The process shown on( (i6h mwjjy4n the T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, tmb i-t+* qtzh6here is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamics, ( n./q5akn)g pdzpxhjt8;h)t $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no change in its temperatutxn+eeg a41i- re. -1aixnge+t e4 This process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During thmfzz5b( t6d6w chb 3vtm.;*lcis process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal enert *mb c;5t6(dw bz m.fzv3lc6hgy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed tocuurur 9-:rb*nb-ds) g +. l18hnkfp/s ago 9k one-half its original volume during an isothermal process. Thebudns *b)o9 -ar+p rf:hckk 8g-./ 1un9grslu final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermallx35ut e6:g e)gsrh/mj y from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the foet) smg5:h6gu3 /jerxllowing statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compresse tw z9gk *r80c gm*e-gkon2*zpd in an isolated environment. During the event, the gas*kz *cem 2ro zg0gw t9-*pg8nk exchanged no heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynamics/ 6d l:qp1yk9lbf 2yul, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compresie +n fwqk2:n d9rdhnrq q9 0:p-tvf+6sed to one-half its original volume during an adiabatic process. The final pressure of the gqqndn 2+f+:9:wqnd i-60 vrtp 9rk fehas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical ib7g 1m0 ctbtvb wae5,)fq5:nt n all respects except that one contains mc qwte1,abbnb)gt 75 f0t5:v $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gay r/d .*bbu3jps identical in all respects except that one contains dy.bb*p j3u /r$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the P)0z nj: ivw+e dz6u sc(3tale7V diagram is an

  In an isobaric process, th m-n5,xgtsgwh8q/2d9z i5sk/ o; z1qdrdsoa5 ere is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamicsvhv)2s1 wueozrkp gy4 9r6t,g x8:,it, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is added to it. Thisb8c8dsytte).i5cx dj u,5 .li procl j)u.id5.85ex ibt dc8yc ,tsess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at 7m+sss 9boe)+r g. zcjconstant pressure. As a rb+r7.c 9j)o+mss ez sgesult, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV dia 9(+svqonf.xigram is

  In an isochoric procem t-t93jq* 0 (g2pubu prvrmj2ss, there is no change in

  When the first law of therm(/ trougf*g (oodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a ri jf b /aq9 *olwrr50, xmtvh+ q(-.ckcs-,xlkbgid container that cannot expand as heat energy is added to it. This processs.+/krkva xfmx*, ,0qc j lobrl9hqt5-bw -c( is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred tlu v-*q0yj*c3;2fxqef8e .wd/sj cya g50 vg so a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a r00suy*d -vyjax/q ccgfq. s83 ;2* weevjlgf5esult, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermody gjfo1tm0 lo/:namics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoirz)bz 197 ycfui to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a hot rt. jj4jkpz+w2eservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according to Clausius.nj*.vk b3zf.gnlfur2 f;d;w)x5g k k8

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how much ww7q b (bt 6dmi0a-ge0s)i :oelork is done by an engine operating7dteiiw-s b:)6ql(0e0a omgb on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat ens c82k2rgg.3k ac 0nzjgine is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a C(ywueb :+v3a 9kd6w7plr :zhaarnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink must b b9+rah :(736y:kep zdawwulve

  A Carnot cycle consists o sau8h-3-eef bf

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of 1mlt . /lropl+the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigera ,dlgq785qi xntor is defined as the ratio o ,8n7 qx5dligqf

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a h)j8l1x s;gy c5 iz*a by-icdh0eat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the e4q ysvedf, /9y8hwyk7ntropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamicxj*-9av4g9 +cjjp aluh5 o/i xs, for any process that may occur within an isolated system, which one of the choices appliesxa5 j4l*+9hjvguopci a j9 x/-?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermodynau t*px q5)o(n0ae i r5tzsqo(*oee /:umics.

  The second law of thermodynamics lqqygs 47gx.:li3x( ygeads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of hnkb c. d+v9+ukeat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the change in internk bk+u+9d.cvnal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5fz) weds1 ko /w jp//zth)((ow.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is t))( oww(/h feoz wp/ts1 jk/dzhe work done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process is -400 J. rcw2x21kj nu* What is the change in internal1 xk*uwr22c nj energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the ch)l1gh f or:y:jange in internal ener:orglf jh) y1:gy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic f 2tgpf a8wa;j;a:a+x process while doing 25 J of work. What is the change i; 2:gwaaf+pa;x j8tfan internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a s :bkl.ot :tp.1o0c c,nwxpdk7ystem decreases by 50 J. What is t,t cd701xpobkkwp.::oct ln .he work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J.ng6oyyus 3wft3 31um4 What is the hea3 u yf64go31 snymtuw3t exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constant +; o;;bp;0 ntjjvxku hvolume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomptnx ; hjo0p;;jbk+v;ulished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 57l/jh9t5rhc 8d aoew ,0 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy is remov/a5wco9 rldj, 7hhe t8ed from it. How many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3/x 7. akyw kv9n:l8r3jt fn ww-ign-w;l/sm6v .0 kg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives fe mg,n(ar: ijmvir)l0. 61 yz7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the efficij)y z0 mgain rr.efv:(li1m,6ency?

  A heat engine has an efficiencpo aj7km98vhgg + :pvz6rulaiw2 t6;, y of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it perform in each cycle?z:vpap h82g;uk,i o mtr6avj9wl67 g +

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of jw ;6ub3+toa :doe-w+ef 9+sodqa6tqheat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaust in each cycltqbs36 a foq 6-ew+a;9udwjeo:++ot de?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 643 t2,hp:zqkyw kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculatep3y tk2w ,h:qz the efficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of 21nx k(3p3 zsd3 ;rw7wzcw apdheat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done each pad1 7xcwd3 z2wwk;(3p3srzncycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characteristicse77pep 9nw 56n ksaj;e: combustion chamber tempe eps a5pe6w9jnkn 7e7;rature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most effiar s;evez 217wcient engines built so far has the following characteristics: e s ez2;a7r1wvcombustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the followingdn 2nn0a0 -xewny,j s9si-er / characteristics:/d ansxeew yn-sj2i-r90n ,n0 combustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electrinf5q pv +cgtd):g*qt8c power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. ujp xa:d r ky7fcc 0gt8r/s84f7:s) suThe plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates l)qnnrm8(n) j 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which o0f ,er2kft3 f79frt guperates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine op3)vec d ge0 su0k4;t:yyk)n tverating betwsv0)tevck 0yg:d3n ;4)uyk e teen $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is thefl ,i wmek/*;rwv6+ow temperature of the coldfw6m wekr*,;oil wv /+ reservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating.54 zp/i9ez r)j83yaf sobrfq between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes :opp )v*lwj4q(i2td)gk x6keheat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a roo6ok4g 2pjxw*)( i pqet)v:kd lm per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes hep bje9/assn ru7h;nke/+c+:/ gyszrp7d2b,oat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coeb 9preg/dbn k:s o,h+/ra/7ps jzecnu2 ;s 7y+fficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a rj- 1b+l3mmno9bd *7tw..qsvah0diui efrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expes 0qbu-m b3 hjdnla+. 9ioi 7v.dt*wm1ls 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of ice agjv /7e5fo5g01dz jhmelt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the i 7sz +bt(yn7at w3b,nchange in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas awnsa4x4zpp)+qhi0;sx;h qfs c a oa454+ axl, t STP undergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy changes b la ;xaqh h )w;i zso5ss 4a4pxqp04ac++x,f4ny
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at 8.v,5g c il+ kkk4hgti$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.