Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the perizu5jbcn eu.dwcv 4- yadj, dt n./:*i:odic table or Appendix:t 4cn. :, naw5vducd-y*/ jd iuebj.z B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermome7tzen;yl:hkt,cu67zz:g.oc ter;g: hn6ck7zlt .cy ozzue7 :,t.

Which is larger, 1 C 3nwt,5p4 px iu$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium w w2tt9pp(r+bf ith system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, wtt+ppf9wb(2 rhat can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip cd/qc4*awd+ n7(e bduuonsists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metad b /7qucdnda+4*( uewl will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear r3a8zb mp 79- i aclam(uy,e *72ldghcexpansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows au2 xp xj2,sgc rid(d. *t9b4fu diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mes29.p if2cgj xdbt*4x,u(u rdrcury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes thatt4dbt74iqw ybx 2w,r* are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Why?2y47wq t*b,x wbtrdi 4

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury) i/t)uwqdv gol 05d-o at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hoteu. *c9z;hj ci2,gvzm ;eec)t tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and t e, ;9.vh eeu2cz;gim)*jzcc then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one partgry dla/4+t5e of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than +glard/y5t 4e adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear )a- yo4lx;f uwexpansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the incfyu -o;a4)lx wreased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20*(:ebs snbu th p/b0l+8 q6cfu $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top toks b-;xbph :xb++ 6g; xlrj+2yyx/nln bulge so badly the can will not stand up.; +- g+b6 ;xkxynhrx2nb/xpb lj+ly: s What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a p svep-n52-adehx-qxf)+z(bu iston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what hapa 2- eeb) dn5uxzs(xhfpq-+v-pens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged p8a(t qoioa6.in water increase or decreas.toqaa6p 8io( e if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and th 4h/+b)f:kmo ojmv19h pxo (lne relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperap o( vb :lkh19fnmo +j4h)xom/ture.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from 4ubme 4/6gkhkkinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Eartpo qo fgmo3ou+i 8b.be9pf*i6 2e si;7h’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Eartwe++b me6ugwg6/8fcs tq b9yrl*/e u,h refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fiftwgy r beqg9 f/seu6*u6 +lb+,8/cem wth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at k k(jqy+ l80c+uivyxt-6: zu+s5qund room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative tuv xskq -kqu +jc:u80z+dy (+n6ylti5o the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more unc-y9ah zd f2so 07bua5 xt+ny*53 cytlbomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temp 795oy0t hlasy*u-ac2fb5nzy t3x+ bderature.

Is it possible to boil water af) e *9zreybr5t room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is difx2iafn7r) 6j rferent. Whicjfri 7rnx)2 6ah is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobilexbidi5p)7gesvd0,,2u ;zdmvb xjmh3iae 7.. ez,,u.0 x)7m5vi b .dbiai dshd;p7vemj3xg e2ngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a lizwxu +gb7:b86f2 vvk cttle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are thezt2rmt0lf-wjz0 zg+6 re in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in at5pfq2v /(oeqt* d c9e silver ring of the qcepfe(qd2 *tv9 o/t5same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What e,netnp/ml48icum zem4d vx(ko+88* is this on the Celsius scale?enp*vce m mom,dl t/euxk88i(84z+n4   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest andxuu );qlexcyzph 2 32p( v4o3t lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol cbteg x.zmm -6)olumn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 tb6)x.-g mmez$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway i 3yk+zj3bji tm0jg)6m s built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron a ziurj *4ae45le8*n jbpproximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between5 ril 48j4jaub e**nez July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are oftzds98+ *nbg3f je- ud(iaw*tg en used and the rivet isjd*ezfw+n(g-i ta3gsu*8d9 b cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water 2je ,7gkrg;pm at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its cha w/vl3a9zdrik n wqh*4q) o9.j/ogb0m8qbby/nge in volume if it is heated qo w v.4larh90b*3/mn// bd 89jibz qg owky)qfrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 1+dnpkm(e 4w8*vj)b a d00.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water atlg(:wfa cam(g; g.k9d 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is tobk ;jicty,+d 0. )clkb be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expaub41uosj6;318 eha-o bmhtmu2 cstw9nd in essentially one direction only, show that the eff 1eom4-h6umbutwc9s;a82b hu31 tj soective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in d67+xjn g e, xnp bth0z(hf+ bzsn-3c)the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of l,md ypsc0d ylk d0;o8x/z4 w8jength l and width w has coefficient of linear explyo080 wxp,k; dm/jy4 ddscz8ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solidr(wb2 /-q +zsv3odkvq, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock ,n7 zo0yg7 wrmis made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1mn7 z7wygo 0,r7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an insideu/ vavp s2*yf7 diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volumup 7/vf*y 2vase of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating ag;kys op k,4 8qn:o uo+b/7ruvbout its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocr /o8s+k74p:bkuyvnug ;oq,o ity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lengtjaf/7b 3mbd 6wt**-vu l 7hkduh when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if th77 jh m6ad* lbdv/b3w ft-uk*ue temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sec-+gf9 ze3nr d+xufl35 q llh;btional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122l4duky748x ow+ xe9vx cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kel./ymi2va jr. uvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the F(qa6dtco. h ; mh0,idj9 jre:mahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the in eyorx +g3ih e+47,kwqterior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperk 4 :b,za/dpnsbdi.,zature of a : zb4b .psz,,nad/idkbout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the idealckt0 l /vjn:+j6)qena gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 7i ;gt de;ya6r.) zthfb4,xdatcv w),21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP conta7hku - 8 *qf1lz;8bm m,cagotuins 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10-. a0o+0 ygb9elwqarg.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 k2wcy3v i:hu1 mx)/luwg of argon gas at yhu2 w3):m uwi cvxl1/385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0kenk94j3mi.+ n*:bgs8h c jqh2val b. kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air i q8pq5o7dvgr 5nside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the vovr85qq7g5 pd olume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air ato s.vayelf 8)wnv/v,/ ji61gz 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1s,8r e e5;9abxw6fezx1)ygf(sqr m 6k8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 x kkqs5e d+r5joh2 pw21 a8tm)$^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules s- wkttl32)- o jqga0i/ $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many led nfez.n(bb;) d+ 3bmolecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, .5mwhsbw,ee ,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume tdd:su65*wv l7mwn9d 41eqde5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale t:3/ ft0 ncubdbhat were also iub:fn0/ 3btdcn the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic)ee 6; w jyil2xiv9cjo0 i(m+o energy of an oxygen molecule at STPi6e cjml9ix+je oi 2(0; owvy)?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfacelg(a:vyl*q g r4uo4o(ksc+3 ;gob l1x of the Sun at a temperature ofgrsuoklg(o(; b 13qx 4:lly*ov+ ag4c about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of e24ydiw+ agf7*t v u/agas molecules increase if the temperature is increased7/ 42ufwt dve +aai*yg from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, givo+yt 1k1jwp tg4x-nhbx7 5)hzen in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rmtxh xo-z1 w+ng75jbp4yhtk )1s speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a grg zl6(d8t 4b7jgtu 5ch4x3fuas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its voldmrfp 4wr,m wdf*7j16 ume is held constant, by what factor m,7w*jdf f6 wr14pdrmdoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of tp7jo h kmme4kj+/n1vm5b/ z:n+2y rtmolecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture ofo*y jlvl5i8u6 two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms spee6o8i *yl5uvlj ds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed ow(t.+wt cs+bioa 3 fp1z.z +iwf nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spe5+p+p)i cx gojed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average dis;ixcyq )tb* t.tance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in rh v) isyg 5/3yac5ahs0i9og2a living cell at yh9 so0h2)5sairig gcy5 v/3a37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of af s)e(*.etg4)fq uqnj gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urwbw 23,:z2vy,q wc ub;.k nlmcanium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phb mtw:8 n;lmo/ases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pres njjlos+4sr-3 sure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 904 ljjsron-+s 3 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approxima(t0,z:t n oauzd01e9xmy )2 xxoidha5tely) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperat zxxe:itoumnho)zy,at( 0xa9 15d d02ure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a pt,qmj qabn1 k0c4ib3 :lace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0. wkuwv0 9ufy4-q2u hy/72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boils4 uqyku/ wvyhuw092f- . $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a d1qy(asm*oz c1bs 5/a xay when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%?q1c(z x1a/s5*oa syb m $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temp 79g oz-gfhd.b(:mj puerature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker j i7 82-wzr v1x.anntiif the water is boiling at a temperanj8- i1invxz7.a2wr tture of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 680wv -0;dslt .yr$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poin5: jb3 mihm8oedg .6w9og9pa.dmkn n5t of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed fore5+do w+ dld8.gv/z5v eje3yz a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15z de55ywge ve3jdvz/+o+l .d8 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insj:xzjz j7e)3sects to the interior through tiny tubes calledjz37) jzexsj: tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure hga2is:rc,.;cuwk n4*,m hhr ras been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calik i33stefm6 tesi9fo6m i 4f;1j mt6o6brated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. H0 ;t7;r zgc bl ,:aajqnpia8r-ow much error will be made i; lr8q; 0jtzprg7a: c,ai-bnan a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many clytv 1v3c4 *tballoons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm4tc 1*l tyvcv3. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length83t6 ymec, xuc 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 2cxmty c8e,6 u32$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matteagh/miirf 9d1: ,f5mx r is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is ab.ig xv )nng55:tf:1ht msnnx.out:x5vnitfmggx.: nnn1) .s5ht $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to fu*j9 x aa70fxc0iqj jr9h piy(-ll capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume wouraqxf0jyh (xp 0i*j 9ai-9c7jld his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’kf gut a+3u9z;s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the;9tua 3uk zfg+ nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased froz*3ekr )w wts5k*1 lvqij/2 ywm 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770 6 / oqcnsjw k/lcof6m106jq6bm$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earl/hibrsdstt.q 8f4a01y u1 ; mth, estimate the total number of 1sub.f m0 tt/4qia hs8yr dl;1air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in ax),nq0kd dnq( 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen uqvb 9 m (odkb.*rtzo1sl/t7v 7sed in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured o.tm bqzb9sv1 77okvtr*/ dl (at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercurtry2 nbkj. ) k.vvh;n3y at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolin40eywz hxj- 3)mni5iaa8 c+mne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Eartkf0w - 7pevgb,c a:3inh’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glasss2: 5wr *womtc jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted i/b8e*-n0e dkd8j uf+5 d tomwxn the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 1u9j,mhf u8k, n95 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is hr7ocu..of 2h$ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrownn xs3y5l2;uipe. toz6 vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second usloyx2n t.5 pi63e ;zmust rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubbsamt0e5tku3 .ln7 e 7ale of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is con t5e7lnu e3 maa0.s7ktstant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the fo2i gp*jwrd ss694 qj)dllowing two days: 4)pdd*j2wqsjis9 rg6
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differe1ef3 m+klgxf /nce in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a se3g+f 1 xklm/folid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal g7g7uocs hhe(:09ped (np( w 2brfh s.las at constant pressure, the coefficient of v7 0pulp(dnehforh( 9e2sb(c: .ghw7s olume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot a uq2 y)xr-fh)rnd mildew. If th2)r-yh ufqr) xe cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg