Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminu)o1 ed k,gvbjsvk42 h7m? See the periodic table o)eo d7bv hkjv1g 4,2ksr Appendix B.

Name several properties ofm,v7ddoh u.,-oj owu2 materials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.-7.wh2md, vdo uj,o uo

Which is larger, 1 C9s)wdn rqupysizrg 7(29t 7*e $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in therg)kwp+0ysras pr hh/fx(8zcie1 )3s/mal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, wr)sx/(1sh8a3w/p +pyk zhce if0 ) rsghat can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists vn gu8gg3y7v7 l7axj4 of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Tabl4y77 8ja lv gvngx3ug7e 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linea(o*qyeo , ,uc) akatm/r expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a f*wfkggqgti :(-(g c.xurnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and wgg:*c( .fk(x qtg i-ghow it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixe0f vgisfig5xb jm3: 01d at the ends often have a section in the shape of asgf0m1: ij g3 i0f5bvx U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead flo-ne(a zkj 9 iiymlgt)lg*; lew(gr976ats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first +u0cipn 2- ic(epr ij3placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends acpn ij2u-(iic p+ re03 bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part ofqm-dy 9e3gq6. esv8ml it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacd8y3- 6s. legmqqv 9meent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coewg*lfj t9i5 bym ,.ig5fficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why thijl., wfybi9mt5i* g 5gs gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuratyw p ujm3+gxs :ol.;j,e at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cau jyvu.px4y,)j t6 x2r5bo+3mi-cz;tekk b3k sse its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will r+sic;6k-xutj3ek v,b.2xm zt43b)5pjy yk onot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, g.im,-j fa(bbumx cm0v2p*tws8y,8 cby pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain th b,0wsv-i(y8p 2jga. * 8mmum,cfxtb cese changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increaso d;bx 7kdf5a lf0j17r8 di/bre or decrease if the ted dfbdklorj x08/1rfa7b5 i; 7mperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows fr p5;h5pa. jibpom kinetic theory and the relation between average.p ibh5jpap; 5 kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lu(4ob o9z )vr,xh m5te 0i:raxwssac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atm el5:qgf;lnp qwo,-2wosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum sp k.x.bt9:d-hbyezu9teed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practic xue9t 9hzky -..tbb:dally no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temper;qwbi 6n z7.usfl4zjk x,xs 6-ature. What can you infer about the molecular propertieku6i s x7n; 6b-s lwxq4,f.zjzs of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far mopcu;ms0ilh)yoa6f ,-s cb10nre uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempsfp o)mh6y nb;ui 0c1c0a,-ls erature.

Is it possible to boil water at rooap n4:6( rpuv2mfy ej:m temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humi7twc;r nm57l3n ly l)(uv6coxdity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid clmo)xt;7nlcnl6wuy7 3 r(5vair at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open thl4kood,wl*m9632 d / ;w9dbw twxa isce radiator cap of an overheated automobile engi4 d 9lxtlwko9a,*dwb;d /mww cios 632ne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in t* 1vk1au xzgn.he winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gk-my+ gkj. l o7w5pjb6slv y*:ram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to 5mw lgtwxts)m. e1 o p cli.l;fd/:w7/the number in a silver ring of the sawl p f.7c)/mdit;wm5.xllg:ts o1we/me mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What kpwkgx;pvg4c)8)ca gl,- q - yis this on the Celsius scale?c)c8kgp,va-);glp y-gqk 4xw    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recordhmwxp zv8p: ) su;)gx4ed are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass theqn jg.zz;g,-;svll(j rmometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0g(z,n -jqvsl;j;lg .z $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long:cs eqr45ps-j* hezk 5 (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) i(p-s k:e g,pd;cr4 qwhs built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height chasp,ke cdwrg;:(4h -q pnges between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivefg/jwlp29uq 8 ts that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A st98w/qgf l ujp2eel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a6e. m q+ukmjp 7cj8c1ht 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its cha 1u4avjvaa. ;ohed6m, nge in volume if it is hu d aehvja 1.v6m,;a4oeated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the lt (t1 xesa1a5brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50u o;qnl+op7xh z7wm* 0qen6t-)f8d v r mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a riikr(5fw2 1 xlkng made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can exp,)7vfmi *ayy band in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to yi7b ,fyvm)*a the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change ig 5tu1zz dhh c1fx7f.*n the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear5tbguc8ozhsqou 4ow f/:5*1 u expansi u8oh o5o zuqsugwc/1b4:5tf*on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soli*e78bfpbpq+j ahz bd:g9ur -i pqq-.8d, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is madeewgq3fi59 4 b:ct7j60 i ;hyw.6 v acnorribb; of brass and keeps perfect time at 1jb:i7 ivgrbw5 6bq o;. nc34awtc 6ir;h9f0ey7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury ther,o vze ( nn/rx1xc1n7pwgj ;z0mometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.0z(/ e1pnwjrn x;v 7gzocnx1,255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is 7ys3 8xm ) 2+umi*yfbz cfcfc,rotating about its axle on frictionless bear)zxuyycc 2fb ,78 3*cm ifms+fings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length -pyqdf+l /8sxso. g(uwhen at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep ploy.g8 u- (xqdfss/+ it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam ofg4 k/r hc-m*iqgn 9go/ cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 20y f udu9h 2r; 6aydnr6fz0uj+-h5 q,iw$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on tp9mgq v- w+k/ahe Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what te+7lxj ge3z wv(mperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in tji/sju vmj s/ 55r5.fphe interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustionw ld:mzlx/hc6)sl (;; :sgnf ng do:8ex5o(v n engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of abovldn6)wllngmfc: /5ox zge(xnd8::;h; s os (ut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the idea ,gdp7/v t1xjfl gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kgv yjd 0ge0(vf* of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP con)81m bsucbt6o tains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is/nwgh pb+xd cc(q7d 72+jw6fs at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gasq0 vm-cr+ y(wz at 38v yw0zr+-( qcm5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of5,1d wacn2oue g j:pe0 $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air s,pve;m :qis4 inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a ballo,e:mv;4 ipsqson is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with + .si4jx3caa5p-jn2 gbp7nb wair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at k zo++af..:y+wg8t.eb tcn1 /zju tgy18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s tolg3w ml p12qk;r3,uhand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mol:ap 0zz wm8g4oecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water ar 3ckus(df sw-cw.w2k:e there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (ak83jvbm tvj23 ) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.12 to)wsfq) y2 efhb;s79qpks 5$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inxza6a,2o+yt )np 5k irhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of co+n kt)oar,6 pixyz 2a5nstant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the averdz(z4dcoxubvzi*4 nc h) 82gp3l 50inage translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? b5nd8 g c nzzd4u3p)oz 2*vxili 0(4hc   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfa5st; ohnz:du/ ce of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K. t; /5nhuodzs:    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature 2iv:fxya )j:*t -1qvrqks jp7qw.hp 6 is increyq* ht2v qs :q1xjp7:6k)- wj.afi pvrased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6g9sea ucwkr/20593t l vf v1jh, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rmsat9l 9v/g0fk 51wse2hu vj cr3 speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas otp//mbu01 l p ,bvm2eat 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held consbwz8c yj f8p7i3fyofdc;66j sk yy53-tant, by what factoriw j-ycb3f8;sfy 67dj pfc6k53z8oy y does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas lfcx+9 bgyc3ws 6q7 v1is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture ..iadtw+ 8dsh of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of t.sd+da i h.w8their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in annwy+;9vq1rsy 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of a9 s p(c0rkf5jxn oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average d8kuelv n8l/g8 istance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed ,om+wzd oj 1j1of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livm,oj1 z+ow1dj ing cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressur-u :piq,afd sf3gba1- e P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, wyhwcwjsf -6 nf59, sm pwx:/6$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what -1mbi(n- 6fgld xznw 9phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 u-e8b, 1yka kaatm and the temperature is (a) 90yu8aak e-k1,b $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (appros,uze7 s h6c/bt kg)sn-h59zoximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperatur ,s/9e5u z7sos- kn)ztbh6chge is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a plc(nknkux 2o32ace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mounta,f)0ofx6za jj .d5 k*ohe nj2rins is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water b*.r )ojn6 jao,xjffd2 zk e05hoils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 5za6)cglv6ai 530 Pa andla)zgc6va 65 i the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial presscz+ mf4d 9lg*sure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the .1c(xu7: r 3imglx xxvwater is boiling ax7 xc(l:m 3v. gx1ruixt a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 6800r1 tsvo8ncmf82u 9zd7x7s aw$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 1r2paom)4gf1v ;mrx hwj5 .d +l jsi1gyg ;pd15 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Tazam,w wi uq3a:q:o (*uble 13–4) to diffuse a diaw ( z: wqa:oum*i,qu3stance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes c, ;sioa:ivz0t alled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional ais,;:ai v0z otrea of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape meano*ngyn.yagu-: :-zbbmhj,f p/2. 2oag u y/rsure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratedj: e c9tiok.v( at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was7 e6nr.yn0p gs calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 8.7 ngs6e p0yrn0$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in ax si2vhw1 p51t helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cyi 5wp1v sthx12linder?   

  Estimate the number ofxn 4b 62ayhkjquar( 5/ air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assumekqhb6 (/u5a y2 a4nrjx the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom per 2d jtiuxeo(7 v(cv88y $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainablf6gh kvf- m:acqa4. 5qe using the best available vacuum techniques is abou qv-46qa5 fh mac.k:fgt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity one6lb n/pw4ac:c+ r9ff 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisabl/+cf4l erncp nbw:a 96e?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of,whatqx92h 5 r about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this hit xqhr2a,h 9w5gh temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is inc8 3i;ul6l21hp t ubjgcreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume k636gyf k:bod/emz0g-4y gs )-aj2 w:yky m yqof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pre- e gadg39x-jp 14* h*n2lewau ksr+wjssure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total n-anpelr xgeww+g4h 3- a1 u*s29jdkj*umber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitroge g.g.vfidhhh 2 b 3 +y+kj*/f4blboqf8n molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygenik+ f1btl( zr0 used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at(lb0 r1kzfti + atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of 7 +ovfpz8/ck, nut ,unf*fg21-mb rzg liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoliyhvb(d)nj 4+jne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly arnctevd7v14h a + u)u:3,tc4v xwdkd(dound the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glas*sl+ibz/vh ,qr w;p0 ls jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopc*hw9xrv3wang) fa( x)v: zw,i 9pi6 ated in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atpj;l ptf icvzwr;6 b:n5z3(7 tm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fromes74t7 s e9lxml(xp/3 lti5y7 piqp ;g the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended aga cdwk )ihu;6,n-oo.mwinst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they havoo, i)uhn ;.m wkc6-dwe a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.kz -dxs0wz+(/ 6vk roj00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the s0 zs+xw6(rzkov-d j/k urface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the fol lfr-dg7a m- )qiz:agx+i5pw+lowing two days: )w irzf+m7-q- ig:dl+aapxg5
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the densityi;(r6vvt .vf(wfshl 1 b9wt. .p6kwxw of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep tv.(wwwv .px1hl( 6v9twrfs6 k.f; biin the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an srx)r ,x6+vti zr7fa9ideal gas at constant pressure, the coeffic7xrx saf9v ,6r ri+tz)ient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify the7h b.(5ht0q)bxy nmbw 7sj5uoir cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in at7ns( h bh0m qx)b5wj7 uyb5o. house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg