Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? Se5f-6e c)ndwxce the periodic table or Appendix B.ed5c-fx cwn6)

Name several properties of materials that c rcd(+9hkjd1v(8 nwf 66tsv bid3i 5foould be exploited to make a thermometerr bvj9io 6(1d +5fhik( d3w8ds6vtfn c.

Which is larger, 1 C4b 0 d;n f5(wysngi5yf $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B i-fubp)nbf.;x s not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say . )-ub;fbxn pfabout the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum ri,5ch f3f:- tn nhfkt -.vzgve4veted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which menz: thv ,- et35hfgkff.-nvc4tal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansgo aoim u8mw o,9c7*.qxc,t x0ion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple theri qc5r9dsia.3 * +xwubmostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of tw i.xw+bsc9d3 5u ariq*o strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the sha.; nifoi yds ai59 lokn6)j99hpe of jn5ido) 9nl y. 9 haki6f;9iosa U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in.:ofglz (1pj.( m tntd mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass ther v:q3c3mz f1admometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descendsm1:cz3 aqd3 vf a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is rcep0bj(zg 1t(5 mu5uheated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. 5te(5jb(0m1 uc uzpr gExplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficie3grnm w lblpb1,oo l-+9r* +tent of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–g*+p ,blle bo9w-lmr1to+3r n1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate xd gi8 crb8w x3z)1hu;at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badl4qh /wm j:qu ;k8ufx*ry the can will not stand * rfjqq/k48x wmu:h ;uup. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston),,tg;enjv8fze., m2ek6ay7wyd8 y0 mv its temperature increases. When a gas expand2eynvy6 dz8,ee8 0ywjv;mf7tag m. k ,s against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alum q/tnsk) ;,bxpinum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the ts/ktp)x q;bn ,emperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles3d)tcytwodr ;5q oz/9’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy /)5o wrco z 9y3qtddt;and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows fflz8z.lp* 3 g mb,y;li2a+r tqrom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in thmogu +dw.eayg)fryi )2 7j7t-0iagp8e Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object jiw9do annamb/ j, 467must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is a4/am 9n ,a7ojbnw jdi6bout one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates mor ehmei,h wp9 :mr/c*8ze quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties h9i*c8w:hmm,p/er z eof one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid grhl:++ou i3a day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperature3ou +rh +a:igl.

Is it possible to boil water at room temus3/v q l (kgx9wg4zn9perature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when j7p, 0o3ma p3/i2p,i jf m prjzsju5td1hk:h )the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which i kisjru)fdm1 ip:p o3mja j/37h,p z50thp j2,s more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated autom7zq1 .(qtw)cqkat( xlobile engikqc1xz )a7 .( (twqtlqne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the w-8.wy esd:1d71 z ioqgav:syvinter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pennbd71 /xl2dexe. ,b p.qt5xgqvy?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number ces73 y xi87l6 le5bpx7:m ivyin a silvevx ci ye78 yl:l 6bp7ms735xier ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken 02x6dtw -bpoesiwo654 w8 sk +: ea dtio)o-lpto be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?de5oow6p- t-+62k8s)w bloai4e ot xp id:0sw    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatur;qzl 3ynnh2w u.qm++ mes recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermo5: .qsjc* mmfjmeter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 5m:jq*fjsm.c$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 17mq00tq3t-2l dhgmug:a t4v 0-z0ehk8 s loyx2 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximab(7tuti rmfsqf g.6sr/ :-j(stely 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between Julyst(:gf7 -.jq 6(sm ibrsr/ftu (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole aa/0sz/h( v mrgre often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) befo/gmsra( vz0 /hre it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4uh96cb*hhbbp2by9u . $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 j;smyk.u+,k4 b ojtz+cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from 30 j ybjokm+sut +, k4.z;$^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the ;t dr 2+yjyefi* o6nmu)qvu99the f5,brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20tr(k ( 1ssmhz2y* i/uais1*vik2s pm4ulf(z4 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placedi+rbzlb1rng+a8:r rh; 6;ug f in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in b sw i43ith il(x29/hgessentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volui/(ihtil 4hwbg293 xs me expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densm4e7*r e u:gmb-si8faity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width hqdy0l 8r)ngh93qi.v w has coefficient of linear expansion yn0d lr 39q) qvhig8h.$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrod/2ge5 iwz4nppic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfath)tb f4j/sf;v pcmcd:v(j,1 awer clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17v1vp 4 ;d(m f,btcja:w js)/cf $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermmy9j 4lmxf98r7qofwit 5/;f5 v; plhnometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb hy o8fj5mi9f7;9p/ hxrtwqn4l5fvm ;l as a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylind f/wfao o 0pb*kjhef42dzvf-0r q271drical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings o40bk /fw* ff 17farddvz2hop2e qj0-with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15 mfr(njvkhg/3 kzgvc:+gd2 ,. °C. How much stress is required to keep it at this le.2vgv + dj zkgg(,r3k/fh:mncngth if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of crosp e1jg)w6. jj.vgq4wrs-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm a o5xrp 4,uqdu-t 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatug3lpr boo7t/c:ap7 r .*s zq3sres on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tempe r3w wj,kno ,uhjcn1ba9 t udk79p;ir +qf*e3,rature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in th :*xej:yae9dv e interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combust rul 1 qi j+qs1x:*-/8pyqsfhwcmzt25 ion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 2s+xt-c1:u yq q1psfmh8i5jwq*l z/2r0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP u ):iio(viw:yn sing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains k8k4ne4b(j8jx*v auyee( *; n ceu+ xo21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5r+ t+)7peo(bc/nf hfl kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is a f1xlm3:pr +dzt 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg -+)d3:td7n1iiexk sm hx. qsd of argon gas at 385:imqk.s it-x3x )e+dd7hn s1d K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg9gzyb(m-qmr )g /s7pb of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating hh o5sdee3n20s . yxf+the air inside the balloon, wheo+y5f2d x3 0hen.s shich makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with aic-70isg/h )tak8h shw4eft(ir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 5+0gofye9 d7 r9bexi+jsn1u20otgcz 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 x2e0imfna 30irdpu7 1$^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of l*o ) wkd:xc,o7q9wekmolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? d59pu b 2e*2 xm,0m2esl mpqcvc6u7ukHow many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mm hbum9;vryyq9yqawz).y4e :e(o c-2: r)igw oles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumeu7i,bp0y/wa m 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you izt0jr9yt5+v a8cpu1y nhale that were also incr 5ypajv1z0t t yu+98 the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of a2.xs2asxhq3 f 656wyzsj 5sskn oxygen molecule at ST5 zs5xw6kxj h2sfsq2sa 3y.s6P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heliumoo u2, 1kf1+ uv7hvfbq atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of akofoh1,2u7vqubf 1v+bout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature i*i qbl gen-1t x4yc4yitw.v+ 8s increased from i8*+y cl4.q vg 1yt-enbtix4w0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds - x(y-,aky:qiax-kd z, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, akz:yqi k(- a--x,dxyand 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of mol7,o ja; cj*gh x+cii(recules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by wha 1v: +p8f.ny o/vi)xrcaialv0t fi.vi 01 o faxr:vlyvpa)n8/c+actor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules i4v ,wyv nzu nvk83o)x8n a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of t cqbl)iz ;u6p8heir rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular massz);cl pib6u8 qes.

  What is the rms speed of nt+tk-1nkr/d aitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of ah8v5k iysy4qy/y3 ,p : ecrhb0n oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at ajg,kqb;.r7 ojzds * 6STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed o /:nhueux rf mr*e)i-/f an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell atu*e/f) r /-uix nm:rhe 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written Petn m5*u +e8fd = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniky7 m2j(r9mgv um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whatqvh4w09 d/)kzqab f*v phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the p m3*s tl-hktbg1wu,: vressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 1hwv,lut* bk t-gm 3s:$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the -rayial -4b )wtembwi 4 la-y-)arperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressu9wvp;4. l kk:j zcx+tqre at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particula(tbm;m(5san:q: vt fw r place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperatbtm :tw n(v5a:ms(fq;ure at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 P5d9k hp6m09iw jz c)jqa and the relative humidity is 40jzj 0mk9c p9qih 5)w6d%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure o 6u ul0+klzn4xf water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if t*i ckq8za+ *6w8;ngzzjh:w,xs hw g0vhe water is boiling at a temperature of cik88a;zz* nwjw *h+gqvwg :h6z0 sx,120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room a9ivl . nj6gg6of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its d1hjje1qrh w k3 8p*j)qew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Tj2ge q5qrr 1qbwo3o */2ir x(aable 13–4) to diffuse a distance or qr* 3io/5jq2b w2xerao gq1(f 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from tvo0 5zrfvee .wnu 75m3+wu:(oue pw (lhe surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachpel((: nv v+ww m. owuu03uof5zer57eea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has i(z mmgks5ab q(47j;: eas sq+been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been caler)dyd 7hpnk;yfy +32ibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was ca2w:tfah1z+,r ubj 4salibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe buzt 4asf: ra+,jw2h1calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many ( 5cyslxvnwy.u0t 9 (cballoons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas(0 vwuyxs5 nc(9tl.y c remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m6 kczcq8 )9osdrk+r1c , width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature 8q )dr+zs16ck roc 9ckis 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densityklhve*vi0 (/k n-u +ao of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the bestx+g zsrk27 3sjuav;z dv9v0 z: available vacuum techniques is aboutz+z: kav0g zjr29 u3vssv d7;x $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to; :psvd+upu9 2t*ehrmr 68 zj;+zumvl full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisv:6;2eu muump89d +r lzhzt ; sv*p+rjable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed oyveq vb-b ,g4:z 2ydn6f aby6 bz4 ,vnqyb2dv:-g eout 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 110hqru3e q9 7f18yq9 mti$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumebz91s yn4- a:e6nvn9g+rutu i of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the 0huo o9j9 ac2(x2appdsurface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere. o9d(2aj ua0hp2xpco9    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molevr oa2(v(p4g*iyc7m hcules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used esffu-x w6;o3fvjb 6qg0,9ob in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, isq w96o fu;g,0s6bf-jfbv3x oe constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury a3+ico6bmw 1q yt 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at :j0snyw *+483esp0 kyxlu r fh *oziv20$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fitpqka5ogo 6 9:( dn(i2lo hk;to snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tigk9b ajq f* m3t jnbhm;74l/k3ohtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 14 cfgz ;3ybb3y8$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of bcun3tqa n ct,*(7n9uoxo gnk*)x6i- 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eaa2dcuhh:q7 7nm rz77nrth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by a2py w3htzzi 8hc-to:1f(rz0 tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12mhftiy18tp 0oh-z 2aczw :r3( z/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sp 3h ulwa:y1, trh5sm)gherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. Howgtmhrl 5ws:3 a,)uhy1 large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the z-.aom4aw, ga0lci6 s; -lmaufollowing two days: wl4-iauam.o-0;gsca am l6 z ,
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent din)h)lx7j, pfq fference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature jn) h)x,lf7pq is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law vnf jb0 dvjds,c 4t6/*to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of nf* djvs 6tdjb0/4v, cvolume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehuliy pd) /np:g/i dl++olf w45kmidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the ci d+lgkyd /4+:f)lwp ni/p 5loellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg