Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 bnhdr32lz9 1u kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or u zhbl12r 9dn3Appendix B.

Name several propertie( tsyaa46bcxe hd +i500n7ptms of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomete5a0nct e7 bx6+asm0 hpy( d4itr.

Which is larger, 1 C q8.qh4 : iqjzyhn p-(u$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in te9 9cjyr )4w stfmq,+2 w qzqgqje)k5*hermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperature)2+*9yef e jjqgsrmqq 4)k 9,zq5tcwws of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alumin b5;ig5j-ic z mky rzhw+a2bl1hir;g3 g ,z-t/um riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will b b5 1lh,3crkwjbgari+yzi5gz; -m2/ -igh t;ze on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient o.58sfr c* alm9r0 pg *wpg( ka-aiwv(jf linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostasq (yo,gv8:zi fkh90h bsu;l 1t used to control a furnace (orkh0gh,l y f8s u:s;1b9o q(zvi other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in thej /z8g:3py e .jxngga- shape of a U. Whyjj8xgz3:yg ega/n.p- ?

A flat, uniform cylinder of leasf3i cz4vjxo,).r r: qd floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermom,c(i4 e cotr. wn4 +h/dp,ptteeter is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury i w 4,c.ectt4eop h,n/i d+ptr(nitially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated o,tf km f7bdc8u*ap2p-r cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain8tk7b a*dp- pfmc,2fu.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its cog cv8)t .6*29u,;u 1cigqaehphh endr efficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary6*aqgu9 .h)r ch18g2hn dv tiu; ,pece glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuu3 4j nzozym19rate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottojp6mig (b11d qp(-fw uf p1bf,m and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happened pm, 6fqd(jif p1bu-11w pgfb(?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its 1saavd0wuje-5n :p+ l temperature increases. When a gas expands -uvlpd0j:a +a5e1snw against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on anzfgow7p 2ep668xi oju;7(,l0sxq ttu aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the tempt ,6xp 7t2qil0(ejp;uofo68 xzs7 gwuerature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Char7ymibk gsm+e7dr)b3 + h *d*m 3cbh-fwpkav/*les’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between ave cfm7mydb/7 id+ m3h-*a rekbgphs) **vbk+w3rage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law*+is2re qxh /g follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Ear*rvjxck-pp1 lpbw2 38i- aw 3tth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the mvfsh/ 8l.20ymd pxm0*e0a bs cinimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain we cm0b8v/h l y d2saf00*.msxphy the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than mdt36x i4.r g6 e2qq1mbyh,sxwater at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relat2.gx 6tdxy1, 64q h bqsmr3emiive to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot . td.aw5ny iy eoxov3m/, v5a*dry day at the sam .e*/5ydm.5 ino 3tw vxaoa,vye temperature.

Is it possible to boil waa* 1:dc22dll-uyd ukdyp, 3puter at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the :ma/lhg1t*+p4m, w4gxwjstwr tbk 8 (same but the humidity is different. Which is m s gwmrwp b4tx(:8t * +/kgt1mlw4,ahjore dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to opub.;exsqd t, g*, b:mqen the radiator cap of an overheated automobile t.d,mb;, eq s qubxg*:engine.

Why does exhaled air appevo3i2 2 dwgz7tar as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are therevmf, u 8xgst.k1pk5 y4 in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26 bvf i*9zx-0es.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mz*e- xf v9s0ibass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” isro 39ya/qp4dt pib50d often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?td/d93p 0b ypir5q 4oa   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures reusxc7z umr-9g 4j78q- d8yibfcorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometeri*n 6lp8 jwu e*)a.hxy3k fnd7, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0*dx86)i*e h7.3pu ayj fwnnkl $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (2f.p*z tu 7xpup+p,7ug0 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought irongs tljw;/s /:c approximately 300 m tall. Estimate howlgscjs //t:w; much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are lrpa k3qz1m08 soe /t6xarger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 a1s3 k0 omrep/q8 6zxtcm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at-7exuivi7s4d tn w)u; 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its ch6u8stse0,v dlwxyd9eb 0)dl uqj uad 2sh4969ange in volume if it is heated fru 4ddb 9t s0dqhjda9lue ,we096x6vlsy2)u s8 om 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of af,0ua7 tscgxt;b,f* water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water atb x :s4rudj3g4 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At m, fn6s*9nell zb9sb/ 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can exp q*igkem e8+y4srot78and in essentially one direction eik*go+mt884r 7sye qonly, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in k z-.lh tfz0)mthe density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular pln 8+xspxpd16ubes *ot; 0yb+mate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansioyp;+u bnmd 18 p bex*oxs6ts+0n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrbyjwtm ;zi a, f/69/y4pdhhm5r +w.uaopic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made :hb39jk wi0u uof brass and keeps perfect time at 17 uu0 b:w39kijh $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of bfac-./s swl zr9hm*h8 voa tq5/ji99 0.140 mm. The bulb has a vol8s.jc 9iot h m-5*ha9 s/zbl/rwfa9v qume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum ctd+zrm36w0 qdr5; a w :/hjmtkylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless beari:hwz0j6rm; t+r3kqm/ t da5w dngs with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when36 d6bsxzuyi / at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this len63uyd s/zbx6i gth if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steeon 2ta x7miq 0f*;/tytl I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 13(n lp l0gi*jhm, t+f/a4.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperz , -tdf6tbebtm9 2u,vatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit sci 14lpz myql41ale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun ae.89lpnptqxv nw w,qtx* ;8g,re about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tempeqetm.1- l 7u, bm+muckrature oq ul+t.b7m1muk, -mc ef about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using hag0pg x8(/)gk kfs*mthe ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitc)abv voweidg/pf 96.1-p0a lrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains )hnsd,0/*y mrm:6z)mcyn5*p2 9hzsh uufhc i18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliumvf w049 qf+ zv, +kgsdms6y5lj gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gaslogu*b7rv, h hdu5y3z724(gu pol t6m at 3,ru2hdvmuhl buoy37l* 5(4zt6g pg 7o85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 7f1f3b) )fkcf cn/nfikg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air in, jbl 0k*tuwwh8 *ew-dside the balloon, which makes it *juwdw-wte*, 0b8lhkless dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with)*vnpj +lp hf3 air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18wfh/*2xbch+p jwrnuvo, (lw,8,q9wh.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escu0g4 psnj ed6pc d:4)fapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecu4bcerl.g3 gn0*u reg+les / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecu6jrp:q0 jl2i iles?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles,44yoncp99idml z jgjn+ 2e* c8    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume dh5emf t:rz 48p7hah5 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale thavvf);z d,n9 mzlx57y -cgn( z6 reesv2t were also in the last breath Galileo rfmed59svz cg; 2vxy7z,ev6-)l nn (z took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxypv0g,*n ml1n fgen molecule at ST*,plnv0mg f n1P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atof 3+axi0n pl;+n bkdf-ms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of aboupx fif+ndk-3nal;0 +bt 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperaturm lh6 w+oyy7+ce is increased from y +cm +ohwl67y0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of kr voy/88w 7cb6. gmlmu7ndfj,m/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the vl 8n.ob,/m7 g 7muc8fr6yjwdrms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas3l5+sy y ehil+;a+kws at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what ah2w2zdlfoi), / 2q e o.s;rfsfactor doesas 2 lze,wf2sod);h2 q./fro i $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a 9n +sdyis if8ha:,70g7zpbeya/sp 8ngas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of tin0 5 -yyv.x /ua;jxmjwo gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to thuxyy./ n ia jvm05-xj;e inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in ank8ci9q+2srf12p ,up n)bogzx 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecuv2 ptgn 0n;mrr1)rt1wmp-oied.9ab 7le at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betwee0aa8xgcgh/09nh f9/zt zrxf zs+ +1yln nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whs fm/wn8af)u29+ jag: rwr+xb ose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at xjgr9 fara ) nmf/8b:wu+2s +w37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas,inimv.0)vo spbp0 5h can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urvz: ,)3 d1ppqmeug -:0x(wtc l- ajzzuanium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric press ox; 0nc sz,oe4m. 322dtwmmypure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when theb 9o0 mk-o m-o )mhdkho,;vb,c pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) ; dooo,-mkbm 9oh,-h)cv0kbm 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humiditf /jdge opand/6wz(.50lq )djy is 50% on a day when the temperature is 2dlwf oa06d./neqjjdz / g)5p(5 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a plauykbl ):+fctplf 4c (.ce where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, es5)prp 8 rudwka).z fr9k3,az etimate the temperature atkdw5rake9p) u ,zafrr8.pz3 ) which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of wwd4, 6 :yo6o*fs e-t(vmp-g jx tsp3koater is 530 Pa and the relative humidity isxtm4o3 pp-g sd o -sejwv:(*,fkt6yo 6 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure omqgi9y9(*p inf water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water ij(t;:: k0o5tfm w85 rvdz,rw0ogvadys boiling 0rvrwdt j,( ;komd58f0z v a:woty 5:gat a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volur ojc8qb:t.ce (j2e)lme 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point il e 8-i/xp0q ub-nb-hof 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine mo by;k:1au l+4zw4g(v iw4se oe2risw (qm5qj; lecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of (vibg azol 2 (q;rwss51u4:q4wy;+4wimejek 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interiphtklief +y49jd* :b 7or through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is 7yip l +:fht4e*dbj9k about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape mea,f ;bl51w7 n-occqrvd sure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated-r ;lv c+c680j2hd xdpa8wtkr at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal roo)fo6 7 al2jp)tr-hqzah9 fg,qm temperature. How much error will be made i)7,qjza h )ofp -g2 ftqal9rh6n a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After mam4*mudsir*k6c 8 zf c4ny balloons 8c6 k4urc*zmsdf4i *mhave been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules m cs zo1kl*;;pr /4uiuin a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperaup 4m; ;csk irlu/1z*oture is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the dehjprpu07b * t9mw (yd7p.ktq)fo- a w*nsity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable lb ,c522;3tpuswgja k using the best available vacuum techniques is abouts5blj 22,;wa3ugct kp $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 1g jjnmyocb p*it p +(x;.)q-zbhl ,9:g0 m below the surface, to what volume wou , :olxigy)m9jt+ *cq (-bhbp;n .pjzgld his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returninyj q6m)xp**jag5c bh 4cb.er(g from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indq.ybbpgr 54xjjamc6 ce h)*(*eed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gasvzr uqx-qaywsry ve6:gj9c( p 5;v3.* is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of b v4fbf:3zbl0 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospmd4 hx g)9ifp)knlui,wu hc ,e1p9) 3yheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estima,x gi3ikp )ydh1p)c ue9uh m w9),4lnfte the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in abva8y* 4a34*o gxtuo;mzm e/ v 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen use z; z0(12 c(vvbbbl bgu*u3wyqd in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the bbzzc1ybvvu 0l(w(u3q*2; g bcylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquidj;ab4v /r 5p5zcc0perc brr+ xg) vl87 mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline ah34vyy85ftie t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Ekpfj1eh.q/13 4gg ,rwose9 bnarth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar ,6lqk7i ) *hoqb8a1w atouh -nat 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the b,ag 8/xa e(lfaw(oa,18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20fksj sh ,w ge3dpi-6.7$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth iq3y/c1cuu c+:x4ddt fs $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravityxzz ok9u398r y by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elast3r9 o uz8ky9zxically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diamet*v c0-d r0y,as3 doimger (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature , 3-mcg0iso0*dadrv y is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followingj6m4ps- 0ykh v two days: 0jm sv6y4phk -
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in theu0zf v i7srkustpn7khuetr 63 15 2 zmr-0;lw8 density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth wherkru7 5 z ; v-snw7hrisp26 t0031r8tlmukezu fe the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressurep*a fy2g, 1ez qbm/u9d, the coefficient of vobz 9uq de *g1fa2/,mpylume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, peop cib j3zez3.:yle constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a ezy:cb. ij3 z3house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg