Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See - 4ln q5d wiht.ll-xqh1p,vvcj.2 y 7+.uu nuethe periodic table or Appendixq.-ld. 7l-w xj nnl+ 52y4h1vuuu.p qhect i,v B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a th9)peb 7.mlmypermometem el .mp9byp)7r.

Which is larger, 1 Cb) ) 0swi8i ewp25qnbn $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermanl* a*klb.wkeztlln7 ;38a 7n l equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, an*7 tab nw8 k3l.*ellnlaz7;nkd C?

A flat bimetallic stripo n xk:7, u)i.+cq0elo;lneyr consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which mk7e;lxn nlo+. y :qo)ecur,i0etal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffickie16we;(i2k h b ru1kient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermos/rn r6w2q1q kwf/0 dtxtat used to control a furnace (or other hwf1t/ xw0qr6n2 r/kqd eating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fg+y b4hu//xd1fyu9 o yixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a Uo/bfh9xy/+yd41u gu y. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of l jhbif+p.l 3e/ead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hox+ r2xdisf(g y*0l 2vxt tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.*d+xvlx ry2(0 gi2 fsx

A glass container may break 20/79pkfjbew1oujmc if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adja79w 1 2/0jfobjepkm cucent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is t23shnj*g-q i 8lg8q ynn/wtlrm3vn;6hat its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). 2 lm*lgs6-gi rnn;/tqqv8 3n3 h 8ynwjExplain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate a 6ad3hbswn:u/++yn sqftek sayq,3* )t 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and to,b*/qa.ea(u ly:pmklp to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has y /*e:pq mla.l(,u kbahappened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (sayd9ppr ua 4*8d xqp.5ch, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expaq r8a5. ux4c*dp 9dhppnds against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water incr np5, p gq7:cfm;9 x8tqtw.scdease or decrease ifp;xmdtw.fnqt gcc sp: 58q7 9, the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from8f-6-vuy*n o elg;v29cdm eet kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic e9 gu2 eo-nm8deyv* lct -e6vf;nergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows froel*, ds -eeuq:m kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, t7a rqju q 1fc2rbr6,/nhe ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have touc 98pq,f gha3l:; 4r6ie jdfz leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moolfg34;juz9ha :q ,f di68ec prn has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can i:c7y hci- m)pyou infer about the molecular properties of ):yiicp7 -mh cone relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dy;baq6e2gjdye ky(qp 1k6d: 2ry day at the same 22qekkye;6 ya6d b:dj gy1(pqtemperature.

Is it possible to boil 5)*f:3xt +fmn ypjmne2vlm y7water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperaturesdzrrq jz 5 8x6,e:5fs is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, th rzrzs85sd:, e6x5qfj e dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is danger)gf84 bvgpx0 t /+lpeoous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile +ebtgxp 80)pf/ogvl 4engine.

Why does exhaled air ap. elz,bg i )ereg7y5+6oykb0gpear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there 3 e5i-w1 gyfefin a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compareiej+ot o7*st:4qrc q( to the number in a s jt :qioq+te74(*osc rilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius17opylgy x3) l1wuf2f scale?)u 11wl2g7yy xfo3f pl   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowek6stkgg moa ;ncuu1. li:.1+s94v q yist temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer,y ltxy1 b).eu +jvm0ynh;2bh9 the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.yumv l0j )yhbb+n2x ty1;eh9 .0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12izfr1(pxpi; 0 g99lqpe 9:ooi m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fip0kyv1t off02 g. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its heighto102yv tfkp 0f changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often ufh*doy05s z7ik eji15sed and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in hze5 *175js foii0d ykdiameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at :a4 mnaccy2-u e*q zz,4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its )k( 8ej3tfk5-o vej e3oqsej,change in volume if it is heatejkeftekeeqs 38)j-(ov5 j, o3d from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim h:)cgw6qomf( : +nnabwith 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL ;s r ick+xua)*of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed:da5h6ya vl)9c4d,7.v giyst xgvq )p in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containe 9soj iw df0605qx*ltvd in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one directifxl*tw 0i9ds5jo qv60on only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densitj) 9qa+.kh xx3/fnpaw y $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengtr:jcl+4j cp-3 y2rv 8krv /lvuh l and width w has coefficient of linear expansv8cr/ p3-yuj l jkrv2r4+c:vl ion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solig,o ++943qdnk th;oovnde,k td, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfath,,ghw99 s9gb /gus02b pvsx iiw;0ozwer clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17xub,2s w0zg0 9 sw bp v;gw/sho9ig9,i $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0./q9xn65 hjdklq m3 tw-140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.25 nj9/m k5t 6qx-lqwhd35 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating aboutz +/t5pzj7on7o/a xmi its axle on frictionless bearings with angular p7mz/on tij+/xz5a o 7velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much yq5zvks2ox0 y zue6. 7stress is required to keep it at this length if the tempeuqev6 kxoyyz52z 70s.rature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel+0yvh8wrgeai 8( ak j* I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cmxqv r.w96rbg-z 2y8sh 4 lsr8q at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin uvx)fr 6fvd-)*qsg u:scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit w2j+*4b5u s4j eg s dkxr+,+q 8iogfelscale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in thes,+sp7nf,r/99ezteusfg1 sd c wb4 4u interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temy y)1b 0x5/r9emgrbn54a)w glw s6dipperature of about 209b grpwne4m1d b/xw5y)0isa5gly6r ) $^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density xk4i6 ag,9fzw of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitroa vk5 u.(iamwa2t :me5gen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg ofd8 xz3,x*1,sg4a tzu niluao7 nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is - 27(l;pr84 ydjrwgkczdx 4 xbat 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg obd-vxfy k hy 9b17ndpn 3u5f/2f argon gas at 385 Kd 3h ukxf 5yybd9nfnpb/721v-?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of kzjig +ge ubl3v 2e810$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant :8ebip; +2xyix nkn)t3,8 d:wd bnriulift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volum2 ) rnki:ubiebindp3+8x:txd8ny w;, e of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 153+zj+3t hhoih $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0icqnglo t1n0 f 8s pi0e8v5/8u $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chilo/7aw5 tcu*u ld’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecu aqg)km9x7l xe- o- 6kawl, eijp8)w3kles / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there iint7w3l65a,bs x qoa9,c1qe mn 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mole8ktvbrf 6xx0/s,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5dl-q7g9hcy(;8y c xam.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that b jfo.+n0 .dzqs1*pf ces9km-were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is +.b 9*sjmeq.-0sc fpzko 1dnfabout 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen moleculeaeb,vi6*lh9 -u- hvmzee 9 jh/ at STP? 6-vbhh/9emavij e ,*e-z9 uhl    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tep p9sku crwtxg++r*/m 4rcc18mperature of about 60k+1purx/g*9p8rw c ct r+s4mc00 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the pc( //3x+k1*w xpdrh5aa6kof gmc ldu)j r(0xtemperature is increased from hj x/ c(l xdr1kwa)c/opx*m dr+5 uka3f0gp6 (0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the follocxqqq hgt- q ,8- yhxo26dcs0gp2v;r-wing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, r0qd - c8t--oqhv qcy6gg2x,s2p;hqx 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas avjvjnhd5 373jt 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is dy.;i; tq 5jtgtend,r 7oubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor does 57rin,;y ;dtg.tt jqe $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speaz5xg s*:u h1ted of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases iy*l o/p u0h0i6pjgo, at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms y6i0 p*p,gujo/l ih0o speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mole*2law a(qcyg 1cules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an 7c43c4r4pu *ham au1af+b ohw oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average disnutcnexsyiug.32q0 r8kdx65( t7 / bhtance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecularb ,e2g6ga zs csz7,fvf*va92s mass is 89 u in a livis7c,esfz*sa 9 g, v2gabz 26fvng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a ga 5 fafd*bvh, n vxeygf;(vom0 8hnj-1(s can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, o.n gqlxte j btsp21q /6g;z56$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phasho : qr4tfpu6 lh j)i/kob/2+res can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.0q /xrsr3*szq58uwk4) agkg 0 u1 atm and the temperature is (a) 90kw5srg4 s/ rza qxuu )kg38*0q $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on tr5cunwt 0. s1a day when the temperaturen5rw 10utst.c is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressuomb -5wy4b :fu8h 2vg+z 0pmufre at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0sg 1cjx)ib:t 35 pbegkch.z f.57sdm5 .72 atm, estimate the temperature at whix7 gm3) ts. :pkbdb5ccg e.f5izh1j5sch water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperatur-qgn3*bmj m9sn -oo3o 0hxdl9e on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relat3onx *qo sjhbm90 3l -nm-o9gdive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperaturui4l9xjrb7si iw+dl/ (r)h czo01n .oe is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a presssj+ /8svc ,jmz3l8dcy ure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of + ,j/8lszcvm8dcs3jy120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vod7vp ;tu- 6k96w1jmjsylv5xu wfpl 5-rh+k 0clume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its de77q-wvis:r yse++ fqm w point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for5jkmoex0p:5 .rn lxpem: n6p3 a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance o p0 o:5eknem5x. pjrp3x mn:6lf 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior tht+bp x72e qm* s7ua*ofrough tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm l+m 7sq*fut*72exao bp ong and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has te/m .ow)n3 bjbeen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrathh0cj91)b;2geehd 8 r-;e di 5ctresred at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal rorgs 8 e8+.1a1oel 0v; dirislsom temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot88g0es1 ;1sio raleldsv+ r .i, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helegotz2ph,7w,2 iq 4chium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many ballo 2p4h 2hq,tgzow 7i,ceons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m,/ yrjs wi:jdj+agmgy)v10;)h width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. ) :hijjd;m/y)j +1rag ysgv 0wAssume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about onezce wnk894actz7 : ga, atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum tceh r(;wh6. uuechniques is abou c( urhueh.6w;t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills h:oaz-*w1 j asais lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lunga1-a: wsaj*oz s expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphocmy 8-ude3 ;vere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nu ve-yc ;8d3moose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from au/ 1gq f9c*,gd j.dro110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77 :, w*jtl0fgkm8ljs0j0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Eaooi5av67j qfllgr(n1ve .r 8,rth, estimate the total number of air mol.q7 jlv a8rl n1,r(o5vgoief 6ecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules co9c9 s(a j.hl q:es3cafntained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used i hhwvrjr/mdp8 51;vd 5n a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the 5 jrhv;d 5v1/hmr8wd pcylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of l-:rr,tvs i(v niquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0b(aq xva9 iyqlw3u)c;:5gg 8d$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band weregbi e:-j+6be e to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at -53qegwxf(h) k,flxk 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, aetu)-hi 7wj)u t/3 pnjdopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pr/idb .vbh3c ) 3,(gf,izackxjessure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the gn9ar-n3/w9+a.a q *t(tc xlnkur6odEarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against zi(4 buht 4g*pgravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound bughpi *tz( 44from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cmoz.7gbtxn9nla5iy * i*h2g wu 01 *kzs-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depthizi * t*g0 n2b5hylgsx9 o7.nzk* w1ua of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total wat ,lb bk21fm2r5rr r:vger vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: b5mgr: r l1 vf2rk2br,
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it vnr2x /6cfs8:np vnj *is a solid deep in the Earth whe 8 /2rns6:*pnjvx fvcnre the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure.mjz7r h).6w)/onsn lydl 5 jm, the coef j7r6y)s.m)ln .jonzw5lm/hdficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumiogm+ 2 ,nr j.6eifbhq+dify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If+g6 ,e+q2h bij.rmfon the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg