Which has more atoms: 1 kg of7)eqj+sqpne; f +zy/e iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or7+seez f;q qep)y/ +jn Appendix B.

Name several propertw4nd *canpgva/ 3-kl .ies of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.npa* ga 4d/wk n3-lvc.

Which is larger, 1 C v-zrha0j2;gy $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thei zq c4t3ti)hn l-nc28s4qr/88g dbe frmal equilibrium with system C, sct84-ln/r 3if 4q n i)tq8be 8cdhgz2what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strdn 4syae (2ttaclk9: dj*s4r8ip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1. n ke(r y94 dsj*a8lcd:4tta2s] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lineac8mndgn)lb4 ykgz*z 2d1a rb2 2a5i/ ar expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagw bqx t.;cohi8v4r,u) hlm()r ram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts,.iw u;(h)x t hlobr4) m8qrvc electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a secuhzh ak.mi.3j: ou1t40d; szltion in the shape of .oh;.4 u sazd:kzmtu013ilhja U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of l ei +o4lkv*pg 53dvtile9fx-1ead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub vs ri)+q dcer gv1l)6-of water, the mercuisd1) -vce)g r+r6 vlqry initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if n8w60 vn9ppn4b5kn4xdr u4 mlone part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explwrdx8npvun 4knplmn46b0 459 ain.

The principal virtuexzy72zmw5jz-u7i * lw of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex. xzziuw-yl jw*7z25 7m

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20vh3 daf0)c(vd $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the cajjim bu)j+7 s4n will not stand up. What has hapbjjm+ 4 j7si)upened?

When a gas is rapidly compreq 7g rlxb78tqyk*h 4w8ssed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving pisto k*lwxy8hqrq487t7 bgn.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum.jv+,o k4 uegh40a yujaa+ qubu* 7bv, sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if tge u+, a*jy40jub ,bukah74.q+av uvohe temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law f.(jcdfiml*1u29 v d ruollows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energl(frd*u9 mduc21 iv .jy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.e:d ou) ymj5n2

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the rav/17a 1ovhnn*6(jw 6diwptu atio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Ea*j u(;bv/+erhemuzm0 j-eqa /u j0 tz.rth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has +/ma 0qjeh0ue tj*e u jz.buzr/(m-;vpractically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates mor12yy1s 6hgrd1 jx)(g6txvvgfqk) b4de quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infevybhg 41 f6dy6qxgtskg(1) d1 j2)rvxr about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid daycuso-)xwje 8( is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the saj(cox- s 8)uweme temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temp5, *orzb v7ygzerature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but thegsnv z t1nlzp;p /8t(( humidity is different. Which is m;(8v/pnl t(zs 1pztngore dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radcvs)rs4e 6.5p ebo: kj28pcxdiator cap of an overheated automobile ed 6oecvp 5js .)kc4r:se82x pbngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig.t,l e4/a iyd*rx9lkmb/0tq-g 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper tp4nj xds.wm8 gn)n9+ penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the nupd7;or 3r k1;pijr7 zlyl2 sj8mber in a s2 i kz;ry j3p7p7l;sr1rd lo8jilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius sca y5/w8. 3dd1qe5b iwpqp: hnbale?/n3wq8 a bdd1 b5q e.w5i:hypp   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temp 2i; em;/bsqfceratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column ha zun:ns 1hk.rrvx ;v87s length 11.82 cm at 0.rn; 1vkx uh8z: rvs.n70 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20u9ji *+f/v*a/k eqlqqb 0db: z $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m taq)q-m +d yzrlhe:*zi ;;)q7r pdg2hball. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and J -q d2apb;7gd;* z+i )qmhezh) :yrlrqanuary (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than th ;qxd07y 21fo 3pynzfze rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cp2fq1yf o70y z xzn3;dm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4c df/33gaq .yqdv 3s)r $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if i)y sw8/q g63:zt vhpwa +o(vndt is hetdy a wz6)q/o8wv+g3:n(shp vated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of wat i+ztecoq:ek rs +(j1 +f6: 2qi6gnmjaer at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mLh 4fiahm8m;6z0jc b2n of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be plg,ag3e * ct*icaced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentiallfn;vl:ww 7t c.y one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear e : ltcn;7wfwv.xpansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change k2il+ fk x8i4 )ji9uczhx fk16r d,li:in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate ne vayghid2 gk(.*h( ,of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansionih( yh*e gd(nvg2k.a, $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isowzcua 52 4mzejs 819suino0(btropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect ti 8nybhrar48 (vme at 17rhn4ba8(yr8 v $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an,7h o;77 dhrohxclr uv:o4 uk- inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The buov uk crh74x- 7l ,urod7:hoh;lb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius .2p+ov:ds,d qnqyy/g0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearingy.q vd+yso2 qp /n:,dgs with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required) bm zxvz8c77p to keep it at this length if the txp7mzc)v8z7b emperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.0*xu)ch,s jhy: ik(3gjf +wxl541$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at1 w k-ukf1sas+1 ote;c 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following t1-nqch)eq)fwen7k sw.:2l)g07eofjoiw fa 7 emperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on thp :a q 5b2yo/femxxg4.e Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in tg9h* xc4b+qdzame,e4n 1q lwzuek)8)he interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pruc5kwo2(u q:epioi (z*+ )5qqh* qesn essure and a temperature of abouu+ wh5 (c(uike5:ooqq)e snz2ipq* q *t 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas lawir7kx yt*c1x bz-*il52lrs(fxn (t y7 .    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21x g55+a6mk.su i4xp yn.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen jr8 i9bqyo+4ot+o84-a zfz jn d+x; sq($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gxdqnfwncuxfpu7qc:o8g *f;-,9v - l2 as is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argdl lknzy- n39 c006wjurz:i2yon gas at zw zi3ylnj20 n0k d:-r9lcu y6385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgpe 8i. mz/tjn9p .+sch of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by he btwd5gh h7a0:bqs9te5/awm6rt 2n9yating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a ball yrtgm/a7s wqtda bwnb6 e209 hht:559oon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 k se1t0o . h;awdynot(3ab:c,$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen ad0 a9/wuby y.xoet9z: t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled ballv.0my1duh pv51 g vl:fsi ):9zf/yrheoon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecfau1-t8ll9wjx603ln* a bd u fules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecule:ti7rtzwx/3nd/e j- beq: hl /s?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molw j:edb*q8 dd k10ry6wes,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumeul pq/2so e+,5o/gk):rhgh vs. ewc:t 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many moleculec2y1gi vtaq*ff- 8qrn t( )+kts of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constaarf-(v 8fyk2tit)gt+qnqc*1nt density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translati4x/wsj9.u6fbtxr g8mqvz( 6* fjkok+onal kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?k9 u(srzbk4tof /vwj+6* 6mqxg8fjx.    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atonzizdmsqxgk . 0ipwgu850.l+r x (g 0:ms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 s k 85ip d0.gq n.xigxu(m:g+rzlzw00 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speytwdn:-/ yj s.((fvoz ed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is i(tfv(-d yjn w:/szy.o ncreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds,t--((iqqemn7iamn , /td .bb x given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calcu(a i nbtx-mteq7nq dm- .(i,b/late the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas a9 t 0czgj)ceq a(xft8/npw 4:vt 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by wnr wsi*p7 lj(;nmq;b )hat factor doewln 7 (;prbniq*j) ;sms $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a g)m glt c0n;g8m9mba g8as is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio nw6ilrz(30ss 45 oez bp2idq3 of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of thl3sidpz 4bn i(0roz6 q swe352e square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.*g;4 0ft -qb4 7,onydez tkamy5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spewqz6g:+s sma; ed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STi(/wl4b)f5:z irniv a P?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mas1s5wco0ho. b bs is 89 u in a living cewobc1os5h .b0 ll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P ofwv 4mewl* +0 zy vfb21q;mlgw6 a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urani gu8df15ipyz *um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure;7q*pq91 vy7mm cowfg , in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when*1fcq8d+c - v.bskq yp the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) -*+spqy1. c dbvkf8c q90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approxima,vd s8ml i9t9ev u;7ux7ii)f mtely) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tedu877; t9 i9is)lfmv, euximv mperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boi0bn- pn, vz uwxna4xpm0wpg 6/p0+vtq-t50n wls at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate15nptla z*xc8 the temperature at which water boils.z5lna8 xc *p1t $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a dayqfuw.;sf9xg ( 1v9olq when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity iv w;xgq uf 9(1lfo.9sqs 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water0 x);kzxxv/q.x3+ffh hvn;c f on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressureg6 l0uo*6zclxgmljs; :( liz1 cooker if the water is boiling at a temper6z0l zl6:i s 1 g*uc;(jllxgomature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume yzd:k,kl ;3o aibz nya(,*9 vy680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poi/jux(nr w*n6unt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glyci 8w gqq41uel9xne molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanc91glux4qwq e8 e of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior tjl.nkopt) e8. hrough tiny tubes called tracheae. An avn) j8k.t op.leerage trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated k3vv-dd j9*cf at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape qkrq3p+.rfuc4ch*6h-c zx uj i :n 4n*measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. Houevk,j-.sj) wrj yi *qdq esd*;wa,51w much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and ths.iq1s , yej* *jw djqkv)wu ra;ed-5,e cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is init 5slj*8t8kx)lsfe5aa2t- usd3h gft7ially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas hgs * 858xfus7a3efk t)5s2dttal-ljremains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.c,fu+sky ,n l,pq,/jtei7m+ srn-c,k5 m, width 3.1 m, and heightj k/yqn7 c- trif+,e,,+n spku,c m,sl 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is a2 9sd0b9o hjmoghd xp:p yrj.6(l3l x2bout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the bestgu6lu9h*y v(i available vacuum techniques is abouuihlv*y(6 9gu t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m irhlw:2:uzlrw 2o5 +b below the surface, to what volume would h:li+5wrh u:2 l zowrb2is lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enter ij3v7dr m-(pqs Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a sp i-(jmdrqp7v3 ace vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of atpvou )6ro+ t6n ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7-/l y r*qc8wcl70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimav;lule (7x5l 9bnfjjv2f r4q l3,xpwh +-byx1 te tw9jfq2y+ hlxf,rexl71-l3pn bx( lb 4v;j u5vhe total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7iddf-g 4fxk,; t:b 0uq.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospit/* *ovohmf 4e 8;.z0cimc tx ,usglz+wal has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheri0e;+ 4m,zhsli 8ow cc*otm zx/ug vf*.c pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowt6dd0kq)rlyyio0l87 - r;jl pl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline j;6smmt0bv/1m jn-/8 bxdl*ul l6azbat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly arr bie7/7tsnp59 h x0om pi8jf-ound the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto e-d48m)i2 9xv0e vs iwkb :rmia glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standms71nvx.tlpqz xy8*z c73 yj7 ard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pra1 oxsvvtx 75)essure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed frodvq1 z ldp/3958 u8 a7ano jd(avxgth)m the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown xu+ d n3wxxzlg/sssoa991 43 gvertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid el+13gxxzwu9s 4s a3xol9 ng/d sastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a:b160jguc16 xu9 t uo 1p+mnfxlxwr6p depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperaturx0:x n1+1g p6pc1bmufu t66wu lrx9joe is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two day;.4n : yf4sm)ba idoohs: :nbya) .fooh ;si44m d
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is acpzh5y-x zhf m7o5t*6 atj+f(r4vc sv2sus65 solid deep in the Earth where th ms 7 vjhf+zy-5vsxup2scz5t6c6 4*(f aot5rhe temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to shob x8ffx u:. 5 oqurj;3ze+tn6mw that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient o+;3j oexf.rbzm8:f6qt uu n 5xf volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars gxh,.co 5e2.d+gum ktto prevent rot and mildew. If t.dkcuh 5o ,t geg+.m2xhe cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg