Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of a-5yepwi38g*l srp 94p;ehxzq pda-i 6 luminum? See the periodic table or Appendix Beq- 56id;p liw p z*y8rasp39-xpe4gh.

Name several properties of materials that coulducm5 u.i.ygslks7w9r/ 4sv )y be exploited to make a thermometer.s msru/ulw 5 ck4.yy.s7v)i g9

Which is larger, 1 Ci hkrx* (0qv/-tz,dln $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, by t2up b)j-b9gut B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can yo byugj- p)tb29u say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a st-hr+ tob)exiifuu2d90gi r ;)rip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hinie9;)i-tr+ u)rxd0gof2hu i b t: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear,z:y w3ljdj 6pwty;fi53. pqr expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple the 6ju 50fw3wvy eufbl(3rmostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow tejf 0yf vbu3u(wl w365o touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape ofy pjwc,uch9t, 5-9kozsvt 5,a a ,5c 9s5pzc-t,jau9kwy ,tov hU. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead flo 6i+yy:hxqfge)ps x. jl rpt;qr q/634ats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a ho- a fvmix7ol .,ad*jv1t tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. o7 .xfiav-1jl, dv*ma Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapnae cjg qkjn, 7j54k9,idly than adjacent 5jc4 ,k ,jne aqnkg7j9parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear eic xhsf7ifq81 8bib3sn7n+d -xpansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heas37iicbfs q nx+71 -h8i8 bdnft resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cev i*ny:h5ii8 lock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom ahd,bet)+zc 0rz*fg i48+j oxg nd top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What hojig 48xedcr, h 0f)*zt++z gbas happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by puk-mwnuds3+k 4shing down a piston), its temperatures-k4u mw+ kdn3 increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or+, 6iedo d9mbr decrease if the temperar bdm,e6 +odi9ture is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic ut:slq * 2t3rqne4u 9utheory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absqt lu4:q3tn u2er*9 usolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from ki2a aw53j1 proynetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of j+u . hcv:fek:b5qrq2$N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have2t l ifhe16a;iaakg)4 to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is)i41k atahlge;26 afi about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can yousgs3jgz w+-: e yd0p(p infer about the molecular properties of one relative to gdpwgejs3yp-sz +(0: the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than ao7,xl(mix 1r.w qf u*+auviq; hot dry day at the same temperatmqifq1uuv+ i.7 (a, r;lxwxo*ure.

Is it possible to boil water atq6imm-ra6e48 no n.* ee+py cm room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidityb)yv pehg a, yv851ds/ is different. Which is morea dy5gseyp v) 8/h,v1b dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap ofqup( i 5-qbgsl8(z1xf an overheated automobile es1(lq-8 guxf5(zib pqngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the w3 s*;oypvix7 1 qbq1bv)8rnrk9jh1xo inter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there iz e3,5(:i kzsh1 suxgtn a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram goig ) wznbb27cn:fh( yv;jqdnbog*0.6ld ring compare to the number in a silver rvz0g;nf 2* . bn):d(iybcnh oj g6w7bqing of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is thi ni 7o7cmr*l(k pbo1g v+-/wpupcz 84es on the Celsius scale?cozu- (cwi/ m lrgeovp*k47+p1b8 7np    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowesle1u *egqvuui,j u8 y+nxo;6g:.;i uat temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has leyd.imyetj 7t1 -4 7d clny+x*jngth 11.82 cm at 0.07l*1cmy xi-y.dj 7tjd+ te4y n $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of qs8x; bw;f. yvslabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tw1 y3+cwhg+dg/m usxa9d h wyw(+e1 6jall. Estimate how much its height changes between Jhwydcu /9+1a3 h+xdsg+j(1 6ywgmwwe uly (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit,kskeux1n:sf up1d5*, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in d 5kn1u:1pfekd ,ss*x uiameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at * bb* hugs;,s4c -oysr0eg)fl4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chandg tt(cxo9 :)a13 khrrt60 gsage in volume if it is heated frottt0 (:a 9drgro 1k6sxgh3)acm 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 103lapqupl 2:w t-,/(m s jcqxsffa /-8jcr-hd7 0.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.qp 7z1xtuc5t.bg mrc:7 )6,ohf;jz dv50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a rinf: u.b js5pgs8 rbp8b/g made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, naty91/x: 7 wjamup qt-xrrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective -puw7xtt 1 a:qxmj/9ycoefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in x,ocru n 8yggfls:(k84z1o n12df;p i the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length w(bby5bc8 j 0l0ab i/rl01zzs l and width w has coefficient of linear expaa0bjrzbc0/y8ws 5zlbl(0 i1 bnsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid,z:vp 7ijs o3z5 $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time ub 8);v.q 6y-rf 3ffsg0v etgvat 1t3vsf 6er-.g) q8; vfvby0guf7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter ofqk8lg6 fbb/q3si 6f) w 0.140 mm. The bulb has )l6 63gibw 8fbs qfk/qa volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radiut.u vlhy9,is :s 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angulalyv :.i ts,9uhr velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requirz bzwo, i74j4l3hlih :ed to keep it at this i h:zl4,zbjiol437wh length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cror; ge 2s*t3 c(figtw5x y)0swsp :d7wuss-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameterozjj /6p uv)0fg:2 gxr8cxe9v 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatv fdruq ux)a5xk.r7a;+jy) bsh k*u ,7ures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on th6a /:-1hibs(io yy t:aim 7jr4waa o6ne Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are4:0 w5lf gmeo2lco 7mf about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmoztyh .2 (c4 qe-,inxrzspheric pressure and a temperature of about 2. (x4 ,-ny rzqeizth2c0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using a pa 4(7e 3ul4v* ih /zrws0tyj8b*pxzthe ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.h0:sq 1y +9u)dzp j29mrpiujsq8-ue z6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP co jr8cm (g;yq*zg,rhb l:o,p v7ntains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0oxu q(jlzfl h);ur.) ,$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside abv(zm/p -pc9nb2dx so z( 6m9k 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 389d2cs9ppo(m(k6v/xm bb z- z n5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofns +ao;5a)u lzq yu + i*c/3iu56owbjp $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyanzq(9-xdjmg,5py yrr b 76k(i et lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 18,y( 7 r6-gqerp(9j5kydbzx mi 00 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with .j-k.gbhr4 y jair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.5fkl,, xy oru62m1gli 0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon ea-g).wu d okz)( yy-mescapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molsa+n1wfi7f+)vzp t;o hf0f v 4ecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there i7 ;* pm)2yl8oqk lablyl a:jo(n 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mole:2urh5q. aaezs,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.zfpe2qip ,gq*9sn(uo.5k2 qs 1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that ru.(zl,7)jta j7ncpl were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10j7nuatr(,7.c j)z p ll km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translat b;tt -xedb8fy//*dn cional kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?;*t f/n-c8 tbbde/xyd    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near b5lzb f(1ul.b the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K. bz.1lb f5(ulb    m/s

  By what factor will the1sjn b;5llit* cmn88ygm2(ad rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increas*m8d2y c(sj1mla gi5bn ;l n8ted from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units oji *dvh.5gt/cf km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calcula5gj /h*ict dv.te the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gassoij 9 1rn5b ;cpmwei0+(we ,b at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubleu*yq t4 cp-k8g4ve17vukj . zod while its volume is held constant, by what fac k-y kjgpuv4cez.ut1o87v 4q*tor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of m3gqmca/ s0 n:1yv9ar-d 8b jtlw./ervolecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio oyob 3 ir; a09gmf2gmq8 mk8u(vf their rms speeds is equal to 92v0ory (b83qk m;u8gmmai fgthe inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nxt5m0 dcz 4kww;zbyn--w*l4 ritrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rmxz.; ic cl-g1h5svk:1 0opvuws speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen mw4 w*,)o7tm3 khjm+b+ alqvp*erb*ofolecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is xwq v,otm mfq89py+av +/9d*j 89 u in a livinvd9t*mv/jy8p f++ao q9m wqx, g cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a whm597o ;gas *e+wpdaa (6xixgas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,;a wh+.bog h4tsaku ,) $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what pha uu c6z 5aw ol2w1i3g.faz.ej9ses can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature r(62v o9k1e ze:oms iuis (a) 90 o(2i:9 mezoevsr16k u$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the o vkg8aucv +, zlj qlet+t99t;0)5mjzhumidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25u5oql0jv9e;j,gtkmvl8t z )a9+tc +z $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boil0k94pga06.obal uv jx s at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particulary1b *qczj8 w0b18j7x gwtid8w place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which wate q xj*zt08b7i8 w81wd jgycb1wr boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial ea f87t3d apix4+6 (yms3q 6ig gzj,yr:h;qucpressure of water is 530 Pa and the relativeju36paag 68x7d3: ; mzysrgfc(+y hqiq eti4, humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temp+crr*g9r5 m ugerature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is bd,a hq73 :x kvevrj da*ypd855oiling a ay,j*vade73rv d5 5pxd: kqh8t a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vnxr.vg3 sw1s rdvh,;3 olume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pointm mt1q*o**w6bd/o vxz of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Tabu,xr+ oj 8yjwshg7nfeo0h8e *s 0ku1ab.sp 31 le 13–4) to diffuse a distanceu,0*wbs.o8jr+3gn71eoah hefspu 01yxk8 s j of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interiu0.rrzg e4. dror through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long e0.uz4drrg. r and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated am)m5 3wvvv. 1kcud8ii t 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated y3 x)a)m ogz/fc4gzwf:sn9*w-kd 7 rjat 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperahsh 4-ssf38w d xzcd90ture. How much error will be made in a recipe callds93hfzs cw0h-x8 4ds ing for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After ma- (it0 30yhukslk ra1lny balloons have been blown u(ltika03k0ru1 ls y h-p, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules inkmh l;r .l 1fw/us*)n2ywy+ jv a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the telwms 1/2.r)n*w hlyjv fky+u;mperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about onkvodj02 vn7f79 lwubgae 0/ b8e atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainab puh lp8d r8v7.nc:et5le using the best available vacuum techniques is abourdpu.5tn : p8hc7le8v t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m belq,g +bgz) ypgpb3m 5k+ow the sur,p+3gp) zb+ykm qb5ggface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Mo,y3m(7 gfccdcg kc/ ,fon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen am/ (fdkcc,gcy7c,fg 3s a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is i8d)r o-n:o4ulif )vpxncreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7m hwrskvirggfs .15o:-.s ;p;70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Ed/7il h 79urararth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s a9/7liu7dha r rtmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules conta-s5(*yf0uwhv6p y uywined in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of ox 1 u .hq)6so:p1pj;iob:ghpyfygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/minqis1;pg:16 u)oopbhfj:.py h. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury 6jflo ghpvj+ w701 zayr1l)5d at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolin9jwamr zvm9 p h0gdwh.4 ;13rre at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fiflvjt*+6su b :kly 0m)y3 6ulzt snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto ooj 4j 0dd 0p/dy7wbt3a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted.z9uw5r ,m6eg;lahrvz); mnl in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a prtfn; o7pkp 75 st fto(v4f7zhr)bpy7fd),n:bessure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from t2o p;crzg9 pu)w)hz+zhe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravitlw 65e4bdn.swy by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a b .ww5dn4esl6 mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releas2lrwp uxm10r3w(cxyh4 : q+ay es a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. +4ra(2 pxl0m wuh:ryxqw1yc3 Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor presstw* /e*1wlvqkure in the air on the following two days: *w*tv1kqle/w
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and epvm, a5k j1s4when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the v,a jmsk51p e4temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law tadu*y-e/9nqxy) mzd 7 o show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expans 9zaddxy/ muq )7y-en*ion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot an 7ebfns9p7mb os 1p(-hd mildew. If the cel fhb(-e9os7bnpm7sp1lar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg