Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alumiitn.2 bs 7tg3u y/ou4rnum? See the periodic table or Appendix ub3 7 yg.tut24sroi/n B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exn(n4x pyqp3k-2wza40h wp-pl ae+q)hploited to make a thermometap43-(4+p)zp k a0he qh2lnwyp -nqwxer.

Which is larger, 1 C o;(ver w4 76pesbr1cl$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is u, baf ..-q:3sbhuqzanot in thermal equilib au:.,q qa hfub.z-3bsrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of r8sxy 0a xh2n 8n+2mrku8-cj xaluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside o8cn 0u nrx-k2jay+h8x2rxsm8f the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of line du nb: *-,mcztvlq6*)p:m90m bjjxzdar expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used pbg zp (z*:c2yto control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetalli2zcpy:( p*gbz c strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fix/ 1zjk3d furj1ed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U.kfrj 1j/uzd31 Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats inl2jvlh4.0ezz h 34 pls mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tusgpr70e+gu se/ne4 :db of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and /s7 sg ed+n4g:puee0r then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapi:h zeq59ydw:edly than adjacene: :5hyqw9zed t parts. Explain.

The principal virtueuo-5k c,noel i4f6o*x7ee/ii of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise ixfl5u4, 6okini*/-7 ooeec eto the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at u)fy 926zgzk f20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bu(j 3tu78nf hnjs)95gogmzag1lge so badly the can will not stand up. Whatz)m98 hnjgf3jo7 sa51nutg(g has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (saqw:u * ej7:m gy q-srx;mi-2fby, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strirgxm7fquqewb:j-2;i:-m s *yke the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged igp4cau:k1f2z5 bit 9jn54 grtn water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from:1nczr2f 5ij9p 4 a4ttubgg 5k 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relat9 xg3popjrk81bl:xu y:8 ith01 a +aition between average kinetic energy and the absolut1+pp xo0g at uhxb8:k ti:iyr lj918a3e temperature.

Explain in words how Gabec;-zv -rwy l) fm2r+y-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in t 0ohh)vd1 fojo5b cou39+cm6 nhe Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to thax q 97l ryot8cswuuo0c;; y*6e minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmospheq ywats9o rc*;uco y0;68lux7re.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Wha,1x 4yyjk2 o( xvsdslq u3. .g.+ebjept can you infer about the molecular properties of onk sjjye1.x+xp(4.u dyel. qso32 , gvbe relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot 5o 9i(gd8 nypwdry day at the samwngp(y d85 i9oe temperature.

Is it possible to boil water i9/;a;bypn( 38v1fj /o wg to6fsou uaat room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature gu(s 9b.fnk)dis the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the sasnb).ud ( fkg9me T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open th.xj7twgawg3 1 e radiator cap of an overheated automobile .gxw3 g1wtja7engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–)9n- x3v/he tu .hs14c aglp mcp3ez9d28)?

  How many atoms are thzbin )4 ah3,k7 dwg 4hoers1n-ere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare )sd d; jqkn(ac;av5 4 9lcvsl*to the number in a silver ring of q9 (*k;ldcv4 ;)5a ssn jclvdathe same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Whgz nh99+8j g:t/xgzmmat is this on the Celsius scale?jgm gh x zg/9ntz:9+8m   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest andy ntn9d*w+o z1s3,o7zxba5i sm e s(b5 lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.c cm:o.nrl(zhv+ ak( jzz6 (w282 cm at 0.0 (k(c:mnz2 a.olrv zc j6z hw(+$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabjakl3*i 0kd57qaiy o6s 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 mq90arlj/-ul n 02rv yf tall. Estimate how much its heqfn r0a 0u/j2 vrly-9light changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivel(dxy6 6ci m5d)xus1yv kx-0qts that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the ho-ykc)s v61xiuqdx05ldy ( m6 xle. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water+* sjlwqoo gv3g) bh8. at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be io/ hzze,)/got7 ngtx eky.3d 0ts change in volume if it is heated from 3 dt) o,gezh0/oxt /.ny3k7ge z0 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 1 q0 uisppxm)n,y6w/ j500.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water a c( xnx -6n*;va+ckkdy;o,n;pe 7uiejt 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a rzi ;*sv-a ax3p wc6p(ting made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long140+c,dad zozpwh) ix , narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially oni)pwahzc 14 +od0 dzx,e direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in thx8x.c() eabqwfjrv: 1e density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w/i4s ms/x6 vbb has coefficient of linear exb4x/sm6v / bispansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, sdq:h2hbe8 )h0-va s fd/ytz5$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a gransr31lo -d4qvi dfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 173sd loi-qvr41 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside dia 2euv5i0kt whv.sg fr 4rli+87meter of 0.140 mm. The bulb 7kvi4vir.58 wt2+sferugh 0 lhas a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about(gr 2bo:n/ddq8lt 5 md;xz9x t its axle on fric 9(lzdtdr;b gx:mto2/5 dxq8n tionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the /kgx ri ;ai)06qer2.t3kcms ldesired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increase0 trm 6;kc.ekax)i2rq / 3iglss to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041r 9nior 2sjd/n9 5 vg6pcwdz:5$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1z) pr4l k4n)/hqqr- mu34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following te(t u0yjra4d( idp.k1ymperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the F.;-vd dwoteu4ahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the inteht fk: hx sfq*d7u8g,1rior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure anvgeb 1,b.ow* tc8hg d.d a temperature of aboc.d gt*8h, 1.b gbwevout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal r o. e6rzw-98i;tmvm 6ok5ho rgas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen ,pthqd n)1u/ 0 z)c)ezadg7y t($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrovyb 6k 4 c1ctrx0km*q;*icn1r gen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.m3iuhq3j0d /nx as m(d-2z-k-rcu xr70$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gwl.f 4vno n:fu-uy huai;(0 y/as at 38 oa4 u( :yfnunuli;f /.h0yv-w5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o ql50bt nz:v(m*t3 zeyf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatinsnyc4 lw0-w5*w;. ixl-td bkhg the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon c.t ly-wx50*wslbhw- 4 ikn;dis 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ail7i5.ib+x jfvh1ep: xcte*j6r at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 on/s3 yh m:v1d6kkrs, c+ wlq+$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon efetw 9ylo:p:b/s* v9hscapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules /irw ahm0s gi,, fg, ;ffi63mopm:s/4a $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molec;r qdm/k m. ac-6xsei3ules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molesmzcwby6 7q 0 lif 2n889r2itjt,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume ,rs , jdw1fg(bv w:s/rmp0qn8 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that v oa:z/2wr 2jlv; h11amy*- czrzne:owere also in the last bryzer 1aolm: /z ch;2vnrv:w2-*1jo za eath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen mo7cxgv oluwas7l61g6c t,6v /w lecule at STP? gt166 cxal w6v7 7,v/uswlg oc   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the, fyd,2deh 1ti surface of the Sun at a temperature of et yidh,2,df1about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules inyp i)ef l o5q-ht5 *hinhe+/edjc +7j6crease if the temperature is increased fromhhe d qen-li*7 hoe+5 p/i)jt6c5y+jf 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, giwq)iv 1f (wu.8gly:4lgh4ee xven in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed.:w )1 hv(eg yliwue4f84qx.gl $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules inac ws .5mn-fn. a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held co(+ls.g8 )y upnt 1msflnstant, by what fam)8 (sup 1fy n.glslt+ctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a ga4m9 e0+ggexea) g0y gss is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, p7dz9t kir/,mthe ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular mass7rdm9 /tk i,pzes.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained etko)/,9cw ar in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxhk ,divsv(f69ygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betwq-lw +6uxvwytc p 6;q rm+st*.een nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amin ji-1i p,d)rkno acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 371, ipdrk ji-)n $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressu-7jb6oycu/se7 /ifj ij d uh.*re P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urk,niq+,80v 3 q dvuaidanium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure,/ocprwv5uw, ; in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the ppdrzsa4,5ck 90es:tha+ o9 cisn 5qm8ressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9 , nmrcskt8:dsaph9oi0cz sae 5594q+0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a rbb9fn:gc- h c8e*k0v0med+f day when the temperature isndcf*:b8ch -em r0gf0+ kv be9 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressuqi(t-c;md3il re at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular 0ng xqbw *roz:1fa +.qcd 6ik)place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperaibw1kfq a +)xg:* c6qdn.0ozrture at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on akob0l-m y1 l5le8naif5k 7cu : day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 41-u y mln5 b lkoli0eka8f57c:0%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on c vp)i8fx2 4gxn7+kay a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure in92yp vn 96y kg8at5ozfside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120p6 yo82v9z9kna g5t fy $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of -oxr7bkc 7sz8 volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5b dqjvm 0c7r2) $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine mole3g r nfa8 moi(il3x7w)cule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15 )7(fix g38m r3waolni$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior throux:st0 hrj3 rj.gh tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has. j0th:j 3xrrs cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been 0 8wqm**g-o ksyf,fxr calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has b uu /cxie8/u;rqs1o4ween calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much erz il ,*570i0odg psexyror will be made in a recipe calling for 3007x0sli dg5p oye,i0z* mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure izsej0;da k6pr,0/kq+g r) j zxn a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, t,zr+a; qpkj/6) zkrxgd0e0sj he gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air4 n qpdr hi(-63fye/1h2cqpsg molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Ad q2hnfp6(-y i3/hprg es1 q4cssume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abou) mqlo(c - +r6suvfe2ct one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is ab)1n a8 k5t3- ,aqlx.wtafcy; f:ltzi iout n qtaailf 58a; wi1fc-z: ,tlx yk3t).$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to fullnmsje qzj;jm2)4t e*3e 4:msl capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to thjs4)m metej3q*2nje;szl :4me surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning frvne:;qkqc4 od(zh2c4ac7;uii, o w 9 som the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to w9q ckos44q v7ic d ,ou;;(2ziwach:nehat temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas ,,e;afyyf 9kgis increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume(h (+gw jwob2t ir2de* of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surf1 kl3kua7 o:qxace of the Earth, estimate the total nk7q ku 3xla:o1umber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contajm n6i;udasba3)04 tvz z,c0m 3 5jdys4: mieained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressjcg3 sodv i+zi.b s2ovv5 gxpx)*+ :/hure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressu /goxgs.vix)ic v23z:*5johp+vd b +sre, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats injufme0(7u7d.duac :q a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolic8 /,wcnv cwe9ne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’fim c6b -5vl.is equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 1f,c2ku x x5lv20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted io/af5a2 *zrhd n the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 1du-iz 7vy +/fl8cndfkm 4az1995 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth i9v-;65grd c1l*(w nr x*b9ymxd tmcg ks $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gnp+x3m4qm c txz:;:mgravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis ba;c qx+:3gpmx4mtn: mzlls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphericalmrdax k1u :q;5) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is cons5; q:ax1rm udktant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the foll8,nj: b ue7ncxowing two days: junbce7 ,:8xn
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent .piv+ *qptg2z qzi en((t:h(d difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the +z( (*qtnpt(zp dvih. ge2:qi temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, xaou,7( eifhndw3+a4n0uzk. for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volu. i 4a(e,7wu0ax3 nk+fonuzdhme expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, p,0)n- fpjcfgdeople constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kfpj )0cgd-nf ,ept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg