Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg-tljwm icly ,taeu9 s9,()xjez2q9k: of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appezqea), -:m2k usew(t9 c9y j, lti9jxlndix B.

Name several properties of materials that chs -n biv0a*,dould be exploited to make a thermometern, 0bdhv-ia s*.

Which is larger, 1 C r3uu cg8 5a6pr$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, butinxdi tq-m j(pw..ff,/(ksd2d 1 ev2 w B is not in thermal equilibrium with f( wdkd 2p2tv-.w,is(1ie.jq fdm/ xn system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of a zb( /xrj80r b/fwwoi6luminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Who/0wzjrb8(wrf/ b x i6y?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of line/n5ggq47lppcv gyrwac.*pjn63wp; f tl3n 4:ar expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control adu 9bg16z,fhvvc-w)w furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of ,-dvf6v c)whwbg91 zudifferent metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in tsswmf05p8k;te/ : ps mhe shape of a Ukmstwpmes0 85f /;p :s. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mem+loys s hn:n1,7z5whrcury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub qj)07xg/ lsdsof water, the mercury initially descends a bit and thelxg0sq )d /sj7n rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of2o ,ids( ka6hc it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacdi6ksao2 , h(cent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linean -y2:tm rs efyj7su9rrsned10kw+r (i * (lc:r expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this givesk 1rej2t rr n( 7+ sd0 y*s:f:wr(nmyiu-s9lec rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, ac,ki0pv: -tqtdcurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom arxwg7 7 qa0z *4r1n: vadek2kvnd top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happened?k2 e*wvnrg kazrxva0q4d 7:71

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, byfc2h gdl/a5 x iu-0x7h0hux6q pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules whch-hixa/d2l xx6qu7 hf005ug en they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphe py 06,zwmdc:pd2c*yy re submerged in water increase or decrease if the temper yyz: ,2wdpd0pc6c m*yature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how rhofj-91 o vzw7:e;cn p* j7otCharles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and ehtr7:j91n fzc *vo7-jwo o;pthe absolute temperature.

Explain in words howl4v-lb avd+3c :g*p3 aa-qmwm Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosanv64.u dcubt* shq+v) m )i/.g)bbzkphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the a w5(up 1yi tx7x-shur cx.01eEarth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocityhu u0(1py.irc1-a7s 5 xxewtx for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly thafh ji *7yjr t:bo9fw7f (spo34n water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one rior*7:f74 f ywhbt39sfj jop( elative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more unbu-3.e w ogix4cg /de/comfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperatur4doge/cx.gew /3iu -be.

Is it possible to boil water at ro4qt:3/i/ktlx3h g z5uod ctc/om temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air mw3nokztbn)5 b*1o;jtemperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explaiz*ob ;1)t3nkmb ojw5nn.

Explain why it is dangerous to ow.s zbah6 irk ,j3 g4qk6/krka*k+ld: pen the radiator cap of an overheated automobile enginbgrka:s4lwdr,3/*k6 hj kz.k+i k a6 qe.

Why does exhaled air appe:uv1 .ybzl 6dz+nwc, har as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram c4 5 p gryzn( eb7t+-1/j37zt4vb2hzzq yt fpvfopper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring cov;8-,nub07 r ffyphtb mpare to the number in a silvy,p uh70;v8fbnrt-fb er ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the -jfr* b.+nj a:g rno;rcdr((*vp w.zc Celsius scale? n (+j;p.rzc*wc:.fd b*ar(gvnrj ro-   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 12amlz dja.x c3 ):vbx+36 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass ns *ukd(b /b0bkj2 o,ythermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 d(u*b2y ,nsob0k/ bjk $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is buil;ry/ 1nct,yzlt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron apqsmd5*1tvpd8 proximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height 5 v1d*8dpsmtqchanges between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often uy ezxzj4jfz3o*+ 2 pa)hes5 a2sed and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ifyeo3 px +za5z*j)4 2ea2szj hce) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water 7,q;)l-apv l to9 e,o rqc k/wzntzab-1vy25 jat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change inh*di(hi522u:l .-lirvx l orb volume if it is heaihuvro.i:* d(2lhr - b5lx2 ilted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to yb;jgy:nen cs53l j45the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wats11wu d5yyr5d er at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be fw/1fub2m+po placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essqp nx3 r3mk 1u5lwg0+ientially one direction only, show that the effective coefficien1 rmw0pu q5 3kl+xi3ngt of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chan .ufiurid.pk.( s-d7sxr +6ahge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lyi7nmm q,;aa 5nl/r p7ength l and width w has coefficient of linear expaqi;ma,mpnyna/r 77 5l nsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, pua2f9i7o,spl, )bd r$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and kq9 ifh6 p.p.vath+yhr,z /yvg4u o90oeeps perfect time at 17 g y.v 4o6p/9pzhyqt,9uh .0iroa hvf+$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermomet :nch5u oc3pkv,+c6sz er has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.23zhc 5:cc6kvpo +,un s55 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical ,,.da n 87owi.0nar3euz ziykwheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velody07nkwe 3or auiznai ,8.z.,city $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is)if 7w; mpqd, rphge4* required to keep it dep7iwqfmgr p , ;4)*hat this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectionasuuxt2n r*684j 81m4l+ qxj n.xvyal xl area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 13+;:r 6vqeytgs0o m ;jb oxq68w4.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followingt/xy+gxjh,n:da 6 ( aj temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit :stdd7g:4 ttt rumg;dw +f xq5(8ki+kscale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4dz: 1qasu7k0y1m3acl 4p) ofq000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tem3r3zk5 lh rw9p+boh3 v tyq*.mperature of h v3 pr b9 lzt*m3or+3qw.y5khabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usqk,564j3c y apofg5g ,zjx h,zing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains hej -vqo )ku qbu1akn.dab3 t31n;25h21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nxo9m seyo 661xhjs6 ts3 rf2o5itrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gfr c :ptgwq;fi*+wu*2as is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holpn0 sq z6dv*1uq6ww-r ding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 - dw6rqq6vuz0sw*p n1K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0oafc mhd/p ) +okf--r0 kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant l),;lfrlh;vc q2fcg (zift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air c f ;hvgrcz2(),;llfqoutside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with af*u *w3 wxf mh44gsu(w 7khi/kir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at3 *-lashsl et o6bg7mf*3n 8wn 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at seydqbufm*z0dv(5e k1 / j ru1;qa level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecn4ou ux 27f).q0+uoqhngl;w oe*ht6pules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L1l3+lfh 8for p? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (4h2*rhr.q(, dl dqrcha) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume ace):,kc :lhg 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale diyf -hfi5y 14that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere iy-fhi14f dy5is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translati1yulrw/aa9w5 s:viw-k;g t7r y* lm+ donal kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?m*lwa7wv1g59 /riau- :rt ldwky ;y+ s    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface oi ;fh u d)jurx7u5 bh+ui7l-/hf the Sun at a temperatu uu+i5-j hduh7u /;)lr7 hbifxre of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase nh6kx n,hwp- +if the temperature is increased fx +nkhh6 w,-pnrom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2,i7dtkju vxo04m+pqc7oo258h he8p lz*hd*d 9 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, advx 0*qe987u2h+tm 4jd5hpop hdlcoo *i 78zknd 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a g(sjl.ex, t ptpjpv5b v5o*i1i0.f ce7as at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while it s6t m.4d0vgbgs volume is held constant, by what factor doe0 b m.st6gvg4ds $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed o gk iis8sni(e j5q32/pf molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at th6b ehzp6kvi1b.-i iv1e same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio ofhek.i- bvi161vp iz6b the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitroge agz 1ag6dtcpf*xu 4-b35cvo/ n molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxyge pjekx 8o(8zf,fy /ro3n molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betwp xhaog pi (k8v8+ q77;l;lvjveen nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed ofj(q k :w/brj7o an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell bowq :7j rk/j(at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas ca /wev7f(t hc5ru99bnlj4nwn 3n be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uran+yj2fwp6f(*mnt kckx*jrj+ /ium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases m -lf5genw5xc+9c(zr can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the t- pw1o8we)f1df*: xufs5 zensemperature is (a)w)ef *sef ux1wn:-o fsp158dz 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when t/h b ;9iajizcz j*n-qh-f: +sdhe tempei;-nq9 j+ a*fz: ihj-bch /sdzrature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressuju kffl8b *14sre at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular*kx *i(tdfqofra0m )qr,m/rev1dc 95 place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whi mva15rcx * roq/0(ef*t, 9qfi kr)mddch water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure.tz b;.jh.p-y ka7ua lv*xf5 r of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%? pxt ; f -hyl. a7bkajv5*.u.rz$\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on apg- auv rf p)w0,c2bi. day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressur5)q e(wnlkg, he cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature q)(l,n hgek5wof 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roo7qvywim7 42 iam of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of5h d+in xb9,ub 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (se-3w6f*oxcm sbe Table 13–4) to diffuse a distancboc-wm*f s 36xe of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior thro4:xqj4xv nz t8u-g tg7ugh tiny tubes called tracheae. An xu gqtvt7z: 8gjx-44naverage trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has bggr- +ys1,f+mhuua ur+ toc4:vt6e6r een calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calpqst00l/3t 0b smra;cibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperatur2(pn9sjw/ yn ga-7a xje. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water angsyja nn 9/(pj-xa72w d the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cp)-p i3xqimzgk9i i 5;lczh ;s6qt*g/ylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fracti5h)pxc -qp ig6z;im39lzg;iik/t q s*on of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length us r*k,*l( jxv17yhv*h bzzt.6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tempej* x y*h*(z17stkhzul,vvb . rrature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom+v+6q5nqp4:f qk u)i.fperhtp4i 5ww per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availabl* h1 rcj66kmji m4jf +0s-wia2w rrj,le vacuum techniques is abo0 m+r j6hjwr-m, j 1* c2sfiwak4ilr6jut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L whe(;: g9xc3h ehz-jalj7y b9)6 xrelwjw n 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if hejch(-:9jww)az7ygex elx;lh69 br 3j quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed 3;kq+tj.poxge;l)by * d-qexof about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nosodqj3 l.) xqkp-+txbegye ;*;e of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gasqqd6 9* z1khuh is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770rdu mp.wh3(l; m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at tag9ovx3dg :n* j a2jb1he surface of the Earth, estimateog:*3b nvja a1 d2g9xj the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in ,mbv2a ;j(rgna 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has 03+wup r mqxj (4m1sj.5xt yjngauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, mrj(uy1 .+ jjxq5mt40m w3nxpseasured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquip0*18(dx i 3ixxees2 n au8u1 vz5crttd mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli /+vg8hmhe u0gne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugi4 i ri41i8agxq/a ,g/ 9cdtv xl64lqmly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar atbhy fz2x 56z(lzt,ty; 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standiblg dk,tl* h4tgoi/ms8q6 3q7 c 82wsard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when ful1huluau16tcg 7 x9;sl1m0 to x2:tacily charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is(h,sn moy uh- sm u-5ll.4vbn7 $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is s,l*s1h0:idq p 4c xriruspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assumi,rxic p *0si:hqrd1l 4ng they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of aic8d t3nw(ppd6 r from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K,dcdwp86 (n3 pt and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total 2yv;pgj0sxnvbeq* z7x 9; /b bwater vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: bn*e7v0 s q ;zg2;xjxb9v byp/
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is z7 lw .+:kysyda solid deep in the Earth where the temperature isls zw7.+ dyk:y 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law l t3ac*wo1o-hto show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is *cwt o h-la31oequal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people).du6t7g8wm x n/ zfkwd4sbr. sve3+e constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kebe7n )s mu / 3wf+dr4xsd6zw.kv .8gtept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg