Which has more atoms: 1(-q*9i5js.ewlgcewr jb0 vn ( kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or vcnw*j s9 ( j50qe.ilg(r-e bwAppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a t;p+z33 tab ;sz7niqvwhermometznat7 zi;wq;3 3+vp bser.

Which is larger, 1 C oy3bd, x.qua9f) jw v,$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is 56zjscj5u8f aswkefp0xp9p1oy (e6g( ,ni)pnot in thermal equilibrium with syij9k),f( 55ecgwu66a0 pjyep81(pp xo sfznsstem C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rivetexqd(c/tm:7yg4 gqet q 2gq/k8xcv6(ed to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Tablevcy8gqt2g4/e t k qdq7m gcx x(eq6:/( 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient )h nyj ;s*gaeu3n*v5nof linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to confv4ug r05 +vyntrol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing li+g v0unvy f4r5quid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape jg,oak4 y6 d brd: ag)nw;+mfk4u58heof a U. Why?4d 5m,on hkg 8)+4y ugkbe ;wadajf:r6

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floati i pq34/k4wm2 rwco (w8b nl:+8fchybs in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glaxue5an 2n8 a-fqft 65fss thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit andqu 58 f2fnat5n 6a-efx then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or:j*q s2zns lb(.;he,gndh x .e cooled more rapidly than adjacent part.e.n;qd(j *s hgsxbehlz2n, :s. Explain.

The principal virtue ox/b0:cc o:dcaqfw. 1o f Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that f o 1:c/cqfcxa:odb .w0or ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate d t y qbv5mlu6j,-d.k*at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge s8*iuoac8 r0 by:m1s rmo badly the can will not stand up. What hamuy0 r1ab*i csr:mo88 s happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperaturzii q.7vlpuj8;n f14 -ga9ql+efhu k 8e increases. Wheluf pz -8ajf7i9g+il;v qu1 8hkq.4n en a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or d6nxdf43b)/ aw,+z7fwt ahscn ecrease if the temperature is increa b/cf+aaw6sxth43d7zfn)n w, sed from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kineti3rveh9jb w 2jnnl89 92g0le hcc theory and the relation between averac lvrjbghn9298w0j 2hn e9el3ge kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how v p.hlmd f3m9.Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the k.xn+t(a; bqcy.1pn)uh j e +:vhduk-Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must;wtp5;e /hrmor53lpb+xd;n9:uos k l have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practicl;:os+pbnuoret5 mpk9;r/ w 5xlh;d3 ally no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room telp,*dzwoi9 6yap7x1i mperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative *i,7x lyiw zod9ap1p6to the other?

Explain why a hot humid da jet4*+:s(sznr vooq+y is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the s 4++tr* snz(: sejooqvame temperature.

Is it possible to boil w5g-wz* nxm3ma ater at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is do 8w xa5l jz9-h(oqqkpm+4. n2 lqs0sqifferent. Which is more dense, the dry air oqzqo-wqnh9s4 5.xa 0j +q(ml8p2sol kr the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangeft9me z * kug.y :o8y;wi2t(gsrous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine.wo;gut 9. :*sygmeft2i kz8 (y

Why does exhaled air app l n0mrs 7lw;mu ;o9proi- p.)/p;jebeear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper peb+2b r vlmjjz7,++ o-oqkag8 enny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.j v3t1)9o fejmmmgb,/5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass?19m oj gmbm fj,)vt/e3$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scan m +w01qbm rs3xai-;ra3-ldt le?bt1-anamri;x+sd3l -m30w q r   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 136 ; v2qyd6oeiie, n1q,h$^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometewui v0-09rp/ca +mwdur, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.009u+ip-urw 0 wd/ mcva $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of sh6v,2gh86 p0ybqnf xn labs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron app+efk .jej qkr ;jmy 5-a)vak qc0vx/-7roximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of jekaa;.q-f )e+ ycv-kvx7km jjq5r /025°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger thjf vb/a8n9nlld 6l7h)an the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cl)d vf alnln6 b/879jhm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a4br5.pkuaz y3 t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. vpig.mgsf6 /za;g o50What will be its change in volume if it is heated from 3g5 .gg ;aziov /6sfm0p0 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to thoylz f la9 2)eoh3 l,6.vly /icl,l0dhe brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 h zh.;8ifeld- $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in /n s1p(hf/ sh/ mqan*sa ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentiall) 1 tz4 .ky cu5cm(johbf(dj.xy one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient oftdcoj.ybj(5 uz(fh14 k). mxc volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in j *,hko)n2nekthe density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l andi3 oazz ;hup 1o. 1w4;0nspaar width w has coefficient of linear expn;ur o31 104aozsp ia. zhwa;pansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropi(kqn.m kqrw39wbn lt6zqik*4 3by2i* c solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time k*i5,rjkdwkd,ij 63e at 17 jik 6w53dj,di*erk k, $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an in7ijo*3lb3so-cz,: w zzl.sav side diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255 bo s7:z3l *ciawz s3.zv, loj-$cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is r q jjd+vtucp-hh,y,32otating about its j+th2du, 3-jvc ,pqyh axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much mbl-z+4 mmg:xstress is required tox z mmg:-4+blm keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-secti/9*o pd3 ri jwywd86fxonal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.71( 3:x5 ff0oo twdt/ oahjawj122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale:7h:/- uowaqah f49d/ amx ke9w
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperaturee dc/ 0 xyf;zd18ebi-m on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth.;x* xobm tp)a and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engib4t nmnv,sfh3h 23a2 mne, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of abom3 f 24n3bnm2,hhtsvaut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of z 46, iivuxsnkb*)z7, l/nwvp oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contain 6 j/t:eci3k+wdd 5o,g3in jxqs 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrot yexh;qdt )0aewx2;0gen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium ga h d6s3u- zyl6mm1na9as is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside lxog :6b air+qrb v) *91xs)aba 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3856rrsvx:bg)a lqx1oa +) b 9*bi K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg oqkn s(0c87 wlo-edg,of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside xqur q .rt de -:50xcym;mosi6wr6*0y the balloon, which makes it less dense thanx0mdtq*6yyr6 s mx;q5-o:.cr wi u 0er the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with 3a.rxkndf 9 v+ zw2,r,f dkq8gair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen hst hg( jmszk-;j wu88ey::uk ,d 2xk0h4vm4oat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea le:6e+lne6znkccv6t2 s vel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculp1fh5ho15 q1 xjo1m8j bkb +gpes / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000xi6; psjf+k- f hf/f6zfh2f9iz1t8m e L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of u 8e(u;ck8cg3rbbx7z (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 54 qmf; oa5z+ -1ix trp3i3pwbh.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air ;qknfa;z)/ufg21 xz(qyh s t +are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant dektazgu s q;h1z x+)nf2qf(/;ynsity.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an o3 6w : :kxc8ebt4upohcq;yk :qxygen molecule at STPcy: u k whbt;k:3e:o46xqpqc8?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfac,iqwjjr ju5b,,w( pr5e of the Sun at a temperature of ab55( pjrbruiw, j,jw,qout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the t1 ;r x+* hio.mutve.xkemperature is increased f.xv h uo+trme*. 1xk;irom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, gcpcc.vd 8 4:8hes n7ciiven in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and .:scchvc7d8i8ecp 4n 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules indo0,6pqb sd.p.b s ;sc a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume isnj.7or rkq)qk( hr2to/jj,4y held constant, by what facjrq)k jrhq.o2o 4(ynr7ktj , /tor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of m-u5z*rxy ypz dc5y 4r/olecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of theirx7/6 e8j w-a8foej-za i hshr) rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses76 / e-of j)xreia -swh8jha8z.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained i+tk8 vfxy u37kn an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at mfmf:)(7 xhx e0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average (kuq93mrgp, )a u2ec kdistance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular ma1kar 27v,ec9suh u0e sj z;d-zss is 89 u in a living cell 0 ;h r1c7zs2us j9adz,ekveu-at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writp.68 n(1 cohrd 0d,mudt6opu iten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, m0aa(6/wpih6 gqh0v z $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what pha k01dgd v7r,xyses can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperaturf*v:ecxe1a-ekqr, , qe is (a) 90 vqe qx e*eka,c:1 rf-,$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approxizju qns,h2 tjnaa;, 0d1;pqcnw/ 3 g6wmately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 2wh;0aq1 ,jzq2s cw,;napju3d nt g6n /5 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at n)2+8q:qzc2vlrxt f l a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, m/x x c9/gz 6t.sorb68hnx*fyestimate the temperature at which water nr6f8ms/ o gbyt x *cz9x.x/6hboils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a 5z p9u-kafcj6l q/s*hday when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative j/ *f aq -hc9pk56zlsuhumidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on uq;ut:m3ra9pa day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approxima +0/by vmvmp)jl:woln;1 d*hqte pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a tempe;l +bjo:m0wnq )*vl/1pdvh ymrature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 67risnbok :z7;( mu5wltc 6 i2g80$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pcu/ czkhz )24ooint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a sh .kgu)n/db)distance of ksd))gbn./ h u15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interiord1d z 4z*o9udj through tiny tubes called tracheae. 1 dz*j94ozd duAn average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has bee)gwu06h;pfd9 dyl welf 4lq.3*q5p oen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measuz(h7 0wi4mw wpre has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup 3go)fg w: (id ey a(:vvnidm:;was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe :e (i);g3 d:wmn(oa vf idvy:gcalling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylindher1ch8m8q o- er is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains 1hq88c omhe -rin the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.vh(27 esmb.0 aah3dpg1 m, and height 2.5 m. Abgsh mv0ahd7a p( .2e3ssume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densa3mz vzol 8a;;ity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques kc 9*foz(eeia14frj)is about (cfao 9ej1irf 4)k*ez$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full cap6an y5h*y9y, mdqo*eqacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surfay9oq*ya* ,5h6emyndqce, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moh1aq +/i7ro rqon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speeho7rqi/ra 1+q d correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idealz *2(n i*;(z dmdqjrwd gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770xd4 l,/i;0tugmtw o1dm$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of ( z;g,e .jdyfios-p:natmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules ;e y:,ids-jgp f( n.zoin the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen tijfg; kwa8 3,wlr,h7 (ipw h3molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxyl;i p alf80)7ys2bipr gen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4iirp 0al pls2y7 fb;8) L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a box s*g7az0t;ap wl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoliawl*db n1b.a;b*3n jt ne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly arou (cf)2m)js kyend the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar a eywasn /dhoz 5a*q72h,dx+m9t 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in thelao-gdq y3 (a4 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a p j+8jbvl)wyyxst) v (3ressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth c*rbi5lm.,p xis $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis ;kn x5gf w p7.mdgz f-143pspiballs thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are txn f3dg k1sp.4-f;g5mpizwp7 hrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diamel(hn.*wck(cydd -n/ lg+jz / kter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the +nck /l .k*-h/cwnglz(yd( jdbubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two dayatd-4hnp8b 4u s: b-4 8hnatd4u p
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, n . wjai2c.21llrv9yzand when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature isw l jzcav .r2yli.n219 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gasmg0bv( p1 r;s/ 2af4kukmfv :y law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of vyk(mvfg f2vp r4/ 01mb:s a;ukolume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.