Which has more atoms: 1 kg otua(+h 2s.ac+jze1uzf iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appet 12a (+jaeuz.sh +czundix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to 8i2kth6d mbjdni 8d4/make a thermometi2j mtdihk 64n88/dbder.

Which is larger, 1 Caq5g ;lmgk+i 8spoc f.2g f5;dx,ba8 j $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thefg8/sikrrw*ze8 x o+,rmal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about tx i g,8r8+fkwrs *zo/ehe temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip o;ky-8rgx6 dsydr1 5wx f iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the r wyx6kgys-15 r ;dx8dcurve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient oxuup9 b b66ly5f linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple theylqu u:7) lbpu0:xp*kmv9jz+rmostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel conta: :zu u*lvy7 0j+plbmxp)9uqkining liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section 2+:8egao tbq jmm u0iqv8r,o:in the shape of a 2t,qborea0 m8iuomq+ j g::8v U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury a 1deu)+ghw1 kut 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-ux:32feu bwxdxk:2+ w1 s5gj yin-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bixx dj :x e2k+w:2 usf3u1yb5wgt and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part oemkn9kq7evfczjk d 1zg8 /0t0)i u :0gf it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent pamckz1ev0k9gkj 0 7znuq dgi t/8 e:f)0rts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is:uo7/ b:5yx;j i lhkdi that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the incryil:o jk i;5uhdb 7x/:eased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurarb shj/0w0r5nk*:m zl te at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and t,vnhj 68u7oeeop to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happeneneo8 6h7uevj ,d?

When a gas is rapidly compressedizhju-s do 0:4nr, z3f (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increa03u4jr :zso fz di,nh-ses. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alumis 08c(mpsrga294jhoyjlkz)s *; i )ymnum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased fk8ysj 9s zoa 04c); )* (sjgh2myilrmprom 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relatkyubrc;m5kld q6o9l8 x11y v 1ion between a klu8xvr;dm1 byoq1y69k1cl5 verage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic the d(74xd4*ectl nbyid 7gq5 +auory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosp)c hkjg2* a 14mww3gahhere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must haurs*xu w8bu6 1b5/s usve to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for5r 1sswuu6b s*x uub/8 the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly *5mxqa *6ad 7 ;bkpqeqthan water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties okq7;apxeqqdm b6 **a5f one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more u9w7j(k9f mz lybe*m 0gncomfortable than a hot dry day at the samgem kj (7*yblfmw z099e temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20pqszd m/gp 3;0 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days whenkkkwv1dt*8( t the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the sa8vd k tkw1*t(kme T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous u-mw81yi m 9rrto open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile enginuw8mym-19 irr e.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in theds5 +rk8h6xd xekvhd9b 98hl. winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gra+0.2kvpz d -(p)a sxrl(uhsf wm copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram goldidz-;ia dmz61 ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the samemaz 16d-d ii;z mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is y x7rj1 g4sk04vofku4often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale? s0ov 1gr 4jy4xku4k7f   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperat4/vp.bben* iz ures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol colu(e2(c+ a qsdemy8hkxb0q (e.xmn has length 11.82 cm at 0.msebhex8e x k0(.(y2(d qa+ qc0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lons sks(a9 (*hx 0nimx6b jnqb8(g (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approxbnlb am;fec,bv16zpp -52gxmv7 aa0 .imately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature olmgxp7 aavpnb1. ;f-abv b ce ,2zm056f 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole aw9rz 5 e m4 yphnjv,evp)bb)ysb-2(n;re often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placj,)e(9-2h bzrn5pyb vb)w 4vs myn p;eed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at e/jfjm4u),ia 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its cha io.jerg 3iol)3de3 q7nge in volume if it is heated from 30 e.d3o7 er gq3o3liji )$^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of ut m xxm)-d+i47t.lyuwater at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of waxzd05embv5w qj)xdh+y:9e m0zvi 2g+ter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring mad kq s2zet,1rllj6-a/o e of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow v: ut*sl:h fon8essel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coeffilth8u: fon s:*cient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the .*+ni:wfpv0hg lyr h(density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l rls( s*ga )*m o6 2bakzevnc1.qa+o-nand width w has coefficient of linear expansc qags1vo.(*6n-bz*)ln+esk ar 2 oamion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an iso93mt rprl)+y;d 1phzb tropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfathery w,lpwp cp/pe.6mn)2 clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17mw2 p)pnwlc p,ey6/ .p $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm.61oakzqj dc 82 The bulb hd8azjo62qck1 as a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m isicfw.-gza k5zoh,(p0 rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings(a.wo 0,i k-cph5zgzf with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requiredi(nzn np rpva(e6s* ,7 to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 7eninn*(,(v6s pa r zp35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectionaa)k , t.9sbsf8hqtza6 l area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1 jj oqjg 3gd. ;,av5h+hz4mkg,34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaturee1p n.7ar pb,ls on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on t; 0xh/wtt jck*he Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of theo nce 2 o4gnmdm8)g(i1 Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospv7e2,u hcd(4af9xd yy heric pressure and a temperature of ddv7 ecy 2yx4h9f a,u(about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen 98:3,1vdq,+esme rqz-c l hse+chb bwat STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nit()q,yvb skm z6oiv(2frogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of n*qddzvwa q evgie5d2t kpu4-d 0x7/5(itrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.l d;pt64y it-j0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of arg iu3((e ttgfg4on gas at 3ut4((gg3ft ie 85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg-j sqmc8p( zay )*7e j0an-cma of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating t(5-fce(d)fz8 yczwhwzqq 45 the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the voluh 4(fwqw58 yd5z cf-qctze (z)me of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air a+5.z;u0ed 4wj,v pz;gen fm4zp1pbhnt 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0rgyphia b56:gj90 (acki6 la. $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon ,e 6m pxz)bop u9+j:ko7 pqr:bescapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecule rj( n,*ssv.ios / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many mole d;cectgixqs6l13 s3 v4(ztz0cules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)ly:( ql (d5wmxkqb 15h moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.visz07 rk,o 82y416.df lte b8csgf ry1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L b/k2s m2 qr4oizreath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galile2 24rzoiskq/m o took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxx hw4ly +qnd,+ygen molecule at STqn,+ x 4hydwl+P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed o 2xu4b:k dou/2w.bqww6yfx:df helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 :2b kxf:xu wbw./4qdwu6y od2K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas moleculesw*a3ycwqm0 i. increase if the temperature is.0wiya*q3 wcm increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following spe) bp ngg1 p308 hlw23f 3r7edbsthz4zrgf9:njeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7jw 84pg3 dzlnr1eb hgh3:) 3g0f sp79f2tnrbz, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas atkqm6ays p1-dcx k)e. s)h 0,et 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is heldhx p1nh,2vqk: constant, by what factor does v : ,qnh1xpk2h$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is-uj v:jpk- 6i;v,ynis given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tempera-n./hnnss(+a a h o(vsture, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of th+/hsv(. nnn-aoa hs s(eir molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogevdxedzmdn;5:c 4o76z n molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rmsya7rd).u4edkff mo )b:/4b zo speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distann,t,q l x+04xib t5a q3rxkuo9ce between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino oxp2m k9n1j 7nyz5c4y acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cel5j9 x1yozy 247mpnnkcl at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P oft,bf1r6*hh: h3 a vsfo a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urc 9 oswo/w67mf8:zh mfanium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can 7nyjsyml; f4aj;x7g. $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tei k4s/99tm d x8ty)ouomperature is (a) mk 98ttd4y/9 oiuxos) 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) i*1p p.ilgmbg/n( 9rgrf the humidity is 50% on a day when the t9gng rr. *p/b1l(pgi memperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at al3if, ptnw3iw/yv 6ceb ;w9v244 takc place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the +;-ag.-sfeog:x7 sgec19udof/f qbcmountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tempfo-b/ex s1o:cug9f7;ga-s fec . +gqderature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of watxnvni o:w3 2j-er is 530 Pa and the relative humidity vxi:2n 3o nw-jis 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when tr ps6i g/ikr:0l vhg9-he temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker 78ip:2 1a rmweyhbn-k if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120w:1p er72nia-y hkbm8 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a8fvgwjpo tx;xi/ q/+7 room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its d/p 8 7lwrveb8gixtc *;8,wz puew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 1iy u vah0r(o 7gc)x.j/ufwifn 03o/r33–4) to diffuse a distance of 33xf vi/ jrw )/hcgn(uoay0f7io u.0r15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to thek*l2/tko1-hzbc 8e +5 f pnrag interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area ofe/ r5olnz*cgk2btp1akf -h8 + $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated l l8q)tzh8 s9he1mnsytj ;.c-at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measu s z ez0nb0hz;8 o ljm6.ionx.yc*s;-ure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. w)eaaz a)qw::9 lp4bd ;wbp)xwes xq7u (ou3+How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water anoae xdw aw:s)l47w:3u p9qbz(w;p+ubx))q ea d the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 adxp47 rs w7:5 5x10 qkqxqjfjrtm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge 7 :qrrkq7p015 5 jxxdw4jsqxfpressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a roo;)j( r0 v v5jxbwabbv9m of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.55)bvvxjr9 wv ;(ajbb0 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is dmzw7h08s lbixl n6; +.e0axxabout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the bestf )ts 2.fus2imc/ j:uw available vacuum techniques is aboutijc u2sfu/)t mf. s:w2 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity ofh:*:s4; akdk t redk4g 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if heakdg4;s::* t erkk4hd quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmts2, v29czugaosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehiclv caus,tgz22 9e must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal d )tadf 1sy3s doy,3;egas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumedy e- xmh k3/un2j9ek; of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheriu+ rw0c*fd *dic pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s aturi+*f* dcdw0mosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitmivpj/x)mmg*dg*sbrnyw+5iy8 0 ((c rogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen3,( lcaogdy5 u3yg d;u used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long(3 g,cgodly5u3a y; du will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowq fd*zvz3tt a,n0zs h 0e9ofuu 22g23rl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolepzb45 8gw 8srine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equb0v( axxnf-in5ssn r 1h(29v yator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightlx 3(n nipk2zk0y onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adcn wm6 n0qb gu)lie-81opted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 1g:gtu 0 p:k7y j5/ludl95 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth 594n+finzw ;t j2giiz is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against f oi0uix-cz6 3 udp(w-gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second dz- if0u(pw3i ux-co6 must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spheric5 jv id3*ow61ej (.al1gubd elal) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is ta ud5ejob *j(6d131gwl l.ve ihe bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor prebbxz+6 1pqc,en du;9jssure in the air on the following two days: pnq c+ bu,9e1;6j dbxz
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density o0aki3 t/qmjq1x h7 bk;f iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in k iq7x3m;tajk 01q/hb the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for aoj.jya+9pnc : n ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is en.9+oay:j jc pqual to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their xlh6a /fqc+k*7(ulky cellars to prevent rot and miyf*7lua x+ kqkhl(c6/ ldew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg