Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 zx,tj5od:bpx2fr i:wc 8h*a5 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Apfz*8 2:jr5ic5x:,at powx bhdpendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exr(thq p2pr tyq 9,6)auploited to make a thermometer.qyprptta9)r6 u2 h(q ,

Which is larger, 1 C u8hbhu/ ,b uosc(p l2($^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equ1h ;qqqpjf 7p3xqd /q:ilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what :p qf;q37jxhpdqqq1 / can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strib mv8 ,:ogbtztp6 8cr+p of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Whi6potb8z gbt c,+r8v:mch metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expans jji41w /ovg,us6gmf.l tgv8*ion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to cont a)h wjr n*gq5;m;+e;a )f*a esg2yrntrol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mrnh ar fas*eqg jg; ;) +m*t)a2ey;nw5ercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape ou;wzy)6sj9t+k41el.+ qha:bms pkw o f a U. Whyk 69 ywm1optbu:qjewha.4; +k)s+zl s?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats iw2x: h 8)aj4jgimrj 2un mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, x8z) kzn56tgtt6 zz 8)5tkgtnxhe mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapif-zmacor9/1ndl6 ps : dly than adjap9r:ns l/- 6cdm zao1fcent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is tha0l .hyg 3m.9vvcw9ye wt its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives risevw vm3. ceyg.990lhyw to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cl0cl5e 6spx 7dmock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause fk8m.zs zvo 6/,orat1e r5hv-its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up m rev6t,-z v5rohf1kzos8a/.. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tem 9 :i 43oh5iuof,q -zujoj/gsgperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they uq/5g4 osg-j ioh9f3uz i:,ojstrike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase by 8g h5uw h/trfseww20 470xior decrease i/7 h f0s8g25wxte wiuryw0hb4f the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the red6tj m4w2e dn-lation between average kinetic energy and the absolute t2tdj-emnd w64 emperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law followsavpx)+tfm j;)- l s9bh from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio ofnx.bi,g k,oipy.q(-r z y/q /c $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the mp6k.hx6 jlt,bq/8npub2e 6 f2 yo ty7dinimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity forjl h 2t ,eypbq6b8/p.6oyfdt62 n7 kxu the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room t: wzi;42 0 f2cf9v*ncqpy muzvemperature. What can you infer about the molecular;q0zvv:ffz2 92wn up*cymi4c properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day iv. alsti u:g+,s far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the samviu, +:t.lags e temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatureaf)2p. cexx0u/xiea 7 (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the ai;-( e1jrzrcj ir temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, theiz- (jrcj ;er1 dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an ovetm u5e;l)f 04nge//vg:z ajv hrheated automobile v)m50n /;e tuea lg:gzfhj/v4engine.

Why does exhaled air apzd*/ l np p:5;bvfz1tlpear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pey8 ;fgdl/fum 9nny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compxz32 zpgk6iqm k( .4zbare to the number in a silver ring of z pm x.3(4kzi2g6qbk zthe same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What ocex*07j ajaf+f,jc03 cne 9 kis this on the Celsius scale?, *a0f9ckaoj e+jcjcf3ne0 x7   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures rec4d qo-s d8zov*orded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has le : uxi gqvpv2:c8rct/)ngth 11.82 cm at 0.rui 8 2: pv:t)q/cxvgc0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lon2sgufrx180gwm oc.dug6r3 2 ng (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approkyt1tyiu0+ lm09e ;mw ximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changekty+um0 te yml9i01;ws between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet holex h s*odz/h6xo;z i6s. are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a 6x. h6o /xd;zsiozsh* hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4) c0tk5it2rkhh9dh5f+jl .gl $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diametei: /zkgx(b 4vejd e8r1r. What will be its change in volume if it is heat/: vek4zrdb18(x ie gjed from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filledv /k1qdciu* u-mzo e50 to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL s/1 5c asfs1o*:n pym /ndq4bzof water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made c*kz1;+eo7hngpp 4 zr9f4 mrq of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in augcfzgp()0dabn -: 1*) f3ytjxqd b(z long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expa )d(0a)yzqjzp 3x1*(bdcgbgnf-:tuf nsion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in theltkr,qfdh p d0no6 +f4lkt/-l9z- y +h density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of(t)o d;cm4i5qb2l uab length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansionb iduco )bt4m2q al5(; $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropipn*2zclpp ,1 ac solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made ofcr:r.u ,;;lzg0adn p 7+w pihisnl:w: brass and keeps perfect time at 17 nhz s+i:n70;wgciulpd l; ,p.: arr:w$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter osy3pwh+ olsa5 0 o*p82i4 wlnof 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volupi0*oy3o hwlwns5 s+82oa4plme of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radifk ii4)9gmt5/m b: aye yqr0z:us 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless4:r5eqii):/ kzm0m f yyabgt9 bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much str. qgjds 4oyfqqt6g uy 10k27b6ess is required to keep it at this length if the temu46qtjf0o 6 12gkd.qby yqgs7perature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beat (u8 rmlo(j8.4 yckahm of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134+(nq af5:uise 3km3zt.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures onb66ls cy.i t4l the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scr2njidivaqz.,a n3)c/; y5lg . vnzr l8p h)9rale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the int)a.9 y/hyca4 st oo3lqerior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, aiogqhoqt ro1 p:.m7 *2tr at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of abou q .mr*toogh72tq1po: t 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STlu z5e1 kspysl./v7 f 68h-jvmP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains xq t6z3: yhbgr6u;e5s 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 rc2a. 3+hmx3 iq2 vvhakg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is attk n(7r;e 5o,4 vb6x+cctafb b 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of armj3ov .n: (gvzgon gas at 385 K?vm(gon:vj.3 z    $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0( rb(e:mmbb4 q kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves itsg8n vr.jbg *17,uylw,8kn fki buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, whink gli* f,.k,nbvywr88 1g 7juch makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 de,i.mw5t/;lzyi9 j4 4nespf $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 f8gdqk1,yfj x;w ) ip/$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapea/ eh h/) lcc8j2yye1vs a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mo(jo-( c 8tnjhrlecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are thef qgop5gqx+iwmv5/fy0s88 1aq fc-b /re in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles,clt.9rd h c.6vl)o3m l    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 58m o+,)6z odwjir8 rrt.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inh0dd9e;rh*+xag8 ym *3h sjdlnale that were also in the llgnms *h xjda e*d0r+9y8;dh3ast breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic ebe ,v6tc7g hpj sv+mgy(:b3 m(nergy of an oxygen molecule at STPhc 3mb( +e v7,bg6t:j(yvmpgs?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed;tww :o v4yu7+yygz ,15m9ta + 3fxjptbgbxp* of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K.1:b y7v xgt+p u*f,o;p+mwzyt 9 ty4j5xa3wg b    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if th,c7d0d3 pl t5f3l,q uamvlf-ce temperature is increased ff3ll3dc7,v,qf5 p lc0mdt-uarom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, give3n .6h)ose.hsk nk d*ln in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate)sdn6*.sln3o.hek kh the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas e otbolh*vu) 7t.dj*on:o 5 3chpk -x.at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volumenec;eponqry n:u 5(+;qd.kc/ is held constant, by what factor does5/cqer:+uey conqk nndp;. (; $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moled-as pd;9 5dtpcules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at t8d epn 6.gfaa :0n2cpnhe same temperature, the ratio of their rn0na fd2e ppgnc68 a.:ms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speedgc osp rp9 w+q;86fz:z 2koye0 of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen5v* bry ura6:t c5+jqo molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance bfv3s/a tcpaxm(4d f 2n ;x0ei1etween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms p 9w40yq bz4kao gg5(zspeed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell aq45kz0by9 a w 4pgo(gzt 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writtee* 5t6cwidel:-n*pss eu0 m4bn P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urafj ivzco/ruw)+ab6* u- 2tme3 nium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric preq;1i ;jcb gdp,ssure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when5m+9iyze( 2y icx s,re the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 +,e9cxizyr s25(ei my$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point b3j4 s6rn-29xqafx dg (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25 q- 2rxasnxj g94f d63b$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boi/n(b s-txi6.yy *a vexi*+leyls at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountai i- 3ov(q2byl xm89fryns is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at-m9v qlo2y 8x(rby3if which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water i+xsbp( oekq 3v (4v7d,o x9oixs 530 Pa and the relative74xvix3b op ,x(kesd+ q9 o(vo humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressuozdkp74 mr0. pfs-,zgccg7 g0 re of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker i) b.cq hkb/v3mf the water is boiling at a temperatur3.hk b/)bqmvc e of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a ua bwo(9.w:c ,nmj6hbvs(:bs0 hxpo8 room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its ds5:smbkydd 22ew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molemimqwz ,4yjsu8rs 36dbj8h(obt 4 4f/ cule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance83b,yo/b4 miwj h8fm t4szr (djqsu4 6 of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects-onorw2lygil)j 0i-/ to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm lowyl0)jo i- ir-og/ln2ng and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape meas 18 x).(a 0evuxbbxuwnure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrateyu9czai1 s6+zk2 d u(hd at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normati7+)jvua wv (l room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool)v+ t7uvj wa(i water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 at:hmjt6u 8iah4m. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to:uh8i4 mjtah6 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air m3:.2-3/a,hez; uzj jw z vsjzew5bcu iolecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is w3wc vjb . e:ih e ;s,-5juz2azz3z/ju22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densjcveg ok:+3umgs pd,8 p7 o/y)ity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best ab,axpwq q a2al,:/zz:vailable vacuum techniques is abox:z/baq,aw:z pl a2q ,ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 sf7f 9if7cvb650ixfs m below the surface, to what volume woulf 9bf iscv 7s7065fxfid his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning fro tllk 27kdd j8bk;3p9ek wx h-12xe0zrm the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperatul rp2e1 9kkkdx;xd hlz-b j2ew0t37k 8re, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of ann5 ukb*a+ zu*t ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumep,6b zevk .qk, of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earu ug3v3og(c4joc.hd5 d/ yxi.th, estimate the total number of air molecules in tj5 xo uu./go4 i3 v(c3ydcgd.hhe Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules r p 9x9ab8rs:i ,y*6dhxqa 2;ct/uqxacontained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge p1+du6vb8j +sdnww.zmressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 Ld8 bwjzv6m+.s+ nwu1 d/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mer(uy78 di wlb6j9vx)q jwxz7z 3cury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinebt7x a9cx vqi/ 1u-nn; at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equath,y 9ll)da8szor at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws t5d nn ,6iiw5r 8wtgty)* tcgv,ightly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 1,/nz 5 1-- budct qoq9rrlk*qi8$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a prvafff q;7 :sz1essure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth 2wv2x2 ek cynko3:k2yis $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gvcvsmc5 ( gd68ravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastica sv5gvdm8c c(6lly, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of aqrpey2e 2jz 7yt4 ,.hyir from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behave eyj e y7hrqz.2,2ytp4s as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on tr jpi+rzh6- y *dvs ;e74j7rxdhe following two days: zx jdids r + -;j*yr4hvr67p7e
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differe up qoqbpek (s74 ,rkan0+2nq:)vu .nnnce in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth wheq n,eas7kk u(on2un0b:.v4+ pq)rnp qre the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas kwk f 98l8 8e,j/amwgbat constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansio8a kmjgw fb,8elw9k8/n is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their celld4 6 7ztgzfor3g+i-pgars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house g+r7i dpgt fg4z-oz63(kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg