Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron r/nerpz*a8v ,q38r pa or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix B.raavqzn/8p e 3r 8*,rp

Name several propertiesen uv6c7izsjtwk:(2+ of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometuezc+ vjiswn(26:7 tk er.

Which is larger, 1 C4 salqj8n 8+nc $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but(v(0n 9ofgzkp B is not in thermal equilibrium with s(z g0(vk9opf nystem C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic str/nyv 1ig,6eg/ sdkr y.ip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hintr/ ,g6/ inygs.yvd1 ke: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lineaxvkc 41 i *lnnp(v2a+qr expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace vwaf ,9+3-grndhp -y+a /r uiw(or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contactyhua-r3i -rw+ va9d w+p/f ng, wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in then+ 7nspz( -mj*4km(nbw(hp oa shape of bmna zpw* shj7nmko p 4n-((+(a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury a o q,.2k4tvqyv*3b0be2 2eqohzq i-set 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water,emw3tnk.a(1c up5tn- the mercury initially descends a bit akn c-wm(e.a 3tpnt1u5nd then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cum2 m5uxunpkt,fd 5(7ooled more rapidly than ad(25nuutkfum xdp m7,5 jacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expans ky61tcfu ed. brx 8gie.2g-7uion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increa .8-.bu 76iuxegcd1egft ry2 ksed heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clockqxgfj 4j -graym70* ):cznw(l , accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause iwzt;i qckb+p/o) nis v;*o7z.ts bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not standq./v;now zz;t i+k po*c 7)sib up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidlape; n h72yg1d7s dbzz3a3pg8e(2 hpjy compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain g8py 2a7hzp ;p1(nhg 72 de e3dzsbj3athese changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere sd34q2 ryo(u.k/z5uxz *xotf q9.adc eubmerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increasq2ud o z4zo.fe yq.(k/9rx*3dacu5tx ed from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic t3,)og/3d-o :o w:.hnc 7l wf onifqigyheory and the relation between average kinetic energyo wg:)di-.,y flqi3coognon/h:7wf 3 and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’ozdr)wg/2t 0lz-.eb3k8c ylb s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmva.g 8z lovq07osphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the m(5tin xlisxgcxb vsjw0 , k:89gum*t9196 xiainimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the M9itlii9 :n*xck9xajx1 s m5u6x tbs0vgw,( g8oon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Wwm nv*g1nw09+hees c +hat can you infer about the m0m9ch +s ve+wg*wnne1olecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more0n. u( uc mh7-m5)v7tdvpwdns uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the s7mm (n)uuhvv.7dp s-c dtw 50name temperature.

Is it possible to boil water ) hdje4okb 9;tat room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidbq t1 5frk*yim .*3,w;gy8zb uq ddc.yity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? E fq3.zgqur8. di;cm *1wyby,5ybdk*t xplain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the r fs 56djuv1qo 1hq16quadiator cap of an overheated automobile enqd11v5q6j1s6 u fuhoq gine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud inq5h5mc wt8ar9 mu:m1 g the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a4; 8 a35ytce xuj)uwvt 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the nu)2gr0c ps2gfjx 6lhg1)o ja1s.1jj bzmber in a silver ring of the same mas2j .zb2j0)) a6rps1jsglxgcgo 11 jfh s?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is thin3 ;06pas a jbls7:o; dcujl0is on the Celsius scale?bl:6;i 7sa uj sj cl;30d0onap   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lk9ppk-eo9xspg p7c6 ls7s. 9p/9bcj bowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm ec:odkj74 .kw at 0.e4kdc 7ojk .w:0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lp6zpo;.l n*j uf.eqy*ong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron apprrbd d4)+tj nouxq3 31koximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between 14 bdj)ou 3 n+dx3qrtkJuly (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivesewlv 9e ,:ux68x z3wzts that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 9x:ee3x,s8wzlw 6 vuz1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4) 9hk,7zqgalqjqld4f m y7 :*w $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be itsw9 -g2 cig3z.tchtwx 9 change in volume if it is heated from 3wwct9g-i.2h3 g z9 txc0 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.01o nl- kjvxwbkm1*iy b.u ;w)j/z*2om$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 5565z6brvy/6*yyd rn b u.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made ofvq4 x ea4gh 8n4nga,b: iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can e7bx:eo juak+t.c .ra 4xpand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective o. ct4+u7 ex:jarkab. coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changeraubqy9m(nd-.*kt8 b 7,cse 6hwpqc2 in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear 2(ld2u5p)idup cz4 ua expd2pzu)u 52 id(4l pcauansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, (ypb jg(yjb) e9a-7 iq$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clofqu/ . cqixasb4+z 0nf-l);xm ck is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1;sca4nfz /0.flx -qixmbq+) u7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermmsvd hs3g+2t* .re hz;ometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb ha rmz;v3 ests*h. h2g+ds a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wgpoerj( m,y p(0h xcnr0*4a 1oheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axl04,o(hm0r rg 1 (xyo*nc eajppe on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requ bs-z0 .vft i5,vt c2nqb07+tdusojp8iredtitq f s+sdcpbb t70v5n. 8z2 uo,0jv- to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectiona:z4( xy)7jb j xw+vp9mzb9rxrl area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134 g+s nwd4gksj-(fx* l;.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: q6 gr+/ytzaz8
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tem l2u*8/pn;v6vozmv x yr se54mperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 40ouvb8:7q::w z. b hbgv00$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperat m43xr-b r0ujuure of rrumux0 -4jb3about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP jzpv6( ry.sqr5ea s ct 57nv6 +h6lhm+using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contaivvlty(um:ch2n6 /qn 5,wtr2 gns 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nit3 y6a b3: nzpaokhgo+ d)j-1qnrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1lp8 fd nux3b7oj2zb0og27yku7vw6l 00.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L cp(*fufo ;o) meontainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3* fomo)eu (f;p85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofrdlxm8og74/zzxr cuu 38b v( + $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the ball;:mp2( (5wfy5bj dh-qqd mm iaoon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose;y55-iq(w:q2jm ha mbpdfd m( the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15n11kxf0;)kqmtc vf q( $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18v;bh itar0+l 7o9x- xe.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child.jw2jd7 cafv )’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / rc- bilqcox*fw1 ((o f8md4 v-9aijd0 $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Ho wijlni/x +yvm-u)xf2ojw* h0v6yy92w many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molesvf 179v gyruxv22ksfg,,y h8 e,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume k )ik2od.cg2p5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecule ym+ oncrrw4c2(ul;*zs of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant orrc;zl2u(mncw*y 4 +density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic m9mf r :o 8qdiq8;nhc(energy of an oxygen molecule at STq988min d (f;m:orhcqP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surf :bj;z:h csh,yfju0eknv ./ (wace of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K.,y uhch./kv0zwj (:se;n:f bj    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed .)rcdsd s(g9y :m+:plf xu,zqof gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from 0 d xyrlug:f)sdq.ps9,m: c+( z$^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have 37b*qf 2v,y o )zlkyzity-0v :0pul jcthe following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8v3*0yltj zizl27p0k:y yucqf)- ob v,. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gasrb.vk3/v1i u ht)q-ed at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held conexyb61eml wt(oi3 v*8c4 0wbqstant, by what faextw08v6 *c4lo b1ieyw3 qbm(ctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculeyy7/ nc 7deqj/s in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases s2 ziqg/9bgh ycl7o/nq -*z.f at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square rooz*lignoyf-bz /2s h9q7. /qcg ts of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrz)t tn guj;/8uogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speec 456b kmfn e6jpy*6yzd of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogenqf;m 35 o7tznl molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whosep (.afzng tje)zw*.e( molecular mass is 89 u in a livinj e wzag*. zf.t(()nepg cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P omt maerew5:/ t-,a.u6;xu ft ef a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ura -obn8et)xd.b82b8 wrg8 jzae nium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric prerkqs.za h7cjf8ha 73 c*6ry( ussure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a-om q 5pfr(hy1) 90q mr ho(y-p5f1 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% )gi y/y-n04- 8 k3cl/qxkmj m;g jjksvon a day when the temperatu vg 3k)0jj- xky8jlgcmsyi4 mn//qk;- re is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water b(jz 3ci,gzs a4z +uxul56fu v9oils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimatesa6kv+)m *9t 5rkxu qf the temperature at which water boils. vkf+ 6a u*9tx)qk5rsm$\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day z9,rozbb: ss x2pm9*gi i3;qhwhen the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa anr,;pgsi: iz*9 bo9q3ms xz2b hd the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperatury .01zohf a*v/g.vkh pe is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker im jqf -aad**j.tq) f*gf the water is boiling at a temperature of 1tqj f*jq *)aa.-md* fg20 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumdy02r )rwa po:r0*7eqvvpqi 2at5 f(me 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its de a-7*+odj4zi n cp(zwnw point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to dia)gyx(1qj+ 6/ rqe nfdffuse a distance of 15y(nq/)dej+f6xa1 g qr $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the4d*sxb79 kevm:wr605l s nfx i interior through tiny tubes called tr7dsxx04 ms6rl v w59k*eib:fnacheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated a1ov5d y zj+k5hyh,z:7 icq8nb t 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrate 2r9vh7 6gtcp6woejif+qkz4w ++a 1ls d at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. Ha)a. ,s civxu38cy jr4ow much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 803 .a)8r4jxuscyv ,c ia$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder,e:d-hvwg. cj is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. ewdh- .gc,j:vWhat fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lex;)z.dk- sl oangth 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and heisx. a)l-;kdoz ght 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the de y0 .wnurzlu d6ya7;h5nsity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainapc 6nabs1 /hlwjm 1mjo9+j,0 mble using the best available vacuum techniques is aboutomjcb 6l9m1j/,0 nh+m psaw1j $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacitv0)t+tsj o3lv r74*rrd 6 hffqy of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickrr7fho+r vjd 3s0tq ftvl*46) ly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from tosg5ztk,pr+bleh54+ ) z) guihe Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this spee) 4r5+ )ezilspzougb+h kt5,gd correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incrh9k;l w ;,4aczb/y,8vqocvbw eased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77r qx/u+5 q7 d+k9moms:i z2gtf m+:vri0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value cud + mg: e)p.dj/ymx/of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’d cu:m/ +.xmyeg/p )jds atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speednhtohs: q8g -2 of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospf. l 9ekzcx26eital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow ratelkfxz e 92ec6., measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mer/,vpo6de9 : +e6)k ovmvywsxpo ha3x* cury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline augv );iyimorcx; xl7z/f 9pl1 g,je50 t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25j v(1p*2u4eu op, wcmg$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightmnwop+2a ;b tnj)oz5- ly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 4 iqz gy6w u*k u.g3l;rcywg+(18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure9gz sn47b;glpfwk lh2ra 6/-q of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is(wcf7njtv33rin *x ;e $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against xg wlzn6:.::wui iq(jh 0ige0 gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elasti ghxw0 6n(geq 0: uili::wi.jzcally, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a1.cw *rc w v:3swkugit x06na2 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it rstwr 0vwkncx1:u6*g a.32icweaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: zpmwmnxe +g 8; xdhzxf/oxi07.g-g 56 mf zo/;8 n5h6wi zxd-.e7x+x0g pm xgg
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent di3rs e 2,h(qkprix3 u.b7q7 zsjfference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a so,r33z xeqhq sr2 .k7su7(jipblid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for ani n hvblr)1961. 9oaswxn.tjk ideal gas at constant pressure, the cbo axwtk.jln)s i61hnr9v 9.1oefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.