Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alum*top rr**hw )gk mkxfd0h *v)8i(fi 4jinum? See the periodic table or Appendixwjh* r8)odr iivkh t **pgk(ff*) 40xm B.

Name several properties of materials thr u0ma yynm,v85u72 llat could be exploited to make a thermometer. m,l5rv0 aly8m72uyun

Which is larger, 1 Cnu86bo6u0duufrc i3 4 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in therm+u/fp a+.xdz 7 dw9 cy-pgxi(sal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temuwyps-xf z+7ddp+9.x/ iagc( peratures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of irotm8*v h27gk n/dixuc6/pu4 dj-bzcd,n. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: Scmv-h kxd6c2gdt/4uu *8pi jzd n/,7bee Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linearyd-3hkbbz2 xa+wpbi+q):71a/h x rpt expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a dia qyu)gw3l6: v5d ci3izgram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different te6quy5: d3 zv wli3i)cgmperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shq j+8 pm:nc+ojape of a cq:pn+8om+jj U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at v,9ljbg bd )4x 5czgd+0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot t t.be3lk t6b0dub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Etd bk ble6.0t3xplain.

A glass container may break if one l6-6j v0yqya7 j p9ysypart of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent pa6sjlvyp yaqyy69j-07rts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glaz ul71s;1iyqq6 fwx-9 9rkmx6kbcu:dss is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glasr7x 61xdqu m9 qfkkyil-961:;wbzucss (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, acct,qmo0macgc +fsa :n):y :cj 9urate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly th2ehqqrhs; ,i2 v 66ldfe can will not e rql,d;2vs 6fq2hih 6stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperatuzwj (4a6 ,ifd079 w4fgjw bxa1 0ivwgvre increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in pafiz4v ,v0wd4(gb1waaiwx j9gf 076j wrticular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decra tt1v (,zlz;mease if the temperature is increl;vz,(ttmz1 a ased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law folloiru. /ie l5eo39q 14anzz qqp5ws from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy anl.q1ze /z3rquq eno5ii 9pa 54d the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s/2tjlvd,+1 fgn 5ej yqji7g*q law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s j27g),arv94wxney xtt / (bbsatmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers toxkzyu2-/wdch 8-w+t g the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earzww- +d yh 2-cuxg/t8kth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperaturs l1,y s vp(x ).ynn*jyvl 1z48kc;pn-xsb.rle. What can you infer about the jsl ypsl*s-nl1knryv xx8v1;.(b.4) n,cpyzmolecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more u46hp v/ye muuf2hep92ma;y 0 bncomfortable than a hot dry day at the samve9h2e0m y6a ;b/fpp 2uuy h4me temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatu e,sbur 9nhxb,:lli ,3re (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when tn+* 0v vmqr+4;pggaa nhe air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense4;vp ra+ mgg+ 0n*navq, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated autg)xhna n:3i e)omobile a) h)xi3 egnn:engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little6zb17;xhj)snogj fx/ x u9 ay8 white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.bvx3hwinl 4hw xaw1 8m0-1po vs6um;in20 wm04-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold rin4ei 0n xr.tem, t6-brgg compare to the number in a n- ,t604rex t.brmegisilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this onfa n4no48m 1at9) avuz the Celsius scale?n 8fa4 unao94 t1avzm)   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and l0 .0aaru q4mkoowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm o1z0 4dvist8hp+ib*uq4y 0seat 0.0 iu8o 41pz hb004idst*q sye+v $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m ; n(he,4 vsrmwv (wap-long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrofofk 4 f2qu+:uea+-de. m1gsc ught iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes betwegf u+ce.meqda uo 4sf2fk1+ :-en July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger thq* 6ud0agpk1tan the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A stu6q10p* tgda keel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at znb k6xh/ k*4w4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volumw,i u /8f*luharbs*bcchb* aao: r3):e if it is heated fraif ch)*bub*c l:3h,rrb*so 8 a a/:wuom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fi( d;u.ig9n / qvgi8a4 5zbe+adqhyc, dlled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.5n.:3,7lvi jzsx1i 4sjn +ocv n0 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a rimohs33e ht iy4y21/ zing made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessk,.w+oqj3m yy n(qfu4el so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear mqy 3j,qfwn(k+4o.yuexpansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in th/ wk3k*ze xemal8f2j v8xhq bqlc.*50e density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coe hv-) 7 ;usfurd5d yz+z;hztm)fficient of linear expansionhdyzmh7+v ) rzd u) ztsuf5-;; $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sol-c3b c .ufegw8id, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at / e zt;bwmoslrdj81mx3cbo6b*)q t(.17)6r/lxbb wbc.mt; z(m8 o 31ts*dqjo e $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an insig1;e xk1aui-g4;y/pc obpw m7de diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb h ;1kom a7ygepxg /4 1cpbwu;-ias a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of :8bgncma0r* tzalp 59radius 0.41 m is rotating about its l5pza cm9r:b at0 ng*8axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length wheqnul,yi/s m.6abf ;fijl: k 04n at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at;.aq,:sfiin/k6mujbf0 4lyl this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of crosvy1+vcnz ap(5kr8 4 npo-w6f ss-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter en yxn5b .3 cr ew;8y.nz-p,-iz mlhr7134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaturm zkl;p : fk7e93b2zaxes on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scp lmr g84 ,trk;l:1fvsale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and r; e+u s2- idgwe(3aeuSun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion enginq47 k3 ng/basbfugaa2 iv/t /,e, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about nig3 q4s ,akb//av2u7gt/a fb20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of otsn v4m m6l0(*c/1 l xvtbu/wuxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg s px 5i.h2)gczof nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 1d+ 64dvf3(2hvrj2e t frdy-r k8.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10 gnf0kpb : v+,ktab(akx p35ox4y ))qh.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L colcu fi3lm 6 r/;c8h1imntainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at hr/8l3cuicl;m 1fmi6 385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of 0/zb3) :ybpswzw tpw-$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heata +s99g d5m*hw t/g;kdw/rvob ing the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 180w;*kow /a 9g95tbdhsm g rdv/+0 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with airtw3q ;y0)pq 37cy gsly9csy z; at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 fmr )fj7j6g: ec7qf /ab -1wfu$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child5;c:kv qj kz9 *t.shsmob7rub:ka- /m’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of fc4.0 jx,0bxvgpm 58izp0ofu molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many moleg 8 okxyu4(bpcm-e4 ,acules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moaqk ; x+rt7ppk19i5izx+tv9 cles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 1) gw 0/m1l t1ntp; omrvu nbyyhv0,n75.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air aibb. uv9/t6rye drwxikz9hv,4:d. )fre in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10496h:/)v brbxi.r9, ku yzdi.vfe twd km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molef f.9pf/txvxcr:suk,0i19)7 a7f gsoc, oi gacule at STP? 7fcxxo 9fg,iis.) f u70 19/ arsfogct va,:kp   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfacf/(aheyuo ,2 1;zcw4 xj j*ndce of the Sun at a temperature/d4*ofc( z1 x2wej;ua yjcn,h of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperatf6/rdigwq8 r0 ure is increq0df/6grw 8 irased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have w/(7lmmc1an9o+uy;9q co d 06cfyv azthe following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 89an(9mdoywlc ; 1c+6y f m7cazqvu/ 0o, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas f 8t,zvbl70tthy1ez*a7 d(at at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is dou ,1a g.g3ugrcibled while its volume is held constant, by what fu,ciagr.1 g 3gactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms spb,xh-0(v tvdyeed of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of jefn/68pfmt7kc26f g :tha va4ko+p 4their rms speeds is f ka6 c42tt8 e o6g4+pkpfjnm:ahv7 f/equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed o hxud e;c-0ms;f nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of acpnbf m795c5hn oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distahsc7ah5ek 7*bnce between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in qm q8)if* ibfik;f;2ma living cell at 37 *) q ;imbikf qf;m2i8f$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressu ;d) g9m6sonp ey:sf zl1,h;wwre P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, d7:/dsi aoiw+ $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, i(n)/az7/ckp ud1p:5 splajzc n what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tempt,n , /fsriv)kerature is (a) itn /,fr)sv ,k90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximaxd m,hua7p+vnih(,/a tely) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperatu,hxa n(/,vudipahm+7 re is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place whereb. csgogx043n water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place a80 fsjt6a dflp-r:*c in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whic-af06 :s 8*p jltdfcarh water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day .nms /;hx0ax,4 8j5yhckyn niwhen the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative ha,y4j c yn8hi /;h xs0mn5xnk.umidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temper0dwby..)skzv3 qf u4aature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker ifujr* lvvabjx.8 2b yb,w8/kv twf/h3* the water is boiling at a temperatureh a*./y 2ljbk8uvw*ftrb /j v w8x,3vb of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vo6n 1 hnfi+-w29s: 1rkcgeohgglume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point jdrroyvt1xx 0mk, t)uq8 tgx ;/3k0i/ of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dwa x7ms k5 d63ntsb88fistance k6n 8ssdw5fm7a b3 8xtof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to thgndy5.) :cv )egqa2oo e interior through tiny tubes calg5y)eo )co. d:2gaqvnled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calez wmz8 h- gm-.0yf3nnibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated a:,v;fro 2n mgz/isd)aoq8; r jt 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibratqiy,9.b056keva5 ikzi5do x red at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of co bdki5y5k.,xraqi560eiz ov 9ol water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many ball 36n2nw nzcsjgw48k1voons h 1gkwj6n zw84cvnsn3 2ave been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in i hyi.mcdt(8;d2toc 2a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the te;2md(yt2i8.h dtcicomperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about onp m+h rpz4, j:d)tqn3re atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable icfnqi b-u)o 9.lei)kl 5.e6y using the best available vacuum techniques is abo)ifolc . y.qi6klen)bu-5ie 9ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m hwt3d6 qr we.1khy,d 3below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is thi3ehwr.3d1 w6,h kytqds advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphe iqg x((b zk6znd9.ooj)6/rop re at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking thegrko ip xj.9o6oz)(nz/b(q 6d nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is inq96 t +yq(g6com zeh;ncreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77 7mmc muoz)2gv gxd:wer/ p6020m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known valuehepalk9+)ks iss 5 lb 93p8ii/ of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total npl ki3aph)5 k/ ssi+i9bes9l 8umber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained i-:*zn,lp f4jznz. aln n a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of ox5o/fbdi 3 oj4mygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is consi3d bjo5/4mfo tant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercuryffhq gm5+x q:92 p(ezq at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline .ckc/ 1+tm*ec wvki4 xat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit /ghlwdl/rp9 .57m da wu)1 oxosnugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar afnjd/ e .*cz9st 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ado i:gc ,(ousw0zpted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully cha8vh pp xsbj*4/rged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earx+l1 rbn*l fw-th is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis bab 2gpdm+ 9x xyy d/5/yge17kyllls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they h2dplg7y gb xxyy+ de1yk5//9mave a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-zb55c( gbw-ooe2* brgqip a+ 0diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 Kobbb a (*-ewg5c2q5p+g oir0z, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water i 5:-dlwq.9x9j hkvnxx14uj c +x s4scvapor pressure in the air on the following two days: vqs491x5jjk-c.u4+xxc nds wix l:9 h
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of ironat 6qiwn./vh 0oqkn5)vp+1p x at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 200t5 wvap)nxnq+vk.1pq o06 h /i0$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gahbkg-lis y5)7j*q g*m vyb zs6hzm5+8s law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equall+*vhgg86z7b kq-m5 ysh iy*z5sm jb) to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people coq51dlq)au bn5nstantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (dan qlu)q5b1 5kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg