Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic tabll g-ugnt,; s4xe or Appen4u -;sl, xggtndix B.

Name several properties of math(x5q0ww ed)o :t2c u0mp stm5erials that could be exploited to make a thermomet2 5 wm(hpxwesmqut5)0 :dt0coer.

Which is larger, 1 C f/ p57ndsd3sys; llj.$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, niou+g +oz+1f)lh4an but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatn+ u)1ghi+4+o azolfn ures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip d;3/-p2r hxhdwp7pp 7r hnsl;/g - inkof iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which m//iwp;nx-;sr pdg2r 7klhnp p7dh-3 hetal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficientjnfi*pjkgju2nz37 2c :y 4zb. 7nng l7 of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple krq56 ::5tesw wdcqp+thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two s+tp: w ecqwkd565q:rstrips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a sectionx8)ez(/l3m s fbz 5rpc in the shape of a Ufzzce5 m) lr(sb/3x8p. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats uj;r; ,it ux,ii9ues6 in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-/.5 +l n*r wbudla-eak+1a f2n v-vfymglass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, th-fu +2a+*1m-/5b a r kllvwyean.dnfve mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part ofb,z8l 6jkd,bv*h)xx;p( db hm it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Expz 8ph;jk*h b,dx lxbm,)vd(6b lain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of lin5y1vknntz9 kok6 akz p7- +k0eear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gk7kvzk5o09k e1kyp 6z-n+ta nives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20/1vz4 xnf l/(eoo/dl s $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will caqt:d o xzs( j;w4l8x8 wk0pg:tuse its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What::4pq gow;88dsx0w (zltxtk j has happened?

When a gas is rapidly coc7* e 6afy zzh/86i;avoywh8v sr o,7xmpressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain6xfwyz h7 ,oc* hszyv a6/rivo788e;a these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an v:+kl6hkc5z-3 kfajw2in kbp0 s2b-qaluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperatb5 s fk k-ncivk-bk2p2wz+qjal3 0h:6ure is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s laf -/k77jcyi sww follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic e /ykw c-isf7j7nergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follo rl3.1 ng h1,tldemfv:ws from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the rab-o7ihw;ad 2riqpm7+tio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for t70l ygtm4toz;-pam 64nm lwj/he Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and 4o0z m -m p;mt6w4a/7jntlylg never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than w) +suau4 xgfm4ater at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one rel)um x+4fa 4gsuative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at thh .3et )8yzq vamr9/ofe same temperaea9r3t ./)vy8 hzfqm oture.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperm* 37rbrf ki kg6.u+ x vwpas,1cfi;w/ature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is d*4p8 8 ko ,fnsn4ocacaifferent. Whiccocso4 4k8pa, nfna *8h is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an ovew5-d wkz8 )3k 3o s sfdrgf sqdw61ydk.f6/ab2rheated automobile e1w- d.wo65d3 8zsfdygfbfqk )w6sk ks/d 32arngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cl3a*qpkh pcg3 /k5o+tdoud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in(x rx.hwmv*mh--z) rx a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of z dsp6rq ;myz+ad.9(m5.zjqzatoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same+ddzsqr (a6.m.z9 ; m qjz5zyp mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scal4dc8r*tb d 7h9; nhkxqe?k7*b8 hq4x trddhn9c ;   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 136n)cna/)m;*yza 0n v ou $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lengrqrsdt58,)ky th 11.82 cm at 0.0qtr,ry s) d8k5 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 wqjj+4)a 8clc 4 zc/ao 8/emb8 ;xbyntm long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron ar9a45n *mv7nbpmv; y7- alcx approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changep4avr7 vm-nl9abn5 xm 7;* acys between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often usedg0) : f(9kcl:bltccv; jmxu*v and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in l0)m;ctcf: u:c(xb* vglkjv9diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water k a r.4 xaohwi)vbx-)+at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.7c blhrc3 1+-bm5 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated3bh cc1-lm rb+ from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to t8o/ae2u,7m poq0/ urbk xt d.xhe brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 m nc6j/igfq)x+*5pl kwL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 cs4n- (-or7 meubw:l s$^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a t.6,pzuo, d6fdzlz 7d long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion d, 6f.6d7t,olzpz uzd is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the d+8 lgftcqys+fqka 9* 0ensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengtp-dm; tszir2g/9ia*t h l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion ti;ga/r-dp2tz s9 *mi$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, 85la7rnkwcc( $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clo23,al pq mxbb(ck is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 lq2bb(3m,px a$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside lhh/.zb.mpio ef 38d4diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb h . obe4mid3fphl/.z8has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel o z9(c)ql 0omkjf radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on(ckl9j) 0qmzo frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. //nzolj e 8kfe0 ya:/uHow much stress is required / ezje8 y/f0/loank:u to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional areawo 0)b allsga6e ,bf9*e7n2p z 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 2fu4(fy4 s. uh( ) bz:at, cpaojc5cz3i0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tempen i*ho d(vhll/9j)(i- r3uuyvratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temg v-s/d)vlnp0c*8as dperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are abouktv8s8 ) oha+pfvsz)/ t 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature l,gznub8 emd0 dhp89;of about 2 bu l80d 9,ghped8nz;m0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density okcp+h mj6n) +ggg3mzk.l d: f;f oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrohp yqk657f)n fgen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP c (fbpw/bc56j skr r5+qontains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas ixa5: d3n9a mzdu*mhx*ak85vus at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of vo3 pt:isw7x :t vm aciox r1-t4-d6,dargon gas at 385 K? -v:1so xidxwv mt3r-t47oap,6t:dci    $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 khqsv(j1 qqvp nu. ftt+ /;f*a5g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its bu-g6a2z 9zx du*j:i(c; myb qmfoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes9f; q*u6bmyz(xji2d:c zag- m it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled witm5m8bgp9 gm 4xh9qg2nh air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at t*-w zy .mh1ll.cgg70suvm e .ahez23 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea wo(gqj rt l,/7yhf; or01t bu7level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecul 9 i0 tja2l-t7qbn/yj/ iod2fnes / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there3dkeb z u))fg2pe) g5d in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molv k)w3vfu)8x(a: yzfvh bnk2 1es,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.117 ; ug4kxg6m e:tfygukb( p1bh4g 9gr$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.pxn lk2b(xo-/vk o48p0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Gk 2kxp4/xpo-n(vo 8lbalileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of ;xj67n.cro tian oxygen molecule at STP?.o76 j ixrntc;    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface d yah -rm2x3a-k .ydbl(ua *m+of the Sun at a temperature of abouux+y(lma3y-d-a 2 .d k*hbarmt 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if thev3,asntlv/m 6 temperature is increased 6lm/tnvv s3a,from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following od,. (gli skh,keg.,y speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms s o h.ilyekd, k.s,g,(gpeed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 205vaqhm,9 8+ upd2lj.;w u7nsklo7v yk.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by 6c vz5(mqi,k zwhb7,ndmi: 9dwhat factor doek5hw:d7vimzm,b6zn,d ( c qi 9s $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given by dn*1r7favng *p/z, y4 lpar59 n)tvtk$v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture oe (42x:wae;twm l/r6w(qojp u f two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse r/q(xte o;l a we2(rj:6pw u4wmatio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed ovio.w)rk.vzsgu u y1;8) cqx- .gji+zf nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed b:33 v,,l govirdix7lof an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules atmgtad+3 w :dh8 STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whq prvq,kn/r r ru2m.cm, t(-9sose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37 9./rrrm ,,pk 2 -qtus q(vcrmn$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P ub164 easlut+/ dee0h e58c; y ecao49vug:ve= $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranildzy(11e yiz za*le.6 j:9zx f 6zx/tvum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, i+ -sj6fy- l f,ygphco5n what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperaturhe*cy( 1 s map*l9jc*se is (a) 9 ye9 h* c*p1l*smj(csa0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if thp t6.qb(hs 4mqirt 1xo.f(zk.e humidity is 50% on a day when the tempera(.hb t. 1i6qofkp4xzr. (stq mture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils ats::qgo c5 c)0vl bb/lf 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, es 059 . gdxr.r .plnhhfm-nj-httimate the temperaturer n-90.d.fm. hpg5-hnr jthxl at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of wate 9g cqnmerzj7rxh:+ *y53xw( tr is 530 Pa and the relmr:t e cgj397* y(znxrxw+ 5qhative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25hkwa3l*7 m (knw+f (vh $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximqhxt+iadue6885 sn* x -ban c3ate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a texnn a ab du5-ce 8hsi6+x8t3q*mperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a r;5 :dy(z g4z yzv90kki9vklwboom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pointpj8o 7x/neob43qt4yb j e.z (g of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycinew(w lv)tt8 2-qm7w/e rmco9at molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distancw(-8eaol9mt/c mw 7vrt2w t )qe of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior/;tdtckh/ y0e through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is abou/yt0 /dhket;ct 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated a zwv ;mc*d3y0eq3w( dwt 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratedd 681favl+q 4fc0) egv4.brwwgwiv ;z at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal roovpy 5jd 4cy,zg; q)ogy*vy9i 8m temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup ag8 ,zy qyvj4ydvigo*p5 ;9)ycre hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After mc w8f+7 dj j8/;cgsux pq8;bbyany balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas refy/scugdc 8x7p8;j8; qbb+ jw mains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width +ejy 4 ihsm/e*r/ri3h3.1 m, and heighe3rr4h mi/ey *sh i+/jt 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abomz:zpf 1e6p5 aevc5k 0 5.rkejj9u8h dut one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniqur3 c, ( gmx:0uuuu6dwwiv/mp 7es is aboutu36uxw 0:wp,ir (vucu7/ dgmm $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 9rryjq0+o2 v8( eh5x cwsy 1triqp f*(5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand i2xy1p0 et hqj85yrc9wvr((* o+fsriq f he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a spax7al:88m ndo j bp4jx 9+p6bppfc-g *eed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as n47 m :a+gplxjc6ajpd *98 xbp- fbp8oa bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased frwvn5c qpxo xiv7,i/+f/y*o5l om 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofpw 3hvjjg kxi f,(212wiipf/2 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, est u( bixdxsix l -7bq11j,kfr6,imate the total number of aq7,r1 u1,xxbibid 6f(sx-lj kir molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen 4upk*9 ora qr heci-9,3gco 5gmolecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressu-jmh9qrw/ zg9i 42m pjre = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constah49 qgj-w/2pzi9rjmm nt at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a0skfuc vf18 e;d8p0pv bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline ab3cqk gpp kze +5bhyz0 )3)q3vt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to c/xjh 09 p(w(k bfjy1gfit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto*jpe)y* f6zqv a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 18h8c i;omab3cjni()6q + toq 8c$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, br 0q k3 3neqol;kz-y7has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth it lwi0;ye x-1x v hr,,ciisz35s $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls throw;eeoc,r25 nki n vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rec e2;ken,or5ibound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cmsi wcm vcl446-l( 6,grgg4 gxm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when gl6(4- 6mg vcrg4xilmw,g c4s it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressurq92f o oc.c1/uas jcom,0mkl1e in the air on the following two days: um oa c1olc/ofcq90 skjm. 21,
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is ,4x(t nm0 kbk 3mecl9 u6kxmtkp ,xi8;a solid deep in the Earth where the temperatm4ktx xnm,ek lk ukic6x3pt ,(;mb 908ure is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, co/bzy9lo wucz8 63c5for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equ z bow9ouczcly356c 8/al to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prv.,mxmo- 4qzg ,si fh/sz4t:o event rot and mildew. If the cellar in m4hi. z,:,s-fso/tvg4oxzm qa house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg