Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg o-;x1jp(n boslf aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix xj;nb-op s (1lB.

Name several properties of ma0 - -u upr;n4rrlbp-ghterials that could be exploited to make a thermometepurru -b -lh0p4;-ngr r.

Which is larger, 1 C g8 bp + +qej7ezhj8z)r$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with sys8g *vi*t/b s/lbq/d4l lw m8zatem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you sl8tsz/igq ld8l b /w *b*vm/4aay about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip /oeab;s z4-l.agga .fm ,5vmzof iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on thel,gma b5.vzm; aog-z/es a.f4 outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficienf foy zf5md7y0(8/qmpiz4gq0b5ta z( t of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermo3+kqnu5a9jtg ge6sr. stat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury tht+js gaq r 35kn6gu.e9at conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape il 2r 3(1qe y/uw +ygseledu(+of a U3+ll/eu ryqu+ i(e2( esy1dgw . Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder1v x3q :.2pd7ipbnt ru of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot t7 vb/6rw ao2o4691rvz ; kbxsy fgx::w;xdkcm ub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. :xw ksvw maoc;fx9; k6db4y2 g176: /vozbrxrExplain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is h,j -s5tgm,ozf ;qxo 9 9)bll* p:/fz qtygfg)feated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain,g*tgf:y,/ft9xgqf )sqz;zlfj9)l mo-5p o b .

The principal virtue of Py01t4)q fgypt ttq5)xmstmn73;a/c no rex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the inc5spc)t ) /t fxm47;tq1nqtot ay n0gm3reased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuratjof5e k.;*r3*qrsd jx e at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so bad49n9gvtsl x5xabi1, a,gf+frly the can will not stand up. Whgavg9t9i+a,xs,ff4b 1 n l5xrat has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (7iyhizp 2,k;hm2 efy(say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike thyz2e i2m(7y ifp;h,k he moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or ds+z+l e99jlcvecrease if the temperature is increased from 2 vcjz9s l9el++0 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from ep2m f5 un6ktixn5zjy(7e6/b uyzv5*kinetic theory and the relation zxzpbnf mu672 v (t ki5e6jy55/nyeu *between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows wqu5tv 4m8 .-gphs2wkfrom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the /xwxhlf+ y,:xy ic4fji0ph*(Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must p5d4.fz*ch+i)at wb a have to leave the Eartcz+tp5 w )a*i.fd4habh and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What b4,gdb(i1.f oy o 7-macs n5dccan you infer about the molecular properties of one red5ncc bm. o f b,so4-71i(adgylative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomforl6 r+ rbgr.j 8ji kk yt-;(rxt).c:tzgtable than a hot dry day at the same temperatur8.tj rir+-k)rcgzty:6 k(rjt;l .xg be.

Is it possible to boil water at room temh6kq29c4 scq2eq vv,eperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is di-/z 8 mu: :rhsq;md+sdz vs9jzfferent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the sam9 h;z:+ z/zsmv d:jsdrumsq8-e T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overhel 3hgd(g;/ysq6 gd,/zq pi* iwuuzn22ated automobile enzgp/3 ygu wu* d g26(qlnsd h/ii,2q;zgine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a littsr + .(q ppya:x0xqg/ele white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.41mtyz o v02ds 8p:z1gj-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the n*fresu- j+ 5ouumber in a silver ring of the samu- +uoj5efr *se mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius *;zin0eu-r 4a o+hdks scale?+n- ra izuho0*s4k de;   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and loqhkho8gh7 /;wwest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, (wdj8du.s2 jmblyp5vt kdn.;te (y+,the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0duj2nt yl bwmptd;,j+8 yv .s(.(dek5 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12pw svpg.cq x-nl q0my;bjk+/b; 8/gt. m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrork5 jlg))6 i pkpq+w9qught iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (averap 9gp ))jql+rw ik5k6qge temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hr pyc* 8bcd; /5kaja:wole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. cbj;8wcya:/pa* 5krd A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at e9-pyoptbc;4;ir /7 0 svtpjy 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Whatk tnypa q4s l.g8:i5y2 will be its change in volume if it is h:y al.k8 2i5ygqp4 ntseated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 36ktym)*rbb s*,m kkqr )k:0sg50.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL ofmo7l .py0;8.qj lnc .pdu m.fs water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to beto if6e(p8 exl g72jyzaoo263d+.xnr placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a lij.wh cqij (4.erb)5c ong, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of lc.4ebr jj) 5i qc(iwh.inear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in thvdd r+w5+(jhg 3fq)t we density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and widthdvrased2*h.e0sfd2c y x+wqgny */71 w has coefficient of linear expans y sc wadv.e10g*7*ed synx2qh+r/df2ion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sbwlg bh0*qr8k 1 : eqpsb/c7k,olid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is mazs 6 i/ mzitr;wv+25ctde of brass and keeps perfect time at 1ti6v z/2 zsw+rc i;5mt7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury theyzn.n3h0/ kpbma8 - uv*an :lsrmometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulnp 3uszba.v 8a-/k *nlmy:h0nb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating *j* xvzr)ix5fnbymd*t ag8* f t 1c/h5about itb j8*tm5n1*)v*xr c f zgfaxyi/*5hdts axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is r 6s) 9udlq(wulequired to keep it at thl( 6duuqs)l w9is length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beu ag f+ sm75* b3b-p21nmdbkznam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 2:hp zk)l5 sb;cs(1hgg0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kels2dq436)o :cftk x edwvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the uwt 9y6y3( d(gj/ ybtzpvkl.0Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth an2px5qosc-yk)qic4j ;m+ 1jyr vh1 eb 8d Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric preokl tp 71zzoio,ekt3d3 zu- t,.wj/s/ssure and a temperature of azk z//zsi -ot ,et3uwd.37 jl pok1ot,bout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gasoju* 7swuqt/b4j/e ebr8 1kv + law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 k- y7vi l1tq:ivg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg o so y2+ gt6xz+j:3. t(8j1r7i( odkmorygsjqrf nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10;4o9y7j s96mhpi ( dam vcsckr50rov3.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argove 4u2(aw9qltn1 8rmn p50p (;eamfi un gas at 385 (pen; auma ifq8 vu9tl(re0214 pnmw5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 ubh s igr)75n3kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating thewtu,-6k cl6 fus s7)ww air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a ba tlswwu7 )s w,c-66ufklloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with a0zv 4w.dpxp) lir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18. -)lc-x iesxmgydx )t.f: qz)+0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level : sepd/wu (l9,xjk5gyr ol68aand 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number ohz+t*kv7:(l lj e,z p/k ctco8f molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1nw, era :kt-d*tsrs6e6j/5m (6lud ly.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mole1g*j*s hik7kz:,tjl g s,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.)ugo3t uk;jhbb.50yvodg 9 c41$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L bjf5mq; t*9y sbreath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmojbstqm;y f9*5sphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic ener9 mxt zznr4y+bz:h a*:gy of an oxygen molecule at STma9:yzbh +r:4t*zn zxP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tempera9uf3 vvi; jy*l2fn l+97amgq/wftm v+ t2ynufl9/;*w f7+9gtvmvv +lim qfa 3j ure of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms sp )cq+ +8jns(fnuj,vbfk.7v uveed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased fromv)sn fubnj8v+v7 ,+ f c(qku.j 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units offiv-;5phcgs 1 fl-v0wnf2e k7 km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1,v7kef;fv 05i nl p-h2wsf1gc- 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at yj ts918vbo dczumz;v; / v6/5n hmp4l20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume isix nvc)2wzgu,2bm;f2 held constant, by what factori2 )w,;nzumxfv cg22 b does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is gi1*btvkb h g 79l74(:lz wyabvyh5ejb +ven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of e8d r3,du+fyx two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their 3d8xu+r,ye dfrms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules c/r1c*tf wlij *ontained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an kgr61(;6zmlbjwv 8ba5kk*5cmj 9 qpi oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen moleculesu*u*q gl*i6 eg at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amit bss6j4z, fs1no acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living stz,4s 6f bsj1cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can bgu3 2ebi0 n rz66bjxm3e written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ucre/ ffxt+iaxd30h -*o6g bn9 ranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure,1cych 5ie4e i: in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the lo zv74ioudyo 9 +f:;opressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 io49 zd7o:+yvof;l uo $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the hu- k hy 4h4;z:n/ed1vsbd p9yiemidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is dey vdh-nbe s:1yk9p 4 /4hi;z25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place whb-4xji r d-v3cere water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, x5rq*bg 5wkudzn) . :r3yj9fjestimate the temp:xbwkz5df9 g)5 jnjy u*3.rqrerature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of watfg:apk-so)48 pwf*ey er is 530 Pa and the rel:*)p gk eyo 4ap8swf-fative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 2o20q kyh.(/u tev9+xcs4u rbs0, po ll5 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a press+j8h:x f vpf 5pmb.zi.ure cooker if the water is boiling atpm.zi.xbf : +hp fjv85 a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vlwig+-glzozyey5h h(o129gb7y i 8:tolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ofm9/gw fc,pv-bup +j .x 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glyc4g t-yl x:t0lsine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of y4 g-:ltstx0l 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny c h5aid6/ctf8g3k. zr tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cr g/.c iz3h6rcfk8dat 5oss-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been ckl//buo nr7 (calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrat vnh bz3q5*3vbr*, zb)j-mp)syp. u uxed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was dz;4( slgrx x6se (f lk7lx-6xcalibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool wa(rlgzxls6xks lx74d6 e( f x;-ter, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a.ge uq 9(bt4bxjnw2s. helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been bl9 t.4 b x2jbu.egqnw(sown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air moleculesu mna(t57d5y vo v570u-jbepv in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperatu0vdev(5vu57 pbo7jm5 -uynat re is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom zf/gcj:n 75df;z vaa .per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum d:iy.hkl- d: ptechniques is abo.ddk-:: yplh iut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fil vxk:t/) xu-fixxzy /8ls his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the/xxfiu 8x/z vy: -t)kx surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at agagu2hm 2w01 bjbi)zw g/)o: f speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle w20hju)z1gg)g/ : bfim bw2aw oith this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideai1mt(1dj)t s ofsp* g+l gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77,4tdbjf qp0)e6ehoq) 0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estima), dwj8w dq65hxoca :.f wcd;kmnx3,c te t8qd );cox,f 3 w ca:w dh6xwjm.nk5c,dhe total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molenry6ycfr5s/0v 4lcd1 ar( )vycules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 pf..0n0hvj hr vsi (13,800 kPa) and jhv0 r vfn.h.0at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bow v4n8v l1ufogzghhy..9.s0t+2vyytxl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atp8*bub1kq+w z *m.smnbb /t. q 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly ,4y3 ecp s2,xq9ia,io5 hfpb laround the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly o m+7jku0f8vb fnto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, 4f+n f n;8kd vwt 5q5h0djw-idadopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fy1 n(i8;ca5* c c8pueoppv ,llully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth j,n:vv p0 mypxgdt)gwr6g4+ xdij -:5 is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls jtt;fx8- /gd vthrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must reboun8g; t/jxf -dvtd from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.ahoxsaf6ftg.( 5b92 f00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as.o aab5 (tf6g2hffs9x a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in2y1u p q(vr6)aii5to i the air on the following two days: )5yv oi2rqpu1it6(ai
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent diff 3(i ,y,akwdqa; oyio4erence in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperatukay,o,qw d; ai4o(3y ire is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal -lo/q lbplz:en,, o-.se m, kogas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume exps -mlboe o,k, q-ole. /:plnz,ansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.