Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminxjyb y4esfx,10dice*bo5w 40um? See the periodic table or App c41xfei0bxb50,*s ey 4oyjwdendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could b5e1p qeoin8/o e exploited to make a thermometeioe15 qpo/8ne r.

Which is larger, 1 Cr * pnbyc8w5vabe4l3) w f/f;k $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, buijcd1-g , os9hv ,9t.ax ,xivat B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A1v, icd,99-jxih, aavox. tsg, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rivezmmab1n1yrq c.i8. kk o,mj:7ted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: S8.j,caqyrm1 bmo i71 :. knmzkee Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expbd:1x* qxo pl+ansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used se1 c8kquh 1/tto control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip con18qu chts k1e/sists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape 12i( a j4z.z* c yqcrj+egd,mlo7t :zxof a U. aco2ql 7:+ygtj*zi,4er x.cm(1z djz Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mert(cqx8n /rhv3qv; hq 5cury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-i2ssh-8j4x z 2 uy e/,ta+bamahn-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then yas 2,hxeast bj2-za /u +mh84rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly tn .3l (minvf24mgm 2wuhanwn.f42mvmil2 ( ug 3mn adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrq 8ts 2i,j6g6vg/ biaoex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordsi2 6,gbqtvagio6/8 jinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock s, i.pavk9xftc)(n 5m, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of so7l4lccq6ia5+2cw5wpbl oz+msv ,v5 yda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has w7w25lp5cibv lc,4aqm+6sov+yzlc5 happened?

When a gas is rapidly compfug1: 1(lf dg5w.gfwaressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, i1gu1(la:dgwf w.f gf 5t cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere su7h0 *krv3y3vtioh6 4vd8n)mh u+onmibmerged in water increase or decrease+yk3h)vnotd0 483i7*ihvvnmou 6m r h if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Chb/ pnyy0pd 3af4r ;d4m( sqq6si2cm v*arles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between averamd3d;2 64p(yrpvaisc/4* n ysf0bqm q ge kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic al)e s60hxrw o9qo8h3 j)eu-*ow9 czd theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosj5,bmx ln5i1 iphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers q*y+dk u 3d)fgp+t**gmc .poito the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape v.3p *g*+ iqfp dom )kyd*cutg+elocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at rodkj: pnr 3efuud.d9:5a*x:ylom temperature. What can you infer about the molecular prope f xlyupa:r.n9e d:djdu5*k3:rties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortam3y+h c t3q+z5 erwx p)tn69cjble than a hot dry day at the same t+jtcmn9pxzc hw 5 6r+q3y)e3temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room te8gn: or1mo f+emperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is di5 f-kwn+gvj7pfferent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same Tk f+-7n5 wpjvg? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the rabld, 5rqr rp40diator cap of an overheated automobile engine.r,lb4rqp 05rd

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig.7+* c srxa9xhf 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-graxoo b70g d cu8 ;um7jx8tp17jym copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring comh utq7)z3 -+z0jevys ipare to the number in a silver ring ohzt u0q)3+7y sz-vei jf the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often 26 l 9bd7tqlvdtaken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?2 qvdd7 9b6tll   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temgk5xgndui34 ,3qg 4wpperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcoho2k ngghoq((-j7aq;t hl column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0(tnah ( ;gg jkqhq2o-7 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway isf9 *bma7 /yvvwj s;l6t sm/og3 built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrough7zr.:z . pvzjet iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C)jz7 .rv ezp.:z and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that rgq :b7edkqa(iy4g 21are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the (1ir7q4keg :yabd2gqrivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4kc *+dba91jae $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be itsne e3-q+ qf(uspqhgtw94k. 6b change in volume if it i4f tp n.q+ bee6gq(wk3- 9hqsus heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 1 ucg2b bn2x,x(00.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL or42c )wu g;hd zr t8 mac)s5;9usb,yylf water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of6no/*hxug)i/hco2 (l )ogsp/fn nn; j iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel j3/ji jpow(k9so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coeffijj9i 3/wo jp(kcient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chang9b1-da5:usi dld9pi 2zgj(xge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linjwf 1i-od k t;q d2ap5i(e+zs3ear ex5 kdapqzjso w+tde-;i(3i1f 2pansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropioizhn(rdp ezw 96vp2 ;wx 82y,c solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grand-z4-zr ward9vx 9bd nrmp+ -llh89dy1father clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17ld rapx9-vr8 zy9bdr l9-nmzh- + dw41 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermpr 7pzvh5- cg s+cah*8ometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb c8g h7c5+h*- apvrpzshas a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m isgey(hl)r ylcy0q msew, 58g++ rotating about its axle on frq mg)el 8wyg syh( c0l5r++,eyictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stx 4szy:3a o,eaha jduft- 5l79ress is required to keep it at this length if th5, xdt-fa a4aue73sho yl:9 zje temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional ebz21ir 5qi3marea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134xiet-87uqy2 )8hiy z.rwqu.t .122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Ka jp+b0r j0mzvh: 4gz1elvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrk0 xuydde8lq,zt,32 cenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in thvaxwyx xn/28+ -csrue2/aej0 e interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a te8am9 9fp-ic wk(r*j moo2d2 ,kloaez-mperature of aboutf d8m-r9aw2mikl k (cae oj2-p*, 9ooz 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen*8 u1 n; fp/no8azblk:x tyg(y at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 2 qj3bxk uf;g8 dl6t7kuu65n;m1.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contaid 4-,p f.j :mibmf8glptab5*v ns 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is a 8:k(2w-v rptyjejl*qyt /b0at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 queldd c*)3.g+0 mvk gkg of argon gas at 385 K?.qgdvkeg*u dl+3mc0)    $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0*wu.9qr gjq 7o kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air i +rd eo97vossg0e;7 0ua oe h.8*wu(tfdpm1zenside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Supposedovs. *uge eo emz;7u(h7 wes 1f +od89rat00p the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with airi3.ik y- zaxpet4:km / at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 9zzc+j qd qzm mk8jlc88w6 :+t$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea/ ws1pn7 t3oup: fgc1w level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of m4nz1rv15n/z3:h+ zzzym m mgrw.; ivoolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of watly1 jhw (f5yv4er are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (*; z qjcs,y7kva) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1xw5f a usq*a7uk,8/ik $ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L brea,)wth7mb,m+7qlbap6bsg 4 rhth you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileb+,7 r )ma bpbg7m hlh4wqt6s,o took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecjlhoj0sd o24/ule at STP4 oh2do/lj0sj ?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the cs g(-nhwr7-5gfp t;ft6ss x.Sun at a temperature of aboutf.pc-fstw-;6 hts x g 5nrg(7s 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of g a. f8kb2qpc* nhjyu*1as molecules increase if the temperature iuan*c1kj*.q8pfb h2 y s increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, give 5pruaam-6hj5w j y2a0n in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5,u5ywm6 jar 5-aah0 j2p 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in e) 2.fy,gcq ih/a5b fua gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, byho,,x6igt :1 xaxa z;k what fakx1tx gh a, ,:ox6za;ictor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas isws yawd ki6e9mv eb*krb3edt/14(-9j given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the 63b4pwf 6(zbjsn zq- ksame temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square rootj4bn(b3zz- qwkspf 66 s of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecqcpq4 kp*xyhc*0r d p7x50)mh+qq ) qdules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed py4u 6z2s guml 1x4)vcof an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitempn ,;lvr0)g3nw fr6 rogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whosez8 kk3ym*agux2r e( kz, 6qlb)l+( btu molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at *e3 ua k(xz,lglum(q2+ybkrkb86 z)t37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressu6-8of6en)fc3+ gae2n gldweg re P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumb)8n5wsqs 9l*wff my:t1k ejv 2wv-.g, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in wh7nk0;g 7 -f mpn,vy(1ey,zecbo dr ms)at phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)vi98dkwx-7l u 9kxw7 du li9-8v0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the hu-k1-vaglwy s-7den b .midity is 50% on a day when the temper-ls. kdvw17gy-anb -e ature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where watelv/s9( p3 z2p.kirj ov;fusih7hu *945a tyjzr boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a p miw:s(zg. os1he9(kw articular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tempek( .s9ge:1wohwi(mzsrature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the pr56 phy,c2vyhr 6 0)xn)n.m s7irxwyoartial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity i,.rs yic6 6xpn2ym ory5h w0r7vn))xhs 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial press0x v ylhrd,9n*ure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the watery 5oyy)j:o2zo+h +(wg3naot k is boiling at a teok oho +z:2yj3+t5wg(ynya) omperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room ofii7aejf8gu2 tch+k +0 volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ofst87 ; kov)iwh 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Tabl68n(jg 4i xux jnd6a8ue 13–4) to diffuse a distance ogu48(i xau 68 jjdxn6nf 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubecpvd*u9on 7j 1s called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long andc on1d7ju*v 9p has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated o ,e csgcpkxjgf2l m8q5:75u6vmw (0zat 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated atlic/x7+e. ntv 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal o6t /ky*n)tmwroom temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup ar)y6tno m/wt*ke hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a .bagvg;8g g3b irb.+u helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons hv3r ;.g gb.8abgbu+g iave been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, anbeif18hrqvcq 5 ( ac68d height 2.5 m. Assume the c1(are8c q5 8fh qbv6itemperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is+yag ofco4/- o about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum 8jv vax;du dqzs ))(r9techniques is about r;u ad8q)9zvd )vs(jx$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10qmm1u / b2+1ici +bb;/bpob* l epmlk3 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is th3;beu l*21b/lpb+m kpi+bb/ 1icm moqis advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returninpd(yfe68v w +f 54 uqmnbt z)x(lk1pb,g from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vldukt e(yb nqpfx, +1vpf 5b8) (wz6m4ehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is ynl;)w69 sfvld;itm 0 increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 732yypm m.3/de j,mw8 fft an)c70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimazo2)-v jd8, ske ot-xa1:qo hate the total number of air molecuo ha dk:e8ozq2-j-ax), vso1tles in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained i*kle24v2mrb vhpe.+h (r*tq k6zapn)l s 7k u/n a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospitalj (rxkik: yws-xaf-;: has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atsx:-w( j rx:iy ka;f-kmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liqubaoe m6l ypm-iir83lf5 s7m-2 u :7kztid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at m7)uw0bk5 v ya4t vor she)04j0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to .,,xl f39 azrl/ fnwrcfit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jfy qzf bh*): gi7u;9a.dnbvb;k* rp1 ear at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standaucvqv b 3 ilh-d 1a5):9evdvi1r0zz3krd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has aby 1zgbi,kuuo1o8:3 a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from th v34 hegn:4idne Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tsal r0yq n q985c;he1cennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. Hlchya rnc ; 8q901se5qow many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spaks ., y(bf4tiherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, an(,.isbya4tk fd the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pal0q-btdf r.w,3p :;)ukst bq ressure in the air on the following two days: )tpa;- q0 ubwf,bkq3dtl r.: s
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in thequ 799bja9hy+a cprx6 density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 200hq 96ruay97p+ 9jacbx0$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant press vg 6bxlljq8eg;0uov3/ f1*nsure, the cj ggqu6fv8 bln 3 v;1*ol/sx0eoefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people const2pcbrd 3o;*jc antly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar 2*3 ;brccpdjo in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg