Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kgo9ro7.8*6rp+cgw-fi w0 xbwe/ 3hhoh:gtq ub of aluminum? See the periodic table orf+bqw- 3twg:or8hxe6 0ro 7o/uwgi*9c bhh.p Appendix B.

Name several propertiko 5qbk:+f y;pes of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomete kbp;yof:5k+q r.

Which is larger, 1 C rymzm xlp 2(ws(*b(f9 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system 8tkwd rvx8xkcs5mgof57(z.; .tn s, iB, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with sys .zistdxscr8toxm fk (85gw5vn7. k;,tem C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted tgec1rs6 , h89edje8 jxo a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] W gjd 9eexrhj61s8, 8echy?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficien t5,2 n y(ulfp/uihiwx s5(y1ot of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a fnt:q e,;+fufgd.pmp q sk/* qv6y4tn/urnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both confg. u/ +ktf/q 4q tvy;n,pd:np*smeq 6tact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the mw,7megh);ma. r b s4xends often have a section in the shape of a U. sew7bhg m) m4a;mr,.x Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder o-dc:*m xd gd9ufk p91hf lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is firsqy2,pu m )g, rl:+r6z9z mmvvv*z +lyxt placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury inl rx6+u zm9*zvm rvly,q,gzm+) p2y v:itially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it;up mzv fy;3s7 is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent pa m3;;vpzysf7urts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex w2* nd ozw;t3iglass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistanc2itw*n3dzw; o e of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate aty4+ndskrkcqwg3.;u(x,-r2g(ba ji a 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so bad cxjy fp*z*:b.ly the can will not pcy bj*:xzf*.stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing do,og4s-id-e1h a r8tznmq)+ suwn a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happen , 8-ngzuros- )+atqmid 14sehs to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an3ipmer fc n-ah 2n2 -enux,9:5bog 5ou aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the te22n5- -9a mn5nc reui3 xfgu ohpe:ob,mperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words hownaz7zvtq(*zkp16m+7m zx bb0 Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation betnbbxq(z*6+1akzz 7 zmm7p0 tv ween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’(g7 nyn 4+0jvyinqdn2 s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the 1kdpn pe 5n+i61wkd+ rratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object mu/ jylf cv+2qgz 5sx+o/st have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon haq 2gcs5y+/jxfo lvz/+s practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature.hn r1bl 5z 6;ado2e q( :,hoa weplt:q7i1mhy; What can you infer about the molecular properties of one rehboqa5;yrewm te;d6 , h:aq(7h o1lzi:l2 pn1lative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day i , -vm nnt :2x.tdj(r+lupk8ims far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperaturexm +82litvtnj:.rd(nu,- mkp .

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20 )o5 dnz6tpm1f pau2(l$^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humiffee:t h/l m*im/su **dity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the hueu/*m ihels:f** m/ftmid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overhxo -s uel)s3*heated automobile eng h 3)*suosexl-ine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cl)z4qr a.yc ly.oud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coppei4oxhfm 31p2 nr penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the numbeysr2, y7y,mxt r in a silver ring of the ,,m 7rx t2yysysame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. 9qx 5lnta69*kxf*4dnl znea7r.sh n -What is this on the Celsius scale?.99dafs 4ll5q7n6 krx xn*nhn-aezt *   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempera,yk54pz26 cbrjo7ag;zk7 n yytures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermomett8iv:lc1b8g-c h, gweer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.:-eg81cwbg il t8 v,hc0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lt. wur9 pb46g/h8uvbiv;pyu 8ong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 gwz:1 d k(t;jauq+q7zm tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (aver +jz1w ;dq(gtuaqz7k :age temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets 7 )ayk/:s+syy1gsam p that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is place y +kmyyp7ag)s s1s/:ad in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water etgsi57d-s7 j at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What willug9hxl)6*ii1 , iuoz,a )vveu be its change in volume if it is hea1vi)oh,uvig i 9x,z6al*u eu)ted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass isf h.vfi57oep fcgu0 +5 filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wau(lts6v89qhg rbi1 u2ter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. Agr8/) u4r24kdff ghvqt 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it u8 y8//jdql hgn z(u)qcan expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion iq// uzgu( lyn8dh)q8js approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chang 3bygm8spw8cp60 6lofe in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lh8v hzg.rm/j ; ;oy9smb8j4t, v(h yarength l and width w has coefficient of linear expansio.z o ma ;r4 yrhj /gm,h;8svy9jh(tbv8n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropi z7vpww g+i8, w1.upzic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is madeku:d-*t w7h ov/+sj (ogvb r st3,pw6o of brass and keeps perfect time at 1tpv o/o6, v3-tbg:shj +su7 (kro*wwd7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. Tn,ap0eb-he 5kau .esp5m.g 4che bulb has a volume of u,ee-ke05n saa.pbp.m g h5c40.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheei/c91x : 6uzwnwjxb4b5qd 2osr x+mk 4l of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular veloci4x n6ux5xbc mo:k2/z +irw 91wbsqdj 4ty $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length wheea89z s,cd2 mxn at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the txzm8 cd9ae ,2semperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-secti:wi +q:bi8h hm+phlk4 onal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm atwpn1js0z0 n4r s; dci: 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvi+ zd ht cfnz9p54tn9d)t72ws ln scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what teax;dqc;/azw taz b8 :566uu uomperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of thetbnf :;g5nms *w8 sxs. Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine:. tb 3h ;y1rd2fsyanb, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of1yrdf bysh.anb3:2t; about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal 3.kwpt hmk 4pc+mq mu 1 aek*t25poh+7gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen99p2zenp dp5 k/t/m(eeg 4 oen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP co(hz5k rvl4 dlni/j1li7x8p( pntains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas ii1j e+-m) ( vl ;sxl7vmv5ibjux:v-(8uuzka es at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure qgi mx qc4)2a os:xx1+inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38xoqx a 24sc:1mq+xgi)5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.071y 9zh2lfd kh donr0pxr3 2;w kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyanc qye .0aorb2;rqzk uzi6-4n5 t lift by heating the air inside the balloon, whirbr;i4c qa 0qno65 ze z2-.ukych makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ac2 68nemte yt1ir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.hjhcdo o br *6bkfm8b3-d:90q0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a/waxo.irl;yv 7 mx10v child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number cy:dk *w5 (2qre odotv8n1e:xp3b r1dof molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molec6scot2n0y v7bm wev3 lr)0f1 uules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number v)v22;it j synof (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum0n /uf3 y juptiz;2v*fe 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L y66+q7qglg; idzi,ad breath you inhale that were aldq g ilyz+;d676ai, qgso in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an ox n.8aq t6 kalq+6hyt)jygen molecule at STPqn) 6y+t 6jq.tak lah8?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the x chq 6t6lvjy* sw;au(ic)t2 7:dhr-e Sun at a temperatuae 6ctv;7yq h d( ulrj hxw2i)t-:c6*sre of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the r4m;xbsnzd 04 bms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is incr4bx nzsdmb40; eased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules havebf9 a+ 7 2obc-k1jhfgo the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calc-71okac+ g9b hf2jofbulate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules iny(-zvn u4aqihpz6. k2 a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is dpk1j *fpk8r;z3wmm1 tbn3ij( oubled while its volume is held constant, by what faw3;(j3brz mjtik1k8fm1 np*p ctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules inas2de3npi ssx2qz9 + 5 a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of thm00y-zt l,tp * n1zdqleir rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the dz lqy0-lnmz 0p, 1*ttsquare roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrog 868/9,eutbzwsi zi i8yr bvan4fz3+cen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed w4swo1s(65ndgwojyl (d -) vh of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average dista844tu 6 wkgx9 3tqygngnce between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whoyjn(5 1o5rxt tse molecular mass is 89 u in a living celltxoy5r5n (1tj at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be we :vv9um*yha;ev b)q* ritten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumol9 cs1zs e1y0o-m(vi o3g6 y9b sj1yh, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure,h uimgz(7,porb0os7 u2z6p31,yua ca in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pysh/ nv3f4u o(p8ojt:ressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 v o/o3f:upjy4ns(8ht $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humjv )stk0hd(2f/edg 1 gb,o 7dqidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 0eq)g/s 2t,o fdj7dk g1 (bvhd25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a) th0z9qv fq4p place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atyyo p5(f4 r/(bbbv 9x3o*gkgum, estimate the temperature at which water (9x5kb b3rbupgo* g(yvo4y/f boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of wat79x*ex xuh:2p+m3 de 7ldka*v ef xw1l+qrg o1er is 530 Pa and the relative humidity id lexhv+xpe*rmk1x *:g9aw2o7+fx l1e37q dus 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial presavch g c:ad03:sure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressurebmb8 )hjkd+,a4n/ jgd inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature o8 b4 dnbdkg) /mh,jaj+f 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in ak2tr( 0cm 0m8s* y 9isvhnxjr2 room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 0r++h au yira lfy:))vgpgs0(ma o -8z5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dip1-p9 3dw* ac qj.yfvcr-jt bsszg() *st3d * c*vcj)-w9-z s1jr.pys tabg(qpfance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior fv/ (coclid-;l4dod*through tiny tubes called tracheae. An avefl 4-/(icd*do;cld ov rage trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure h(nwrsm6i57qqwb:osuh32, )u a 4 kpfwas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at a+f b-9 .2ru:ng lxycn20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup wv y ip)t5h2 6*fxqsbaey;z7*qas calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool waterqey y52f sa; qp)6zhb7t*v*ix, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a heosvq w8 6:yjuhsn9hyid fe0v-h* h44+lium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm sdqwy+n4hh s:8ijuohehf4 0v6* y -9v. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, n6uonh6rj)j 6 f6hj6hp 9,byoand height 2.rhj f bhhp6 j,oyu69 6jn6o6n)5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matd9i *sjg)sxrb6/ f4h iter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum 4.nwn:grrc u bokx38w0z 7j yx 4cud;.techniques is abou r ujwwd bgcn8rx.xyzu7n4;o0 .:kc34t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to ybr*w 2ai45mvfull capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose tob *a rwyi5v24m the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosp8fg ra,y/ s;flv83f v li6bs*mhere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperaturel8vs /iyfs638;fmvalrg*,b f ? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idpv 7;t aea/t3leal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume 7jkip(ih 7znfngeus49m 3( :n of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosphe+q-owgcw 5a y vz6o9-sric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the totalqcvy9go-w 56zwa+ o s- number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules5cfm*b5tppx+ ju wml+ih 5k4 3 contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospmi(6 2 ht d*d9z,jv*v dszpsm0ital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the d t sis vdz(vdp9*z2,60mjhm*flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liqf419e,piqaqksv w d 11uid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolibj.-h p,a5 bbene at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equatr (m a3b1nbh*yq ,a6tfor at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto t4ggj oavod - ,ygki d-;jq2(jbfmw** (jfg-8a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stanvhaba9xt b 6k3d4vg *7dard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure1 ovgrl ;dp-f1g dks9 g65(cwh of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from4)9yem.:nnr hge+*pcal. q6c:qyz d w the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspendeda0d;ka: t*v 78e 3f.vwhkxxh a against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. Howf* x0h7 8:dxwa.ka3vk; ahev t many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3vvrj,)h73ehgrc7 4 k e.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the aicr7k)vheje hr g 473,vr behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the follo:uba+l htto:4(im-- 3 mfubsmwing two days: m--m4tu si mha:ub(t3f+obl :
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differer ee -)nt4o- tsd3cjh47i;c udnce in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth wher47 uj- cots4 id3;nt e)h-drcee the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law b qpzzx: mgt -qhox,evr 1 sw;v 4zt5:61uk;w3to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coeffiqt3xb;z-mt1w::gkv ;hzs q x6 5o r14,wuzep vcient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to djh uzw1o *buu- ui/.3prevent rot and mildew. If the cellh1uu3b uj-ow* zi/ .udar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg