Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodicwd4sl zjjsf5og au4:d/-6 jj9 table or Appwsf 6o4:d5u/ zsj la-jj4gdj9 endix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a therm+raprz5h fr:9ha2 u3mometraf m5hrr+ 3:9u ha2pzer.

Which is larger, 1 Czvzckbt5vo :ll;3v( 7q4g w )q $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibriub g5 : mwxkpdgosjbm/k,.+a,*m with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, w:.jkoms*ag k+ db,pwmxg b 5/,hat can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted 9k:d4br (rt) pc ;mpwmto a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which met4:bm()d 9pwkr ;mcp rtal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expanm 2y3 u3 benlex-qmju5);f8nvsion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a .p udowqmjn,ju7,x 9ft4l* 5*5br stz furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity whe js*m pjxu,dn 4*5owu9bfrq z .57tlt,n it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often h syl, h .2 dyn3io65qf8ognzo25n xhd*ave a section in the shape of a U. hf8gdlynno*y,35hox25os.dz 6 iqn 2 Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercueq0f1cvb e89bry at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first pla. dr2y4cgedp o 4xo816f2 csudced in a hot tub of water, theocd rf 6x448g ded2scuopy1.2 mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooley3 mfk k8o9g3td more rapidly than f koymtk89g33adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficievctoero(b5- ip1q3eyn99 l b(nt of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives riyi3orlnt( b-1p qvb99(o ee5cse to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock1v *dd z)g(fai, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda k z /m5)6e +iplv0 xtzapjm2s0will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happened/el jx2s0kv +imppz65 z)m0ta ?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say3yb3qs4y 35ckzbfc*d4v fi*i , by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kineticbcfq i*4b f4zcyd3ky 3*3 5svi theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increa i.us-mlxt s.)se or decrease if the temperature is incs -t)l..mxius reased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows *j ) )clhc2x+jp 1tfsu.a,zn kfrom kinetic theory and the relation cfsh+ .u,can p *)l2jtk)1xzj between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussw / pw096u+b cxbddws3ac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratioo2v0 v jh1:y zul3*dgy of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have toic 8kj18;+9geva mks)wd tvsz7 5xgm 0 leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smallkwm d+vs a 8mxiztc;8g9 )7sevjgk150er mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more qui3r-zgk* y)ab:n* l) s2mh avrkckly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the 2 amy*kl)vbak zg*h:-)snrr3 other?

Explain why a hot hupfd vz-bc4a6;mid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same4fzpb6 d;ca v- temperature.

Is it possible to boi8-dxak1s k-lfl water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air t9dx9 e*.k;thbz uz0psft5x1lemperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or k;fxhbsxu1 z*p 9 0d9.lz5tetthe humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open thez -zmgi 5d(y-n radiator cap of an overheated automobile enginem(-5z zgnd i-y.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in thetutmw1o*b 1( e winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper j.x: 67zhwg b6qx9 ;wj gcv4hqpenny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gramw w; m,h+5c j:b w/)m ;ko1boumszrj+x gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the sam/)j w:zwc;bhrm1uk , mjw b+xms+o;o5e mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is pwt5zy2qe;vo )lbc v6- 2iz(soften taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?p-62wqvszze;) l b(2vtc i5o y   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest anp8-,y0toz- q;4fi 4 idk xan;xo/hluz d lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, tjh +r7 a (siqb9gxf1z0he alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.hs9z7a( ijxrf 1q+bg 00 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of s(;md2 bpwl rnvhn4:v1hnr d i**q57jflabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m t-9zysson/crfzs1 /d9all. Estimate how much its height changes betwee9sz/y sfsn o /rc1d9-zn July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole ay6 xr.4ru ko2gre often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in r2uyr.4xko6g a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterm2r pz3)n 3-a8zehnc y at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diametige9cax-a8+a n;wn 2eer. What will be its change in volume if it iwcnanei - 28 ag9+a;xes heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brcb h;, +nkvu:cim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mjww x3b:s;b fb,zk(6s L of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is t/sg8m 4wtt4i6/ cown cv:pz rsghl5+9o be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so i)e*ghf9s 8 f8;p jbygpt can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion h s8*byfjeg;p pf8g)9$\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in theob mq p4b/;*h (5osc+zjud/2mj ch ew* density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular p z23vyxbv(:xa late of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion (vv :bx3zxay2$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrophuv ( 91hivg-iic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass as08i 6jixrrnpl6 is55 nd keeps perfect time at 17 6i nrs 8 i5lxsijr6p05$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diame-6xf3- / ltzvz tatye3ter of 0.140 mm. The bulb htz/a63 f-t evlyz3x -tas a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical whn): zi-s -qfvaeel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular veloci:- n -qas)vfizty $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress isgm )cn) r/(-whuu2 w.n-abgvb required to keep it at this length if the tempeun)u/)-g2mnb avh(-r.w gc wb rature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectiony-d/ ucsp/8nmsaz teuj*:n 3 1al area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1,u7 d0 t wcypc,tq/vs/22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temp(,s ia9b0 ivq2 -w0yxncuk0yteratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tempr.p v(fhdcvf.t t99 jd*rd/ q8erature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and m)fg3ka3z :x)q8 rbvo2d;su ySun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at ayu.8mx2o tnwu5n; r:nz72i zytmospheric pressure and a temperature om2;8nn zu y5wu:r2ti yz.7x onf about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ide.wl 7dxoh5ln0al gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrog4pqw,wr/am+ /pbr+ hda a)5vy en ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kgpr-fwo9)h oe * of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at w)wd9a p-q.nhu c-2t t10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L cof t:bn tap ;m6amq4u.9ntainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385b ut .6 9a:m;ntmap4fq K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg rs4*j84:jr wp7w+9mur/b6 wwhd b qmfof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating therkr 3.;inkle o9r2m lq;8 z8st air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose emt3z on2 9qlskir;rlr 88;.kthe volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air ate.ku w,v*1w z 1g/ /muvmsry7l 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.bv +gn, m7q3wf0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea lg85u 4ghe* /dm twhppt1d,u:eevel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecu5kl eq*g7 ti xp3yvp19z,gkn+les / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there ki6k vs* cye(pg.xu8-in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of s5-ln7n)v 8vdsv3 tazy.s lhlw( h -p3(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume6p 6:kfhxhyo1b: lbh / 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhal2.q egs hib/ g g0/wv5:dvvkn3 l;xy:de that were also in the ll 2ve;sgvi/kgv 5.0q:wg/ yxb3hd :dnast breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translatine2 xa(0 *rnmuonal kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?emn 2xar0*u n(    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms6 zosys*/ rd q8 x2.jez85cmhp near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of ar s*mpo 5hdxs .c8jq6e z2y/8zbout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the tem syo *xy(:yc4:,jpkw fr :*vm3pa +ufqperature is inff:uy: p*w*q(3,+: sacjxopvmyk 4rycreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km8ke ctk3eepu0ko6i 0, /s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms spee,eo6eck0 8e t0pku 3kid. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of mol,,cjyiy d 6t8secules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volu 3r tons7lc))4b 6qeasme is held constant, by what factor doen4s 7o 3ltrq)eac6s) bs $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given7 u2*kx a3t(fnv,sd op by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of . ywy qt;vc 24z6vws)t4m)x letwo gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molewvc 2.qy;t 4) x46lmy)st vewzcular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained 3/dmoaw9o1 sgt w*v4a in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at6 (g2wfrasq1y3/ vcaq 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen moleculedv 7l(mr2 ,2*aufvrpb s at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whozbh,d .2ff,nvhfyxv )t( q6 7x6 q,x6en xd0mvse molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell6e ,d.)n ,xfzt,xbx( f nvh0dh7my2q6vq xv6f at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P oxqa kpbm /x(6tcl7;t;f a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ur/+,j 5anjpn.aa,im y:k/ ktw kanium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases -u1r us:bdy)y;x g c8; iamhu ty+-j(zcan $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and t.5r0uc4l9n zfduw4 e59oikxrdo,jh /he temperature is (a) 959w4 /lh,o 0e 9 ofd.dkrr4izjuucnx50 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (apn/ 55vg xpt/ft3jg 6approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature fv/p65t/ag53tp g xjnis 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils )qb8d sqpk 1ul4bx:0gat 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is1/a e jba6(kwz 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water b(bake /jwaz16 oils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day 2cok-dzk2nqe,r *h v 2when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the rela *2ek-2hrvc,n2zqd o ktive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of watewu+wyh1a5-o:kpw ns j /8ys ;ir on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wap/p9 bkicax13,1nfwyr )d 4 4hi,jlvoter is boiling at a temperature of 19 1copw4 p/b rijhf,1)3,a i4kxylnd v20 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volrd xy +y-m; y;(zm)ue) v+yegfume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poini9d+ lk8se5 hit of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a ks u/8r*.p 1z(dvrwscglycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanc8/1 z.sp(wr u*vrskdce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the su 8oqglb)( wemvlrr/ v lgg1v42r.j*l+rface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and+4we8)r.gqvr* vll2 l vm1 (/ rgglojb has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20nb1ebv1 vjb3l ) c)w2(.mkhnt$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 0bdmu b )t,9wa(nrjc )20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How my+fssm4oj-u.* (oh niuch error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the wateroyi s4.uojf+sm *h(n- and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. swf-whsq1 f 26After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of th6 hswqffw1- s2e original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.ow:y8 i e/6gnb1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the in:/ow g6yb8 etemperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abf0fy 21: z oh.g:s a ws8dl4rh67hpxkiout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuusbbv 7+o u)j9z +8ovj1gcijf)m techniques is abou1ijvb ub9)8 vc) sjz+foojg7+t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below therwsms g8y ..k: surface, to what volume w yrsm.gs.:8kwould his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning fg e3t khz5:fh*rom the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, tz5 egt3h* kf:hhe nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased frobz3j8o k. jn1um 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of io7qv.x9 h9l)cnw2yr k6r+dl 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimaiu,lfyf6c9+ u ;-xvl;*g csx kte the total nukuvil6c;xxuf9* -gc;ly,s+ f mber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed o/g/; x g6v 4;j2hkulvqba5yrvf nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = y6 pl-gxg4c: *),te (duaf/kin;4 dkv j0tsej 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, i v, kgui6 d-js pe (:)0yn/e;tfd*4tgcklaj4xs constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid od .n9h gj8v -a)p9;vvpnmwm7 mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at jq ay r7yjwt6lv(l3,+0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were 2;t w 4(0we dmluypa; 6jpcm2rto fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightl/ya8k6knw6* g7f* rmg ep*wumy onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in rh /ljkfv 9j45ab+ go9the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, hmedf9eczfwlpc2vqr ) -.b 9:. as a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth 8vq;)-1:nuc af2c ubcgib5olis $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspendebtoj/ot0 iyzqmh+8p*7g0d/avjit/z . ugz8- d against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second mus0t+* 8dvbt igj/o. o q7 iyj 8tu/mp-0/hzgzzat rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depty0lng+l :( yvadc2d;u h of 14.0 m in a lake. d v lyuy ld:(a+gcn02;Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in) a9 l)1fv3,s ajjuhwa the air on the following two days: ,)jhf )u aw9jl v1asa3
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difzborhl fs v*j9 u0d urrz1v:y,5p1v11ference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep ip 9r 1fh5d,b11 0lrouv rv1*yvuzz s:jn the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an idea smg 48)ds x3r(wgut;ih02kfv l gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of vol4xfw) 0sgvg(kr83i hm;s d2 tuume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people c1iyk hv6xaks0g rx7,8drh s +4onstantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept a4+hx 0d7gkr,ri6kxys 1v a hs8t 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg