Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table /ico t1jqzx7zt+qev *+r9m4 hor Appendix Bi9 +7c e1/hzqjxmorz4t q+vt*.

Name several properties of materials tf fx:4wgkh(7:;j,zkxthkghl8 3 / j wwhat could be exploited to make a thermometer. hx 7,tx/gjh ww4(zk:fk;l38k j fwg:h

Which is larger, 1 Cjkvvf j29.w j/ $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermco k7 tz jv0ex: pm8,t9b5r0lyal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C prbj 78cm0:9tlvy e0,xo5zt k?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rive(pu hwpy p((j-vs26nlted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Wjw( l -n(uv s(py62pphhy?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lineb9o4 od)yki zta ph2212zici+ar expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to co qg*+gfsf;6nr62sq6)ii o yavntrol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace anai6 isff 2g; sygqn*ro6 )+vq6d how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often hb ( 3-*de(fie cm cpnv,w7yqkb-v )co*ave a section in the shape of i 3(ke* pyw)ov-bq(n* v7,cccbf d- mea U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in m6e) a5wn6)qq49ckp l ppz; jugercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer i* w jwa4c9enhbd ;i)0is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rejh9ii;wcwd *bna0 )4ises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooledtna ie9,f3 s4ha+atfw( /zhdur+;m +u more rapidly than adjacent partsehff9 (4n d/u++iu+staaa3z , mwh;r t. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coeffi6y25jj sud olyyr pb+0r5(8pycient of linear expansion is much smaller than that jyr 2ys 8 y(5oup 6p0l+jyb5rdfor ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 lauof6 f+(ce anwj bir0) 2v(,$^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda wilckwnb;8/x-qgn v6il ,l cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will nk q,-vx;wc b n/igln86ot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its 2rol0 87u 2kszow gxc:.l/z lh +8puwktemperature increases. When a gas expands agains rl z go .2w8pkwxuo:sk/+lzuhc78 02lt a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water incrvy ,a:y)tw8sjw ; dqh/ease or decrease if the temperature is increased frt y:a)d,;8sqyvw /hj wom 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles hp egb3,4(bts+ kqv8s’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between averageq e,p8s4s3h( v gbk+tb kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law c irxs/1ok/8extmhr)324 j rh follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, thdgr9jopr :3* j cx3)mhe ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have tovqztt+f.;iwp-x1el: d +6 zan leave the Earth and never return. The es+:+v;np-.eiazxt1ztq f 6d l wcape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly t2veck tz( bd9nc83oa wfq ,1 cg.:zgk2han water at room temperature. What can you infer about the m38czn(g:cfc1gk9 2b 2edo a. w,vqzk tolecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than axb; f) kku:m3v5up.kj hot dry day at the same temperaturkf .u5vm: x)pub3jkk;e.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperb)nzw5 /ss 3beature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the huqq-o;fu 6jaqc,(cn(t midity is differentt;(j,6u qc(o-qfn qac. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangq g 2utfo4(f+perous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine2q+(tp4 ff ugo.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the h- zcxqcs.c 4v(k, pw:z6om 2lu:hr,uwinter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there tuli: lgkdp (858ah .win a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of ato +q:kanlc i:.*z)dpvpms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the saq:npa *)zc.pv:il+dk me mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F.d,f0*zkzo z2 xz2( -ihltegp/ What is this on the Celsius scale?2/2ftz* xd 0zg-k,pz(eil zoh   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lo go2o/;tr 7).qa0lk ayvz7edlwest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has l vk4c8h6afe)my u ra- t3m80inength 11.82 cm at 0.03f46a)- ukvcamn 8ym8t0 heri $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bp9ttt -fq4l:wjo omrb:ghn s(cn2 /(9uilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m talgbrrs m:y1lh j.. )ib.l. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average 1rj.gmsh:lr.b ) byi .temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, q;2 2a: 1wnongj/ron lrivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the a1ln:q2 2;oorjnwng/ rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 j exzq6iqr 6(j+c5xzggz-34e+x rn p.$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will b6v yyi5(6oi:l1 hybt sjod723 l(utz ae its change in volume if it is iuy(yhy5ta 7i6s21 o (3lzvo l6b:jtdheated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 1.,r sxmn ou-dzk9/ (mo00.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water,e bxi6h/ e cj*c4kg. o xni2soq0,ji, at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. Ab0 lt;/nwif8u6j.e kye d le 5+**lvywt 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow ves t05. xvett;x5npzn )j/ hafo;sel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approxehntax. xf;tjp ; t5nv50)o/zimately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densua4hxm y cy,1 uq0v6:xity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has co byoqt7 )y+r)bk+bm y:kjs4+fefficient of linear expansion oytk 4:b )s7+ by+qmrykb) +jf$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid,wg7c 0;5vm nky $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made o mi ; -2e8xrw9s*:sqcqlthla0 )(iiapf brass and keeps perfect time at 17;xesi()wcaqa:*m9pr-lq l 2 8tsihi0 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer hasbmn1m9xmjo 1d,p5w;3 swkvgmw ): r w4 an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0m3vm1gmww,n;jp wm5)rs x w 94 :ob1dk.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is d:.cd86kqolc rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular ve6.cold:kd q c8locity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desi-h x+v g/,kgkhred length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length igh-x+vkg , kh/f the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-5x 4rgc rmnpqn5rfx *x9o9(u*sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm atxe9sr 6j /l-dn 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin ulwr 9n5)dw1l78bfv -up+p ju scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what te8:3zawa 47vct7mw prbn g;- wtmperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are )hqro:k3wmr ik4yv,dp/ f.ue,;z k+zabout 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tempera5ltj9+xxb mye ,0 i/jfture of abo/j,bxej0m lyf95t xi+ut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of hc1fuiv5 bs9t n+0:fdoxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains znc-8vm;-*abx6u:dwv hu 4xb 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains :pcib/v5 l v bm3fl:j/18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at i2dg:yw,+q wa)+ta sw10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas a ;63xoeyoifp /,ra,mg t i ,;eyg6r,a pm/x3foo385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg 8 ksmtwp:e1iv2z+a/u1c ew:p1lv qi*of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatiy/4wxbeytvi0zfsj: u) 7zb84v;tc o 9ng the air inside the balloon, which makes it leso zs/; 4tywb7:u 8bxi)zcv90yej4 vtf s dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled withsdj ken( u og6c f5hnp-9wl,477w,nmf air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1 :+jallga7:g c8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a childhlxse3*wy k+( .ir:y j’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculea d+4z2qo4ha9p6d r tjs / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many moley k9v)2 fqt1p3,qvcsm cules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of ( l5zqx0z7)z +ph ,kiiya) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume qbtw 6x s);ciw,:/ ihl5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many moa6 b7hklm 04m(sxmf e9lecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]l sx(hbm6m04ef7 km9a   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translationahf6az;14 +s ezijrg /zl kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPfz /rjse1g 46ai+zh;z?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a1fpgl(yo)n au3fffnj 46lg k2 2g3z*y temperature of about 600036(p2 *k y3y fn)f2glonjz1af 4gfu gl K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas mqsbd 252.7 s9cmja afs7ymx8n olecules increase if the temperature is increased fromj8cxs 2ys am592dqnbs 7.fm7a 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules havj;1ylhk d 6l)ge the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, g)h6j y dl1;kl7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleti1j cm)5 mof/cules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its vowemjcy:)8)v ozy 1s7wy5r; fplume is held constant, by what factor7py ovw ry z518sj my)efcw;): does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules ( ar2srh;1ffd)m iw9c in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the rt 2dy::v0ui q)hf 69pf893wfzbm mjyaatio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the squay:ya6f:i2mj3 9098zwp)f vtb qf m dhure roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogdn - :mj 91xg 3ye5xs6pt9kwvr5tx.saen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule atg efbe v)7t2i0 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen moleco3uw0 g 9z-n/sgr 7xjbules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of a*7 pohqxb7*h s97kuug n amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cehsx bqp*ou 7k9h7*u7gll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P ,tjk-h 9rocxjj kp,7, = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, l+xugw -o5qog71ef 1c $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phase i0oci,xg0(ot r u3s8,f-mxv ms can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperatprz(7 2j)ax xjdz;x/ture is (a)x/ xax dr)(jz7pt ;j2z 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the h int. .i4hwe4bumidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25 nthwie i4. .4b$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at ath / j+t0tw9duda)zqh2 :oe2 r place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm,vi1/ve;wum6 z estimate the temperature at whw6vzm1 /uv;ieich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when tmym fhs r)0gbk22tz;-w5*jt xhe partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and tx 02-5bmg wf*)2h; km yzrtstjhe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of w( x- t4,m2wdx+zvavoqater on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a presgway7es mldzph0kbhwr2v tu*1 *2 (3-sure cooker if the water is boiling at a temper2-1(bw *tzgpal hks2 w307*de m vuryhature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room 77v+vi cp p*t71yutj vof volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pz5z4 exq5 )vhboint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to dif0, .fuuhh;pojd6y;8 n9drcak-chxc 7fuse a distanc hdudayk6phc-0n9cf ,juc.;hro 8x 7;e of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the ia62 ehu0is,vo ss+b 3nnterior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea, 3svh+6e suno2ib0sa is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure 0sst lbwuz(p4j c./h9has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been cwkavpjl1aj0rhf / 0 pxj. ;w;5alibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much*nuq- vo h2 hk7d0g)ob error will be made in a recipe *vo -o)u20hqgdkn h7bcalling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is ini vi4ft 7m+6+g bdd,mqitially 28 atm. After many balloobiq ++ t7v4did6 gmmf,ns have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of aytgw9b0b* kj *ir molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 *gw ktb9* jb0ym. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one arvu8z uzn lb,0-8g7i3-vn u* xz+ojbf tom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure a:o6gbm8; b b j):jta.zq bnke.ttainable using the best available vacuum techniques is abot8) gnkbob 6z;mj.bb:qej :a.ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L whenn+.g: qjs .segnro:2 a 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expa+ ge2gnsojnr: :a.q .snd if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returnin* t/47-bafj/dnt+ dxol: (*zpzeyiv x g from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h zptxndf7/ v4:* a*yd(+j txlz be/-io Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is inca:f wb.s cl 6+tdrpb 7xt4 j,cig2r1i4reased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumefaz lhdb8d5s(/5xi lvt( *l kl;++7vatew 5io of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estiipw jp67nh3d (mate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atm phidn(76pjw3osphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules3 ttq()tsnb3 s contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a b3c4 ;hg4pbu fhospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pu3 bcgfh;p4b4 ressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats pcc10zy x83b. -vpcap in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol+dyn* +g r)gcvine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator an n qbpy)nsv2y i ,*szn8l55-ft 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at ipvh, h5yz8w:20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the2m(dcedb 2y8 iir7p 3e 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20p(ts: i8 d3jjk$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eu564 fcfdooqy 4m-a;ncv 03ym arth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspendrum9tge 72 ev6ed against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and 7r emg62u 9vetare thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm- ;cdy3wrmr5j dy9 lthgfln5d j 4;;;p4diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and rt;45hlydgynwpr3fjd5m9d;j 4 l;c ; the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on tzzh3iyg)z c85 he following two days: zz yz)5i3g hc8
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent z*ezq :* cegl(r*1gio/v zpu9; id m,gdifference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a id*vm*r(*ic el;oq z, /9g e :g1ugpzzsolid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas lk/l6dv ;lio6 law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal toi6vdl; 6k/l lo $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to preventpo9lnn8 drwnd6,r;a qh7;1 yz rot and mildew. If the cellarq;arhn8zn6dnp;w9 1rd 7lyo, in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg