Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See30 ixyjm7d le8nuwt 3- the periodic table or Appendix i- 38yn jm7dlw0 uet3xB.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited t5bznl1c(+kl;o jqr p zz 7sz+3o make a thermometer;o zzk5j 1 s+rc(ll7bzz+ 3npq.

Which is larger, 1 C(l3 8wu b*v vnb +bq.is;zhl*v $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B isdeyi5l g.gt6o;+sla ; not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you;.a6teo sidy l 5;lgg+ say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of ircw40 yhlz 1rmml*2n 1lon. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–m c 1rmzly4wlhl2*n 011.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coe okv06hw xst/84edk mu9zxvs7sp *1x1 fficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (ol0+,as6etavu r other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conductv+ats6,lu 0eas electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a 7:.f0hi3r zo gt,wwmssection in the shape of a o tr0z .s3iw,g:fhw7mU. Why?

A flat, uniform cylind.9inmlh:8wwe+63 nrfaj;o byer of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is f4sb g-5 ndgs zokwm+9bwi8hxy-go / 8:irst placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially desce s-+54 g9 bg/8xn-ksmwz ybdogoi8h:wnds a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooledc3451ifr3c itqk,a( f k 407glkahugi more rapidly than 1c4k5l,ih 3i4 a(k0agi uqfrkgc7f3 tadjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its 02ac g eta*ink;q(fl:.wzeb* coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (czgt naie*e* ab.(lfq: 0k2w; Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate ax pkm 33 +3)d7yjb:au *;xdxcownqy w:t 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause itjk;.s hj)w04f :ooru,r4r x/k 9nfyios bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stanoof, ; 4yrjik x)nh40:rof/kr9uwj .sd up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (s 4j d4tym64dtnikkx04u3ee -v ay, by pushing down a piston), its temperature i4ue k4 4-dtxkv60i4dnem3t y jncreases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphereq- hnbufd-ol9f s-l;5 submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperatun5lu - q- od9ff-s;blhre is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relationy 3m(5gzwz/zm2o8zzl s-whx6 between25 w(zyxlmsg wz8h -zmzo 3/z6 average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s jtm.z 6swj*a8law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of apk tbv;/c h5xvoq6-h3 wt dy 9f1i.x:$N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object m9di+ufz kr*i7-x ys8hust have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape vrui*897s iyx+-hfzkd elocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more *g-n20m.hkx -skx za/0l yqje quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer a se*2mqa/-ykg- j 0kxnx.zhl0 bout the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at thehlcd rvek1s+24mw/s ;kpk:l 8 7 ejbp 4,lbo0x sao xskekw4 /1pcjlhpm: 4lvr8lk2,0dbb; 7 + esme temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20xu: rjz (vfc69(0hq )cdji (cr $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tem)r,xqn ; tz jedhor3c3 ;k+o4dperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or thed +dk) 4r;ncj,e3tr z;3xohqo humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to op v82p1h4ne ey:apt l ,lw. nc8riy;dm3p,;wahen the radiator cap of an overheated automobile e:y1y8n ,4tc3,a elhi dmlp ;p h;w va8wern.2pngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white clo pu5 g3:s i wok3g8ln.ed.2wkrud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram c6v3z yd ysb+/uopper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram go7d x fdv-ei)6mld ring compare to the number in a silver ringv)6d7x m f-ied of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°cg(eds*5) . gwiph t i6u,z1meF. What is this on the Celsius scale?g 5ieip1dstg 6(.ze,hm cu*w)   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded0yio4d1oj q 9v,zccsu 4 vl93n are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol e i;s mqo ez4h8:uf8m+rg:i am , 59sho9e2asncolumn has length 11.82 cm at 0.gu+mi fse sheoez;m 4 9i:aa8 rh9on52sq,:m8 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built 6smh22e8dvcxxv 1sy,arak 931 c 9:f sagn4a kof slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron appry*w2;x zrh6os.)lk 8i ,b,o djrxxu4moximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes bs)uxk 8mo hbyir,j26dx;*. 4ox rz w,letween July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are ofw f4lkn3lsh, n su 1scp19+l7mten used and the rivet is 4,93f1+n 7scsnlpuw 1h ksllmcooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterkdakjd 7xk+q4muc4e9:tv11 a at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What willjrypwld3 5 rwao1 n:2 d2xhf., be its change in volume if it is hear3n xj dwohpwl5 r1dy2a2:f,.ted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 10h7ruppx /g.li-x u:0lv2gk3o0.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.501k ywx3;v kes) mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At)v5imq zux x/ol -:6ve 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vess at(j;/kgu+e, tf+ tjkel so it can expand in essentially one direk + /,k+(jutf;jattgection only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chanm pu;bjuf (o/oo07;mer7rx 3cge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of len c2 ut/z,dfg w6pv+1mnnhg v7.n+ih-cgth l and width w has coefficient of linear expans2v+ g6hh1ntfc +mn-.inu gw/pvd,c z7ion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid,,u7 n(ha ptop,s3** k;sphorz $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and kq3ak.-nclw. meeps perfect time at 17 k-c.q.3a w nml$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury tyfxbbbz 3xh(z -k.3- mhermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.25mz-b- fbx33ybxh (k.z5 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel cp9y+vt3pk zns7+4c g of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity zcvkpn+49sy g3pc+7t $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desir e9,of;;(gn,l tpmqe ned length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases t(oemqnt p;9nf;,ge, l o 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-bgjn*s:szs 17*9ni9 8j r:v,o znkf kdfot -f1weam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134ff; fuz. hsof( b8-zfn56k vn5.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scax(nh,.t dgdmp f06su 9le:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatuavu/om nw1by6(jm )w3q49rjcre on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the E5.y1zk cptwup:a( lt3arth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine,1arqdy yc6y+n 1j,va8 air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of ab1ynry8vjac,q1+ d6y aout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxy3mhx3eti z j8gf5fw 1y ; 2qja*)qijc6gen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen (( e0eutdsd2/ r$N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP conta9hhdf p7 ukzt wi72*w, ,:kayc9md mag6.gex5ins 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium g7dd bi 5s36mo83 pxnr4jn1jtd65xhfl as is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg o /*0 7.mgnw+zr ;wwsqgcpqb2udn(gg1 f argon gas at ndg1( ww rc 7q+snb /up;gzw0gm2* qg.385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o nmx,ga *6 rm q gilsc-7otnbre08w063f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon acj06pzbutj(cyb e8h :)hieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume o:uepb8 jyj0(czb6) th f a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with airg bbx34zr;1f k at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen amu8c5er.a p7h0uo mc79es,t r t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.7+: vcgeu9m ub0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number hfdq4xyo3xn /7i,rj: of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.ol 7a97w* std.pa2i 7d5or zj sjox umye25+j.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ofvw+- f*uy a3yx (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume x18 3buet6ej xm.6trl. ntg*f5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale tha/fax h8 *59wj exo :jmt,9fgcjt were also in the last breath Ggj9,jf8 xew/ft oxa :hcjm 59*alileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen mol 8sr7wqu *6lau6w5hadecule at STP?l* wuqsua7 dw68r 5ah6    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of kj,c34du 7+movmro gyr:(s e6helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of abou73+gku4sryom6rjc : (odm ev,t 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas mole4bkv8s)wwcr/mt , npxd ;rx 4ie.(c l6cules increase if the temperature is i).xler8, dtcvkrb s c4 4/;wwixnp(6mncreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6,jo8jqui+x /s*n mc:wws z,9v* 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, an/s jq,mvjz *ucos+xw: 8n9 *wid 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.- sjbe0l8mpx n03 er zgm06u+jkiut9.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held ckxmlpvr-44jx0i-e rn1)5f ogs,gw7ponstant, by what factor dox o 5r041x7-)4nfjegi-rmp,gk lws pves $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is g:vvo b.5 6jpf rdr-9mti)c:rkiven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the rb)zc+g.jl rf 3(xm6+zwao f.b atio of their rms speeds is3 +.b.j(bzozf)r x6 cla f+wgm equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mo sd o7rc)zel4g:b67xylecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecul0qs/y* ob i4nue at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance b1*x)(z2tglmc j nnb5 ketween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed o10kyg akb fqfn3: 3e 0qdk5jq4f an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell atd5k04g 31:y 3kne jbqq kqfaf0 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written Pr7l2nwb(9u-,qa z* jxcd/ rqm = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumj6 yv 7+, 5.ll0np(gbxw qutyx, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases uy n0)m x,mjnhbf1:u24ng 3 yzcan $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure i x5ag1 5xz-;ebo8uiz es 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 1 5 z8ez-g5xexa;i bou90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if x cr4og;,i 1eothe humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25 o1co,g;4rx i e$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at 6id c4) /c uma(2.wyhbuvqp:onacw6:a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is3n1 zan9rtdr+m -b:ww.mhh y0 0.72 atm, estimate the anz .9mr3 1tb+yh mwdw- 0hr:ntemperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partiallzfzqkr) j2b oso37*3 pressure of water is 530 Pa and thls3q 7jfo*3 z robz)k2e relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of 2m y9xa*-muzpxm6eie/)c z22u-zndrwater on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the watgx)g9q02 ybw rer is boiling at a temperature of 1r0 2gg ybw9xq)20 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumeq-jzw .z/3 kam6+uk0hz)gjz f 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poinj)7ks*x 5yv/x grkaiw 3esre+,.t s 1zt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecurs/ rd0*k*)nloo7zjx le (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a disnol*0o7 jrdr k/z) *sxtance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubsfs rq*.2f cu- .r+6cjco 5lcyes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mml 6*.c.qys+ 2fc5ourjfrs cc- long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has87 ,:v5d8ug3 qdum960glxtz uvkhxos been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape mec+ + qrhze,pj8asure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated , gvdz-g 2vgsdel r2b(xy3s0/at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool watxr3sgl d0 vbydgv,z/ -g2 es(2er, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas c7yxh9.ac 8tty /c)nr*vo7 dmwylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge press7x8 tyv* cam/c9.dowht7ry)nure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5cer )kb t9,cd7 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assukc9dbe r t)c,7me the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one 67ej olgpdj+o8gk.f6 y(muw 2;ig7h datom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attail3bm mj-+ih6q nable using the best available vacuum techniques is aboihbjq + -l3mm6ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L wh v,qp fb c:*z2jmino76en 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he 6pczqi* 7vjob2 :nfm,quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon5 tk*s:rzf)q t:u ym8r enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose: kt myrtur85)q:* zsf of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gasa2lrf0mz.l. ( w2 q 0fn/pqlbu is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume o(i ubxwqaplg2m 3k8:7)bhvi7 f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressu/ ;+oowjnw-9ztkib s0u39b xore at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total numbes0 9; jxiuok/wz 3nt+o-bwbo9r of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules cou 6* +tqygu:lqntained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge s**m(vq 8+mgexs8q.gji / lxbpressure = 2000 psi (13m8qe qi ssx g+/v*lm8b*j.(gx,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mer*x kd(d8h . 7xm1 znoamlm5i:ocury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline p3rhib;. 3zg01s dmk sq;l (woat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equ(gkk)b0w uk 92 )v 9mbaf)vyhpator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass t *,cnkpnzm4 b*b:;fqjar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ado2rr n+(6pq-wvm7qqb.jk h+ vgpted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 2su.lka;* lkhwrb ;; 5rmqe;/t0$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the E 5 1f.sdwgjv86psvyh, b/czz25l*f he arth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid6sq n y/3rwd7lda*b v583y/l mcfego8 is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically ull8v w35q7cdb/r anegm/ yfyo6s83d *pward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases-z -z(l cgzl6j a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the6--zj z zcgl(l temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total wati0mvu :g sm4n2er vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: 0 n i24mgvms:u
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the ks av rqvx- :lr+b1c3-density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep:cb- asr +qx-vrv1 3kl in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pqgkd+nwkd 6 wr1gx)2z 5,pf)zo 8q;m4- lux siressure, the coefficient of vo,-+ qgz r wzmxf2;1p6uni dkk5sl og8)4 qx)wdlume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.