Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodi5 vmjdny8:sm/ c table osd:njmv 58 /ymr Appendix B.

Name several properties of materibj/6x4dpuif - als that could be exploited to make a thermometer.bpj4-6uid/ f x

Which is larger, 1 C8vohn:mgl6pke /+4 y .w7gt *ijv6wpy $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermbyi/t/qg b/v+ al equilibrium with system C, what can you say about t+ib/qb/yv /gthe temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consisqrxn(g;0r88 6(xdmqh2l uf osts of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 138rdrf;8(hol sq2m 6ungq0 xx( –1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expan+h paei49r*8ku:h xt msion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to co h-.um i0.e3;v6e4 q ruwznntyntrol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded tog6wvt eq;ur3.4 .0emnyn -z ihuether. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section iltlqrg- 8d/1. s+n/gpx k;xmhn the shape of a U. Wm;xhsl/gplt.d/ qn- xk g +18rhy?

A flat, uniform cylig1bnh1bj /e7cc:l) szc1c3 p cun.he:nder of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is fily/z 0k *aw50malv6d hrst placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Expla ym5 lwazv0h60kdla*/in.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more la8 ovl/f0q 7drapidly than adja0fl8 v7dlq /oacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of liyatomx9oh7f1ruf8r )h 3ma4 8near expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resix)aohmu ty8a1r 9f4 8m73fhro stance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 2 k0gobjzpz.j( t:b0*cnz/6 mm0 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of sodg,xp iu2ih+ r/a will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What hari i2/p,+uxh gs happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, yjepi0zox 15cl. a5 o*by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strik yx5jca5zo 1loep0 i.*e the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphhfpkpua:i3 )b7na*w 8ere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased frombu 7h:a k 3pf*ap)wn8i 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows froq0zoq -s/e-wx y16navj+n k.bm kinetic theory and the relation bet e0kvqa-xjynbn.-zswo+1 q6/ween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from +w3fbo7twm)lq7 g( w:-ct qhf kinetic theory.

As you go higher in (-i uj.tlf,ibdt7y /un0xi( fthe Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object tlj6;p55qufq -u6 vrwmust have to leave the Earth and never -vj6 5uqftr6 ;uql5p wreturn. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What 2bi)z6a)7.ksqlw f gkcan you infer about the)a7l .kzis6qk )bgwf2 molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far mm,w;8)e+.0rocfpi c)rr ulfk ore uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperfe;o.cp r0)fr ,ul kr)i+mwc8ature.

Is it possible to boil water at romw . fvnc.8z+*8fu4gz; s ccaeom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperatu p1n4koow;mk+a0b)i;m nd aga 1a5ar6re is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the s 15arb;d46;agm 1pn0 + komkiwa)on aaame T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open0 gl nuhq2+i-x the radiator cap of an overheated automobile ei0g+u2qnx hl- ngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)t,x ;-et zfv-q?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper 0 fsd 7b9w pfb2hm2u(upenny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-0yb8rqm 77gsho/;krjs k.gbhr 0;t1 ggram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of th;q tr0g8g71 rmygrk7h bj.b s/shk;o0e same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius sca ak r4etd x5-exvk21z.le?r1 zexdvx -k2at .54ke   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperaturew9xqb;d91 b)p db yw,ls recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glapn1 ysk3; pquj4zx9 b(7ozok 3ss thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 pjx (po;k3 zbuqoz1 ys734k9n$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long ( g d+sj 8a4dl+cc,y1l7hcbqrb( oaa9ge+ 5i o,20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron ap jef v65 rgbnt9,yp:*nh-j*bhproximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes betweent v,yb nhh:*fr*jb65pj-e ng9 July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than thwe:p..p fp l7ke rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry : k. pwf.7leppice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a5bkt e;6vm;iu 61dkj at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its cha0a 5bge 0wmo 8hkj1.mjnge in volume if it is heated from 3eh5m.jgkjwma 8ob 0100 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water(+b-6 b r9s5qfp9 s3ulvmdbku at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of z- b+jx5e :grhwater at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to bh;,biann-ka;:8 m r u1(oygyde placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containbgnl/ +0c8tv ced in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the eg8t0 + /vnbclcffective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the 03dky lu(juw.st *3s9v *d(zly;cs sldensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of lind/hk w9ha no g5s +6(/ffoxpi0ear expansi/hpfgo 5/sd k h ixo0a+(6wn9fon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, 6 r-mcmafg4 y3$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather :hd lqmc5vz6z4 q,jp9 clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 :5,jdh q4 vqzlm9zp6c $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. Theb *mh6t2z8 iip bulb has a volume of 0.2im268 i zhptb*55 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating,ybmq 51j5aj; quzv ovi+21rs about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velm rsjq21o1viu ,+yv5jb z;qa 5ocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How muc41d qp r5f1( n;h ywjkebl(m7ch stress is required to keep it at this length if the temp(yh cwbd 1j5m4 r1pk7(q;lfenerature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of 6nq(w0axk n9*etp+jr cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1225d/moackj . e2 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaturel;x +3p8 dhn9)j xk, n:mfro j4 eyix5vc1xo(as on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tgwtj7tn*0 s 1femperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the7:me*btisy :dcz-fy+ interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric preslr/81 6 :f1uvr e.v) nncnstxsgd(yv3sure and a temperature l8 y/:3r rsnvn te gu.v(n1csfx6)dv1of about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal lt*.p0(g ff1nj7yb eegas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrokfv3 2co; ww) q5nu8fngen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STab8ldgcp7wa fhr6/0ka *x8 b+P contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is ce w/dfn4 i1-kw8 r4onat 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.bwkyv+ ur5b3w6 wjbr839 9vmt1adse- 0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 vw9twb5e-b9 vbjwua3 drmy8+1s3r 6k K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of9thukmk ( *xc* mmvp z/ q*3u zs9a-sz9i*xrb( $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buv td/a16tb-dm9i l3t moyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it d9d/b1 mt6- t3lv matiless dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 v2 u/tjbfu7lmf h3c86$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.7g-v-i2m6os egy3 ox7 csgy /jz1z,b y0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hb zqzduyjt2*,whuqs )c)2po;5a-fk(and at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number ow rzwf6n.unl ,zl*ks(n46dt1u4p 3hf f molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1fw6i z6to.i.y qq b/o1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number o4fqbc7a zi .2cyo:;qm f (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume /saau/yo 3 qw85.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that we;6e v wkbfz/;e4b5 ze7sb,l2 x3 wbrxfre also in the last breath ,veb seebw zl/7k25w;xz bfb43;6 rxf Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic/*sklgd ww80 dahkd94,7r qdh energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?4 /lqdh79,*hdswdk0a8g rwd k    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surf*a x96dqx)m esace of the Sun at a temperature of a dxm6x*q)9saebout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rqi*p,s)eoh-+u fq oor+2 bvt 4ms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increase+voie)rop *q 4- ,bf +qu2sohtd from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 42wavstfvw 2 e: hr6,n/, 6, 0,rs: e/2antfw6vwhv2 , 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a4awr:pn og i1qudqs) z.h (+,z gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whi2 baior) .ml1ule its volume is held constant, by what facti )u.2bo al1rmor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a envyj6- z).2 pdmsf ;z wpq-l/gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture oix g+ :tr5kq 4i(+ 7e*zqxqvxof two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of thei iit7zg( qk4vx xx5*+eqr+ :qor molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contad/:apsi9w y(s-3 i ,qu1toiczined in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of a7(1ecq* )h cp fgjlzp-n oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betweeq 90 algjj9n-bn nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms s.z7fj.w k/u./k o bfqkpeed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cel wb/.uqof.k .7/fk zkjl at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P -rd lyb/f-sc 0= $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ur9tq)+gvbk) p37r d6hyehg r1w anium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, iz9n/0go r,mq t8a0;,erqjhayn what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperatu a2-ky.;tr pbb(odp50pb;t lcre is (a) 90 r2plbb y.bttppa(5;-;dcko 0$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a daj untwb320a8 eco9ij, y when the temperatureoectan02 8 b w,3ju9ji is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at j(hd a(ug:7 ci7qe4on a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, e2kssfpb y0h due2j48kz.lub)t ( 8q)xstimate the temperature at which water boils. 8bklhyjd8bs)q0t(up4 k22u) xfe z.s $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa an pbq(us8z k28md the relative huu8 q8s2zpb( kmmidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when thbu:q hr. zwjh .s/b7c4e temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure i,aqdp0y7: 75)alfuy6btuiipe ;:f w hnside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a teb5lfu0,qeu i;wpiy 7a fdh:ap6)y7:t mperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volguufs(*7h 3z iume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point o+ hn br(0w y5a+fokwz+f 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needdx(y4xs/sul 0(5pl hqed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distsxu (pd(40sxqyll 5/hance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interi/ uu sz5kiex:)or through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sec :ski5uz )eux/tional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been trz+x 7ort-,zcalibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated atq( :tmfgi*g o nhi j4+c4l2d8c 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temper 9y2a00bc0baw2 ,c) pliixd zhature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water an xb,yz0a9i0la20 cdwp c)h bi2d the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder g9,,uk4t zy0p3z ehubis initially 28 atm. After many balloon 4k be9thz0 3,g,yupzus have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air mol1vz439(iotmym ) k bb6bd gpc3ecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assum3 o64bcm)i(yp3 zgt kb1d9mvbe the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of ma7i8-vb;kz c67 ihlot atter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attal024uu)grd ft inable using the best available vacuum techniques is abou)u gl24dr t0uft $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to fu;lok)j i4qu8 ull capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is)i4;ul8 kuqjo this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle return0hcl)h ao,vlk f*9pe- ing from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Moleculeaevlh h*cp -l 9o),fk0s (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gakj;4 f* ,tbvwks is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume o3xi 7qjaf *a;qobpvh4d2 6nj1f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric sga,jy umf,c 2mvn4b1t3b6e9 pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecu14c3 jvb,sytm meafgn9b6u ,2 les in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mol9jeynv 8 ,rws3ecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge presyl izuy 89 r:goo1o *4.ky-jhesure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder la.eglk91j8 *hy o4:y irz uyoo-st if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liqum/v iqjh-m xqp1;jc/m1j.a ;q id mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at1y.tbppz8fpr t,.z* m 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to zo/mf v 3b/h8qb xfy .82hbyi*fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 2 sc8jk7ehj; x10$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ad*m(-ys(g my;bu-wgd jopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has ae3:k49a rqfghh4 tx al;bp2.t pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth i t.pekx.r 8o 59wozj-us $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balli83h pkbya/g j. wm21us thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis kp m1j/u2h.yi8 gwa 3bballs per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of as; i g6+5buw)mb yygp5f./(aba vbj,cir from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a 5bb,jyiy; av c5/6sgfp bab.u) (w+mg perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor v d6p( kglt6w.4+dqm): bems+rof.yauh rh90pressure in the air on the following two days: ahod my+rbgk9.md qh:(vl60r pf).6 t4wues+
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at sdg+9;u* yq/cs it0tn STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is *dtqnc;+0gsyt/i u 9 s2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at conq,) afk; wtbp9vg;cm9 stant pressure, the coefficient ov;9k wtm b g;9qf,a)cpf volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people cons5:fe4znegie) :s, yde tantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mi4 5:z,sgen)ieedf:y eldew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg