Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? S1l-w c-vvu-jk ee the periodic table or Appendix Bk-cw j v--v1ul.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thy3v m/ c hmo(2kr0m*i mqf*qj1ermometerh q*ocjf(mi m*1 kmm3y/2 rqv0.

Which is larger, 1 C huk d1q/ss n 0nf-3t0c$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not intda llun (+,*0mjn(k hj(hsi+ thermal equilibrium with system C, what can youds*lm h (tanl +j+,0(uhnik(j say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to15fkk3 bc 6hff a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hi f31fhkk 56fbcnt: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the co vinm0if4 f ovp0,o:*rid/ (kuefficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostbmz0m- i)a 9that used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch i -h immzt90b)as a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shpynts s e/u7tr f2v5fh7lk7vk04/ i4mape of kkt/7r 7 nsv7hu540ev4i2 /yf pfstm la U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of ejm4 z ouu3 usu,7(cr4lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a ndklg6h nz3- pui* qyb -ze-s+z.:dd4hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit an l:nq6eui-4nzh *+ dy.z gp -kb3-sddzd then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidl*reb* my5p )rly than adjace5m**r )eyblr pnt parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coelcle z3h zm(fqz(6/h(fficient of linear expansion is mul3/6fqe hz(lh(cm( z zch smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 29m8;s +pg egdcs y-2lo0 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly ze+:f k)w*c amthe can will not stand up. What has e*:fkc+z) mawhappened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pisto40c a5drno h i;g ,9jpm+d7nevn), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in pan4;hopg vi5dd9 jc+m7ne ,0rarticular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum ny 46m2ln25t xh5emb wsphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increase 2nb52 m5nhytwm e6lx4d from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the rela+s8fg j2vxhp2 *,w etrtion between e2gvs2tj f*wx 8p,rh+average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows frogov z0hk (4;nsm kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, th.q l70hk4unvz3d6 7afqv2 dfte ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have t12yi ek.uwbgd7ev -h5o leave the Earth and nevege52 webd -v1h7yuik. r return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than wat) v:s- ;cm bb zvi,wun(wf1hu4er at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one rela4 m)w1; vw( u,n-cvbiuszfh:btive to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at thf.vt 0l yh,hb4sq26vj qd 0pj3e same tevv0ld 4t20 pfb.s jhj,qh6q3ymperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatur 7mub/lkege+,iq 8 9ine (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is dfadrbc f/(7o 7* xilj)ifferent. Which isox7/dirfc7 )j(l a*b f more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiahz ;5 d,in/wcw :s.idstor cap of an overheated automobiles:. sd,ihc5 w/;n wizd engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the 9kmo )x koru6j6.ex4c winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are thcg5p w1gl7--kqhhmn.yd a nq: ;,4hgjere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring jcjc5/* di :mycompare to the number in a silver ri/:* iyj cj5cmdng of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be p l gty y/*fori66pw.z6bvs, )68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?pgt/byo.)6izv , 6rp f* ws6ly   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 138hn5;bxk mo. q1iwql66 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass th3g gaxec9u z.3ermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.039zg.e3uac gx $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m l6fgr / jyfc si)4,q8reong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29)uf*7qryoc .e8t m9pw*,ch c-w is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July p9 8hq*mfc-yucew,rtw* 7 .c o(average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets thauy1*niv: rj.a 6wn(wjt are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 61rj.(wa nu vw:ynji*cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water nn)i d6jrds5 8j(3a 1mv d/qa*ktmb,,)ykx xnat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be qa*adrh36yz6 its change in volume if it is heat6azr 3ay*6qhd ed from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim w:;j( vxkwdp9w3y0 ,zm.joskq- w oqf(ith 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of waterkle4+ga( fm4srhf vej3+lm)w)o 9(vz at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made o,+v k wv axt+0x-hzbs6f iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, nax887eabciw ur9q0/ wh rrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient a8quiherw9bx7c0w8/ of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densgz z *qtk*v,d0ity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of i sg n*ihvq8/.length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion in*q 8vis/g h.$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrhj:7rk .wg qwgq82es +lsb7m 0opic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass anfhnhn a :z,elsvei)c7 r: 75g-d keeps perfect time at 17sr:l 5: n-7 )fe,c7heinvzhga $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercu9kuvf8m1xio , ry thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of98 ufiko ,mvx1 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rot1 p9 wghd6du 4ksnh6g4u:: qrgating about its axle on frictionless bearings with g9 d1 d6gr:4hh4nuwsquk6pg: angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How8y72fkila/ apb2)v(r1mqre u pq h 3u( much stress is required to keep it 17r rpbahly2qqk8 (ia(e umufp)v32/at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041s, 0-elt)yjooj. tn+g$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122egt+ eopj av)8,:3eks cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following1lo p)h1 ,1john yrb ajzyh+39 temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temk6y 3z zs mscy41s2b7dgwj,*yperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth anl*6 mcy q2d3wqd Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure ,km-g*8tqcy uand a temperature of abouttqc 8uy-*m ,gk 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal,6hv4z)u/r4;ak2tw g qwu t aj gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg ji6oc6tnk3a6n+bqi 1 of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP conta.4h jb/ l2sn5figyc nr 2a4tp5ins 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliumhmsvw 3uow(:s u+ 7)xu gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside al )95bojhs/ 9,dcyn y9elzm, u 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?mzhe9l b) l9yn9/yc u od5s,,j   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgge+c 4,flgsljo) +vk. of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon ac/avp4-x 5p;n q 6yw gh7zj1qyo4z 1oyvhieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloonhq-pn 5zpv6 oa;11g7zy4o q yy/vjwx4 is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ailmte r3g) ufds. .n;a;r at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen b: nlqud1tpq9-n k se;+nj+u;at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a ch/zmsayyb a55(q lq)g6ild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculev-(5jax*l56jrmhw w n s / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L?ruta s*aq -6:vcx4a; +d1kqgn How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of 9h; ra itx9:fs1bq 9qx(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.c(40gmgi r vy21$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhawid rvvgq 82.( 5wz.tfle that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 1tg(wivr25.zdw8 fq .v0 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average transla)18-lhz 36ljt uikngctional kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPi lhlu)6- n3gctz1kj8?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sm b jeb230q/fzun at a temperatu/bbj3z2me fq0 re of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the tempe3jf4rdq,l yvla+69 vgh 8xp(erature is increased fv3lq6 9f+avjy8hl(p , er xg4drom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: e. ,d*c4dbf2m bbvjk/6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5dbf emb . bd,2*kj4vc/, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas rttp1 *y)9ip4s9r5 wo m2tpr+y 9fih oat 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constanz: v7- x;9fcvgtl lq)n j0jy4zt, by what fa0gqjt:zlx n -f 4 9;vcvz7)lyjctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculesf i2 zmh/-fi5/b -vi/ +gwmqm46wsedr in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tz4kyrpwi2-r1o, 9tmsa7 tz+d emperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular mak tyzm-zoa2tdr9p 1wri4, s7+sses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogheoyyl8ihsw;kej eh (0k6 cs69 4pj e.m6o1t6en molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed w:;xo bv 6m7-lix;o ak4 aav6vof an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betwekjv4j 8bo;3n ux2f9 afen nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u inn8cku(mga;8/rl 3d qr*3odcy a living cell at 3q8/rc*adg(8 o mlkcun ;r3dy37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P h, ef *l,rl:qefj32r y= $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urannes3jkc1(x/t q b*gx9.mrt 3d ium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases t0z a o;t /k-wrkcp(2bcan $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when t .xh.rbh6,oo2 1srrtohe pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 . t 2,horr oso61r.xbh$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity ibg2th2*g0uud s 50% on a day when the temperature isb2*uhug gt2d0 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a placedhd 4 z2jllzwe686 9wj where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is c oyy+,fw .oe,0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water b y,,owfoc.+ey oils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa hwp0 mpf*/+io . g7pspand the relative humidity ifs ppo*p.wm+h 7/0p igs 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial precbo; bz9ra0t3 ssure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water isqkft - -g-)hweqx*vm, boiling at a temperature o-e-*vxqm) k -fthq w,gf 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of voljdw 4(yu pgi9+x7nh5 lume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pae kmgn.m+n;wk. b *4point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 1sktb*je:qs; 6xnox* /3–4) to diffuse a dixo*6k;n /q b:tsx* esjstance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tinyg,ok2 w,;d if ilk7zm0 tubes call l; ,i,moigk7kdzw2 f0ed tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibl kfbd x4j)0-wrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape m6*qpaf4 wn4ca oaj+r2f ok8d, easure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrat+xw0s : rgw pr+/op:ymed at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the w wps: gx/ 0r++omyr:wpater and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 doeal*8 pe 3m;atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gasee3m8l od*; pa remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, anjgc5e;0qanjf, lu 0 w3d heighe0,jg30fnwq 5uc ; lajt 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom perg xgr*a)* twbs kmsy1;m .rw q4.bm46p $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques i.nm2z.e*tky 8xcdwnvec4 3 /js about wjc *ezc8d2m4.ky t/n nv3.ex$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L 81sno 8l v.(vmwzpqm/m gn9 z3when 10 m below the surface, to what qz3m.l9mvswv gn8 p1o m(8/nz volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from m(,+(va+layeyj; hmwthe Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this s y +y;w(ja(+,vamhmlepeed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fr/k: (aflj+ khgom 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of +i3m3ioq b irct) i7/c770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the q1n.u zqyh2 nr5 /aa5dEarth, estimate the total number z. y1q5nq2 n/auhrad5 of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed 9ilhu :u qv5p3de()l tgepf+:of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of) kcxdgj5v*t98kp hr6 oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cyld)c 8* 6xjkhpk95 tgrvinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mqxt38 og58mzjr7 j r6aercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline ata v7lo) huh8rr 4n,k+:zy*neb 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator w9c5kfq0jzih /og*t 5jj2 a w1at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jarzl1i(msd/62+2e*haycpd sum at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 18uvd,x6, y6 an3n bodv6msmn22$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fg 8v2* q6yi fop4cjjox1*xm:uzt wk)4ully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fromhoj6hox8, u z-xqal( 8ti9)jp ioj93u the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended againsl6j4 dj oflph19c8 ;mvt gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at j f9j8l;op vl6hm4c d112m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameterjw5kiq*3+1j6fbu huk (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it re i*bk+6uk 5hfujwqj13 aches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vadz4ngiw- 7z.q h 7.gmmpor pressure in the air on the following two days: . iw-hmgz74z dmqg.7n
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of) ysfdq8e,l6n yo4ef6 iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where 6)lfo8q ys,d n6ey4efthe temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at con,n0qakbd)qdv2vy l n51 *1dy fstant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansi)nf,q ddb1qyn5*v01 da lkyv2on is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to preveq m:(cw66( r+ ettsgjint rot and mildew. If the cellqgi6:((sm+rw ejttc 6 ar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg