Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic tablktq w7 zl1gyi5.b+s0xe or Appks0g7.w t1 lyx+z5bqi endix B.

Name several properties of materials that could iad 3tp+:4u mhlugi87be exploited to make a thermomete8iah u ml+4ug:i3 td7pr.

Which is larger, 1 C jj 2 f d6gthgw,kk3/t7$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium wit:8c,d dsvitdg .vhuus ,,*wvs ,:+abyh system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with g,d+, u:sch:aydvss v uw v,,8dit.*bsystem C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip t5z0j w w/*f9x ek79(nqdpojmconsists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hin/do0x7(5e w*zkjjn9mwt pqf 9t: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffiq/+qphr;n; tsf6k gv ic 34yc*cient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a 4t:7fsuhlm3 k diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system).tskf43 hm: ul7 The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends oftlcj q 9;(a7ne)t2hqmm en have a section in the shape of a;(7m) cqj2 nt lmeah9q U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury aq.mr3(z yl7va t 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass tt/.) oy,pz*hfkh a(hr hermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then riseo.)r ,z/(phk hyhaft*s. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapahh wr f7x4 k+nrwj+w15vt+z -idly than arnztx+j w fw h745h++a1- krvwdjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is t63(7l-rwhqcaj1 b0 ka zobjh e 00gi8khat its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex-arkc (0a6jewg7obj hq k3l8 b00h1 iz.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 207t(5f 9:hz h*4tfvj;ag agd lz $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulderu1 ;ww :)fuge so badly the can will not stand up. urdf;w1: euw )What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushidwg8+x jce n o0z, m;06lgvrbm0v73adwy b0 -gng down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston,gbvm ydg0- +6gr8wcn0e;w7bm zdjlax 00,3v o it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerg,t lseqyd,y1 wdif93 v9ew +uy05vml4 ed in water increase or decrease if the temperature is iui mtd v9weq 4ldlf,v y1y5,3es 9w+y0ncreased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory andfiyr y7 p3mg.- the relation between average kinetic energy and the ayyfi7rgmp -3 .bsolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theor, /dro znf6ha;y.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ra:vhh16ht 3s ;kcpypp*5 6sgtqtio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed9juzgz2s09 wjl +dc kjd9d1s. an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the9s 2d9zc jjk+0d jsgzl d9wu.1 Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room (1r1,ka (qtoez(ao3d -k cqez temperature. What can you infer about the moleculoz1,a1 - e(oka qzdk(c(tqer3ar properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot m fvy14em bi)w0h onm 2d91-bwdry day at the same temperature. wyf-m n)wdve194bib0ohm2m1

Is it possible to boil water at roam c- fbvhm4 pof */bkyy v5z7nu;7p)/hv;nh- om temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is t pv;+nmdla9p uq ) s3.xkza+1rhe same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the mplx ;qasav19zd+ uk+3n p) .rdry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator **wk3y fjp1ot cap of an overheated automobile engine.wk tf jo31*py*

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 1rd2mr3j- jcr* .tudh;3–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pen.ap g p/c:.p7eu t.(/rf:nupgsbc (wkny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the numbeic6) o5o (*cwe7ooddkr in a silveodco7*o6 (cwd5 ek)i or ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to beh11w.xd 7 ilf(oa ns*l 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?1x*llwa.1on7 ish(d f   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowestz zc 4z5q;dlv7r0/lmr 7c5gis temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lengtfcr8cx k2r 0b5h 11.82 cm at 0.0cxfr0c r8kb25 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of *l.aj2u7vxjfen5 t,l7nb/rnd1 u ; n kslabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approe(cgtjaxj ((*k7g 7hwximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average (*j(x h g7j(w7kgtae ctemperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larg f,w6tpc l*sd(er than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diametewt(dc6 fl*ps, r is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water an8334jt qyva dt 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in d 5 gr0k nqn665p0kz/mapblc*diameter. What will be its change in volume if it izg5p d0k/ mp6b*50knnlrc aq 6s heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fi4,lvm)2loq zq uv+ 25esb0te3cav qw5lled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50;g)g rna7cuox5ihax(sa2ktd0 s4 *j0 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in + yd9vf6*+enc ljaavow )y(52 qxq.iv8xpb)wa ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vess42d / *q,jyzjzp .vepnel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that t y.4zjv*zq2pjend, / phe effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change183qzhoi5vzx7wte :r-qmj j6 in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l h+ il)k9h1opnand width w has coefficient of linear expansionl)k+ i 9nphh1o $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrops r)nh7k, bbr)ic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect tim q tgcws8zv99:z)rpl9e at 17 gvz)98w99tzcl s :rqp$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter rub9 l8cah09jof 0.140 mm. The bulb has ahcbljar9 908u volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cytnx m7jnkrq 4,7rz2*+vxs +cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with ax2s tq 7y ,+rnk7jzxrv cm*4n+ngular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has th p y7cv3y0pm n6j/ine)e desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it 3)jeynpv i/m 0pn 76cyat this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cro o:qh3tcfl+nq+ mu8 n5ss-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 7veu/*o8xn-7g y xavycm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatureswp* yml-)vw7 jd-gyv9 on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on thevh7i y twvr e8+-rkd0; Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are abb; zg x2gg)b*8 ordfz8out 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combust0k z.s efd*xevtnmi5d q-j270(x- tfiion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of ab imx-q0de 0ntfd zefsx(.2tkj* i-5v7out 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP us- qyd5er8o z9uing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank containog6 mr7t hgq7 p4u pai:4di:.d3a( owcs 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP conts;-) 0ehve p4 o7ogoyrg*f m5lains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium / a z3fxqc:t4y*r,f w:js v8tygas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a cc9 vt2 b.6ymx35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K.62cmbvyx9 ct ?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg qe krbd z/w8p5-,hzkfoz.d5 3of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achigw(dy(to1 gqdo) 967q6 ipvqgeves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose t6y67dqtpw9g qig)1 v( o(oqgd he volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air y-wr+ dl,i53qhx djq4 4 blqj7;rth)vat 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.i 8p n/+/n a;p/f*4xtm kcuy92fmshx+l8c stf0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level anutz7;rt:w 6zuqd,hn ,d 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of iiz:pdgq.hk,rzjbk v ep o13i.0 x -83molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How mad8b0brhoxri m :i.kv55 d4dp1ny molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (amvhl. -bw 11nbh:vpg0vcium(+8fo1 u) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5. +t;t-ooxv7em rm1i( +r;x iqb1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air arers9o rv8q-vl- vhf l14 in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [flsr8 vl- ho1- qv9rv4Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen mo .5xetiz*q6ay lecule at STyzqa x.et*5i6 P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms nsg*0 acks;j.w ear the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 60csa.s;j 0*g wk00 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase icau.i7h r*ncc 46*tdf f the temperature isc*rucd 4 at6cfih7. *n increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in un z7d6xn3i(ky8o/uq c eits of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 38qi uk(3zcd /eoyn 67x, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecuvd-e:ic ooy;ra9 7,n zles in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while irbrr 0ov4s7/n4xzyp0z5 n5 cyts volume is held constant, by what factorr7 p40or z 0nrvybzs5cn 54/xy does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given bue 8uxkln/o0 vr9zd54y $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of the8a9kpuz*c c,b7r+ q rjc 3i)qhir rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square rooccj i8b9h,)kaqr+z*c3u7 qpr ts of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of niwm w0g6y+i0z5)9p.de xia5jli i. h sctrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed oz,j1hel 0j.pi +dcdhzbj( x8w )5 bk9qf an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen moleb82 vvmd:u9 qxcules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is,u -*rec53.p )lmnchq lhn-)n jmhb f9 89 u in a living cemlc)h- 53bqej cn hpruhn*9-fm,l)n.ll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wr:7w -5b;ztqbm+wl5rkm d( mr jitten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniv,eaj ug)s-)v um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, innk)9qki u.ve1 what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase whe xmffse/ f8q78n the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) q /f m7x8sfef890 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity ihn 3)/70;pzhtufa9b)yj g w oqs 50% on a day when the temperafnwq9b pog;h0y7) hj) zt/3uature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place whererda/kd h4a5:s water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mp8bf-bmkih2 m:, dy 4countains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water id 2p fhb-c8:bmy,mk4boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when : 0i kb,9tf+m5ywp xbm2-.yl1ivjab vthe partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%? ybm-ma5p0,+: wb9 ybjivtfxk. 1iv l2$\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water8;()i1 zao wxg;owczz *p1jwt on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boik *fvv8;ph ja.ling at a tempera 8vav.;*pfhkj ture of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume8p uw3biy9p4ea5gwd rk n19i6 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point 5iis 5ha8(gmk of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule ( 33)3.o-,k atsufscuikghmi.see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distancsouk3gu .kh ).-3,3simftacie of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of inseotstl f025l v4cts to the interior through tiny tubes called trachs0f24t vl t5loeae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape wk)cwiuq(o 2uj0-a0bmeasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape melw*n f,ab8wnd 1n8 4z m(-sxayasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature.xh3gol ), -akx How much error will be made in a reciph) ,oxka3g x-le calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many tlp7b ioz.+)7i 2uj+ rdmog, nballoons have been blown up, the gauge pressure haz rb2uo pg j,l)nom+.7t7i+dis decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of ai w* 7wnp5n2ncyr molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperacw*nypn5 wn2 7ture is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mat1d a1vwh6k am*g*el7xter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usin trkj)v*mce0 uey531,k uoo g(g the best available vacuum techniques is about kgu)vo* (e1rm 5 3tu,ckjoe 0y$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full cimwk.mvbtj4u( i :z, :apacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lmmk4 ,.ji: z:twuvib (ungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere atsqj5p/ sb- h7p a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperaturpspb5 /j7-shqe, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gac*g2 33do65gfjaysaus is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77v;vw7 uk(/yq6lp (ga/p*jpk z 0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at theh j dh15d.j- wwr/i*yt surface of the Earth, estimate the d /ywjhwr1.5*it - dhjtotal number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained inzr i7gzlz/r)5r,,wjb-q.ti x a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has9ee 5p lr9duv2 gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmue e5dr2l9v9p ospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liqthd: 5d**qy)s/ls n 1vy)yrd auid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol.ps*o,q l2rvnu* q v:tine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator 9t)oasa 4 0qrnat 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar aa*(3 y*jqv3 sp2dko bjt 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 19 2fasgd/co 2ru+1; q vo97c6rrynfpzn kkq798$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of +)2l kgzwlli8 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ear29zm tq,sx+hwb o d3v1th is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is 0-t9 faxxcn c 4urg1/fsuspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastif/ nxtfur x1g-cac 094cally, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releas,bf xatb ;w+jex,v6.r es a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the sb,. xa;v+, rt6xfwjbeurface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor presus 4wrn4l :iw. q5 ib5(/araygsure in the air on the following two days: 5bn(.lqu wsryii a 4ra:w5g4/
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and wh-i-7 jsqx:bxiqv3ze rt sfs5,0l g2l6en it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tempergixteqs 60 zsv3 q -2l:rbfisj x57l-,ature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at cons24 i/daa2:arojg ry qg) 3rbf,fxwbi/ wb4j.9 tant pressure, the coefficient of ao 424rgb,/gd3i wfwjy:a.2 xrfaj) b/i b rq9volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.