Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iroig mv1to9vm(40t)zovnnzh:l*e 7a :a n or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendoa7t *)1:mi:v (hvev9zzognat nl4 0mix B.

Name several properties of/+c *gh kwt:sjev5h+h materials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.5jcsew*h g +k+:hhtv/

Which is larger, 1 Cg1r(n +g7xo;lh et (bj $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is nolyde2zpc;74 lei.8ugt in thermal equilibrium with system C, what48dle ;yic 7.lg2pezu can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. Wo 2zzz3e+fnh tnv1+y 3hen heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] htne2z1ny3o3vz f++zWhy?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficcp lf9ma::ykzm5/4t uient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simpyruo-imp;lc y kbk 9z;o312w /le thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contactr; kubcw pmy;9 2y-il3zk/ o1o wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed ho6w0 ie- 6wwvbc lif 7cbf72;at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U.wc;bbf -6h260ew 7iowlf ci7v Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at *0dpm)q l;dhor rmg0cnn2)g/ 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is firsquf9 h xc,dku8y6)t (dt placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and fh(t) uy qc6d d8,u9kxthen rises. Explain.

A glass container may break ifk.hbp u0z m25jj(+k(vu/h x( l5qmgnxdmgj.- one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Expl (v0h55 mxkj+(mm-kgjjz2p.ul b/qn h dgx.( uain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass i 1pxpb kaeo+aq35 c+f1s that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to thfpac +a3 xk1 peo1q5b+e increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, 1 dy3c 5o5h.njx khg0oaccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badd +79 zguxb ps+px4(yy 8dz qyig -6z:ecj6i)vly the can will not6z8g7p yxvy+pz:6bjzcd+(ui9 i)y -x gq4de s stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its t2fn v7n+gcfttb :oe;+emperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving pistonco ++gvntbf2:e;t7fn .

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphero)uelcgp* * ql3ftee,/ 8pzc /e submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased fe cpzqoe/)u3e ll**8t,gc/ fp rom 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kin*vs c cv go*ik/db/2,vetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the / ,*2d/c igvvo*bkvsc absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows f u 04a w6*pwb3i)dzwnsrom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, th9)ived+;3 mun:h vpxuomja1 ( e ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum spgsx 9rl st,-(weed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no at(ss t-9x,grlwmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. ( 7 5mhj pf1*3brnaeka1gv7 m;cw:qtdWhat can you infer aqkmm;t :(5 cpejnhwg7rf ba1d137av* bout the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable thabk19 /k6zb9 an vh4fxon a hot dry day at the same temperatk v1x hf9 4bzob/kn6a9ure.

Is it possible to boil water at roo ne5 iueg81in5m temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is )lv4g d/h2cmtthe same but the humidity is different. Which ilv)dc42mh t/gs more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overm;zz x98z:z-7 9yakn bz8uo qmheated automobile engin obz8:zkamy9 9z ;7zm-uzn8xqe.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white g 4kthigb; ll4u)4l)na pd+p,cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are thv9imz vb/h+ e/,xlbm zj3bzgq p*:n..od :ks(ere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atomsfere--n h*ufm7n1p(69oj s6s xi 8wup in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver rnf7- ns p8ruue66ip fxe1sh9-*wom(j ing of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?7by x)tbth89 c7t 89h)x bcybt   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowesvk+l3iw7gsa4 t temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0bq7u.3 7aft6zrq5 p0 z czkx3y.0 0p fzcuzq yr 7tkz.b5 q7x3a36$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m longkm4h v bk0lq)* (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is builtmgxql5k 1qo8o* s/l jr :-)hji of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much itshrj8:)il koj -/q x *5oqg1lms height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, ri-(/ .k5rwmgv0bu r muhvets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the .-mbg (vrh rw5/uk0 murivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterydcq a*1zjo rhr/0x9(w7 1mlf at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Wd bkgtb9 a4/y4hat will be its change in volume if it is heate d4t4bga/y9 bkd from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of waseugh,/ /.xk -*b vublter at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water atipwq )xx.kf ns4.ucg66/p sk9 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iro4dx5k qjoo)0dn. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, nahbp; fin8;c7jffz f xomt868j7)h6 bzrrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coeffixfij8 b o7zh8f n z;667c;fbmth)f jp8cient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change j w8jumwrq:9k64ze l. in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l a;nwmi.kes 6k imtk;8+nd width w has coefficient of linear expanskmw.+6 esti;kk;8min ion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic fl;v6f e o1o.kuo25 6tlyhp:)nut) ie solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keebu/ ij; du-f/4hg uure-i1-ej ps perfect time at 1 /ifhrdeb uj /eu1u-ig;- 4-uj7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 msdd(u:, c0dkc m. The bulb has a volume ,s dc(k:0cuddof 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 1w d;i-frit2cxx *p7jm is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angutp x2-7w d rfx;c*ii1jlar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How muo9;;xokww (cd d hrsmv:a;u:;h u2/rj ch stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature;uarvw:oh;:du; / xc 9h2(swr ;omjkd increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectio9g ; 2v8irzj4efjqb o7nal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122v6l uchd4/5np:gv;+b5lt i py5 pu 0kt cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followinigy -z gej67*lzl,. qvg temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the pff l82wzr vj6:y l;l2Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperaturesd jnj6-:mg e.ul-l 3eg in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospherm0 +sk 7x8agvuj4 f0v1cqes:mic pressure and a temperature of about1esgjx0v s0 8 :av7ufmk+q cm4 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using thed- m1f nzee:po d1wwj6hn*ij-ct7. 2j ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg oyjg7ez.omsjgj 4.j ql5z).q*f nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP con k q3 blj(i)(xto95wq8*kkbt htains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.00ntfo9-bxor +q 8h pb3$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure n*dthx/v5x z/7d hmu61( fu dcinside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3 /du(d 6x5h x1d7fnh/*u vmctz85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of h7b m 3vm swt);szld )w3t84iw$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating tho+na5 )8.n w-npfocax*)qr gte air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balxa wt rao8))o 5n+*c -g.nnqpfloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 o2/7vz haj5hn$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen vxc sw /l494dtat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a ch7fps+ k+4mpccild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecule3x)m v*w 5lqe1budp .rudk4c (hi.9dgs / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Howzh0h;j owxk zj);s+o5 many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)+- fh 0*ipsewq moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5s10:.rjm wavw;j t.a/nac abl hzpw)/k4/d 1r.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules o0e0g3 h:4 xbkyiwr2hd3fmuq *f air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galilu 3wm i0bq3d*rg hk2fhy0:x e4eo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the averag 80lc3mn *8axgg ee07 pi(tpame translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST8l*3e i(m0npt pxg0ceam 7 ag8P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun a4/i ohakkt,hon-+ujc 1(ic7g v0qb: at a temperature of aboutgn , qijh-c/k7i4k vhtu b0o1c+a a(o: 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature il) *w95izrx gys inw g)yri5z 9*xlcreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules haveh h6i61u(4 iubj5 uyxf the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Cal 646jhfi xuh(1yiub u5culate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0/*po.u9 gyoa d08twyv $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its vcb ykq f3/+:ac,kn;u.w j9zny olume is held constant, by what factor .:,q w/ba;9j3 ufcy+cnkk yzndoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecuitg3 0,z 7uqlales in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the sam*ys*v i:ncm2e u 4)3 3y*loesjb-wtbse temperature, the ratio of their ei-t jc*m3)lse2:4bo *su sby*y 3wvn rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecule0*8hgan( qj9t5gktu mo(na+scb6:d o s contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moleck/jj) 6o-pv+hl bks9dule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molelb(9 atrf+j .acules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose mov e . +ymdc:tw9:h0nzj36 s2jkl zr6kplecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37cwpksdrz9en 2j . zlmtv :66y0: 3+jhk $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writtee iqop l mw/8*xc,3 p2;shef5nn P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, ul,u9 +,zoi :p f3bhgy$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in - 6.n) unc9xhjk m4feg 4ambs.what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and th x0)bi) vod*f)nj;;k fxkj: gbe temperature is (a) 90 )o)fd ji;gb0k;kbf*xx : )nvj$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (aut1a-xhh (so8 pproximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the t- ashx8 o1h(utemperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place whereqoxrkwlq 8 8q w,lh039 water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate rqm48c:quo3nay,9h x id3oc6 the tem c:d8nu 94r3moqqoi,a6xyc3 hperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa al,b-zq)s20za ww7-ct eck:f w nd the re7w:q-k-w )csbatez,2 wc0lz flative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a n)85 s4iea xozc8 o3ndday when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure copd/u(nbo pajf2 a/ a9/oker if the water is boiling at a unbf( o 2/dpaapj//a9temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vw, u8hd) unhzk*-n )oeolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point 4 k-hxegw yp2.of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Ta xfsrc- 9iod7.k 0i yu;uve73bble 13–4) to diffuse a distan7-fce9ysk7ord0v.bu x3 ;iui ce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the in vhe//7unw0dkr +j (jmterior through tiny tubes called t7v+ ne(rj/mhwj/ud 0kracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated ackqf bhk200n:r12 o xct 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measlnkk3 o4y9 :plure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibsb- 0igh(r5py7,n/ 5cpqipsa rated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL on50hsbr ,ip7a-yg(i5sqc p/p f cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a5t )m-.utiska helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original ga tm)ktsi.a5 -us remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, wid)53sp)cmufps th 3.1 m, and height 25mp)p csuf)3 s.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom per w u0a3r9ai:c;fh- q)wjfjgh 5$cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainabh0) tbtkq-c/y 4zo.acle using the best available vacuum techniques is about ty.b0 4h) azoq kc-tc/$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10;;n- /rwe0hi) u glkmi m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rosg i/;rimeh0w u;l)kn -e to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosp5h, 8 ppt(ck l;sp0zmffg03o ghere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperatu c0hg80f 3kz op5pgpflsm;(,tre? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idealubx,xad o5 lx70d6e/ g+p 4nu dw/bco2s7ah3v gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofc: 8;li5gzi 2izmi- uv 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surfacero39+b9ks fsw of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules if o+9 bsw39srkn the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules cof vyor4 :28;ff6opdk.* o+q vavfv a1sntained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder onvu)65 :qm3arvpcti 7 f oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressuuav r6ct 7pv3q5 mi):nre, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of li-jo k9d4 weug*l2:we a63ee x-iahc4 gquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at tm:9.wnd admbuu l1540$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were tgd1 1d;hge,jnt7t 5 gfo fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar a j rcikp)p( c+fh519het 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in t.i9d5 ki+p x5fq.xav zhe 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressuremsl:kwt6m n 40 of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from t. dblwpf*1z8ehe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gxzccr,17z: hr ravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound fromzrr xc1cz:,7h the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) b r(q fcy4;rg-zubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large i yc;qzrrf (-4gs the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressly+:hn uxby y5vke /sl;8(ime/) lv( fure in the air on the following two days: l/y;hl/fiyye m l+( :sx85 neu )kvvb(
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the hnkwr3a7 m ceg v4:w 1(5dc;fmdensity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperatcnem7 w;:a 4k1vrw m(c 5hgdf3ure is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, fq l,av(tt efcdk d9v .6w7js1(or an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal tojalk91ddt ( c.v7s 6qf(,wvet $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify thluh:wx a*egs)dz5,0p ze x r/6eir cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cella r06l: eu)*w5x hez/d,axgp zsr in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg