Which has more atoms: 12xzy -scn89sgu 0f)jg )/etuy kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table ounsfy/0uj 2 -x 8szg)yte) g9cr Appendix B.

Name several properties of*9r dcmh6 x:dr materials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.c*rdxm: r9d6 h

Which is larger, 1 C k,0 1c g;nbyfb$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium wy7x vgr8fl yrq,5gx* ;ith system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperaturegqrxf7r y8v5,lgx y* ;s of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists j gi,z vstkcgr;6-o-c 3qg75h1w sd+nof aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curvewgn i 37j;gdk6co q zst51h,v crg-s+-? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansiod*drjy 7dj/ *(jb5ck yn $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simp9nu :x ,1+9tjtjng fm+kb73 o1acbguw le thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two sa1 xnu omu 1ck:7,jgt93b9fj++wbt ngtrips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixe6n i :yd -go*2cowm.oed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Wc mo2oeyod:g i* -w.6nhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floa; /lhdzg88 yygts in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub o sjy f/wo b0pjia73*n+f water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises +b*na3o/pji0wfj 7 ys. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidc uibnp,o3eo k7 3t84ely than adjacent parc4bue3,po 7iekto8 3nts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficieidi p5xk43jp 4nt of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives riipj3i x 4d4kp5se to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, ac+(+yq1buv-z lylgi69m g 8kflcurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so y 26--) cqb )tb pm-nhqbkmcn.o 3sb1tbadly the can willnbmt) -qqsy .tbk-cbb n2)-o36hm p1c not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tem7 0,neyjqb 0w 18kg tcl8ql-omperature increases. Whb l1ol,g km8 yt 0new0jqcq87-en a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminumq 6i9xickdc 82 sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is incre2k8qcc ii6d x9ased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows f2aie u 0cro*s8rom kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the cieso2r08* ua absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gqxu6a7dbq; 6kay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s 9ubx9b372ww g(- x ld,q8z ziarb ggf0atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum stvrq1ws 1(xi .k9e*edpeed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it iw*(kd.1es viq1rxet 9 s for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more qu;f y8qx xq3l-y0ipqm.ickly than water at room temperature. What can you inf pqqy yx.mx-l0q8f;3ier about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the 0kbn1h1w5h a2 4 jq2u ysqsfv.same tenfk qys5h q021bws2u aj4h.1vmperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatur cqbc ;55yoy5ye (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is difs)gkl 5q1z /my qax1)iferent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the gz)/x) 5k1qli1 yqamssame T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobie-xu3cz(;:dnt 9 tspr le e3 csxz9tprd;nte(: -ungine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white clo47 j989v jg8 bj rox7hcfu zhq .c.l)ggl7u+weud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are tp*cpw87 +ssnlhere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number y z6/t4vf(/e5gst;n daq g(cz in a silver ring of the same massfv/ey/s56dz 4t g(gt q;nz(ca?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scal.m,ty4 x mji fjgxt;g1w9sj t zwc(87;e?i7t;jx1yj z ;wtfm(x.4m 89 sjgw gc,t   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded arebdee +dw -mgvv. i9r40 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermo)0m mhaxg8dx0ktkn r88m 2/z ge4kh. imeter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0..88a8gtm/0h0mrxg)de khz2ix kkmn 40 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs-g x 7sux/2xh by82bpg 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig.g0z 4huehhejw sr fh,p2lv; 09;h v6f7 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estiv; he v 7p6efju 4hwlhs0; g,h0h9f2rzmate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than taa; wav- ht2 er.gu9+phe rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed ir.a-2hae u+pw;g9v ta n the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterfn tx/rkrb or(3i/.ufi+v2q;i1 qh 6b at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its- 2he ah t-r*ibke7d7g change in volume if it ha *htirb7g-2e-ke d7is heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.su) brc3x5a m(0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that r;strjt j8azo g07u8vx6u +dixf685 t55.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a rinpm45bdw9ytn2+li (6 ),limimjgx r t)g made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentiallq8bd6 0mg lmk3wkx- 3ly one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximatm6xwlm 0qk ld33kb-g8ely equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dens y5r24r xm) k;)buvecl(7kcggity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coeffiy1w6 qbst fg94cient of linear expansiony6fw1bq 94s tg $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an iso(et/e+8 hftk/ex 0cgztropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather cpo :7vge8lbo.-tbwl. e hp rwgx-5r;1lock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 pr1b. g:x -7t85eoe vwr-bh w;plg o.l$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. Tht j8, 5)f9)kke9yvzd1rm drsn iqd88ue bulb has a volu y8,r)dz m k kn8dfje9 v19qtdrsi8)5ume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotati8yz),wng8-w0u0a( u mp i :gq4wm bkmrng about its axle on frictionless beww gamrbm n: g8q(,u-mi 40p zuk08w)yarings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length whe/d d02wl- qdibn at 15°C. How much stress is required to db0d-w2qli/d keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-s;upu73 2ghh lxectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm a0kijs *brw13 7 4prvedt 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatur*4v h8vwzrtc8r q4j-kes on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperaturthno t4ik 150qff5e*i e on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of t30,i lmfgan)h+c fq 6boi 4g6hx8qfv7he Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressucm1r 4a f-pk2fivtg;( re and a temperature of about 20kat2fc m- fr(gi41; pv$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of 9kn4v;6fzb jh +ojy83cx z -yhoxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank containsgfw)93c3 oj 2p,njx vg 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18njd /b:*l0qab .5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas r5zt: so gtsc( *xw m;)8:kcdbis at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container ywcpw4 f).t)sd b7jp6l. x)seholding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38yd6p.t )pjsw.s ew bcfx4l) 7)5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ; 2)g:pvfijdrebv( /wigi22pof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves i pidw :u--czu; e1md6jt*xse:ts buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside.s6:pzji x; 1 me*-due :cu-twd Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with +m ym;jrv u4:iohyx 16air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18xdj enq dva 8c,5.q pq-*u45yj.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s haq l)v )vhrvgp(*mt5g2 nd at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number o v3i8ji5xk ;7bx wxcd; *jxui i;50ijxf molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How mi 8sv+ rl6z )jip97zpaany molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molesa9g o20xu 4p1nt wt(fu,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.s+bvpx(kn , g31$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.y* ;ai4cmvt x8jx n*k0(ws8ma0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume t inxay4x8*k sa ;c8vmw( *tjm0he atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average transe6a4 ta;vt j:-4j irnulational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? uv64j:ija 4;ae ntr-t    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atomrvacp00e*y;/4rc q b24rw hvhs near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of abo0r *cey;42h /w cb0rhpqa rv4vut 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules injo hy 6(tkit, yo :p3c.*q)qbdcrease if the temperature is int*yd.3(q,yo):t ijkq 6 cp ohbcreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in unitst/szpxcy2i q96a k ) r*4bppbocft lyaf9,+;, of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculatef4*c k b ft ,pq6s929tpxao+yzi )a r/lc,bp;y the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of mole(tc83/cuj ,pur6c uj lcules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what rd0bb *o;7ejl giiy0 2h.ts.yfactor.obey270rid .gjlsytb*0 h;i does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molotc 2 ok2o1yvu52ka9k0w hu/fecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temp18nm1g p jd0jg(ght1 uhty m43erature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the0j m1ytnm1g(uhg8 djh4p 31 tg inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained iy6lm q3yjy23/i 7vq lpn an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxyger:5v, ctziry.p i5kt eaz7+y 4n molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distanwh7g .aw9x2r.ck l10q5ovf.x od0m ut ce between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 8;7qh b hziy6-z9 u in a living cell at 37 h 6bi-yz7;hzq $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas ca/dboq zz0f k6ibxf.1wk3e9j . uycj-+n be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumrl+8:2swf q-de eoe1 :mpp)az, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what ph lfpwq,(6ro-j1y0 claases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressywivw gyq/z. o g123 xi9(vm0d sqg,n5ure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90/yv .5,i qvm0wgg9d w nq 213iosy(gxz $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a daho 5cm5wif c/hx /67aky when the temperature is cha5co//hm i6wfkx7525 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure a,kyzybnnj1 31t a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, est zisd4s mr757sde st-9imate the temperature at which water bd4 te75zmd s9rs-7 sisoils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 5304st0ba; abuf7g *j bw; Pa and the relative b ;sa;uwj g47ftabb0 *humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 2h:om;./mq6tbhbpd *zlje( 8 a5 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wateruw*p*qtmt7-do69qv o is boiling 79v6u* -tmod*qtpoq wat a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 68*xjr(6eavc9)vl ak mey5wd 3 80$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its de i0 pym :/20c8vmtrv6) h szlwe,hr*mnw point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4, :crf7bo lf4h) to diffuse a distance of 15l:o,47ffb r ch $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the inteq piloi6z j47/rior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average tjio z4l7q /ip6rachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has beenkz105k e,s 2t(8kcv v*csmcsp calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure hswdy3k4mb /zq44, o kg2j6pyxh4he. e as been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error q yco r(pp8rwi/*oa(; will b(a8(yop*;riq cr/ wo pe made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 26y tn2g nxmw)8zd tc,28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original 86tdnx t2,c)2g zwymngas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of aj7-dy yjivz); ir molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tey7jj); -iv zdymperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mattw vm b,0pc0,zaer is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availaxeh.q y+m +;spble vacuum techniques is abou h ys+mp.x;eq+t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to ih5jvgv 1t-5 rfull capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the sur5vr1v5t-ig hjface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters s.d,,ilew: s0pnc4f b8;(b : 1gwuiqrp vx+jc Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Moleculespi0l( wg s;bjvdq:e, fsuipc+r4,n8 x :1bwc. (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal g.rpud34ya u7m ) , a ;q4*y9pghxqwsygas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of x r;s)p8lo.pi xb zk*3w3ek:: 1tlsa y770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Eartm ;0aofrx kvr k suslt9y4;-l.5-y)f 4xbd,zbh, estimate the total number of air moubd.v 5,-rskx4;9fx0l -yt 4so;) famryzbkllecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in aiei0y k- tgp-a l+w-5f 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psik9l t+6 p8nxtz (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure,p 8tt9n k6zxl+ is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at a ybax5djybpl ,cl+i+55 r)3 f0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline jz- -ij;tt pdo.hsqmg;8 *yu. at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around t0g2;ynale*k1thay a ; he Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto .e mz0 l3zmgh3a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stan qbt4ngcj r, gl)2*cn:dard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 /2dlxc* eyu;g atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earq65jjhghict0h l + +g1-cpnp5th is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspb q)b-w5kqdq gtor9.6.q)mu wended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per secowg t).6 .qr -uo)qkbq5mb9dwqnd must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diadc1ga3q bwr5c +iimr6,:p * sqmeter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, ms1qqic5: bwrig *6r,d+3a pcand the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor 7lcdgp y 9a4-mw ieev p76ad07pressure in the air on the following two days: ym vea0l-7i4dc6 7g ped97w ap
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in tphg5u h:x dn6ztbu(0 /ji( ay,he density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Eartiy6una(b0p gt 5dj,:(hu /hz xh where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to szp lg7 e(*tb rf:q7o3jhow that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expans:gpr elqftz(37o 7* jbion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehltbq 8;k7w3xehhpcz4 984fwus *a/w kumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a tw7kw 3hc;4* pwsqxh 9e /f8b4zkul8ahouse (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg