Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iax, f6+8 q dkrd:c2j:v8f nuy rr;rn*eron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appenf6 c 8*+:a krndnyru r:8r,j;2qdexfvdix B.

Name several properties o3prc/ sfho:p-pme,b /f materials that could be exploited to make a thermometer./:p /mprohs,-fb3ep c

Which is larger, 1 Cl dc,3l c 8)0cazsjy*l $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equz/;4k:9g gjz0w;jz 4erdg wbrilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can d/jkrj0 w 44:;bzzg;9g er wzgyou say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic str 6qtna4df*gu 6ip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve*4aqfg 6 6tnud? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient offu1 yk a1+kyk0m9/ogp linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to cl 8 /(r*ut zilmqj1m.sontrol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electric 8 m1j/lu(s .zlri*tmqity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the x.yd7 w5t/61cebvyjs shape of tj1yc7dw .6byvx /s e5a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floatsroqu-5 x4l) 5y. ltusb in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-ob9kj p y-m 66))zgrzlin-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises.9m-bypzko6)zljr 6) g Explain.

A glass container may break if oux00gp9bq,: i4 mthdx ne part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent partit pbu,0:x40hd9qx mg s. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefaw q:bfaklxq1,k+5o22 v*xdw ficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat res 2vdx12oq:,bk wfk w*q+l 5axaistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, acah36(gpuwi *66zot x pcurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and ts03- rcsp:ms yop to bulge so badly the can wism:3-r 0pscs yll not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pisto.phc :wyuql42/ wsh m(z.:x ewy:9iv vn), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting whww2:z. iw:lc qyu /( vhvpe:ms49.hxyat happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water j;: i1s 2taq-(l uzhrnincrease or decrease if the temperature is increat1-s:a zrilhnq( ju2; sed from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s lajax ,8bvpla6(nq, 9dow follows from kinetic theory and the relation be9(,v jlaox 6p, ndbaq8tween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic zyielae9 -28450fiqgi vs)ri theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmos+s2un .b(f eod.7ittzphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum 4feyc4nf3ywgb g5 32 fspeed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Mn f2b43 wyycgg 4fe3f5oon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperatm * tg2rk (tx0a2hsk6vure. What can you infer about the molecular propertiesg 0* a(2trx khtsmv2k6 of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot p qpe-rn:9e :sdry day at the same temperature.rq9es-ppe: :n

Is it possible to boil water at room tempe4p 4jcid8 :zoar8n z7trature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air t4z: -bjjtly(y emperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, tzjt :l-y4(y bjhe dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open vglbrrqfd h; *k5 f;56the radiator cap of an overheated automobile e6l5kbr f;; dh qg*rfv5ngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white clakc;8t*f 9;h6y zr +hg 6vspyloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3pek0n*7tf+ ile1 go.c.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the numbmok- sf(q047(qim-w bbun.q i er in a silver ring of the qu4iq7nif-s .qo 0(wmb(- mkbsame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius s a h+;sqrod3,acale?o3sa,q+h a;rd    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and8bt5mpe, (asl9 k.it zymvs4o; )kq/i lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol col- bi szwq.ps20umn has length 11.82 cm at 0.zi. 0 bss2q-wp0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m longyzkc+nxr2 ic,*3/w oe (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought gxluj54fjycq ,n+ *t-iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes buqlyg ,*j t-nxjc45 f+etween July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are laaqs0 e9/tz d,z+h qxcnwi 76x*0nr,hpiqwn8: rger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed ixc7*6ns i/0d0ne+8w :iz9t,rnphwq x a ,qhzqn a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterh.lbx:s.a -xm j 6q4ii at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be i uhw;(h5qjv a 05tl7tsts change in volume if it is heated(tsqht u05v;hl7 j5w a from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 10 ;z cdys dp3tht5:;v+y0.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 5pgf: u pr7 o96ne4bxo05.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At;v 98*cpzj)mzf .b fnd 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentiaz8x;qnk/kh* pn s.*.bzu tpcgp/: : mdlly one direction only, show that the effecnp nuq/zx* :pdg*k8p;kb h c tz/m:s..tive coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dqgc g/ zh((u2 t-s myi+7jrj3f3-e +xaz6lac tensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengt )dezr2 nc0)u-*a pfwph l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion *pu)cpzwa rd -nf)e20 $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrocc. y5;c,yu 9i.r s g/d7ilnaqpic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfahhv 6 kh+m17mf5p2b0 aeimb b5ther clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 amp1hm0e76hbk f5 mi bhb+v25$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer yq5;nn kysfvy,z-bnl :ye5 25has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of ,5:nq slky5 bzy fyev2-;5nny0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating abop8h: j udabw+7qc4f*w*oe iva 0 fs,n2ut its axle on frictionbae0f dq*8asvw2hpfw7ui4*n: +jo c,less bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has thq b-x cyp9 gn-.6ul,yze desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this lengtq -.c9-uyn6 plzx gyb,h if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-se, sw2e aaelw58x d bn5u()aoe1ctional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134 (t u.zxu(h93gxi l,cc.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the cg:v./u xsuz ra. 8jk7 t9wh)xKelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on1nu4cnoj ks6ym. 3ynb3kv .j/ the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in pz+fn6 9e3(xf5x cx tcthe interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric mqt8w)2gzw, gpressure and a temperature ow)8q 2g, mzwtgf about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usinp i-wnc+) s,;)m i u lw2wkhan7mo7y3fg the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 210 5+0k j;wkn 9ipsufqvz//e f+. dzfu6y4upzm.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP containw8ud1uqdyd- :s.z-gb jai70 ns 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gaxpl.e/rm+t/efik-(d yj 93yn6x ncw3s is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of arslu6- pu(,1bk fx 5y iumuk;z)gon gas at 385 Km1 i6kp5(ub uzl;-fkx su,yu)?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of 8q -csooa 7l2rm3p/fkkt u51r $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buo6 xewx;3etqb1yant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suwbt e1xxe;3 q6ppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15-abyrvb. e:*zvc: *uz $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen dw*acs7p,j*b/zf5jp zb wy 1c*,viseop12 a2at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and4:digp.m 1yebhh 3g9 4y o+ndw 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of x9 + wbnbzhj6frx6o2)molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water auqk2 /:nu6zotre there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (1* 6apztdv jc;a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1v-co 4rz2nqj7 $ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air +ur )sw;dra du vye9/x 7;l,igare in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is abo ry ,eu)vx;w7ddr+i au;g9s/l ut 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxyxqe(w8 .ry(2d+crd gsgen molecule at STP?q yrc +r(e2dsxw(8d.g    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tldi21j6ro -ybz6by 2i emperature of about 6y6b2io 1 l-i 6jybr2dz000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speji/ ta s63;akmed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is t/s aa 6;mkji3increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speed vv.tae6-rff;2bhj q )58p wc5lhgfv7s, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, )vj5efhqrafp2 v576 t.v8gwl-b ch;f0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 8zl lamje n v 4oa58uel1p/yiw1fc:/120.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume ifht3e;o co/jyg -: df)s held constant, by what factorf:tj3 hc g-/yo fd);eo does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in ht gu*nxs66ms38i/jfh 9re l3a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the sa fi9(b:ew l.ljddah5* 5i6 hwvme temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal tohw(ah56w li9 vjde *i fb:5l.d the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitb)ij- *: xzntf a)k;ajrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moleculol8 :w. yu4alte at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance bwl(5pd)*nqls2.v qqr etween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular ma2qb u.9ho(f ;mimw63dcp:r lvss is 89 u in a living cell am.( o d m 9uqh:prfw;ibl32c6vt 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P = m/toh7b gub ct v:,26smu4z- i$\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranies k./,jnmoi -dz3zpq4c* l/zum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pr9+/. wp 9qcmpweaf) mc, ia;ncessure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atmp6/lx68yb pn2j8cxrg and the temperature is (a) ypl8b/xxj668g p2rnc 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidi4n+vn gea pnxzzrdx 5.c12 ,d/ty is 50% on a day when the td.v4/ez n,z n5 pcaxrxd+2g1nemperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at an.mte45rch *+av* bce place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at *vrp) sei6.nfn(9 nkoa particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the9o).p6knnivr sfn (* e temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when tf:oop+j7jex6v*qg1 mvyi n 2 0he partial pressure of water is 530 Pa anjo:f+0q *p ng jyevm7xio2v 16d the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water0s9n 0dk kdmefwaos 1: td t:s3vjj*:+ on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressulpvh4ckv54f gi w 761gre inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperatg 7vvpi61hgl fc544kwure of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 680al;jse 4be+ e2 *;k.a*p; cbpvouac z6$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew:kg d6:qegfx p2iuz5in ;1 etu;y-x6n point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see T/hym9bvu2z 5j able 13–4) to diffuse a dista2y hvz 5bu/j9mnce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior througs bf )p(n 7trbxiv3x)0h tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm lon t3x)b(7 x0fprsin bv)g and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measu,4b0wu*q udp are has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape5wc6dm 6vg+g f measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room t 3p+ g0l q*zy1w-pykjmemperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the q*jyypwzm3gk 1p-l0+ cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is in)zr:wnv:0v w( pz da0t9b:a klitially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fracti 0w twa:vv:p b zn9dlk:)a(rz0on of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, wra5 *iqybup+:v.u:qej4 j x1 bidth 3.1 m, and heightju1q::pi*+y b. 4 ar xveju5bq 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matt be o)rk5d73xo,hx j0fc+uq pl t(e;a;er is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainaiuayx 5yl3a:c 92( rbible using the best available vacuum techniques is about c5y3yib(: lx uria29a$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his luncethj5+ 9m ss)bed+. eo5y zu3gs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rososuhe +s5m.e+z9yjb3e 5td )ce to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Exl*:r u gtmj5+arth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be ma:*tul j+mgrx5 de of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is in y x+ a;65uczdif8xizy*x(y+k creased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of qsdyj7vb92i /770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estjwj.q(9 fjb/c-jsm6d imate the total number of airj/9wjj-m( b .f s6dqcj molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7. pkzq g,hvi j)w(()5kx6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has o25 aeds)j):zj fk*fh gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is *de 5ffsohjj az2:k))constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercuryvf,hx axt g: do+ 1 f8+gub+rjvw uak-myf05(; at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atvu 7w; z(3ebnx 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator(mwj i utb2k z ,o*cv;xvu31*a8mk5sa at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a gt4gb e:*lh/ hblass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted i 9v5.e ( g2scy0pzoezkn the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of v : .sqt u7 2r.ewn2lm5zzz*li195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fro lh efx)13b)vlm the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid zfw/:aw e 2vbn*e ()wois suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at iez/ a e2 )bnvw(fow:*wt. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical).z-sfz- eug5 t bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the gs-zt ue.-fz5 air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor p;avnwfi;d a9zslo..3ah i 59w;jm. b vressure in the air on the following two days: s;m wl;;bnvvj .idaa. 95oh3 w. iafz9
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in lqg9. uz+).e(mf qhk uzco)+a the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where )( acg+mzzq).h+f9uk oqelu.the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to shn .j(k 1/sq+xfeowq/ ec5q h /c6o(rxqow that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion oqf q.1h xne5(wq /(+cjx/6/re s ockqis equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dr -n3sh-cao1p(ejxi/ p6p d 8cehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 2s1(6ra/h3c odjen-pp- x c8pi 0$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg