Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? Se+3npo*abgq m5do8d9 nnd -z7ie the periodic table or Appeod-g o5 7+in*mdbqdn398panzndix B.

Name several properties of materials t nph t.akmkb9k8mwn81 n h;7y2n0cnf8hat could be exploited to make a thermometemh08pn hwky 1cn2;f9k 7knm8t .bnn 8ar.

Which is larger, 1 C e7 t zv:,pvg ie0l )h afh7j1i az6i6wi.ss41y$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in th a6r;bs) vlw-;-cpzxt7m /clmermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibpmcz-tlxcbv /m67 ;wl)- s r;arium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic stft4wcxbr;; *z69 cjlrtli - g/rip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of bfwl/c6c tg4-j9;ilr ;x*tzr the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffi m;trb0,xeqvlmp8(g * cient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple ther*i,3zc9 l b-bszojs+pmostat used to control a furnace (or other heatic ibbz39js+*zlsp, -ong or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in thp nzw-x (ki36o8h4,7rq pyvdue shape of av-d, p83uw n(oh 4ziqkpr7y6x U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of,p:w*,qbqyl x n)z*qf lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer) m3lm oz90y rd-lr)bp is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then riseslz9omlb )d0m3rp)-yr . Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidf xxpk/9)scm,vgcb*r 2q rp)-ly than adjac 9g)x*c -xrfp)k mr2 c/bvqps,ent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coe gp-bn7 rkb1m;l*c.fwfficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13mr- l*71fb .gwkpncb; –1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuratzj p l7g930n7y 98pnhadklkj3e at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottoc;jq; a1jagwvg( 5qo/ m and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happeneq;(jj /ov5qcaa gg1w ;d?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), itvzadczd,us:mb d*- ;mqc1j)5 s temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kidjmz;bqz uv)*:51 ,mc dcasd-netic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water eu. uw.ac4jd 6increase or decrease.6a 4. cewduju if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and *9y2iik j fie/ g9;.v+p5sn zluaix s5the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolu.i2j nx/ iivlugsf+y *5iza9 5pe sk9;te temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows fu(7xh nbz*7qc rom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ra/n hf.-lrvh, ztio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an obje /hhl8tab xt21ct must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmatt /8xl21h hbosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room t :rqbmdp/9 e, ytnxi,f3c;v 5kemperature. What can you infer about thedne5v9 mqcixb;:r , ,3 /kptfy molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a 5em m-3yajaq-hot dry day at the same temperatur5amm-q3 -yj eae.

Is it possible to boil wat uj2n*xzjs4zl 8 nu93zg10onyer at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity issl . fsne+ h8gmbu.cayfs1( ;8 different. Which is more dense, the dry air cff yu+nss881(;slmebag..h or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated afg g5w8:f qjv.n)2x egutomobile enf8wgn2qfgj x.ev):5 ggine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little whit2d*sio wne*o (e cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper+cy c3bm 43jm5 kp3lxquum8b- penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5 u9ok exg r-sg;4rz(cvfj)9)c-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ringek994)g)vjx-f;rcu ( sr gco z of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsi3 p kw5zoon5ld7 *-5vrkcelx(us scale?p5-nxoz(* vrkw5 l37o e ck5ld   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lt0ba nz(bhj3w7j u9j1 owest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lenj y*xi j8-nca/ ueo/x)gth 11.82 cm at 0.0 u-ja/on /jix) y8*e cx$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slab1yezf3*r3 keds 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. vc g, ; en/wg,oedd2(w13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Januawwe/g on(g2e dc;d,v,ry (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often us0c0blh;-)dfszt 66j- o vp koped o ;f6ho60pjvl)dsc0-z kt-b pand the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 50961ane k9d zwqgayg4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chxh cf,p)b/.kxange in volume if it is he fp.kb,xx/h )cated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is 2gnxn 4ahir ;9filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.5alp. 7g0x 4vl-xr amx o52pi*bvibp*1 0 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of ir4t g0 z0rs:9 gjujt)kwon. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can ex t d (9qoncan79*lxcx8pand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient(9cl7dc* 8x9tnaqxn o of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the d6ji)gz,rg tup8q h s6-ensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coeffijbs(j( fh+1tccient of linear expansion fjhj1((c tsb+$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid-ag2gqi4rf6 h , $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is mb9/clg gx)-x 6y*k6g/d lkonzade of brass and keeps perfect time at 17dy l9gg-* z/gk /xn)6bc lxo6k $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The e-rc3y ptok+g01eti* bulp*c+ oge y-1tik3et0r b has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 mac6llfg s7e wu6w+ 6tg-/u js, is rotating about its axle on 7s lfj+ge6wt g,-/uu 6cwls6africtionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is remy h-n+ mdzwd)a,yg .o (in:0qquired to keep it at this length if d +nmz) nawhd0my,(-:o.gyq ithe temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel s2 az31:xjs ii. ml9o3whrqj d,1svz8I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cmk7 7jy 8squag9 at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the 9vtlhoz3 x 6ni9ca )c7Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the g t1v2:rk0emyFahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in thex rvq 5fd-v.q. interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric prelyws0 t8wd 3;ossure and a temperature of abou3dst ol8wwy0;t 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density ofqdxyqsj8/+w3hxo .(;09a wm kjc *lk y oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contaiyj25l 6 h6uihuym dtv8(,dja3 l* gm9wns 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP containbdaj p*j4p l4,+ 1w4q1fv xjses 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is ains)39m ef2o p4 vo8kit 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at x/nv-/,plgenok6dz p9p k-q* 385 epnv kok* /qp6pn9/l- z,d-xg K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 lau ,-c+iv- 3y rrbm9w mmr)7ikg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatinfw3t1xca-:h bn+ou7gz.2l9 p i:kmpeg the air inside the balloon, which makes iw+t3pchxkbo n1-u27el :f:g9 zp.mi at less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled withpe( xx:kkps 1l(uu-y* air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1zrknm uab9 o(:n-+m7b 8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand atmg-ifw)0kpx7d9t9 vfu eg/ 6b sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculet9a8r,ru zhv ;s / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? H.rup-)np 2qy9 oy7z nhow many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles,wy 7c6 ip8ur)j    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume k ;mw73wmrscwb07m 0e5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many moleculesac):lfr wkr0( of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Ha:rcrw( ) 0kflint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the averagewm o 9 58vnnjqs;yht-/ translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STst5/9ymqvw-8j nh; noP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at t0 i5fj(w ro-ta temperature of about 6000-jfr wo0tit5( K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the tempmo a/l283 fcbo eks-4verature is increasemvbef2k/c8- lso a4o3d from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have d.cc4lyn 9 w(tf,efd(the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, fecnfd9( dwl.ct4( y,0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in+vt(ha)gdm ;ly,wpe ldnam a01/q)6 b a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held con( n cfdz.gbmk zls -;iyfu,++2stant, by what factor , z;fdcu.+ gi-m2 lbysk(+nfz does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms spmim 2q:j+ .: yzj77aqkec9fv*gv / uvceed of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio /i)+:o5i:ourqrg -0cqhzudd of their rms sp5or:d )zrqu guqio dc /+ih-0:eeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molerb-h8 g 3z1 qztpxlo88cules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule59 quz/ ;3e chbhp/z,.eu wqxa at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrrc-om xq7b+p4-g8 mh jogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms sp j( u i8.hctcdc4(nsg f j+:7e2tzv9jheed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cej9fhi.j2t(t8+ j4cvs7gucd :(nc ze hll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of ajc p1t hpr-zh8(3+w qy gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of up bga.e1:h jernc3g)tsg /s+7ranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pr(t30a ltti f8nessure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperaturo5 muoct*ci82qjjv5fyt hwm11 b w/ 7+e is (a) 90 c+j5wbjci7 o5 2 w1t8uhoqmvm*t/yf1$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (apprgld /p::n sgc.o.9lbp oximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperatc.p: 9do/gpsnl. bg :lure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 90vtvkbb5cd84o;h ( 9dh $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particularxsox(5 xkr. 6t place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which kr 6. o(tx5sxxwater boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure obtd03utkdj;l /( lz umx;ofn3 /sm3:sf water is 530 Pa and the relative humiditt(j/:l;uu lt3mm xs;z/303k fs nod bdy is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature ix5eolj;ky1ap),02y4ni f h rukf-i 2hs 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate p7du bz fyv2yfw(k-+7k ressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of (7ybuf - w+v7yzk 2fkd120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volum maa7m9tyb.iztsn)yr 7 .*sl 7e 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poi ,l2q zbgw6k0yr;.u (g7c hztynt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffus)9dqbdqn*xehje5/n 3/d :klte a distance of 15 d/5dn)x jhk*bted nq 3q9 l:/e$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of yis,li hfe-i( :5ndk8 insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional ,:5 lhi ki-n dy8e(fisarea of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape mskgle9 60 b/bfeasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20td 5g.gz7cq .n$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperat z i83-s (f;yo nelqtliea55ba )n2o:1 way3aoure. How much error will be made in a recipe ca) 1tsieqy58fla o 3 aoio;-l(w3bn :a5 eyn2zalling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Aft5sdz hnf5x2 p278 ssguer many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased g8xsup h52f2n 7d5ss zto 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room ofel7 8v yzg58/ e6sj*nlmy.aud length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume/syymzg l 5u8*. dealn7j v6e8 the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one 3fc014k 7nnb ;6txz otpy:xkj atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using thrz(r.)va n p jenme/-7e best available vacuum techniques is aboute- vn/.nr( )ezpjra 7m $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to f(jvzr( 7tf6i/ c+ izqzztk*. full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? ((t cfzivtk6/zr.+zq z *fji7Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon entebuc: :srb dv:qu:b 65grs Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle:c g: u:uq6:bbvbs5 dr with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gapm9 g-g;t5 quhs is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume oeq n: yhuj +bg:)nmvr3wl j 7,zysl314f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosphm2k5 4w-a b 3efhij m7f9rj1rxeric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molkrfjrh1-7m5fi 2bjw m4e 3x9aecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in abn34 8 igby9q)j rgcb; 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressf9nve ovy56k)6z7 hz yure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is consth)6z e6f5 v7o9v znyykant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of lwtpe2en i7u7 1iquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolix -vi)(fu4 p-im0v fkone at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth4i4+tnhct (s ,am w;vd’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass- ::fw5fp qhgz jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length sta ckd+v *q . s7+i)br03 etnc2ak)dbdqyzi::lx ndard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, zrj:h8 42mn36rw2bwmw:a v 0ems wb0x has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fror( uuw+ik5.a sm the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertih 1:.-j ns9ua qpqbldg3:ko-rcally upward at it. How many tennis balls per second musa.kqho-n gr-q 3:jdu lp:b91st rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphericxim a)vbvl/*l ;3 w+xial) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfecmw+i)vbxl;/ilv* a3 xt gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the fol.21tv9wx*ivk )euovq*p zvf 8j4y pz:lowing two days: 2pq1:9**pko zxwztyv iv v4u vjf8. )e
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in thwdl*3o,h k-w t 3d1xet ;gdbm+fnvt6-e density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deepbfg6w+thk,xd-v;nd w 3 l1md tt-*eo 3 in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constantshbojzg. : 8u- pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion zs gbuo 8-j:h.is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.