Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? Seeimnuig o242 gb-,zbf9 the periodic table or Appendix B.,-bz 9 gigo2miufn24b

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a r/:es8)q 3dwn+qen y hthermomet w+ 8nrs3deq)/:e hnyqer.

Which is larger, 1 C u*pugt;n3p89c7 u e :ti uech3$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, qr spim6va;*42 m2s uwbut B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures 2spwsu6iv;m 2mq a4r *of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strim8 xvave(oah52( j5 rhp of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of teh haj a5((xr25omvv 8he curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansionax z fz15*k+jr $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagr4+ wdy.+d iq(yj loqm:am of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of d4jo+i:yq( dlmq.+dw yifferent metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that arey7lz 53c /mijj3(4pg frfun)2ccoz q7 fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a lmj5up f437 c(onzi7/f2 g)rq3yc jzc U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in,w+vk (ma) cn(3ej s5csby*df mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermomet 4wm/mnzt-,bb 7w- wyger is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a t ,gmz/bm4y7w-wwnb-bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break ihq qh2t- 0yac(itwv4*f one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacenhy v20tit q4c qh(w*a-t parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficien keb8lq(r1b 9z2e:r wyt of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Tablre289yebzl (brw:qk 1e 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 2z 0fnjusc4 f3e0ys).q ifubw 7e, 23ra0 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom q 1e y5/rww+*3p nqcrland top to bulge so badly the can wilw3q+ ql*cpy5n/ ewrr1 l not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temp+an i1-8zs3 ,phadfa berature increasi8-31abzsna+ adhp f,es. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in fm*2 kp/ dipymy. a7;ywater increase or decrease if the temperatur 7;aky2*mp.mi/ y ypdfe is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s oqoln :da().,vi aj,vlaw follows from kinetic theory and the relation between avqad v(lv).i,ja,n :oo erage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law j/pc+x 0j+baifollows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio 9v/(hdd r4t3xw+r;- sxml prk of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have t4 b4pj;gej: c9,rclt mo leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller ;g:4et,c 4jcmb jp9lr mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than wansu 42wq, q j y/vycv/z6f)i.dter at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properti yfi4v6q )cw/,zd syvqu.j/n2es of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far myk0zbs,j03zvf05d5 g al tm)sq pc: 7nore uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempera t 530v) kf5c0aydngspzm lq:jz0,7sbture.

Is it possible to boil water at room t l y30q ujz kbtyhhq*20dml;0)emperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature idun4swm js8 xr/6:bd o+1j:kls the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or t6m :lkwdjno8s 4ujr+d1/x : sbhe humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the rgf3 l)ra1z ,ye+3gp qeadiator cap of an overheated automobile enga3z)lpeyfgq r31,g e+ine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloudv-tt;)xx 3- (ty6myzl k5dyzl in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pennykrqkk 684w(ge?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms vfbp0956-8edcg mo :0fu u3 azeukdl3 in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of vu o3k0f03:fgp-c86meuze u 5ddlb a9the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken tdl xu(qjw))ft)t+5c n,i1voio be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?d )nwxtlv)),( iqf5 tic1 j+uo   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are b ae)irxxp8vvez.,3 7 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0 v 2cl,bt:slz xz;+4xn5uqg )cvotbe5 ,oj2+d .0bz,qt2uld 5 2sle j+5xc)tcvoo+: 4bz,n xgv; $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is :usvtv/ e/-x mbuilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is buil2p l2 +ey2;slma*di vvt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall.2lyi*d2psaev+ ;l2m v Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often use*0ukxmfv2i; n tw4u:fd and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel riu2f min0;v *w f4t:kxuvet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water athl0i-x 3njlmugrs / sks1y-., 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameth *q zrouvk ;77*fk5smer. What will be its change in volume if it is heated fromzmsfh*rov7;uk*7qk 5 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of wa,u: vhq*qk2 lj)lp9uyter at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55pu )xs q7)gj8h.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of;qlpuh 1e01 nyi ;t*eb iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it ct 9.cxvxu2o*nk 1aq;fan expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approxucf9q 1nx. t;o kx2*vaimately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density(xobzka n.aw:f 66q.p $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coeffi+pi llcc(lh +lso3) n0cient of linear expansilhc0ll )p(3+lonci +s on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotroxq;qtgk 8 2j:cpic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brassn.(4 1 pexj pfk)umre- and keeps perfect time at 17)uekm- n4(r 1fj.e pxp $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an ins,c7cdz iw-4 kzide diameter of 0.140 mm. The bu k4,zd -zcic7wlb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radv ir4hi:tru*l/q*xp7ius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocit: q/r7p lirtui*vh4 *xy $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress isze t/hu qzqcj5q f+ mn7voj3) u7mn-3. required to keqjj33-o h 7c+m7u u.nzvmfe5 qnqz t/)ep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of ckf+nh o6 t,xqh;u4 )diross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter z ek;j7cwe-c6 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaturnvp l f+g+cc*/bw; e 7-fgnurdxl;* e7es on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fkm3*79 bd-oobdshzd1 ahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of theg8y/ swf3-oyh0 xl9kq Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tempertad:;*k8 /-k 2xqyixg1 2ejwwh6xpw rature of abo :p6h1*2t;xjex2aw /-8 xk wwdgr iqykut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas4 46 b6pw,vels1bzna s law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.k-ll 1se7t pq 52lmfb66 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ( ;ygyfh1,in.cqbw0 t+$N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas fm45xp r6e uq0pdr9x;is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure i8xlv4ca39n wvv5(uf wnside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 xvc 9fual35 8n(v wvw4K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kd* vp ; l q(z3llrgl60me4gzl+g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the ai8x1dguyn 5 cf a8cluu8u30g :qr inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the ud c3u805y8qxu8u:1cg fg nal volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ai mjz sh0ms2,.xr at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atqh9 ggl v2bi,xbn6;af- kp-.*w rp4 vl 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea leept;f2.moy g48x p x7nvel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molee;:4f9s/r pot cy*qxpcules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there ia p/pu.xa)ka m*2fwg.n 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (/mh::qseb -i +hc;u 1qst. axga) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.i 6 wa0poi40 tk w3x9legr y4+eyxgj:31$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molz,k1( qjmgzj vr5438k i m2u fvrlaanz8vb+) 0ecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.k,v52 g rbrq18ul(ifv4vzm) j+az nm3k j8z0 a]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an t 3bp,fcq m65yoxygen molecule at ST6 ,bc5m3qptyf P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near mtot 0 u(sep(n*guo,.cw 9j+c the surface of the Sun at a temperature of ab+cu.uo ogen(c0wtp m9ts j*(,out 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speedoxl32i5r ba kkwv1)( p of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increasedx( k rl1a23ko5pbi)wv from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have x o9-,uh4b5jzg8yrzyb3qy: yx2ut4p the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate tjy b, r38uhupgtqb49:yzyz 5x4-2xoyhe rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas5 imznbk-v.0 hzfyi*( at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while eic)cyhb71 ztyg ( b5:its volume is held constant, by what factor does c cyb(g7 )1 5bty:hzie$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speedd +k*;;ihp sh fqvcvd; fi0c ;lnyp3-0 of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the rf k(/ vx1fzkd67kh 0vmatio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square rootsfm(vxk0 6vk7fk dz1 /h of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contain yv / bv tp;tp1n+wru9ct.vx8q 4t6m/zed in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molehp.f yjox t4* 4,*,rqdrirx3dcule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betwe -n ,i9na. ybrjrs2ig7en nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular h 2:cbg u7vri,gakw95mass is 89 u in a living celwgkr u2ac:hbgi597 v ,l at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can berj j3* .wv:gwpey je6lhcry,+t cx,/- written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniug7w nhcinv/u0*r+ 8/ tv5snrtm, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases c0+aq) 3x pgiwnan $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pre)a0bo dt f-*pessure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 0a to df*p-eb)90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximatel/tre rh .2g0p2 +uibie zpl/(cy) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is t(zp2uprel .grebh2 c/ i/i0+25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boy 72isddz* bwled/f)1 ils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular + sz1gnn9ati/xy44 dk place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature a1xy9id4 n+/t k4a zgnst which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperatir4loaf)::tiw 6 yjcde f4i+/y0vd pw;c gy+(ure on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the oa0 rv6;d g (/c:+ep:icwyfy+ lf4ii)j dtwy4 relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressurc0/ips2qn z* qe of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure hpg dk6r o627kinside a pressure cooker if the water is boilingpkr2og6 dh k76 at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roomf5rj- m 5l-y1r9k1 de5sytnlm of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dei4e8 oc lid/qmxcp 7/8w point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4)v kvc f-yr8hf)btxd, k)w*)5d to diffuse a distance of 1 fh k5-rkv*,fxdv)tcby wd))85 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insec gr:;ze5 dd.hpts to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-secgp5hd:zdr;e . tional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has beend.;/15jre k ndyvrj b6 calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at s2s 7fp v8ni;c20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How dsiu7u6- 7tpy)krzh .:o /rh xmuch error will be made in a recipe calling for 376: dor-/x ihup7ysh.)rktzu00 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure it k1i .no9f4gb4gqs.nn a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have beegtib1skfg4n4.q .o 9nn blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air movg )j-1)d j9er- tlabc ifhz57lecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assuh -f7zlv) 5c bard je)-9tijg1me the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the dens/ dvsezh;,+o7pzd, pmity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainad1k*tmq .)f bg: l4vznble using the best available vacuum techniques is aboutgld kv*)q:.n4 m zftb1 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L whebilo,ga 4cf7p26j jg1 b8ru k+n 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the ab+ gu,74g6jl2kjipr18 ofb csurface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s zx3k-rvqp xb*pg1l ;) gdn6t7atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of specialb7d;g *z kpxx3l-r 6gptvq n1) materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased 2)xnwn*2 uwazfrom 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of pq ie43s vm)i+770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth l 37bfk*r+jh9bvfx g/, estimate the total number of air molecules 79bfjk+ lfbgr3x*/ hvin the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms spee:p6q6a ,av ,u4 f,jyafw xrhr3d of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure vtu m5ak;xeyr36y dj,o1 j:n7 = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K km6ntdj;3vruejy ,5 :yox 71aHow long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercur1+xobub(q t(cy at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolix b,m 4 acyjp)j7ik8p+ne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were hdj) eqdc-k h:tv/4c4to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws t6cm:54 zagle bightly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted-5xylojk-q f1 in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a presdk+ qukafz n; yj1/f9)sure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from th ly(/(/rrheel,a/gab 2/ sjjpe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by te btc(h+5e2r a h0vq:ltsu1o, rnnis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically: rv1b+a5qoertt(,0us2hhl c, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air froc t2nq t,xk +pb5694gihi,hmtm a depth of 1pt 5,24q6knh xtc mb,g9 hi+it4.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressureoqqm oe rjjgng-a8/hytpb*4 4fik303m,* h-g in the air on the following two days: t3gm,iqg 8pry0ejb*q mo*-gj ha4o/f h43-kn
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, (vb*w 6jn 9 m(rlsavh))ee/mx and when it is a solid deep in th m(n vhl)wr/*e vaj(m9sxeb6)e Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gasmfet i 4cjc653e* qks8 law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of voluqkei s *j 5m3t6e4c8fcme expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rbss9 ef.5.f nbcg1x3xot and mildew. If the cellar fbc.ex59.bn1xfsg 3s in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg