Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of 9ms 9)fnf3tw2kc. lly aluminum? See the periodic table or nc9stmkf yl2 f.)w3 l9Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exj*fonzep0w ,h;xdp gp)wy96nlq p ;7*ploited to make a thermometer.pp9 nl)w zpeqd7n6xgf o, h;pw*yj0*;

Which is larger, 1 C .tvd4hzd*c)pys( w d( ajv ;;e$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in t f:j5 kf 6 8ux4tb(htnh9etvs)hermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about t u)hbhntvxj(:f8e5f 9t 64stk he temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic stripgl; .+hlxfpf 107bvb j consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Whi;hgb.jpfl 01 blfv7+xch metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear extb:b jw6+ :xfupansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermosts:ou.j sys+4xcrzp wc6g s;8kq7)gg c zn0y54at used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid gc4 5p yssgs+j:n0gzyw) z6ro q us7c4x8k. ;cmercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends ofa3if-,up :eadpo lvo;pg9 (b ,ten have a section in the shape of a U. Whp ioe; (39opbdvalf :u- ,p,gay?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury rd5upt:j2zbs9j43u i at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is fi 1hf 7):o a olzsv845 yqi :nlfr5bmu,ryi1x,rrst placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and tm,iuosh:i5ro4a r5qbxl718v1 f zyn ,lf)y :rhen rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is 5 8kop(xho 2njh7d( vtheated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Exo5((tokh d2j78hnpxvplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansio nvti4vlhvd;s) ,;z,r*dyl7 t n is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to thr47sd,,nlt*v; h vly;tv) zd ie increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 2 y t5ff*-nd8lsqo- fd/0 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause 3dfkta 61n*.;b*qphvuls 7xeits bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What h.qsx1aul37*f kp dtvnheb ;*6as happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing 4hsxjy :.):rs40w bezet qu zyi)t)n4down a piston), its temperature increay4 )e.ze0 s4 z)qty4ntihb) wuxs :r:jses. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in wat* 72u t;j mda5ykt:srwq6sw7 ver increase or decrease if the temperature is incremsstqy6v; w*aj7k : 75d t2wurased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows fro-1dzj-03brxgdvq ;2dzzmdw9 fz7o: xxroh 95m kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absw2 zdxho;d019 rz-7q3dg- v zofrb5: jxzm9x dolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows mn0x y 3ya1ol,from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earthm6)ivvm7olc47k f yo ;’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers t s sx0+77n8pih c5k/y8 neypezo the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’zsy 87ye0kp nx85/n+e7ps ic hs smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates moreceoi/0ri(*ak/ *s3qvges e h: quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one re:/ *siiqr e3/sahk0ce o(veg *lative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot r,r*yct mua28g4mhf/ dry day at the same temperature.2gy/ mftc4r m, ru*h8a

Is it possible to boil water at room temhr:jv+l1mz3 vo2)lau y ko,c8i9 +xqvperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air:8 qrglqyg 47g temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more :47ylgg qg 8qrdense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is da.1toy* u ro ;qib9pd1zngerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile e 9qzb1 tp*.uiy1dor ;ongine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (F:xiy3b4qya7,1h+ i1syvvgn jig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penn gpa-+ blwjjn042jl: my?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring co rr1og 0mww*v9gbfa,7 mpare to the number in a silver ring of tf,1b7v *9aomgr0w rgwhe same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on thn) l2t jnu(i0ke Celsius scale?u2ki(nlt0 n )j   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures 2dhi:mbl3 , mwrecorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol coq rbxc8 f rg.(gi0+ed rbl5o7;5bpm6 elumn has length 11.82 cm at 0.(+m b r0 lc5brgq orxgd8b;6p.i5 7eef0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs2c ako-x6q wkgpg// h9 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought izq5;p kx,p.loron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between5k,oxqz p;pl. July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole a36mroqn *he5 ( ts fw/-.ggjtpre often used and the rivet is cooled (usually inq65hjtfnm. ps* ( 3rg/-oetwg dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at vtb 3(;9ehjdosd (j-o4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its j x /-ajfgskwigme)v,8j e3** change in volume if it ) 3xmjev-j,ga*s /gf8 ke*jwiis heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0o2cot i a0t,8q$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL k t:d4+6n2nxyuh0ra )b ldbx9of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring zwo5jxhy .cx la3 ;s78)8tr6lfh3ztd,u sy;lmade of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessar-s.s mq;a5sel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansionaa r.-sss5m; q $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chanyybh::qi * vze74 4zgbge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coetj k.y6x03urj7ul ) od*tg *yofficient of linear expa *uur7ox6 gd lyt.ok) j03*ytjnsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrortj 5jzybg0ti w 3s8: c)ox1er a/ 3o8lobav76pic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect timekw s7:vcl* o8 vq*edmd s*c-h5 at 17 h - d8lmd os :5kqcwc7svev***$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mer9x ,k/imo,nfxhx 3fdy)t 21ktcury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume mihyt3/kxk dt2,oxff ,9n1) xof 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical whee24c sk qkp5shv0p:r9el of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings4hqpsek2r5k 0:spc9 v with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stb - xwvn9fozjj1gi(64ress is required to keep it at this length if the temperatuij nf6 v(gx jbwoz194-re increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal ste 4h4nm; dyq zt0fl0rdci) r,9uel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.12-ayvskwphk-km*h4v: t9i3l3 2 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin:5rmf uv og+o1ikwn65 scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenh10ecxu upq*)oeit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperaturesi e+ 1z 9jhlwnv)-d .)yryrf/a in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combusti4u0g u65uy j 6sng3aubon engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of ab0 6anuu6ju54ugsg by3out 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density6dlvg(2 /c,p(lkqf b s of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg ofu/ bx l6s eyvrk2 nad1as3sx63eys71+ nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nm wda2*z)cwy 2itrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is atxknv4wtf+ qw* . b i96c;fj+6w,pyqk l 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure i+*izzu go ( (4y(xpi6deo l*brnside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 Kxlz ii**gd6ur(p(b oo 4(+eyz?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg +o1dy8bc 3uy nnu7bt -nxm.q0of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift b2c9 xop+szm:p0 f+vr pk.m trad(2q.oy heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloonsoqoad2fpzt2pc0vm xmr:.+.r(+ 9k p is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air an: boz hv9xe+9zme,.st 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen azxr kbw9,ixu2,33qw 4r b:hlnt 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0a8r hl2y:rfd0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of xz3;3 rotxij 1molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules? vg:nprx7m8ln of r* 79   mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mv (w5*gx. k+y 2oukdkv x99jewf;3r;vhcj0xyoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5f j4juiry i( no8k j3amh(6:n+.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many moleculs)qfv+g82ki o fe- i0bes of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the bo0feq-+)s k8vg ii2f last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the averag.rmm(s e;5 fhae translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?;mfhse a5 mr.(    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun r6w3 -8l fxheyrm r2t cu04ew7)sqv )uat a temperature of rml3u et0)w6ye2 8) xq s4h7vr rfuc-wabout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molec6ylf: ,ekwl. rules increase if the temperature is inc, lkrye6.w :flreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followiw+e15x su,svetu3 wq 2ng speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, e ,vu 3+uxs2tw5qes1w 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 2dtb 5an;0/roh0.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held conq 9urh;,dqoc (e0 voelf3e4t) stant, by what factu()eql,;e9 v hqo4do e 3rftc0or does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a ga e j,:xav+ab0;uipzf 3s is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the sa j3qtn:ifhp37me temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio oi:t 7fqj33hp nf the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of q0;o 3czchx) rtu(sm-sia v-2nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms s2-tqim)n o.o:cz0 ztmv uo8 .wpeed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitc.k3 u ,2rysbgrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an acz:v6) -fvw swmino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell atv s) zwvf-:c6w 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written Pzxn3: 9gr b,jz = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, amfu b52p,-q4 jqv/g+fgc/ s.ttqmg19dqj.x $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, tk a,k+8w ;;g +x*qpa-ndufbqin what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when thee4pb)fj6 2cw,3 k rqu,o rnf)q pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 6 )e)2f ,jro qn ubr,4wck3fpq90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a datro0a:d siw*hs p+:;rz irs /3y when the temperatureizap +*:rr srw/h3dtss0 ;o:i is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where waevd 3g vkk7 h4 9oht*5)d9 tmlf/c-erlter boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimater+h:(z7h dhq4 83,pm mynunz u the tempu:d4 3p(+y,mr7n8hzhh u qznmerature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a d+r,cks7dp eo zsgo:6 5ay when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40s,5 o6 : ockspr+ed7zg%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pres fruxz:0z8,h esure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressur0ea:q8 0upr o1h/) glv3ob utpe inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120 p g:/pqbuh oule0 3 o)0t1vr8a$^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vol)tftk) 2rjuwq6 )ccu/ume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew p:o1pgon)fe8 moint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diff8 5 izf*vzccf0oji47puse a distance 8pczo *zjc5i0v4 7ff iof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny(ic ;m7z bh(lb tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm longhb7(c bl;(imz and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure hayg75-t-e. njy z(ynb( b vso;ss been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measuras(oxcjf 85f 2e has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How muchx1 la bea9hn w1u/k*;h error will be made lhua/xh9na;kb1 w 1*ein a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Afterkn -lo+0ik6, j01f6i rv giyim many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pln v1,kk-0m or + 6jiiiyi6g0fressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, widthwo*o -eaw9wh libg ;g( t4*iv* 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the ba*ig*w et4h( v -owi*wgl;o9 temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one 7/bdusz;tys8 tz9 qd9 ,1zt6 njiq,zmatom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques cqhunvn9f 67(6: w ht5tip/flis aboth6 ni/p56 qn(9 cl: wt7uvfhfut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full+nyx2/m +5z pbbpvpn) capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he qu++2 / ppxnvbp)zmy nb5ickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters E8nlautz1n44 18m* s jwmlsk gw69r0qrarth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, pa mlg0a6u9nltr 1*q8w8rws njsm44z1k rt of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incry;g.0/wjax q9cpj l+)kh*f gjeased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7ni7fu;, iczt9u-ewrfdav (j +scb03670m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pre+; 9ldo6 qsb/; f:q,j3sjlqx8 jx pj ug3dzri0ssure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’9;3 djbis x:0 uxodzf j,qj/p+ ;sl6rqqjgl38s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained inp.x zttyeu1y* y6w8+l a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 29pp.n3 .zo5h ftw/nmi000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will /m n3..9nzo phpfitw5the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury6j qb bm;f41ck at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli 4hmfyxdp:zl .3w8 ;qtne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’t+; )rht m(xuh:. cdlx+ff r9ys equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass 8g4kkmouo u*wy(k))kgjx -:t jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, a.rgohf8 9z n)l3s oll6r 4eubap9:0eadopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 2;:r g+ m lsg5jw,5/le. g dse(hfih8jr0$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earthi1az- k5l /0 wz8i ,k0udotbga is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against tk2 (c1 o)0a0ston(2m0iomeh co6kfegravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound f0s)mfioa ( m62ete0o 12(to ncok0h ckrom the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a *z( f hft+f0knwzo(u4 depthz0fuw*o fzn( + (tkhf4 of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor prz *eql ;yf u6aei;09diessure in the air on the following two days: eu fd0 z*i;ea9qy6;il
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, andmhaje2t9q 0r( when it is a solid deep in the Earth h0eqtr29 mj(a where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to gpi(9g))z c; ,yyuf-l eduk*i show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volumi)du)( kepiz;uyc y -gfl,9* ge expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, pelxvwy , :s+2x0 (jelwd6wn (etople constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at s(,d xt2w6xn0y wevjl:l( +ew20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg