Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminmw;u++xn)v d ;rd9ir num? See the periodic table or Appendi+v n9dr;;n)+mi dwxur x B.

Name several properties of 2 fxw ;e73nlgwbjmdha,d49 n2materials that could be exploited to make a thermomethndjm2dnb xw, 3;fg awe 4l792er.

Which is larger, 1 C8mpovt68 q g o9r*ef9m6pgk9 h $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium wit ezll m6be+n.1h system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C,.bm61e+leznl what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rei g- pmbu;1:/itea1 -8xfxrk ,(dwgkiveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the1 ibxp(xaug/:-8mk, -r; tfeike1gdw strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient4f1xgqn 5eje *jgadh:l ie82+ h3c d9i of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to controld5ps6bkyn-: e.rxuig+0c6p6 8w sv el a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid merc5p6 wbyc0i6pds:v+xs6. 8lnk e urge- ury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often 6 4ex yxccg58wul1 w-jhave a section in the shape of a-cx58gw4 wyc1lx6 eu j U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead fo*x*;9c2jlb cecj q9 bloats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a houeq)0vw;d: qot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explai:; oueq)vqd0wn.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled mo xl.sm uh)+i:vre rapidly than adjacent ps:lmxi v.+h u)arts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion)0fo f( h *sdh3979 ./x eswwxxf6dxwdy2zoun is much smaller than that for ordi27fx d6s hx/hwff.o ew d3y*dz 9o()x9n0suxwnary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuyvst ofg67x3 wv1;5sf rate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top teg4f zehqa-o15+4 lrpo bulge so badly the can will not stanh4 lo1q refagz+4e- 5pd up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by p 3xo)gtsj+2;t iyji(w g6t/vcushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in6(tj x+gt ;tsv3go2 i/i)cjy w temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increa2x tg6 e .i5b(lbxu-sdy/fdeu2(l- qdse or decrease if the temperature is increased from2ulsle.g 6(iq/ -bd(2df-5 tbuyx d xe 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles e/ t-rybkuj z,2(.cz;eh:rg /ozzi,s’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation betw yg2ce b /k-r/h.: (tzjezuszoi, z,r;een average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law folla ;;wfdwat+*m v-b2daows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmospherqdn:8n+ncx nr 9e7*:mjcqzt) ic3m -ye, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum s9jhs nh,6 firk63 8:nt:oprrbpeed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has pra68:fk3 prinrotrb6 9ns h,jh: ctically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperat*v n vbd5ilseicw. .)miq.a48ure. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relativenqav)ew v8bli*ii ... s5dm 4c to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the 5xw;fs8t:c eour* 0vs f(ra i-same-*x:fw0of urr8 5is;est (acv temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatuz0--q/ pulnnxczap23re (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is tdv7 5w)yvn j88ur :ktwhe same but the humidity is different. Which is vu8:w8) vkd5jtn7y rwmore dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radys0v+7 wiu0 xriator cap of an overheated automobile e xs70u+ywir 0vngine.

Why does exhaled air appearzpr 8 2zo/jd7 3shvpo: as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram cgwczf(d8 9b;y opper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 2)+ergus zdps:.6 q rm- (ocs4f6.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the sameq -r:o.zepucssrg)m6(d 4sf+ mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°Fhsof 1+lo cpud8*82 mq. What is this on the Celsius scale?8msf +pcq8do*h 21 olu   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lwv*gi 3:3i ct pwbb+hu bo8,5kowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0. 5olq)2sstv tkk9b* yahi/ z)d0cf w76u n2(zb0 20isy fzw 65/son9)a kv*( kb7z t)ubhd2clqt$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is buil/j*rwm3cw)fye i 2+e ut of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought yc*r+bn f 0)hb.q 9un(x9jsvbiron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperatur+ b* hjf0brb(x. uv 99sqcynn)e of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivel / (n-0bdqkuqz*yo 1dts that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 l/( yd-z q*1nuqb0 kodcm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 +vcq,-x.8 kkqaiel (w $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in di,b 0(ghlbb; yfameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from 3 (hbfbb ,0ygl;0 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0 b: )lsgpeo. o-xgv:j1$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of watet 7w c:)j,gneor at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to bfqq8 s0uj *a -f*2zxaee placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a lonunth0k64w b8 ng, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient ofub6tn wk 0n8h4 volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in thy5ju o6w. )xhw( zja1de density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of li+flpb+e c.y r(hwvzue2;/hb: near expansb+h/v b:ee2 .f p(;zyrh lc+uwion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic it +byfecu.k.,9/xfqsolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass 8 2 q13lu:sew aott+inpp:tw kog1)2 mand keeps perfect time at 11tnkp mu:2iet8+g1wtaws o3lo)2: q p7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometedp2dy:t /nmv1 ,sjp-s r has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.2/n tsjs,y1pdpv- d2m: 55 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindshget(dkm3:*)a s -y erical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocitykst-m3d *e: a)he gsy( $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is req ,4gjna;ztkn1 vueq3 -uired to keep it at this length if the temperature incre autj-nn,v;g k 3q41ezases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0. ljdyhu 8lnv8342hs f+x ixmt6 33;+ctovtqa8041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter d;xqsmywea. 6 +2ly ;b 6x)k flr)nt)r134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatf5k* mjof21v4wg 5cz*wlzuhmjgxc4)h5/p ; kures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperaturml . 84c)ogjfte on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the rpb8;qfsg( +e Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperaturu v(;g*q3 agmme of about 203mv *;qau gm(g$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the idea9j vfo 3o.6pyzl gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contav bpx rg)o)22.;xmvs-tiada4 e-bdn1c3zj c -ins 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kgkq9/gmtk 6r -n of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.nevr5l2s m;f x*ts9 m.i jo25u0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 10u i4 nvu.5tu9l5.0 kg of argon gas at 385 v.t il9u5nu4uK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0v xt y;+s7i1z 5dyilg- kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatinnmvxj 8gdb9v*,et)(u ;thc.5 yuec:y g the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a hjtubvydn(:v *e8umg y9 );cx,etc5 .balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with paw8c wjc: 1m)7tsw-uaef 7z/0 i+nqaair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atr shy1,v7z 9fw 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a cd+ rt*pq r*mi. 2 /luffkya*r,rkb*a0qvm m+8hild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculsw:k3y0b7iibzs ssg c ,vw d /l)i.1q+es / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water akydc)x4x ( tb8b-p uc+re there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molet g0ar;*0/ok7p p aiyts,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5..nu /m *v6f*o gu,wacs1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each q:+mnod8j/zo*/ )nwzejp k8 z 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km q)zn8k/ e+zw d / 8jz*pj:oomnhigh and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kipel);*t++ i(ws wpownb7;e qonetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?;p 7wwo;wbe l +*si()pqet+on    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tempera g+ 1 v*b6+ -cbgbig,,sn7dropfmi;df ture of aboscib g gg ,*6-pn+ f1rdb,7df+imb o;vut 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperaturev* p(i3 +:w9bx7imj-g 72hn g kdr(br 8jaqpfv is r+*p:px(jmf gbg7jiq9i h23dkv r7vbn- a(w8increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given36zn pichsm7bk.vo( zx79o 4. ur0gsh in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rmsh(7roux4 n 69m7z biopgss0v.k.h zc3 speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a cuh+f2;pv (v+l; qycjgas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled z cht,t+( p3unwh8yk u0phv/-while its volume is held constant, by what factor does3/(,ut kvwu0h t+nhh8zp-c yp $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of y- gxhk:a5 gcwc2r 8w w2)gv,v(hb5wtmolecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tempera9q-wibe/orp) ture, the ratio of their rms speeds is equawrb )q-po/ ei9l to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogestlygx *j37b xi/7 v1k(o 3 iav40aekpn molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygesb(1 )sq-j sx9s: delin molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitroge- e +3de..z/njywm+n crpim*gn molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed 348+trrqy u0swt 6twmof an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living ce4u6 3rmtsqt0t8yw+wr ll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of utu1 *kknm oc;l(0y;ja gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ura8+uw3 o km j+-t70ybf u)a0sxybsn4lqnium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whagqy6mte10oxi0i4:4 zeu z394ef lomyt phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperatureih:(y v c7 9nirk(dw u7nl1t:r is (a) 9v7in cr 9( iw7urt1kh: (dy:ln0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the q 7)8gl.k zlxhhumidity is 50% on a day when the temperatq 8xzl. )lh7kgure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 90noj mqgev-1tsi6el9r236m8 e ,apc3n $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mo+,+i rl,ud(jwrt 8r dmuntains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water,rwt8+ d juid rrm(,l+ boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on(1qekboho 1wx+ b is5ve. 8f4u a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%+xb4.u oevkh (851ebsq fow i1? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wa xe*:ny5 bvyd6 l ,r.rw5slb:qter on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cook;nwb d0a ego *)*7uxdder if the water is boiling at a tempnb)07x;o*a gd*edd wuerature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volubr6 wo9xg/ktc w pdu4((5uml 87.rcjvme 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poim2:l50guodp jgmi.drg 66r * vs4gmd: nt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Tab*dgxrbex 96l,bs0/kg le 13–4) to diffuse a distance ofe*r kgd9gx,6 /x0 blsb 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interiormo+ft f:*q+e8s)oqee through tiny tubes called tracheae. An averag+fqt+) f me* esoe8qo:e trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure haszbbmn(66w r 9pzroxuvo2+/8z been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape me1 r:.zf/ joc*jnah7hn asure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much erre2ju3omv 2e 9x,/l jxbor will be made in a recipe calling for 300 ,xmb9/ j 3ov2xujel2e mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure i 1mse*b6 b mx+abua/5vn a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylibs*/u 1+ 5xma6vmabbender?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room 9bw vg(vw a62kof length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and heigbwv (k 6gw9va2ht 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abi ngs9z5 -ozt.-e: fsoc9zf m5out one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attaina94bl unfmv)j:jxf- +h *cav a,ble using the best available vacuum techniques is abou xhbc:au 4-ma+jv* n9vl,)fj ft $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs tjyneiy2/w0p5l f x.4 wo full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs w. yl5yni/fj 0e42 pwxexpand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Ee z29fkmxjq8 ,arth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed corr q8kxzemj2f9 ,espond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incrn); gu/gki yq 54raz:alvs1hn9n.e2 a eased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume offn,t ze:e:o58v a1pp i 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estir9i )gy6n1r oomate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmospheriro) 6gry9on1 e.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speebfm:)zs)u ) s(+wyic yd of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 8sqzjfo;h rn9e q5 zk:19gm+t2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at kg9t hr:8jesnof9;q mzqz +152.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of cmp(tj02id ggu)e4ppinf6 9h(ydi8 : liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol;ac tlu0 w4;c+ ;cb46hbx vchyine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator0m;dwub9 ;zar at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws ti6izfx;8 g oe* 3bh1x kbbb. ;x*xgcf.eghtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted ij37 f,ifeoxy6,klunlo() x t.n the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 at*j3 vcid/p,ag m at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is m q6 bv:,ne7wgc5/iqn $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspende/ .lagbyittn n a-*.px/kb:pgx ,:y /rd against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must reboundp //. nltrbxna.igtyg- by,:x*/: apk from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3a xq 9tlj9t2/z.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume2ttzq9l/a x j9 the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water. -mfdhwkid;;ye- +wrb;o l(ma-* afe vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: diwm.odb *l- e;hfae m; ;wkfa(-+y-r
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when icbe(nl fh/ )0st is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperh esc)b(/0nlfature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, s1feop0l:l jn,a3 .bmq pk33s for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equalnak3. esm qb,1sf330ojpll:p to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumgg iod10 aytl 07c1b/jidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a 0gy1ibja0o cg 7/1l dthouse (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg