Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic tabl+:hzdpoh g h,lk llri-51a4w2e or Ap:kwl lilh+15 4g2hd ,po hzra-pendix B.

Name several properties of materials tha2 ,paxkxdh7)qt vl:b9g; n-qgsi 0m6yt could be exploited to make a thermometer.xkgngxis;m0 q hl-:a ypv9), 2 btqd67

Which is larger, 1 C f t;9 u yucp 6ue2nnrm3.pyy,/$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in therrdbd(imii v.((u3 z s0mal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with systemu d.zvi3bmsr(0( id i( C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When 5 ni b5l gnc6sn:)irrxn5 cm46xbmf;;heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the oumicb5s nr; m cgn n4r6fbx;)6ixnl:55tside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of like;tr824 fg ymnear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a nsbxg:0 5duj8ufwgg; ot88,a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of u0: xgdbag85jw;8son8g,t futwo strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have axdi8 lnf0nk)d ,8 c1 epx.;8 kmoxm8ni section in the shape of a Ud.dklin m)i1c;ox8fn80 8km x8p,enx. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead flo.tchxg:x ac, )od .sjnusn 8/4ats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in qk.:urx5 b ,5f cx3vgfemwzb q;t6e5*-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then, x*v q5kfr tmcb:e ;zf .535ugqx6wbe rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part ofzw5iw*z0v 3 +wee3 dvj it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. E3w5 z weidj0*z3vve+wxplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of li4hrv 53 ee:c*hzq bwu()t 2su:n vd6zonear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1).:q v z :hurv4(6e)3z5 busonc*h2dtew Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurati,/ **:hf gs fx8sp 5exeh9hjge at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soj( q+bz8nq4q t 4n6ydfda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can wnz84 6qf d(jnyb+qq4till not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly* + +ryhvoy gkclwv*2: compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it w rlh:k+*ovyy+2v* gc cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alumin15ws2mo i2kbi57d+w4bjy ( mi loebc(um sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature ie b w1(+(4oiciwy55ml o2 2bkm sbidj7s increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from ktg-0 au/.lyo.f efg9h/ wadylu/4s/o inetic theory and the relation between average kinetic enuf0 a./gh9fo o4 dla/g/ l-ueyw./s ytergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kin(/m/w2xmjg - t itthg*niu: 9tetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earsb8 4n5 e9gxbjth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must havx2e)hz,y wtkueojv cb q7in7413z(f7e to leave the Earth and never)z1hne7,7tji xubwk7cf 3yqezv o(2 4 return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. h:.awy j0ya3l ;kxep-What can you infer about the molecular hk:p we .aayjxy;l30-properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hob svnsh,pa08 ybu*45v)y8as wt dry day at the same tems58 8 byp v0wb a*y4)vu,sashnperature.

Is it possible to boil water at roorxe+ hy.q9h xqm(ox7z -4vu 3lm temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the sagjdbj e h* vo-3c;5iv7me but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Exp5v v3;cbe o7 -gjjd*hilain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobiles)u u 18jplwr5 engil5 u j8rs1)wupne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Figh*j9;nnn 3;abi*kjt w. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penny?d,uv, xxk/vr g l/4bz1   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26dmippbh7 l m5 ;))e*hv.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the samemm; 7l)dhbhpi *ep5 )v mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on thehh 5pyp ;kb75z/bu, ia Celsius scale?i5h k7hz ;u/ baybp5p,   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 136g0sq,,f dkcx heso ,)8,v(:lgrpdv;w $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.820*rjjp d*5cm2bh .lvi cm at 0.05b.j *l2mvdrc0*hpji $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is2 svc 6gahvsg/,2w ju6s2im rz ;s(t,s built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall.q 7 ta4lw+8k.gtsu:)c (oisw0pjgks1 Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperatuat l( i:k14)ok7wps w .8csqgs+u0j tgre of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets to/p0wwrr 1e g3hat are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be plac e/gw 31w0orrped in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ,m qnus:gs*6 e 616)lrkxhpp-g7bcfdat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its changp4 w+(nh6mvt w ((gr0iwn0h zxe in volume if it is heated fxh tngp4rmvh+6wi z0nw(w((0rom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled 0eptd 5kvoztu4 zjp0(6fp;s7to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of w/uiqna(pip 8 )ater at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a rigc4p:v fx :uq1m2fsu ,ng made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it 1,iib; vy/l bg3/ftkjcan expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear exv b ;g3j,k/lfiyt1/bipansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densb vwcj m4bvx3b+ x6-6sity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length /aisb43 5evho l and width w has coefficient of linear exesi45 o3/ahv bpansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic so2vn. e j;,olt37n, e iqqfqop+lid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock iy5d-tz/0bclb1p i+zbx jj 1o- s made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1/by+ 5x-ztjd-p b ocj1li1z0 b7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer har f2776gci6ss to)o 8pzbmjs *s an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has s mpi87f gstz67cj6bo2r)s*o a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating :/sebr4td1+vs u(t ady / vqa1about its axle on frictionles +tu/1(vtvrsy b1eaqdad4 s/: s bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. Hpbn5gp76 4y 8hsdl8dnow much stress is required to keep it at this leng l876y8ds ppdhgnn5 b4th if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-q2z4 1qe:5 2wwtwxee msectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.12245;sihd 2nj 8.mbo dpj cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperature j+* 6axj2i7tvlpau1 hs on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature onpb7x-0jb t u8g the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of th+ rtxu67 9pgche Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air atv9y9 8gdrolvcpd/- x8 atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 20lgdy9d/x8 8 -rcvop 9v$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at Secgui+j7zy3,s4n rqj33m- cb TP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contait5;ltd hmgxz9e 1g8a3nd3 o 4dns 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP agomj9puju q)9 yl yr+6w7f)ht.b 2)bcontains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at7:urebk+r oqxx cqvcf3 5,gq1b 5e0k b;+tj8 a 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas /ydg )qtq.js+,jtm) 7p; myfn at 385 K /g t7sn ;)mp.,mytyqqj)fj+ d?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg oft jc2 )cf.,e */ekb9( jbcgecj $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieu1*,; gjf 0rp1 o l7lx)xisgieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes fxj*7u1s g;g e,irip ll0o)x1 it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air ssn/mj6,o)h j 7b1mtw at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.g7 wxd413ghonlzc+ y3 0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled ballooc,e ntyzpft8d1s4e44n escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculee auiw6r:y eydt4a4q4 r(d2 0rs / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water art k( ye,n0mm0te there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of s)gcs h5rs*s6(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume5tj/bxll/7ax :t ivf4 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath rx2y;7h:yopja t-wmrsyt 0) ;you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant de0y m 7;y- ta;rjtw2yh prso:x)nsity.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule akge oh21-d .nds i)4ckt ST d2gik.-en)doc 4s1khP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of tdhhn1xlc/ fe4tfk, ,(he Sun at a temperature of a n4f ,fhc(x ,thd1kel/bout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the p 6up2kl6)ezh temperature is increased from 0 e6 u)pl2zp k6h$^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km /zwzv:qd4/fy/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, v:w/4zyfqd/z and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.m:0fw0 md /e lbt8p)zk0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a x(bg tdfx:hkm: w3 )cdj04* nugas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what facxd)4h(jt3du w:nc:mxfbk *0g tor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in ajm5l(vm kbdk3 c-+ qu( gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratid3m1v )usssl0 o of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratl vuss10s)md 3io of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitro ze3;zz+ptw -x ez4/dugen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms) krg//ibyn-w speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecul(bxe **zuvjb(es at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid w+ 55g6o y/76kc:zmipwzfuhcq hose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell a/6chuz zm5 ko y:f6wpgc7q 5+it 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas cn6kq /z*effc4k6nk v- an be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uran. 0p fgjpiv-*rium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressuredxr3y8a,wbbzzgb4(*u bxm8 1ni8 -re, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressurehg k h-s)mk c*6:1.5r hzaqhpx is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)h1sh *ra65 hxqp:gc.km-zhk) 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a l:uqo-retc4y (k42ud day when the temperatu (duute 4 y-2rqc:lok4re is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wa. /)hq)j2v6d(ldfednv tpmey d79xd )ter boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a:u+vh ;a(zhh z particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temh:a(z+z hhuv; perature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a (g-.u06ohyz z 9e diqhday when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 4q9 h0zy6 (ig.zd oeh-u0%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature ic8hjsx 7:qiq;hh gh:2s 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressurv)kyokerwbt.4 +r .7ve inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temkrv.o 7v)bwryt4k.e+ perature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume t4zu-fcij2z6 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew p9 qbn)lw 24hfq.se2uooint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4)gv ;qn- :xr t)xe)wyt) to diffuse a distance of 15 );wtxvr y-)eqgnx) t: $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes cha,-bae7t5 xlalled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of7lba,th5x ea- $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has be: ;vr28svmxex+j1x uhen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratei fcf39 txgl1zmcfns. :0k) q2d at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperatz zn9a6j iib/4ure. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if i9j4nib/zz 6 athe water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a heliumf kwg(encu 08xq/dt,; gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of8gfxt eq0 w kc;(un,/d the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 mq8 ok-16vftw i, and height 2.5 m.f-1t6vw kio8 q Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about o32tis:d k*sue/e0ud ane atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques i cn;cnw w; vj ;:,*vnbng0(ksts abou(jb ;wv*; cnn;:gvk0sw tn n,ct $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the (5sov1 yxyu q-surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is -yy(vquo1xs 5this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Eartf) 6zauy+j -rjh’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special -yz)ua6fjrj +materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incregmjk1y4l o/fk o npu*o-09kgq *7e2 jkased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of ovuj*lv s9 r(r1+su 6 jgdom;7770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pm-(jgg iy+6( ul/ b glc8pz(kyc(nto- ressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.u8jmg ino-c ( l(ycyk( /lz(gtb+6pg-    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitzc9s(ssu,vp84mejdr sg3 5j 9rogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has ga1,ms emuc7)y 6e8 d/ zc(jlupauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at)mcd17u6 l/e a uj8p,ym( ecsz atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats /gn2y9b zzw:s nqg n+3in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline aku8qoi2h)y ;hb a,h, 0ez dski.+g :rpt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around theb5an 0,sl.+p xhfhm4ez jnm)3 Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 2u7mg9rlotq .8 0$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the zt,jq hlhw) l3auzv8c(ft kfp50,g/- 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chargejrc.p qw7kko y-;.cnp*,x8 .jhd j,mrd, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from th glu.m1f d2w;me Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid issjt: +z9 hjz+ o4obj5x suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from 9z+ bo4hzjs+ojj:x t5the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble o/ql ofkycw3vc0 3r;k 6f air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Ayr 6/3lc;k30k fcqv wossume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on thzk 86fg bad9(s+ seh.ce following two days: k8b fsg( .6+cdhe9sza
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of+* w,4kd /u3je ydjjvt iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tempeedjvu+tyd34 k ,jw/j*rature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal g0wz2ro d(, qpeas at constant pressure, the copr0z(eowd ,q2 efficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prev nn24/uyni4+v ckk/nvb5 h: ilent rot and miln24/ nhvu bii/kn45vny k+lc:dew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg