv*20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximatek4ejq2kwqgx,ym tb-v/ kj *.m, /,vpnly 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average t, e q .4mx-jv tw,/jybgvmpn,kq /kk*2emperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often0 tm)6l5nt(ikmkrn/xb6 (z . jugwo(b used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) befmj/(nlbxw( .nt zt0)6oik km5g u6 rb(ore it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 44a h zqyeyvf0xlft 4 g/i7h;,4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter c9lachy8*r3 e. What will be its change in volume if it is heahyc 9*rlaec3 8ted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350fm)h*qd6sibb rg2 3t33fjf r(.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50lhoq r8y 6wvly22y -a: mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ringc sv6(ztco/g n;r4 gv4 made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narr) k7.1lafcx8 ink /ajmow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximatc xjfnaak.kl )im7/8 1ely equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the(r;graqtlxg -);u6 z6 io0tbv density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and wi/l) 4pbs+ uskpu0iw09 qd*s sfdth w has coefficient of linear expabp* us0l4dsspw9q +k 0) i/ufsnsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isot345cp 1x eh+fumsxxzr:*d8 me ropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass af)b+np h42 bjlrbcu9 3nd keeps perfect time at 12 j3cb) fbnhpbr4 l+9u7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury theg1td cx8r0n*-1 usloaycm1 zwo-rlpy k36- o9rmometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a vw ccano*kx3t ml- 98gd11 0y6pryo1u-r lszo-olume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating aboutjonm 30fih; vq2wh21y its axle on frictionless bearings with2 ;yhw2 ihvn0qj1omf3 angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How mu*n0ju kebdm1)ch stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperaturu*dkm0n) 1bje e increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041c( gg)e6ck d3h$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 swvhx1q8 5)2h-wrv c kcm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on lxi0;bex0sgxo. d87x ,yj;oe the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scey/ 87ad/i yd0s5vis)l: ynayale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of thee57 xj2yc1f :bhy zy3c Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure e(3 q5aq63 ylzd fekbb*c)e7 9lqij.( wq n2kjand a temperature la 3qeclq kq(3jb92 jzee.iqnywf* 76d k)(5bof about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP 6zirp9ivum)nh. re/i5czj,u.7 x9pr f3q;v o using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen tq.o9x b h+zqytmp+gi ;u53m*($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP d. (krzc 7och3contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas 1k ddkwcl8a01 n 8wb0mis at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure insidezi4vrs4wp4 .q a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K4vsp4wir4 qz .?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of -ug2vb,:s+j6vzq jvw$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside,i8hiv hrb 28ccm ;tw1ih;em . the balloon, which makes it less.ve;r ,1ch8tb;mcm ihhii28w dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air 0z q8rm/cfv/q at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18;w;k4,ugjp8v /zvted .0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled ball oy;aag1:k b +pm6tc3nd/e,cfoon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moz(b 3 ycpkap(.dz 0u4 m*;tsyulecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many moleculeir. hrb.dj: d9s?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles9//tecfhkvk(+( 9 k -yfejnqs,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5bx3 t-,d t p v4qltug*4gy2zg;.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale thx4(b.ujxl oh;uknb2tk g) :x6at were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 kmb)xgt ulo x4bnu; h:2k jxk6(. high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translationtgbi6w3m+*wn p de3vulbuk4 .u:5y q+al kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STun4yim5d. 3bwub* k+3:6 v g w+lpetquP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of tk )1xhhtt+yhq :y9a5xhe Sun at a temperature oxkh)9yha5: txhty1+qf about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules i/mpy7-wahj08bpvjud . + va 2increase if the temperature is increased fv+pbaa0 p7-m/jyh uwj d v28i.rom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speed+6onxdzc:vtjd o w,4 i24w1vos, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the vx+dn14w djt,oioo w:v z6c42rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a bv c+t qa4cf.f-d6, w0qy* eocgas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume vj vh2;g8 gr0wis held constant, by what factor does vrgjh2 ;0gwv8$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gp4i i9wjxc)w: as is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of twq1x k(ilnc;*1du utu, o gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equi *qx;,d1kun(cutu l1al to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mh* ,zcmno22 6kpevj7( e.v :q,z hycerolecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at vdh9.a t06z 3l i,i k-rwfg-/;ruvcn s0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average di 8 ffz3z g(pwgi-w1gn+y8q p8cstance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speedpgasbfv+ m.7q/f.h bf+- sk 9e of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 3qm fgbbh ..ske v/af+p-s9+7f7 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressuhtv3kj(c: .vure P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, 4zw m7aksu )6a6 3ywpqy*eal+$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in w6qtp 7sq6hx30+7ilrjjyi wy (8ge*ni hat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase wkgjj: at:r(q83or-cazl40l when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 t0r q(j:lr4:wa3j-og l azck8 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the u(/ya:avchs gr,( h(b1tgw 6g,7 gukftemperature isat(k/cg 6fy 7 ,ugrh1gs,bva(w:ug( h 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils aa0h1 /s40uag uyex 3enphk3is88aq:t t 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimasp7xns fp1nv.1 m:pk( te thkn1: v s n7p1mf.(ppxse temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water iqufosd (2yhx(/+.hahx:be b/)5ted cb f+ a 1xs 530 Pa and the relative humiditfaha)ob hxs1d(x/(2 ebx y5buf. +dc+q/ :they is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the 3j0yka utjt/bmk-g(0 temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cookerg3y 7wh:)jy vm if the water is boiling at a)vg:37yym wh j temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volu lgw7ww7b:6 de9nmm1 yy7z rsndib 1;yuyr*5-me 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poit7 j8itn*as0x nt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glyceh, (i- q *- rp-)xx9bzl-unor1vbhuiine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of ri1 *9-bq,pvl)e nuz -b-(ruixoxhh- 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insectjevy)*:kj mk6s to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and y*k)jvmkj :6 ehas cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape x9:apfy/ua lt kpi i6:v: 55c)w3pnkxmeasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has begw 3d l5t.j48u2t0t ra2jnr uyen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cupb3c ffp h1gsqw+ak (:931glen was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water a31a(cqbg :pl1h+ f sfw3 gnk9end the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is innnec(v8qq.xmw6 a;2aay/v; eitially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pxe (;6vnq . 8avmc/2anqye;aw ressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, g.g5bsmp g4hbkc65 t6and height 2.5 m. Assume the tempera5.ggmb4 t6bg6skc p5 hture is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom perbjh+i uxn9-fx/cd n3* $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availabl2n4 r lviw0zo/e vacuum techniques is aboui/olr2 04w vznt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L w :v(hvz.wpf ):/agbeshen 10 m below the sugpz( :wa/hvfs.)bev :rface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speejyyh;+/ z.j3( mdwhx ld of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and thmz j3(jhyd.+l y/x;whis is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gaw mx5,e.3as4lp9ea bu-g r .uns is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 779z+wagxf9ra;gxd)v 5 ee -g/c0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of thedp98( l/hv c 9tnvrz(i Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Ea 8nlz(htcdvi p9vr(/9rth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrog :14on3c- cefcbhf-q9cff ; kqen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder oqb8xby x;33wo f oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How lonqxb8;wb xoy33g will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a,u *2 xcn0wtpa bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinel6mba2qs l)fjlf+y zhbxm;:5z,+ bx( at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snuglyt y*46w+k2lq:s c8c*tnbswom around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a.)v;6dpyy h2df lsf+j glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 181z/:jys u 6g* mg*nxzc4 7hfqr$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chm l+*yfn)7ce z:y -2ga vcblz*arged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from ,sl:q8lhak :ugm1 26izxu;agthe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls stqstp.hm158r hf; t*,lj )hjthrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from tt8)1j; .qs5 spfhl* h,htrmjt he lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depk5 m8 mh*5klyyth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assukmhyyl* km55 8me the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor prqy e 3v1f-8atfrq 20 xb0yu9kxessure in the air on the following two days: ae91r -y3x q 0vf2yft ubkqx08
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is 46/rs5twukrhb zo8g: a solid deep in the Earth whe/w5g8r: 4u sz6kohtr bre the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law tzy*ktwl 8-p3o/ajf5 9 ql7sq go show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of voj8wqqglfa/7 5yo*s3l9-z p t klume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.