Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron.*r9o84wnhnx* keynd t7 q,sibw.h i+ or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or e,hwr .9+ whi dy to*qkn.i784nxbn*sAppendix B.

Name several properties ofwuqni26 ;-q uz materials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.z;quw 6q un2i-

Which is larger, 1 C u6w; q*lxl7b/mm0l5 pn1yk d i$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equiujzx s(2nbxnoenn9l+ e.0je7 zol6)4 librium with system B, but B is not in thermal equio sz6nn )j9 (27bn4zxj nuee xole.+l0librium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riv k:uron cd0)b9 w,aeoz 72.j;j f0rlometed to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1dmo:,jr 0kj.uf ecw9l b;)r a2oz7o 0n.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lineer*vrhe f2,5 eor1 ,ikar expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (oji4x;6v r ar1kr other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow rx r;16 i4akjvto touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are41w :n,qxg qri fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of xnqr g:q w14,ia U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats ,j0zusc2zn(/j rk 6t d(l+ 5wjtj;gow in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub s*brf 25u b og m46j.cd-ru(ou2+yli yof water, the mercury initially desce*go bru+i2 bcsu(-lfry2 ou.yd46j 5mnds a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated orgh a.o35zimw,4bo ckuu ,oozu7z : ;l7 cooled more rapidly than adh,ouzo3o7 4ol ;kzg7cui.m,a5bz: wu jacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that dx)9 m/(tx*kfe wb/t/oq,lz0nte jxwz7sy 0( its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table xnwf0,tto ytsm9xxej bl/d70)(/e /wq*( z zk 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accur fw0 v;ujqsqy64 csng64 2c*orate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top vsyl5c q(m z3 7it43g 4me0gmyyc5uf/to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happened/y4eftv gm55zl u mycqg(0 s3yc m73i4?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its t ,elk*a30kkblzhnv* ;emperature increases. When a gev nkkz*ll3kh*a, ;b0as expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrqt8gghw +mw* /06fude2cp-fwease if the temperature is increased from 20t-g gp6w fe2 wf*d+wq 0m8/uhc $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s721a ow8tnm ,op p-ehp law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolu pat 1ohp-pen72 wo,8mte temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theorowzzz;jj-;wq ,21he; / udu iyy.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphej- akb ah,-y-xy-5aygre, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the, z7xss j)4 ai9t/ ,lyccfap*j Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is aboutj) siy97 zlc ,a 4*,ajpx/fcts one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you i(sle*k,ggl hlb+cul0 nx/( y;nfer about the molecular properties of one relative tlb ,s;nlhu+ yc/ek*g(g(0xll o the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot drcljsxn)pq7 m0.+ -+k dxajx s.y day at the same tempjxsxm+.jk s.xq -+an0dpcl)7 erature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temper;cfruz u17t+o ature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the e 5fah ;c7md+cair temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid7+ehd;cmaf 5c air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangevr rot4ui-,jowu 56 rqk+p . ;/q bhob9zyzl8,rous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile jh,orq8 rtbor +o;u/y,k ib6z5puw4zq-v.9lengine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little whi.gz yp /coloo)8w9r g+rd+u)x te cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there p shjzx*b.9r7in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold rinzvz .( jz *prt6h*2p l( knx/u3r4lvhcg compare to the number in a spt( x2vv hhrl/* pz4jk u*.3 nzlr6c(zilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius s5haa;p4+d5tl.nmkpscale?hkad+l55;. 4m tnapsp   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and l ahlr .)0m+ k5vx wh0.uuwt5plowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has rk bq+h;uu)5u length 11.82 cm at 0.urq);b u5+huk0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lona,l ee0lu+wybyy+ 9wf)8 5+m h.yw tgbg (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 30zwzi4 9dl jz(*zmg4gp 2bu4x :0 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of9 zp4d(w:bm4jxz * zgi2l4z gu 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet 0fa 7y y7di9(5-o6gteczfctntei ;p* hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) bo*fttgy67ai ( 9yc7ept dz; 0ec5-ifnefore it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 l zpvaxw1as snmq+2 ce7 5x)b0)4gve4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What widf a-qs64jp: kll be its change in volume if it is heated from f s -k4aq:pj6d30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL w3.srnh3fs 1jof water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of watepig /.spguj*be u9(g5 lyp( -3-xmmyg r at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 lgzt(gbsg;s n. fx4/a /95 zfq$^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow ves+vneclud ,oq t+g 4;m+sel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to oet,m+ud+nlc; gq4 v+the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chang:,z tlgwu( t;5votlp .e in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plau o7*v uxgdz6(te of length l and width w has coefficient of linear ex7*uzo(gu 6vdxpansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid,,r43le +s(y upt kva5k $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect tim:am.c g2 ;3ycpknq 7gxe at 17; .p 2magqyc 7nkxg:3c $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bd8e 0 +h;oe,o8z9m6omatykroulb has a volume ookm6m09rzo8e a,8ot ;yo+ ed hf 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is 5l7fb c(p5mzko .u m*nl)eg9mrotating about its axle on k5)97ne*5l(z ofmblm um.c gpfrictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has f ia ;uoqrwgj36:g38k the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at t:uoag8wr;6 jif3 k qg3his length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectionai p+ofgg,,9iw35j /xtd+ 1bzlsqx6chy( (vd al area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.12hm yv-3-lvb b23s g9ot2 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tempe7veh wn: 1jy0jratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tempek l(dh2gy;,s brature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sunoc3(t c7*xnsa are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air fp9a- :mi ydp7z ,jv(olb 3w:sat atmospheric pressure and a temperature of abo vy -39od ,sjawilf:p:(pbm z7ut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usingv e,. jkkf,c)m the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains3qa feha39anc qg6.ycf(2w 0r.xxdv: 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 w 3+. re/wr6snmqu4cx kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas a s9u4+ut vx8vm0.xox is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon ga.9rhu wy*q lfb,+e/ows at 38oqwyeb+lf9. hw *r,/u 5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kkjj 3ous-i14)9awb c r6nrvq rih 8,.lg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heati o9h1yij/g + y 2vfj erfvn7s482mxdt:z;i0xvng the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outsidz2i jv9 yoyn2r v1mv +tfxx0d7gji/ 8he:f4s;e. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 19tsms4k (wl.9e nlgp$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18xc- tiv;wu tf)q ( tq)b mpxhl07g2z(/.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled ball5 8 7vgguhm7kuoon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules /mmc wtv9w/gvs4 xc3 2/ $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water a8f lqu+p3+xns: dc3vh re there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of up ll ;w.a47om 6r*xr(uqj4jj(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumohoq-u 3qz r2z. nepeaa(/k9 *e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 4p1ho ab nsdydp 7;w15m5b:ri 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [wnda 55;b:1pmri7ybhd 1s4p oHint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic ghqnho2 j2+p2 energy of an oxygen molecule at SThg+o 2jph qn22P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of 5wh3a r ln+v4mj ztpkdk2;,b2b (3 rytthe Sun at a temperature of about 600yaj tmp3r(+,nb322vrlk k tdb h5;4 zw0 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temp )e:sosgk75sp p qq)i:erature isgs ke)qopi:: 57sqps) increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules havspdna;/mfj4lq,eo eqp/kp l p2 8 4/)de the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8o 8ne,pp 4///2dl qsd;q jpk)alpmf4 e. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a r32a xlxea. )xgas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, bypx82w2n2tmd9lns3m e what fa dnx s2ep28lm 9ntm32wctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gp 221dr08fp1qpi b*wedcwq q 0as is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tequqe ;ufmj pe,7z do7286 8exemperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the squareqje upz;fe u6eo2d 8m7 7e8,qx roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in dtri7 q3k* -lpan 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an ox2,4fb6wnjx a6xs bk*o ygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance b(rflu u(b7l+ ii7)6x9wl ph nth:f7waetween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed o1ab izceog 8fht; hnhv5asa w, ./52p8f an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cellh.bfthn81ch 5 a pi8wa5/s;2e zo,avg at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gafmlu)d- .q s31eut u k3:qry*ys can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of k,7 vup6ciih3 uranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phase 7idps)pei1 w-s can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure g3fw/hr pu9i4 is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90pwgru i9 h4/f3 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a eu pm1bsoq962 day when the temperature is 25 s 6eb m2pqu19o$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a le 9li 3eykj s:3:nx.dplace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm,09(zi z n+iut7yudma 3 estimate the temperature at which water byt9i zidmuu3 (7za0+n oils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of watc(ey ejg:. sx5er is 530 Pa and the relativy:g c xe.sj(e5e humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature isjdsz8(zq/9 zz 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cou76/(a 4 3gl o wswenfbw(lvb+*gntu3oker if the water is boiling at a temp*sw(t (+w b6n e/4nuo3fu gbgw73 avllerature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room v erdo-:kl1i215wmxn. ws8dn .xtjf0z1ed, gof volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew tz jqh-+ayle; 9hv-cn ek 0 .x-vgxb15point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Tanbrz*9+0g /t mjjvu2 kble 13–4) to diffuse a distancm+r9j2ugz t *jkvnb/0 e of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny t/rm11nx-ue6fw ka -f qubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mqx m-1 nf/61-arfuk wem long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape ms5(n) cbq ie(peasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20j l-+vit.a uwhzz t2yjc o+s9i9)k77v$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normalc,:d;y5qh1 wg 2dlnymi( s4ke room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the waterc,mi 4 y1l(:hdnsk25y;d ew gq and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many *wb; 1+ll29s)kywvfr mra-k y balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has d+ kwl v9-r w*l k12mabyrf;)ysecreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m uy4;nb/tatp ., and heighy n4u;tpb/.at t 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom p omdt)x egk/3;er $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainabl xagau((wzp r9j 56)ofe using the best available vacuum techniques is about opxf) z9u(g6(5raw ja$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full cap 9t dsrrtoc)9,acity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this adv,t 9d9 scor)rtisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning frocu7(;8xs/c4hine 3 uv3ni imhm the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose n is3; 4e8(ivc3um 7/nuchhxi of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased 4qi*)f oqsb05yjb 0nlfrom 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77u. rxd 4e3t y6b;+ibmt0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of th5 bcnqbk8.v2 balm2k. e Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosmk.a2nv b8k 2b.bcql5 phere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules 2xae(i xqi;q: contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxyg(b:2qt33ui(miyzpze ha ih :/en used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,8003p:(tze:3 a y(2/qz iiubhi mh kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid me hsu-4cob;ov:o47qef*t nk5m d5*t ixrcury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline 68 qj7gz+nt78hgix k zat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly aro 4kma3fv(o 8; snu.xtdund the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tigvvt iy7: m5+cc*2 vccxhtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted int n2tv.4) khq)wp,qyq the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure (thht(g5m, lo-xrr3n of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from3w(q89vh ,)br *+0 ucycsm rfn85ont q pja+kq the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrrz52l8+mtz sj*;: .mpndxeb town vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuminp2 zn.lb;mttr* :xjm d +5ezs8g they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of v2nbt1hsvf2:air from a depth of 14.0 m in a:hv vt2 1f2bsn lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the izblpx/)-m v:following two days: m: vb)pzilx/ -
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is e y(6: lx.b/ anvua*uqa solid deep in the yu. b6*/vqlaa(x :uneEarth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at vh+75 gbryf1 h(ewrga/ qjl38 constant pressure, the coeffic + vb/gfjrg5a8hley( 1w h73rqient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.