The process shown on the T-V graph itqjg*oojtzy5uc15 s :5eg k/8 s an

  In an isothermal process, there ip47+..nxdwj ,p 1 zz dqnxvj:ds no change in

  When the first law of themb ;/j(o,mx qeezi s4m01mt n,j(ve-ormodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its e)9 ssxny5+gpi/u :t,c nxjk+v z 3ia*original volume with no change in its temperature. This provg/u zsik+n i5cs9ja px n ,:*y)3tex+cess is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermallytfs th 30(zk1 box,a)y from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas.zko ay1(3tx0tsb h,f) What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-3.o cjb-ius. j fr +o7:ipmh,phalf its original volume during an isothermal process. The final pressure of the ghs7 ,mrio+ -.jpo.bpf ju3ci:as

  An ideal gas is expanded i0mzh3 y spf/g6sothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following stateme gyms0p6 3zhf/nts is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isola,b: p;yt wza8hdehn0 *hd9 ajrb ;q26hted environment. During the event, the gas exchanged 0 h,ahezqbp2;yrb8 ad;d *wn:6hj t9h no heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of the6,p rl)4rbp)dm ri z+vrmodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is ce9 hpapj0j*iu/u 1c, -sm5i1krgnv 4bompressed to one-half its original volume during an adiabatic process. The final 90 jngm p ,-c1us1rb ui/aek5p4i vhj*pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in 7z4f7rs bbx i:5dtck1f, nju1cm /:gpall respects except that one containskz,m7 x7bn igc54s rut1b1:cf/:d fpj $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders *uep.hv szzkz15.b+n y9v7 k rof gas identical in all respects except that one containse 5*zzp1skvk7+zvy. hb.ru n 9 $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV d lwuov95k:.io iagram is an

  In an isobaric proces* f7,u 3 fm*18biz.z7bcwdp faskeq+ss, there is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamics, (4 ; xxwf frk3nsd7w 5yoozn-5$Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand u:(w;f(hrt jak2r 1*h* dvlhnat constant pressure as heat is added to it. This process i1t rh(rwal*(k2vfj; hd* h u:ns

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at consti4ju5z l hbxc9 ;tj+z1ant pressure. As a result, the internal energy of t+5zj jc41;ui ltbxzh9 he gas

  The process shown on q:h a (6/4ixdbx mhil +hwq (32a2vzo-grf dq-the PV diagram is

  In an isochoric process, thexs.dzsax: 0r. re is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamiqa(qcv-g roaa22rp7 3l t4q3ccs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot ex .cm (qsrh u 71tkihg3crb01mwfc 942opand as heat energy is added to it. This process2 hk 1srh9( c0wfbqg1i4.mt7c 3mcour is

  Ten joules of heat ewph 5b/0isno)nergy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the internal energy of theb nhpiwo0) /5s gas

State the first law of thj cw9l/kaz2 4mermodynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot 7f;nsrztgdu2(9go5 b99 psbrreservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfb,icrhixz -01o, x1x ier heat from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermbwwbmy*ttx7o4u m)2 *odynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During o ;6; h1kgo,faagpd-*ap ttg. jne cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating on this ; ga gpotkapt.6;1-h f*dja,gcycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the ratio o67mf9oao p6cz f

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink mhczh;-y4 icv(x tv33fpw6+ pjus6wxvj3h ypfz-i cc4pt+(3v;ht be

  A Carnot cycle consis(rd,bfsb1 j 5ats of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermolmq5 /c9s fn;exi csdy158)wk dynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a (upk2/v4aw76hx bnbh refrigerator is defined as the ratio ofw2aux bhkvhp(nb6/ 74

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defiom e m8,u.yc7cned as the ratio of

  When water freezes, t)6g ozvfdt1 . tk6a/te ,xz-zqhe entropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process that may oc2ol :oa(*jqkrcur within an isolr(l2 :joqao*k ated system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of t4ntgun r7:qe+hermodynamics.

  The second law of thermof*xir7o93(vfxcip qrx4e08 gyemsdjuy : ;((dynamics leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an fu8dn u4uv7l4 o*ibs4 ideal gas. What is th u4l*sfu74n4d8ui ovb e change in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal ga1dd;v8p :l dxu164glm 0btnjes. What is the work done in the proujl8v0116 ex d4pntgml:d b ;dcess?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process is -40;(3yv,-xgz :+ndrp 6dvkzsdb0 J. What is the change in internal energy?ybvk x;v:n,p-g6s+ zdd(r3zd

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is thewy 92rwhi b6g2 change in internal energy 6w9bg wyr2i 2hof the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 Jq03qzte +rn30gczoq4 of work. What is the change in internal energy?zrqgq 03nz 0 qtoe4c+3

  In an isochoric process, the internal enertb0 w.(+nrp94ppdi h egy of a system decreases by 50 J. Whap n dptr4+e0(phi.9wbt is the work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases gqy ---zdjqxv-- )fcgby 50 J. Whagj-y-q z -cdf-v -xg)qt is the heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintainedxfi rqux jhck3qosbwds8++ - 9 8b5.c7 at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removinjcdb37 q8iof.xkb wq9xru 8+s+5h-s c g 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy is*ikpr ,-ljuz)tgl25 j removed from it. How many moles of gas kru)l 2 z*,-5jt lpgjiare in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 7c8;c yat-1p,d0 j7crhx hyxa o7fa 5dkg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000mpl5kws3n6*wbwpw9w5 .t ek 9 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the eftwlwesp p*nwm9w 695k.k3bw5ficiency?

  A heat engine has an /i6b,dy; fcso) b cycgb0;f1f;,vjwb 0xh6 as efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it pe;;fdgiyhb;, sx 6/b01 bcfc bj0w sc6aoyvf,)rform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an ef2 vx;:jk8grhveh8ol -b,ftli ,5l ,neficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much ,gikeh88e;ntlvblj52,lx-: ro,h vf heat does it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of hea3r4ufpnq+ 7 v wmfk6)rt each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency of each cycle.f 6mupfn)+ q7rw4vk3r

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Cali55zg4o0h:cq,u( 3yxozw/seasa1 l a culate the work done each cyc1oqhl3xug( /izz5yw50a oae:ca,4 ss le.

  One of the most efficient engines built so farn9np.z ) 4f:4;9o o 7wiubvywnuss2bm has the following characteristics: combus : ;w n)wonmunfsz74ib2pu9v4.b 9yostion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far hcvyq alb v;pj*q 0o )x7t89y,gas the following characteristics: combustiv80ox lb)ytjv;q 7q,pgc* ay9on chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has thej 6akznvld/ jag;c6:; following characteristics: combustion chamber temperature = n:a;j/adk czv 6j;gl6 $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of er dl,y/:6ogdc bfr9. glectric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses ,z v rs2+uerk40caq- -; ws1gxeip;tv $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of :6uwp s29 hl9 bx+loy 4renk:telectric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficienz)s ,,0z;adres b tqr/cy of an engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an l5vv0 mku1j*5f3l ps2dy, hqdengine operating between0 ulj52*pk3fm 5s vd 1hdvyq,l $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperat9 posy6lim26ilf iz.+ ua)ua )ure of the cold relyuo9mi l zp2uii s6 6a.a+f))servoir if the temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating bo2 5ewen2kwxzb8w ht ;t y8m2;etween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compr )9l/:fvye yuartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?f9 ul:vry/y )e

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment atf *e :toups8.lt7rq1c the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of peq pf7o.tlc1e8*r :tsurformance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator abson8*m 8z3 eukr,r; .t(yk-e xrl 8rwpydw-eh*x rbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much(e,-wr n.*e8;lk8rdw m* xh-3 ypk8y ez txrru work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of fmta,mvyt2( /ikw2we *k 0 w0dice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change i:xdjhm*6b- z*3k ltu yn entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expansion and rn 4:hlbo) c(1g uoop/its entropy changes(lobn o4urh c)o1 :/pg by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at cj (8 mt/sp9db$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.