Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alu( kmyl;v67aykv s y.o1minum? See the periodic table or Aka; 7 sylkyymv1v.o 6(ppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could bm:9,t(gd tt dme exploited to make a thermometer,:m9 tddg tm(t.

Which is larger, 1 Cvvo w8w:c8)v nkap p5zh r/.c i3xd9 o2,slg5h $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B0 f;(bwewrrrxk.iy -c+w,n i*, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A,xy r*.fn-kiiw(+b w0,ec rwr; B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip offv) s f , b(ag(4nfj5ic94iuxz iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hb sxv4f ic)azf,4f( gu(i95 jnint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of li/q9cbu9vz; ab near expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a dyudylcm*2 1;x iagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded togeyy;lcux 2*1md ther. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often havegjz+ e9f*yk1r 0ndnk9tg v22 b a section in the shape of a U. vnk yz90kdn 2j1r2* fegb+g9tWhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead float(1h k;bv p9d.mqsbhz,s in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placetyb ynl+f6+gs33h i m0 2*hu9jp-mgzyd in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explaitbgm+h6 3zy-sl y0*ufhgi 2 pyn3j9m +n.

A glass container may break if one a(gkrvw 3*i ro czw.s)+i z381nir2am ,4uu ctpart of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Ezim(t4 icgiz3s,rn u .w3+ r* 1oraukv2w)c8axplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of lizh j1*1okz 4-u iknp;fnear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the inc4h1zn po;kjfziu* 1-kreased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock;tz4nos 9s)f s, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soi +ctr: wt8p4jda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can wili+cpt:t rw8 j4l not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temped+:; zig.jq-c md:ru zrature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes mdiudzq.+;zc: -jg:r in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increaad po9v6cct(r o+28xu se or decrease if the tempera(o9vo tcur+2 x6dap 8cture is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic thef smuflpx;:22tn gw.k)khk .( ory and the relation betwee)p 2 nf.x.2umkks;f(tgh:lwk n average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-cocr: ekv+ x6b(rt0at/2k q f*Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmo/y*)l jrkmld;.x ws k)sphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have e/go3x5qnzel: + 5xqhu2g tm- to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon hasq:noe/tx h g5em 53lq+g zu2x- practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperatufln qys4ec3n0 ftyp+.q 7q/ 8dre. What can you infer about tc fpnn3q0lf .set qyd8y+q74/ he molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfo flt(up;j:6zh rtable than a hot dry day at the (6ht pzu f:jl;same temperature.

Is it possible to boil wateutq2j n;/ wf)gy z,gezthh. -(r at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is2(sbi /clj,rx fr9js 3 different. 23j/bsjsxc9rl( i ,r fWhich is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an chx+9m4kjnq2xkvs*oo0 5,u zoverheated automobile engine. x uk+4no5z*js,9v20 ocmkhqx

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud aifu r 6ml+u*:in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copm/upvs6y31 kk per penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atomu or2r 98,tvrus in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ringr9r to8ur2,uv of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this oly,58 vpx k-van the Celsius scale?xv- kv5 8,lpya   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures rmsy5 r8j+ 0urr 1--hgc th5yhbecorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at (qll6s *y *5csq2hmlf 0.chfl q*q 56lysl(*m2s0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of sl+ygq3jms/ ut 5abs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300bnw4h; 7jqek2 m tall. Estimate how much its height 2hbk q;ne7wj4 changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the7gh oathp(u.9 rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be ph9p7ou (t. ahglaced in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water anip+3 j p*kbup7,luib w0e 0v(t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume n pwb;a32eei 2if it is heated f2ib2a;ep 3wen rom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim withqyz(4ouo 7pl . 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 30d0c( * gcmzjlnq:na mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 xdkhxi ob8*nilse8thhn (ki. 1(+*7 g$^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essafab3ri/tn ;9m5 h 6zykq:m71 oji9wdentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion 5k i3 1nbh6yjf7d iaw9mz mqa/ ro:t9;$\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the7zg;e t5i1moi 9:fs r7cw2dkv density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coef9v:2ybszojtw tts0 t)9 8 4dncficient of linear expansion)9 s tn2s4bc90zttvto :wj d8y $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid,i dg-vp (igqm6h+ es-d5+qt z, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a granj+fdbn:2 on -ddfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17+ b2nj nfd-:od $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of-3nig:n8 qzxx 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.258x ig zqnx3-:n5 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is roty48k w7k k i2d2uvthv0ating about its vvu 82w0y74 kdihkt k2axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at,ht: te3 0;tjps(ee , lpm qo+0tp*4ajrgz6pn 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the*aqp 0t p0tht(6o3 srznetg:ejm4 e, p+;pj, l temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional arl.qmkq hnnj(uc*02qx ;lxc;)ea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm pvsq l5b9y/ln /uct*6at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale:0iu, ,nv6ailv s 2qpm7
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrs,*2fcjgbk6nrq tmc 7 e76 : z8vy-bnlenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Eu d4(r-u,zr- xdmcge3 arth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at at09b)wio vl2 tnq2(c2ui8jtq umospheric pressure and a temperature of aboq80t 2 9vnqucu)obji2lw 2(it ut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal l (flh,g fmm:i: 2gv.tgas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitpljs m;1qi8+b) jxa /grogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of fzto*za;em:m1kb+ p4 k /8ws yfmu5;rnitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.t8s 6 -ztb)krn0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a z.ug,wni3 7fau bd:w)r n- rbt,mnr6-35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 Kwg,n3:nm r r t6z)- 7f,n.ar-iubwbud ?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of z;86j tq 5 f-7wft4tuckgfob* $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift niejrjw )lt2 nsp (++1by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppostn 1n+ )ij(w+r2pejsl e the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at (l* ,v/nh:wnn6xwm f0 ey8dhu 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.:d7yly.v sa )g0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s handzfg,e8p cz1rocz* 3(s at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecu0 l1by4p3 cebkles / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How mana)sig9a 2v u0c-gwhcr1e4suu 0yi l26 y molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of- /rj6jtf-j : vu,x,-wawwyu w (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5q(ggidx nip(dw/ g j;zs *,- n*y6x(ty.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that wa7mu(v rc3 3laere also in the last breath a l (m3v3urca7Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen m vr.u5yir v0m+olecule at STP? 5r0u yvvm+r.i    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at ai(*fk y iu 7-lcqer,u, temperature of about 6000 K-(uc , q*7lkuyii,efr .    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules4s *a8jtyf(g)pe:qt +dyw7 vc increase if the temperature is increasvw7 4+ys8*fpa)ye:ct(gt q djed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of kme 2(+oib ljh0b/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, b oi2 (le0+jhb7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecuxyk7fa+, puwk050crs les in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled kkdv zcgk3/ fb.8;rm3imi*7i while its volume is held constant, by what factor does /bi;gd*7vfrck.mm iiz8k k33 $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is givenur.0qjhy34 7p;org if by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two ga(/,gbcqv xk c 2ux9ij2ses at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speedsc i9 c,u/gxq jb2(vk2x is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 3qzt,ggd*-zlt7 r s;an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molnqn8 vmpoqte jr77zekw51flf2 d ,/: ;ecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitroh7j5* *my wniqgen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an aminop a.xtmrl(k 9p89we,y acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living rxw. tak(8m9e ,ppl9 ycell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gj13vtens2n1 qas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, xk9ku-;ad /t a$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in eqxh)ok5/9 x lwhat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.05 sh(d/ -+k,o8nmb302cgn ycqotqwvr 1 atm and the temperature is (a) m + tc y8q,5qsgorv-/2nnw0h3 dbcko(90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity isnj(op7(z1oy wy+oett 2+n b 7p 50% on a day when the tempert zt2 7 wob7(1y+noypp+(eonjature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wat3bsu zy1oj 8gg(wl rk+b9w/ v(er boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimao; .zgr ic(t)s4 w94vsl .8:mpbsd iante)p(sw 9s48nigdvsrzm .l. :cbt ;a o4i the temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the pz;gpjh11a yyhfhs)y//q7 nx w::mqh (g2 4zvzartial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative pjwq g mah(hyzhv 4 ;yx:y7:/nfq sh21)/zg1zhumidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a.lz4h+ f;y-tscp 1hcn z9qxbavj 7p;6 day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate psafv)7 bl ,ak 1b0fg:wressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a tempb0k)b : gfv1lfwaa ,7serature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumeajm(8lt a 03yo 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point c f6 rrd-pce2-of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time nee 2* rzblrc 6bxh:(zjt:ded for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanc hbz tzr j2lrb(*:xc:6e of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects 7iwxe9n v/8j 25ee/f rjtq2xupcs :g1 to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. A7jejqegc 285:9sew /viufx /xtr12pn n average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been cali; 2 ziccz)g/q +zn5(ac-nxc ty2u)vtzbrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibvx:kz 1n -rgu ;: / wyh(s(zepqyl:-jk /gy6hqrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was cal0r1z1iljd. bbibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe callirl.0b b1zj1d ing for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylin8q-maks12a5j xk:i oeder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressureej8 ksq-x251 aioma:k has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of dswh7 * l/;l.)jzlfm2 jbbs8j air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5z)ljb7fswjldhjsb /*l;8. 2 m m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abo;uky3+yehb:t2nqfp bxe0 gduxa+va4 1 /17seut one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacsn50xo .dq/ce2pvg 8 xi) /h(xa gq+weuum techniques is aboutoc/ x0he axd8sg 2w5.v e(n/+xqiqpg) $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his fg d8 rr:w,d(rbfx8m2 lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he 8 f dbr:m(xfrd8gw ,2rquickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed3t9 ,/arl l1ft vy5rk. z*lgone:l2pr of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; ir/vlg:*lzfl 5e2ta 3r1 ,t. kopynr9l ndeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 11;+d7 x yrl/qoc0$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume - m)fzd/w 2q t k8dpbz.bk(el);sa9hm of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of l,8c7hxjm* wv atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s jmw8cxh,l7v* atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6 ec q/vf3wqh w30y)f9z8ai1cg$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has ga eg3: fqlegv- f0oj)c -o0njb+uge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured)3 fev0lno bggj -co-+ 0:ejfq at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquossqo)9 x- hbmh8 (1k (rvdrzf) f/dx4id mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol/ m sz20ky0ykon2n ixo* gub:5 va0n6jine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly arohr n b.tpd. (f86rz0p,qj;,quuca rc) und the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar x9 rf85.z+gl ss,mecyat 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 1uq v /8a7dgl m/73yen0rx.rn*fp go,i8$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure q8dess +jnw4 0of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from 4zw vpk ecnhl+1 3b02ithe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid h2 y4hq,rx875w c as5gdw-fgf is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How mgc 2w5,w 7sh4-raf8 hgfyx5dqany tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releasd+)r nnw g*ajha2 m*f*es a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, * + wanf*m*ad2g)nhrjand the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the acqa jiknz2whh t2x 692f342j following two days: n 4wxa 9 a362c2zk2fj2ihthqj
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is pw zyuez(g-*)7ss6v7-u t sema solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2stwp( 7uu-*7yvzzse )-se6m g000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideah hrq3 4+6k8k01fs0tu tyf myml gas at constant pressure, the coefficienqtm uf136f8h k0ty smk+yh0 4rt of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.