Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the perio ke mgd)o0 nvlk7*2*kmdic table or Appe7*le2*gmn kvk)do 0mkndix B.

Name several properties iwp/j yav.0sg(u8pl lf1.hqfx *: vt2 of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomet:2 1.xsg*ul (v/wp8aqtl0 v fhpfj.iyer.

Which is larger, 1 Ck7kufm+r x o5/ $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thevha(wb 5,ojdji9th. 4rmal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temphtvb. w, i(5a4jhdoj9eratures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron.2f eh;l d5;5t(ebwh /c vthezexnz4w*z9 b e8* When heated, the stripfz4ez / c9dewh2;8h b exvl(h5zbt **5 ete;nw will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coef1e d.w 8f usr,23i5sh(umtx epficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used:s cws5 wcgpu4: ,4qppr0ki)38bgrk a to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury tpprsi,):cqk0g5bc434: ua krgs8wwphat conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a0xz +tpf ;uu,i section in the shape of a U.up;itf+xu ,0z Why?

A flat, uniform cyliv8b 6,al hfzba.*+eq hnder of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placedmg f:sneqe /zjxw;)-4 in a hot tub of water, the4 )en-emsz:w/;f jqgx mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heai tiyo m995cmboh. pu-f+..o qted or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. f95c9omiopo.qy.i mthb+-.u Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansiob -q+i0j ogkxnr(u)7gn is much smaller than that for ordina0+i g)okgur b 7n(-xqjry glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate ait/yh+kd;4k 4p x ezx1t 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge tkq6bm;.7if)sa vyb ooe72 -p so badly the can will not stand up. What has happ7.qk7byab;of potei)sm v2-6ened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its te+opwb+2kz -ivmperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what kb2vpo z-+ +wihappens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant foru akn:h47s 9p)ta6tscce on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased hu:7tas)a6nsct49p kfrom 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s lae 6y*4/ze je0w2 ucbch)azj2 bw follows from kinetic theory and the relation between averzjbe)e 2z e0ja4c 6bc */h2yuwage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law 7( txyy6bznm ,follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, t-hl .n yxi.n.k hj3yd81bh-iuhe ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must ha touw,p1 x71smve to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically xtw ump171o ,sno atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than wkzls(/oy e ;km0u l3h9ater at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the okz sh /kylo (9l30eu;mther?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable t/pi ( vkgmic/sar h/.6han a hot dry day at the m/ c a/irhs6(i ./gkvpsame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatuk5x9nl6zn ji2 re (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature(v 6)e0 ro * )yl5dxc(z qxtyvwnftd:y(.e/yu is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, thwvx:5e6/( ct .lrdyto *f d)qyx)n z(vu0e(y ye dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheate.a5/ aqhz9v acd automobile en9hqzv .ac5aa/gine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig.*n3uhfrz qh 79 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram cn :bx-c y39(sfu m,gi9nvaj4 n lu2jf-opper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in9vhm 4febf0j 1 a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mas9hf1ef0vj m b4s?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. ).vw qd.cp lwcmia523What is this on the Celsius scale? pwv2.wc .m c35qi)ald   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recok* bx:hi(afl 1,g 8 gakdh,8iarded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0/zcmpp :2))gc ;aowgv .0p)w/gm) zo p;gav2:cc $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of sn ho2r8, *jkislabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron,7x qjw a s4( up-mlub4z/5fuj approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Janj4uw,usf-7 alp juz mbqx5 4/(uary (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are ofteq *wu :4ewmn6fyonfz8mx. k 05n used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm ou 4*zq6en wx nwkm0 8.f:y5mfin diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at0w/ e frmj(7.ovd8 igq 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chqaadcz 4nkr/j v8vz-*3e -0 qm*5xd --cphvfsange in volume if it is hecs5j- *kqm cq vvz8 h-f4ax *-/vzeadr-dn0p3ated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of wx :swlc/q93 rc5qv, nkater at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 +glnka0q0x fr t,y4 z-gd(,*0gktuaa$^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be tb5c2w-y;f,fjf bc dy.6 q vq) +fbm*v(hri*lplaced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained/q/gb i/oc* x+csql h, in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approxisqx+gci, */c bo /qh/lmately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the de10lslgca .t e2nsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l antcqxu2 rzrk(pa8v5 t2w 3l/ 9sd width w has coefficient of linear expansiovz2ar5qtp3 (2tukrw/ 89 xcsl n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid ov(sy(6 +rex nsvp(5q v6fe6r-,f(c.gnwqjd, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfat)vnr- ygz v7j su6ui a89*-cxhher clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17naj *8- y9ur6zv huxs7-)icvg $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside d5:y(pl vaat79nps 1ki iameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a vot p 9(p7k:vasaln yi15lume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is roek6y-* cprw pa(7k x6utating about its axle on fri ckxwyup6k (pr*a-e67ctionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How0qo p)1zk c4x 2duvz5a much stress is required to k)1vx 5oz2kpazduq 4 c0eep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectio 7 5vt5y;gi;vkhx(yqq nal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 4nbm1evbx ,o:134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the ymva :vk+ zi,i 33tn6iKelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahren ikupe uoq2)r -86qj.cx. lzr9 1nxx0fheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the inter+sd0im fk 48u ru,ed3kior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion gcu4s/;.)i ny rvegng3dux/6 engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature crgsgnu /3)i.6dvgxyn4 u/ ;e of about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxyx cg+ -yfu /ent+eb0q*gen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kge7 kkxeu97:iplh)6tp of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains3 grz4c6axs4z 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gasmht5go+s7a8v/ 2bm 4pid3);6zmkpluu2 z ki h is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holdin fv 5fosn)nf:5g 105.0 kg of argon gas at v:5)sfnfon5f 385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ww6 t7jcbtb.0 of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant 3j )3w saph)2: ewxwblg*kj* k n7j.oalift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air ounh 73wj : k)kwljx3oaw 2*bpj .s)g*aetside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 y jcri2a. gg8:mu wj*9$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0ll ep r0 yzk/7)riz5.o $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escap h kn*wh01dr7aes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mi 8 -bzkgvmk10olecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecuj2hc,4uq aq47wy o 0 tbjx1ih,les?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a):;cb9 wn s9zx/5x,pm cyrpoq9 moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.gi 1txw42*,ukqy , oyd1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breathdjznudyl 9a5 o4pn-e(soz.p4/c k0 b) you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphe k(du4 bs/eo)pnz npc.yz9 d5-l 0jo4are is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of s j6bsm9;2a wdan oxygen molecule at STP2mj wass69;b d?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a 2v amzruk-sk7 t8;v6ktemperature of about6; rk u82mt vva-7skzk 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms s;1)2r ugtnoi upeed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increnrg2; 1)uou tiased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given i:.h2j(d9n nkrrv+ isq n units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculathkd. 9 sj:+inv( r2rnqe the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0qr+o. pnke+pzg.7k9q $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its va3u4jm r;0 savolume is held constant, by what factsaujvmr3a;40 or does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules3bs:uq,5o3ox0 pc tye in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temb,dej5 0k am:cperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal5j:ed ,c0kb ma to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in aul4fh +kfu:,v n 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at.srh 9 (rtnn6sw+,ghc pvid 60 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average dim. mi/rpzzby9w x 3o bs2)1c;wstance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molnl8,zrmu 1xna,3kf1jbt4 ut*ecular mass is 89 u in a liv3, ktnxfm4b l1 u,18nr *tujazing cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P fc -5f v gknwt*,-4x;f*bjbwbof a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, kn0e5tela6k+d3m0;m .evh 0xcct r7 e $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric prvhoi-yw/d/d4;34o :b yzgmw gessure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 aqa;vf9p+xb9 )u/cu op tm and the temperature is (a) pa+fu)pu q x9c 9obv;/90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is khid dx*f-5 f750% on a day when the temperature isxd5hk*-fi f7 d 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where watern/r6qebx43h,1 qv bwa*v0v /n 1zfvop boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mos13fqz21 th 3rtqz obbm:2 2i9k*cxhbuntains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whi *2bhr9f1bbihmt3xz t1z :2c2qqos 3 kch water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature o d22rfwdjw8y 2nj 4x7jn a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%? 2xr8fw2j72dwjjyn d 4 $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tempedta h0ny1j 3lo3hr sb)0+ m io1i.fdw1rature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is / n 4.gmvm1 7 vulbm:*rn;zdceboiling at a temperature om/rn nmgmbu ev.:71;czv4 ld *f 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room4/*b+hw0 mfepo9 5w svf6vt7 7lp gssz/3b qvm of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dbx7 l h5,3gy wk1drn,i5g kb/pew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molzn i t30v s-b7hy:dmq,ecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distai mtny-ds70,bzv qh:3nce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior th 2tw7yoi m x90jwi(04kt7s usdrough tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea itds9 m0kixsi0 tu42o77w j wy(s about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape mearkqn tn5xs8ge76 j )wok8p., psure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape metbhncb+x1y wr327y;casure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal roomtlq3fm ir)s i8 zm(:b2 temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool watelb )z: 8(iqfimr2ts3m r, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm./vo5agxnsm - . After many balloons have been blown up,on.- /gxamv5s the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m,:1: h sdtehyq. and hees1 q.dyh h::tight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densjr ;r bx)zb,rqn1 jl4*ity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum tent)*q eb2q.tn/cw qo.chniques is aboutqnntqe t ..)woqbc2/* $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capa6g2ejd mm7v6 8 p.h koxbfbbcr1m*;n8city of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would 8b;fgmcxvb17k8nbo m6rme . 6 d*pj2 hhis lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from tk bn-cwtcnf8 5gp z1j m.kx.hz;9+v*mhe Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reenw-85c+zv mn .tx 1*zf9gncph k ;j.kbmtry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal f6o )t fb/vx9cgas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumehzn3or6usy,ptb*)j ;lps5 3 +o :fxwc of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surfacetzwg 1n (d8m9yog1t/ i of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecgzy(mt ow189 g id/1ntules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogetbw sv q(wt .pxz--6qtbu*i) :n molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxyddehm)t2 3r; zgen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 2;23md)rzdteh 59K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercurb r:y5if 82dnt( im q*gwfru/:y at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at h0)ub go62)ftp.jj ha0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit slfphfl 9; o00yjhn2w -nugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto ay+ jmu 8)o,alm glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ad qa:ci2r bt84 .flywf9opted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at ; jqarapc* ,0m20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earbtof:8oxji(o ;3a5 chth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown verb;ws66aurm13a(o o yitically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound friws6ym oa31;6bo a( urom the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a- mj y)/ qfbg o5r)empct 7hcae5)w(zd;h. q)p 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble wh zrt)ao )5ccphm)-7/beeq djw5y) gm.h;q p f(en it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the aiip0u7z cc3;d ir on the following two days: ui3p z0c; c7id
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the densitpk8k zjt)mbj vsg -:- c+v:,bb 4keg0wy of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in 8b,g+ gvkcktbe-ps0:zv k )bw-m4 j:jthe Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for 0u g ghg1f2.ncan ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient o20gghuc.f n1 gf volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.