Which has more atoms: 1 kgq li96 kcd)s;3qh fxx2u*;y /mpeg fu1 of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or App;q uyh29kf uelc6x1*3;)pgms/ f ix dqendix B.

Name several properties of materia(/9(pb c6)pcb ylxxjoeun-,e ls that could be exploited to make a thermometexeecxop,/ y()69njcl(pb bu - r.

Which is larger, 1 Cbymh)f; o1 ,5krtkvr+.wf 3plxg 97 ot $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equ7aomr; anw(cpi: 8ex 8p.*kydl)0 ce8mjgc9uilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with syst*xrlp;8kcp en d 9a7ui jcmcm 8a.)g(8ewo0:yem C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip co)/huqe hryrvn1k+) , gnsists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curvruyk),q/ + 1geh)rhvne? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lid/n mf7 k lb.jihjp,l7f nq1pd+ i33m:near expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a d:h12t nrkfu1p pc+c9hiagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contacf+rp21tk:uc hnp91hc t wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often havos qfi6 8.tkjd x1,f:zbpk*-ve a section in the shape of a U.f .*x, -1bkj:idfvpoqz 8t6ks Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead fi+m 5tlcd:( ptloats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of waii s.cq0l 7x/oph*m .bter, thb 0 *o7x.hci/sp .qlmie mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or c-*4.t6wzhdsl8 skms x ooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Ehm6.wd-st4 l*sk x zs8xplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrf1.sn f:s gi79qods n+ex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller tha .1+sqniso:7s dgf 9nfn that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, o)j9qvqn -f-p ly,,if accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and t l+mf g8ccscm( nw*t;:op to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happel (8;cgs*m+ c:t wcfmnned?

When a gas is rapidly compressebxsx- wrb 69fx.g9mojl,6ha1 d (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecuah-x96s b.oxfrb gx w,9m6l 1jles when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sca8z7p ei:+ tmphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is :78i+pze t acmincreased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and rb3 55 a 8h884g6/pxbfhbxfarmlrje(the relation between average kinetic energy and the rbjea fg 45/8h8(rx3f5x 6hrb8 blmapabsolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinec4up,ol5 1 mury aic30tic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere;5or.g t .;p5m/(hugbeivsnd, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an1 jq 2hlq.oeh0 object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is f120.oeqqh h jlor the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperaturew av0, lts631);bvl uo,jecs t. What can you infer about the molecular propert e tlcs6)v,j 3,;o tvblsw0a1uies of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortabh l.teset0.(hd/,hat le than a hot dry day at the tlsh(he.0t .h tae,/ dsame temperature.

Is it possible to bobvh 87lukn,7 wil water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air teme lmtjfr )io1+ 15x*jsperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dr1)t+eoj l 5s1*ijfmrx y air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerousl.e5 +s 4bol 6fbg,olr to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine.s rbf4l+ o5,l.eog6lb

Why does exhaled air appear as a li.b:caqr/ -xmf6 ps7 qjttle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are t4pv. )myaft4pw n 4+-tw /ndighere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gr+an t6y 7p dr41(jjbexam gold ring compare to the number in a xe17brnpta 6djj( y4+silver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken t;. ds3 n4kpncgo be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?dcp;4gk s3.nn   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and sfif1:6w) didc.d x7 olowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the 5+owm29k bl oralcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.bm koro9+52lw0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20 wptjoh p 8w0*-$^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximat qn+l gs+-gv 7r(uyga:ely 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Jan:g-+7q ugyns+lr (avguary (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivec iu,/x63gahpkit ( p:t hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be pg:6puhic (3k a/,ix tplaced in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4rh6bt)sf g0 *j $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its changt4:am ;+obprdyln . g)e in volume if it is y) dpg bamo:+4rn;lt.heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at7lo374l*- mus gdawm l37 gcmk 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 201rmv 75pieu k49,skfi $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At *6;-hqibfhwf a rhd(520 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrw+tkoii*p95ij mx0 v,ow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear ek ,*owtvi mpjxi5+09ixpansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changemt .yqh8n e4x+hy.hls c3w4 :n in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficienv- c5 3 w1qsaacno;7l5:d qef-hid1kjt of linear expcq1hse53 5f d v-aan k;iqjol :1c7d-wansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solidtg( 8c/s 8bxt5x0wyflmrm g+c:( ypo1, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather cloc;c;qn8)8y8dqa +j fowqucak: lz 5ig+k is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17a+:;zd o;qf 85qin8w cqg yauc)l k8j+ $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has iwu v0rh84*n/ pzxdn; an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb h*4 z8uixnp wv/dnr;0has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is :.jfgv i xo7 tdry02p4rotating about its ax7dgp4 t0xrjf:i ovy2. le on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much+x0m0 ciccsmc 32whouqgal1/0 rx/w2 stress is required to ahccm/ wl0sxc 3u0g0ix 1w+2cromq /2 keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.0ayu ntuw7n 3*/j8lt8 v v)nu6 jhgtd-,41$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1u q+reu((bs+o-* e * yi)gpyud34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: u1p9k)o)e)d :mo0euhiz 2 jyn
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahraf-p9 d t d(3n(n)xnhfenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the (zf6ko ,jnnvfv6/,x 4hs gi4kEarth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure andzf9 pv1ypk7 lmvf*59p a temperature of about 2pmvzlkpf5 y9 p f7*9v10$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density ofa x:umm2n6sd.yc.+get(c5ox.ttkwbh t(c1+ oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg l2vijjwt4 g wl9 :l wty*q7+l+of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contain9u3i 5izqabhci; dbi,n,d 9w: ungi0tbu /+l.s 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 5h* d drrxin8210.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0q/3ny;v80tpy b w*u rnl50jkd-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3 0 t83v/b; *dyylkr jn50upwnq85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0e)t2 lmehk7 cz04-(;obbwcv b kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatingmkz*:g9-0 svsr. cgw g the air inside the balloon, which : 90sw* .ksvg mg-gczrmakes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at6tv rmtmb (m 6 5auto)n6wa0a; 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0+ emey j4to4w8 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level 6e8 ca hesh (6ra;4eisand 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules gb,,li 7g sj )mnr3.vs/ $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Howw8a f5 /nsnvoxtz 8x(* many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (pecxs4 . z46 jzxe,an*a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5bj mnb8u+63n b.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that weanjs153g m,n: )ardsh7 hq3kqre also in the last breath Galileo took)n kj 53 gq:rdn3maha,1s qs7h. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational ki up1 re3cav5n+netic energy of an oxygen molecule at STe +3r5vcan p1uP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfe. 9x xfuqdc-(vzk z(yp6b,f5ace of the Sun at a temperatureu6dc9v(z yqze bk 5,.x-(pxff of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase i+mfdj.ge5 :gs x( 6l h*ul+ts 4fqo9dmf the temperature is igjh5g.6t+du mls+d qx9m f:oe*sl(f4ncreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in unit9yx aru 8vukbm;mf/ o; ei852es of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, v8fomb;2a 58/9ku e;myexiur 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molerxlwi 4 +s/qurc 3bgtv+ l;o2;cules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is oqvla : fyw* :j*8xeg0doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor doj:0e wy:f**ogxqv8la es $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecul*i.s mj o(l- l1rgj/kwes in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gasesn: 1kt:thc-i, wws2n hv62 hkp at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equa, kntwn:22 :s-h61htv kc hpwil to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen m26p eb(dm s/p e pd4rry6:zse*olecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0xjp-2qo z :pho t:dw7) $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitroge/t ph2h39fcehb rs0/f n molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 8avcx48q/ti1li -r z;hcj hl rr4f38h :9 u in a livir; l4ii j :3cl1c x48r -a/hftvq8rhzhng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wrihjgw, h6jbmnmc8d3a + 5b2 llc,; o7sptten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,(i*x har3w d1p;exnld +eqa2(gpeg .: $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure,.vgo v 4nl vtlre0e3o,0p,dv . 0gv7vh in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and ih: 7x0 n,e (olmy) 5e1htjmeothe temperature is (a)el1 h0nexjo7y i5( t)moe:, mh 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a dy7(n9 xzvgs c:g k*/fray when the temperatucg n f7xzr9g(: /k*vsyre is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 4kg uq8dx0)(1cbuo4fle c k+m90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular plau6t/t etjex.t e6 aeuh0q(4 w-ce in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whi tjuewtqe6 4t6ae.xt 0(hu/e-ch water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 51 a-9ok-q skhw30 Pa and the rw-ho1s-qa 9 kkelative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wateril;20 h1c sqby on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a prey))9nbdj0a cnemaix 2* d3v)essure cooker if the water is boiling e0*2in c a) bnjmvd9ye)da3)xat a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room peg;4 *ezvq17;tn dhlu1iit* of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pm+x xtib*6o -voint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffusl-7uah,i9,rf2zwx yr( mmhk9e a distance i,w h-u hf mrz,rmxylk927(a9of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubqfylx*:/ce;vv 5 x4qsm,a+fs es calle+cl:/vqxe5sf4s,x vay ; mqf*d tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated qcbs1 0sc2n7gmnh(b* at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 23a(wx+cu)4w vlh5m md0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal; /v.alc j*x9 p9hduds room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and thlphvdx/*u a ;9scdj. 9e cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas (23 lov(ubyd7k7lzepiccd +7 cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in z7l 7eyko( dccivbp3l2 + u(d7the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air moleculep zaf;hvyb/r5;g v+5b s in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Asspr5 b/+ ;vgfhazvy5;b ume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densiz / .iv(gf14b 6 tmbkeneek3;oty of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best avaip7ryys 00u7v fh m6n,rlb/g8 qlable vacuum techniques is abosy, p8 7 m gr/r6l0fb0h7qunvyut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the lqv/ 7iycfndr9p8 93hsurface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly ros 8fc/7v3p i9 lrdnhy9qe to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphert5z a(zo8wq q8l z0( xj(ot/rre at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed corres qtzl0z/r(zwqr(oj x8t( 85oapond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fri m-2wul4am w.+cp7dp 6wx1gkom 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume oc :hq;9o 5dcu q5mhx+uf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earthv+m--ouqr3b oen8 2j m, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmospherev2b- m joe8morq3+u n-.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mo kl3rvp(z,szsa(sn3 3 ks w7pp9mon-8 lecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospitk/9vx0z zt5fjal has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) a59f/xz t zkjv0nd at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid m;)kls4,tgfucl/y, m7f lqr 8hercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline amdkrpv0rzl;: (znl6pjc,y5 ( t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snohygs 7* wq*fak4(h5 nugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly ontoxn(lcs0zg3v, df+k/gj;1 2rfh csrf. a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standar5un hafgn2ow:/vkv ) mym6 8(pd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fubna9,qf f3 bc6lly charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ear*rj-zk8my0s xyw m+1p (;cbgs qzliq )5 -ric;th is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tenp.e ) njjkv;)(n*xqm nnis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls pkjn))vnx* ne(.jq;mper second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spys(93, ek b/tfftv9q5 m jjiu-,p6czu(uf-tmherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake btcvf--zjtmp, ,u ( /3t5 9u(kjuim9e yfsq6f. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the fqdw*sd4 4 n 2ydffvq/5ollowing two days: nfd45wdvf/ s yd24*q q
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent d hl-arx ;de91j kyse4p +5beg7ifference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep ines1k le97x54jp+rhydab; - e g the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an idn9-eft8g t4*lwq kg -teal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansiog-8q 4gelkf t-9tw *tnn is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidif e+ 3 azjb4kp5su(:9 s3wjb6aljxhi8gy their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at ga 5 x+6b9ewz84j(hasli u3b p:3jkjs20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg