Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alum:z,p zyun m.5winum? See the periodic table or Appendix,p:n. 5wuzm yz B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to 4n qh 5.gyibb(r -j 5bugo pg0mk;2td9make a thermometerq p5j bguig 4m;0-9bd(oyn h.52gbtkr.

Which is larger, 1 C o2 xz iko*ei96$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thernzn7;xch)hg g*bjx )f34,jt l .kv9gjmal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the tempegg.jhn*x) j )cn7zfl t3vk9, 4 hjbxg;ratures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consikss13g :7kcpl n,cv g7sts of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heat7sck lp :k7vcgs13 n,ged, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansi uhsd6 u91w7v tmp*3vgon $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simpld591hl gznk;xz5t6r h e thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimek5l 5; ngxhzh96trz1 dtallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shapel,gyj a 2,dcy-rpb*9e of a U. Wh2*je,b9 gp,rdlya yc-y?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at *w(*ss-)1 loz2ez l.fh nay e)mcs7 xfecnv/-0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is firstdditc3-/ irnm6nsj *u:3j nk ff+5 -pj placed in a hot tub of water, :ci5n r/npj ns*6jtk--j3fmu d+3 idfthe mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or*g o(bzt8/ml.g )xxnl cooled more rapidly than adxl(g*)8 /ml.t nb xogzjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex gou-x /*x/wrc nlass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrec/w-urnox* / xx.

Will a grandfather clock, accxm5v5 5)2 cssgeg5nj xurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the cano*jde 3 6 t u(f80m irmw*8bfu2y6qjjy will wbyjmr6 ju*jd y(286fqu8o3ti*f0m enot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing) l (kl26k7 2 ltr2p y,dwnpvlc:hcbr2 down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature up2c v27l, )h2k bt 2:ldlpnrc6kr(yl wsing the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere sc/,f zp;ml.r r*n n: 7bsog,evubmerged in water increase or decrease if thep /n, *r:;slgof z vmeb7rcn,. temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the re :,mhd7p2 mbkmlation between average kinetic energy and the absobmk m:hdp2,7 mlute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law:720d 1(jd fpls gqofa follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Eart-v xv,l9al k(v*wz4pb h’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earka:/w jxs m67ixw+7jnth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape vskx wwi/mj 7x+ n7:aj6elocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at r 2 qp vs4k0dvytx39*vroom temperature. What can you infer about the molecular propertr3d0qx v9ypk s2*4vtvies of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a a;q0d 0rqsod.26gj xghot dry day at the same temperaturer dgoq;. 0gj6x2sdqa0.

Is it possible to boil water at r7s.g3 r 5busglk.mb3/wx-jfioom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature u,-s2:jx/r *j,dh c*vdjwp kqis the same but the humidity is differen*, skr du/ -,2v*xjwcp jdqh:jt. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous tob6yt- )h vxy9f open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engity6 )hf 9-yxbvne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the wish8s : etu b*vxw4mw9*nter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram cm:5m2aur7 gid opper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the num2i2e , )qii+nr/3yk pi7 i 2.+zitn:yf cmzjosber in a silver ring of the same massyi j2ez 3 /irkz,+ ps ti:.+f)m i2onqyi72nic?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this ono(kf5 un1s gw7 the Celsius scale?17gn(wfk ou 5s   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures r3vpbz lr+pu 3)joh4b0rp6t.lecorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol col(7bu8qehc ;di wht75mumn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0m7 wbiuh5(eq8c;dt7h $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway ise,* caj5qufg/ built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approx-/omlmj, suf 9( vqi2iimately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature osfviq9o,m- /l(mu i2j f 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, e+lw+fetbkbv51 r4(r rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually i+trb5k4 f+ rble wev1(n dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at( v/t-p/c)rb)d wsefm 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if itk0*3nqo+qlvh jld7pyu vg; .. is7l.+* ph0 ;qnolv3gudyj vqk. heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water ap42 zkphmk*v yf5c h pb9n ,,g/)5ceclt 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 1 a(xdwq0.yzo*cum(9 kw qpw fx(;8ximL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be qzt z2m: 4 oktz(5x/bb8*zlrdplaced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narr3nj,b88( allh:hfhhygwf:+,y9oym b ow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion ,lb38by a,y+ fhfg( w9hly:ho n8jm h:$\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the del ep /l/,va qude.3ri;nsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w h f:9bqh7qp q*lhl89z jx)m w;las coefficient of linear expaq b wxqlph*f9;hl7m8 q9jlz ):nsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soliuyq;k eri* - +4e;qmpbd, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfa(a t+vvrma (mv q4y-8nther clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1yr( 8m+a vq(v4 -tavmn7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm.l e,guqg gf8in0d:(5n The bulb hasqf5gle08 (dgg uni,:n a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating abouefr* p ;7iir xe4 jx-5a-yk+jht its axle on frictionless bearings with angup f-x r +hj;-iy j5x*eie4r7aklar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has th1nhc 6ii* c5jce desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increase1*cc 6ciji5h ns to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional are7:lre2s xsot6sjx t, 7a 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 2iz4j-:oy2+zkmy u) wq0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followij 1 g fjeky/bsm-3;ombet-p-4ng temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatur-wlx lmp fjukq(83)w rum9kh05dj rc65 u4*zme on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are 1qjkp + 6v;kc8qpzoj6k7l hx/about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a te,v8 a,gjanapt ,rt; z5mperature of about5jntpa 8,r;vazg ,,at 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxych43ehp )u iwq5c6ym7gen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen (s4 le3uxwb-nc3v9q0 w$N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP cont( ta9p;h 0qpinains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas im+j0py0way)vu , wyk/n 5 uf)ys at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of1wriul7s(04 /wlhunz argon gas at 38 7liwu/4sh0zwu( n1rl 5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o( /nvz a8xl)ryvs,a/g -*nrsi f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achidke;w -lo(ivo 8n.uqzmf9-7 leves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, wd u8mqil-7(o9eo.l ;kn vw-f zhich makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with airrljqlp)wnk3i1b*6p- ejp5sng x(- b 4 at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 7*pk4a0 b3e8nrt3 wd xzodid, 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon - 1 bye:whm9ofescapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the numberm ry9xe+z ; /wyfb-g*2iwl/my of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How ly /ja7)sk5lm 8rt7 vzmany molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of +ux(y1 narl4pac f(l797qh x d(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1.98xas sxg3eg)qb ;1 dew zq9 nakb9l,$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you* rei rm929xckf,i)ec76xlg c inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of corielx7m2rf )i c69kgc ec,x *9nstant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of anqodm a9pjm:436 a * lir(ezbao.c/r9 a oxygen molecule at STP? ea m 3.9o i(*9:/dq6oarr m paczblja4   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helrhjn8lhkyfh3(w9j xfnc 5,: tz-;u8uium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6 (;- k jzf jurhh:xluwn5,8nh9fy 3c8t000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rmsc,eetl g*s3a 5si35 vkp* c,xy speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is in,glta,k3e*3 5vxsy cepi c*5s creased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units og6f7e i wl/,ulf km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculag,lw/ef7 l iu6te the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of mole )):*backzn q/1xqwaj cules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constovj bg8 l:7y(qh8hbrge9,1r xant, by what factor doel(erxh8obbg,9g1jr yqv78: hs $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gsn xv(f6y: ag(as is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gas wq/zqq5,t *yo+/s o1hoe;ym zes at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.5zh qqtwy+ ,e*q/ ;z1 myooo/s

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5a r:w)m/ xfx;y **1d*wfzlb gf$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speta3c 8p)qf.kh ed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecu1,3w.td ztpa4z lmt2crg8 mp,les at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid w3q0tqurvn+sie;5 lmmk hb c) 4k5h+h/hose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell atk +r;qmlk q5u3/vhh+bi s)5 c04tmh ne 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a ga l4 psgaa.abt);j6fc :s can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ur9 k8jxcz 3 c:dp .c0zkrlhaw0;anium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressu i8c.k*6lqq iore, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when thepzs3l.fs3k n * j:zg+k pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 +zfz:l j k3g.pn 3kss*$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (a :7siiixbm3 au3i;6u43mw nfapproximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature i3bi m3nuiw;if ixa6 4a3:7msus 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pres 6vbcpur*r h((sure at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure adjk b0i,h4 /3wahbzl gif,-w3t a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at ww l0if -3/3jgab ,i hdh,kwz4bhich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the paf j0 y)gi93e4kmnw+h krtial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relati)0i hw3f4yek+kjng 9mve humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a dayp f(3 mn tqeesa3.j5ets5r8d 3 when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure insiq 2ia,wv5;j)mygn m y3de a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperat)yg,im ;5vwn2 jyaq3 mure of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volum9darzh : oje+8e 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pointj 3a:bus3n2h2 /etgee of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine 1-r(qq-kc yjt u9 4v6t;2jjrkvl6 bxkmolecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dis 24 kkcjqtrkr6bq lv(yxt691j- jv-;utance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes cu ntpjw13l oce nv175/alled tracheae. An average trachea is aboutp1/ e1lj53n7nuc wotv 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape mlg,v vdlc e1 7z(l56q5yn6has easure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measurn )6yt(4 j.upcfq/kgxe has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room teb06 xt2vj* bm *li3njrmperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at njbv *0xbi3t *mjl2 6r80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Aftege yno8 *9w7osr many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressno w78*eys9og ure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, okfh8bxr8 -7gwidth 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 2r xfkgh-78b8o2$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter igha/5 nz8w,m0o 7hcyg gv7+aws about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attyvde2cfg4y- z, uf7 j:ainable using the best available vacuum techniques is about z4ju:2 y,fcgvdyf- 7e$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full6q h/ zgx;jgfnni(z *6vc, uzr3o*+ul capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lr(3v*uf +,izn 6g/zgun 6qzj;lo x* chungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’lu 2os0dp kmcef3802wlsz8j6s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to we2su80p236d 80lcmz fo l jwskhat temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideah5b s4yb1 qkrv-*yw(n l gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume oflh8inc 6x tcyw cpw.7jyb/ f37q(h:p8 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surfapx.7, eaj80 og ofo bxnwr19 7n/j1lwwce of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules inja, nnbf r/w 1l70 8o1.g7oxexwjow9 p the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in 0.yxs62h)h rb0bkeq sa 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used itx xt hpiogoc-5;1jlp c(2(, in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How lonl (-pthj1,xg c2;c5tip(oioxg will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of bb41e8wnh il4;id( b mliquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atu z12ujv-c xiq-3-ul m 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Eartg-, il9yy +m6g; dcsjoh’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightlxkq7vh c txn3q-)dk8m5b, n0wy onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoe9g9 p+f+*)houxeh c w9fi* hspted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 199qu ig1py +4xk5 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eap))46 jale.+fvptd+hzb s5c frth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertiwp5h tit* +sv0um1t 0qcally upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must reboun00tst*w qti 1h5uv+pm d from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubxsqxsf: u4 .r/ble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface? q:su/x s 4rf.x   cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pre+fp lqypg m;*eek1h82ssure in the air on the following two days: 2gy1hpf+qp*k8l;me e
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the dsz h2t1uyy2rfr 91 2/o pr(ncdensity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deeon12ry hz ur1sf29rd(yc/p2t p in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas le2rx lhj ne4g a(4gg:vghw;t-.ipt- -aw to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the cg -:24(p-t4tnejv ixa ;.whleh-ggrgoefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehsms p;-.,xmsr umidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cella- ,sprs sx.mm;r in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg