Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iir7b.a7zno fm : n(l:kron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendin:l.7mina z7b:f ko r(x B.

Name several properties of 00e9it8ci 6c ynd7pje z2oz2pmaterials that could be exploited to make a thermometer. 6icdzpzico82700pt j9eyne 2

Which is larger, 1 C:m t53w 4lyq )/nuwrsb $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in therma 7,cjg00ilbzel equilibriu ,bg jl070cizem with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip con-k+nbdip)a(0mi(q l, j4ic lksists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–4kdb(-nikmajql l )0,pic+ (i 1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lin lqo 5e;snejo6 4,o.kuear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used tv.; c 5k(gpr ;r wnfk,k:0qi:s6j1:irbs bjhzo control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. r.rks v 61jknsf,j:p;qzb i;k5 0(biw :c hrg:The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape ofwckw0o4g, smns4suo w0 .r(;g ar.n4sgg40 s;m (o w,sku0w wco U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder uu0ymi8;c6 dj of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometev7pza(p.zbrk b0, ka 8b j15uor is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit kabbzzvk0u1.7(,p5o jra8 pb and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is h(i3, romz e16qzmvd -qeated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain.zzr,oq m-dm6e(q1 i3v

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of lgs*0q0t zod)5jc g3 wsinear expansion is mgo*0 jd scq 0zw5s)g3tuch smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, ae+r jnal 9 r9an(if..y2yci4jccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and y1uo i.0bhc .utop to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has hahuo b.c1. yu0ippened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, n8e:4khx zs 7yi1iy5eby pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in tempe 7 e4y zn:1si8yeh5ixkrature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere s:qb.x.wnilz; fry4tbry i5 6-ubmerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 2 nqibxr .b;yifzw-4r5: .y6tl0 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic -dj+i8a aoyw+ theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and thej8-wa ya+d+io absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law nf;9(ask5dm bxj ppf:v,3 qh0follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, thh*b 7trmsp3gc9-ky g :zt76g ve ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must ;/npde0r;- r (/lprd+t.ypk4 avt-h;da z dbrhave to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain r y;r de t+pv /l/z ;-ahd(dp4n-t;rbr.kp 0dawhy the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What cks9b av 96ugm 7ult/;k(-tyqnan you infer about the molecular properties of o79su/km9tb k6u tv gl( ;ayqn-ne relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfo v c* znhq38yfm. 5h -u2sfjff.s9ge9lrtable than a hot dry day at the samemu3.fl 8zhs9 j29fyf- h* g.qefnc s5v temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tem un;;)uemq*rvdu.ey( perature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is diffe xk. kqv5sd1mj m7uo7rev55-xrent. Which is more dense, the dry ame5v j-svxd.m5rxu7o 5 kkq1 7ir or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangeroudz86sjb1v9zk 1 n ci;fu0b,chs to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile e 19bvc06b;1h f nzj s8k,zdicungine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig:8o qx+i a eocr2 7mze b08n(np:mxz739hsfwd. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram cot(-dg sj (qlb,vun5h2 pper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of a/j1lc-338t uje5gdda+t*dq y tw wy*stoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same wy j/8wujd 5le33y a1*stqd+tc gt*d- mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often tslt d(c1p ;mf 7hc wqjl22a 1j1txh67taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?cfwj21 l qptjhctt1;s1lh7m2da (76 x   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tex -:x zldd 0frc5/3ymcmperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has leeji:i 3 swl h9;jjuk41m 2b4kgngth 11.82 cm at 0.g4ji:k jlj3u2mb91i; sw4ekh 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built lh84 e8b; xoaqof slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron apprbw8)3t.o kjed t)a/nooximately 300 m tall. Estaj)o3 8tk.tnd )obe /wimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are largrz ssoyo+ 569lilxxb;+6 dz n/n,er 5ier than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in abs;65szx llr n,dz9+ io+yer5x on6i/ hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water- x/ac:apzad+;i x f7wq-s4d f at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm im2t ,pu,fu j6ln diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is hfjl p,mtu2, u6eated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mLjnh2pqe ssknhwnb689n/: hv. r je,5/ of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 m* gv9irogvsqj 6v4/e 3L of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be plv.t*vausw3ub;76f3u nt54 brblw p t:aced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so i)ies 3c.d:mvjt can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficie:cjs idve.3 m)nt of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in mqobz ash 2y2*l z:a1nb;gi/7the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and wistw).k1r .bk33s j4wq,f g noydth w has coefficient of linear exb,gon3wkyk .)jts3.4 r1f qswpansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, 79s ozv)hv2b8hglx5lw7 5 c3d 8lsr ayc89stb$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock i+fan4/q 8amr fs made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 n a4r8f/+a mfq$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury 65rs: mq t0jqrthermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume sj0q6 5m r:qrtof 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotakpf ne/8v vn +p*jg37iting about its a8g3/pnef+kvij *7vn pxle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired1wdyk ,v0 )pre length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to ydv0pk1r w )e,35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional a9tigz 3h xfpe3f9ov,8 rea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122te.w 4z. ;kq:.nushvneon (:p cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following g2tc(iu hwen)*kz-u o-o yah)8c5 tt8 temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is wha sq+ tf,l u5mqj4r/s7yt temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth an4+(1rfv pe:aktd e(po fp)r jtr b/72vd Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pr7 yh3dd u20 xewi1)dfwessure and a temperature of abo id71xh ed y)wu02d3fwut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the idea5/ a9 yx;qqnt+ tyz.iil gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitis(u, o1kewl/dm s(:yrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitr *p(u p;qpfoq4lmfy* 3ogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gassphb0,pv; fvvul ( 9vy:ds l2- is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside ahq ahz-:i 6h4l 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 i-a ql6 :zh4hhK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kbwh q l+lps b3):q.v;kx)k;myg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heati9j.x*)d ,/rnt bpkbie ng the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon i)kjer., xn/tbb d9 p*is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with hrdv x wm(9h)( a7lv4wair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen az)bkb7t z+) kvt 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 2h2zf2qa ;j/ 4py lzitebf.q))0.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / 8dt* -zey8p e0v.aupg$m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.s1 ,av,e ir.nx000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of l s8t -8w9el:bdn-qaw(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumqk/ e98faf(l nv2jh7i,f;qjs e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath nayw2t2 k61(8h d4 b xl0nzlkuyou inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Anl 0z4(na2hy2 tldkx b 8w61kussume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average t0sb/j qiheb-w/ jnklg: *)k/granslational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST0jb)ghk//j /gwble: q*- nsikP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of t (k0c nduux8i ohd*j-sry2f4 ,he Sun at a temperature of ns4r(xucy-2k8 * ,jdudiohf0 about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas mol/hbp(1 1rx tltecules increase if the temperature i/t1b (t1plxrhs increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules hav)6 qnuvk4xeq34u -cjz e the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculateec4uznq)-j qvk34u6x the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleculigqno*uqgkyr) b: (9. es in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is hel4 i-b* (nl6iczrd+ ho6sxns,au 5uo e+d constant, by what factni *bxo+4+oa,dzseu-in 6 cr 56usl(hor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas isq1 ycr* vi-.oh given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperat8,sblfr x6t m7ure, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of 8l,xbr6f smt7their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molec-qamq 4t t,/ggsc5i2pules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxyge of+m07qgo/jgrkstf h01s ;l:n molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules jc j:,m r:cwp*at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose m(0ch j7hwku:so 1ba j zqi,d ej(m.95kolecular mass is 89 u in a living c(uq b9k(1,mjos dh:jk5c.0e ji awz7hell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gljyrl d. c7-en;x *8 eisw8j(zas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumt nlqx fm 5y hmm,llv9;:m046h, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pre27m iri2 bt3hvc 00gsbssure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is w)ofjn1q7)5 adz wcv8(a) 90j8 7 qd)f a1wnov5)zwc $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (apprg* bzg7i z81dzoximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temg7z*g1z z8ib dperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boilsy 4d9zixc, uyb*-rf3b at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the moud pv3ts8( sow ;l(fg-nntains is 0.72 atm, estimatest nf((pgdwosvl -;38 the temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure ofxn.npcl;txe8i q8 -g/ej,b4b water is 530 Pa an-e/ jbx ng8t;,cxq4 ni.b8elp d the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure oc.oo4jmq+lsf5 b2 c +obi x6,bf water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximx195c)9 ymwrq4ktseui ;g1c df1tk o*ate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling c;sdgx rco9et*5 q1 ki 1kfy )m14wu9tat a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vr tarb8j ,m./yolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of7m*-q8 rwv*pan6 0lqpd l d*ys 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycin io9d *e+nt8 3( 2kejalhbf:rte molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 28*i fr:lh+ojte kb adt(3ne9 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the intqc dhww1n+vs) 7rt q1,erior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An avrqtnw1,) +sqwhc7vd 1 erage trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape meaqft t;p ;w-c.eq4se8wsure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure h4nah p.hl9 1clas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How hu x / 3kcwrel*4ur,n0much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of co xc/nr ,k3eulwuh*0r4ol water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylindb: :wln7gts u/hvy 6z6er is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure h6yvn7lg :/hzs:bu6t was decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecule9e : bjvuzst-tkgjf q+bm3. 48s in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m3s4bmkjz+t: g-v8qb je. 9tuf . Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of ma6iv2 mk(u snfl -(;oaatter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniquesp)wz 8wvv*yf ) is abovz yw8fv*))pw ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacityo-.zy7 g z0bwa3 f5eib5ft. v/ vyqbs0 of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to wh/7febb.o.yvq vz53yis0gt5b f 0 -wzaat volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Eartr9son 0p2y0 djh’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of then dj 00p29syro vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of ano,0 1 tomygj3i ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 73a)j xdei7 85uf20wvfcq8m4 y p7bl hy70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the 0a bg 0p;hh)vcsurface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecule h0)ahpbvcg;0 s in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed ofdiw 7jil3s7n,3k0 vzf nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital hg*r*h:;eqdb9yv3tbh *w se -fas gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will thgb-esyq9b *w * h*d3fe :;vrthe cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury a b4;8i kl*yozot 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atw4 fgbj.a+4me 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator ajce vpjbe(39) t 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightlyuu; y91l(rwfm onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ado 6(nyfz kt*c+mucmyzl:o 6slc +-w9 uavkn+*8pted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a prezam9c k.6 5 tzljpdo-mid)1c 6ssure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth i :w ni7viv0n/r4wdb(ms $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspend:jo-otta- ho* l)p ftn p eyk*3+0nxh7ed against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are throw) 0afo :*-y*pt7o+ 3tnk h htp-jolnxen at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble o,a8hus,df4h-6 d b fnbf air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gahfsb u8n,6b hd-f4d, as. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the folke*7xav-bxs(1q n ao2 lowing two days: 7x(e-x* ao ask1n2 qbv
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the cb q;d(-d5cgt1brm1i density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth wherrm-( 15icdt;bgq1dbce the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, fm p)a)1n +ofhrma9/ v zhdyhn30eb+( lor an ideal gas at constant pressure, the co0p1h+9)nvz dh/l+a( rmbohafn3e) y mefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people cons . 0yt*+tpz/puhsm (whtantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellu(yhppzt hs*.+/ 0tm war in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg