Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See t1isi3i rnc*gc;ey;u ,he periodic table or 3cy*n;c, uii; rsi1egAppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that coulxu 7;ecd1: pkybuh4fn we. *,yd be exploited to make a thermometc :kfheb;4 uy p,x7.eun1*dy wer.

Which is larger, 1 C 9h5n q 0jpg8diy vwo(7$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with systec6c1lk cx(okl3 (o9gu m B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system 3l oko(g1u(c69xclkc C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When azd6y 2ma)-byheated, the strip will bend. Which metal wila z-b)2yyma d6l be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear exp),jp x*kogm4:kmud d x(; gf9uansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a dii -amd/njz nky3w:- t1agram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch isnnyd--/3 imk w1 ztja: a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape o+j+r8tc 0 ibhkf a r+h+ 8i ktcj0bU. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of zxpu. g*mdbxz f3.n86 lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first pbp 2 bgc459bmilaced in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then b49 bipm2g 5bcrises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is he(3k g-kv97gy88y 5 kuhivgxq lated or cooled more rapidly than adjaceiy85u qy(gxklk-vgv9 h g8k73nt parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expa4jpmac-n v3wfmqbto/(u + ; a8nsion (;ma+q af ct34m u/nopwbj-8vis much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather ciu l ej-*3k6;gw:1zywsbmaa:lock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom anqd4u k2 q7u f9pdh/7cpw,ra, kd top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happp7 h4uc udq wrk/d7f9,kap 2,qened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (s82,rpk 9m.q gdt0 jkga6qf;kc ay, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molec0fdck.2; q8jtkm9p6 , k rgqgaules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on( gs/ hxdj,;fk an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is ijx(;kh /sg,fd ncreased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’sxe5 z)vfflfi empp.0q s5+,opk:-x3p law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolutexq epf . 3mp-sxvf0,kp ople5+ )5ifz: temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic thewe.s t:q1v2rylgn: * tory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphejk6b8x9ynf 0j j6 e4bwre, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an ob9;ne, zwywvx 5ject must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s xy,wnv e9z5;w smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly tyxzbysnk *n9 zoxku0*z)r( b62ay 3+ ihan water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular ir+kan60 zo(yy3x skx n2)b*zuz 9*byproperties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncq89 7re v,xtjyomfortable than a hot dry day at the same te8x7jry 9v, eqtmperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room ths-t:asem;s7qa8 q 7qemperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidi6l :vff (65gx slr eouse9qb*/vn 28ppty is different. Which is more 8*qx esl(l2vn9/ eo 6p :psug5v6fbfrdense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automoq6e1af )5iqdq bile enq1)6 fda eiqq5gine.

Why does exhaled airubd(r r.bgt. 3/ j0lap appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are ther5sr u ;:dl;rche in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compego)t 7oo82l3 kq p2cware to the number in a silver ring of thepocow8e )lo27 qt3 g2k same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the 8tc:vyu wuv3 3Celsius scale?vyw8u v: t3c3u   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatmsv,0,llq 1 fd7v 4s yprf9en+i;6zlrures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol colum35 .c.4 bty:hk4n kv qkpiva4vn has length 11.82 cm at 0.:k4a t.hqi4kk5 pvc. 3 bv4vny0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of sl +dv:sy3 kg6fds2.24 do rkuy1d:zx mgabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron d1.iz2 e(ih/ tmbzx7vapproximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average tem2tii17hxzv( debm /.zperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger t6mz3-w8+ ;)zfr nd 7jsvlbki qhan the rivet hole are often used and the rivet iimz; 86fjv zrs dw-+3lk)q7bns cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 64m-k am4hvg9y fdl d04 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volowmh5wr 8y, .* 70aqxitmf(kz ume if it is hei7h kmzw ,08*rqwof(y tm.5xaated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of.sctm hi,;bf)/ zcf v: water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wat:j-fs9 8q romnc/ wq-aer at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be pl(3 03hedy4mai6v ju5 zg x/3: zipwbyyaced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vess;ikk+ u 1j4rcxel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient o;k 4k 1j+crxuif volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dens idb5rkbv;5eb8p vu*wb2/rj3d s7 v e7ity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular pl/0 kn z09x ltg4qw1d8ioh,gnrate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear exp9w0 il r xg,k8go04dzthn1 qn/ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soli yhey p6ba0c;+d, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a gra; blvi1c(d6v4 gvhs s3 4czv-kndfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 cs;vz-b(3 d4igsvlk 4v16v hc$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside n ngpnuq5(t9e+1f f.gdiameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb han(9f te.5+nguqp1 ngfs a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel ofd;u(cc57w14bd6 hqm o mwy 4xk radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings wiw76uo144 h5c mx (mcd dwy;qkbth angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is d zfal-t ht8qzv/qf 98(, l-uerequired to keep it at this lengthztz -8ql ,/ q8lfeu-fha dt9(v if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041 2xlqiv6a xe(6$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.143 c/ey d3i5za rveih622 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followi2j 1ve6d3v4t ws cilhib*gj85ng temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tempy0ohy7l jg1v ;dh/obf:e d ihhu-07j) erature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior lc ke(1 uoatf +m9+x98hvm2wmuv-/ * mcrpn+qof the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure an0rlac yr: 8ewp2-xh 50 5javlld a temperature of about 2:xwl552lhyj0-l0ra vp eac 8 r0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gasis(5gzlt+ri6 a -vrg9s2 ur- l(v3aic law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of n*je8t - t:hrj;j.vo-)gyeswu itrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP cwt:kqkx5)0*j sjt focqv 1 kgn2l9)4 rontains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliummg(e cyuzy4jsdpgjqe i+fq *)hj931ls1 48 7k gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container9*ugyl 5dfpuqv 2h55w holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at f*g5lw p y2uv95 q5hdu385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg 6qq wr(i8y:lqd8 dy .wof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by hmgoe6dmf 8u23)be j+c eating the air inside the balloon, whb3mmd6o +) egj2cf 8ueich makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 44/im.y3f)ogv pitg ojl) ,gd 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1zxdoz)8-3- bgd.alvf pb-ngq )9yk .b 8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a c v vm7m9mrj26hhild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / fbhzw )h/77bqw bad-*i 3y0kw$m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of wate) q1:9r6w; 6c gjutzvnhzg4ser are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a--gr4;eb tjol ) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumesvnr0j;wa 1f5( kb 4db 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath ,aj7a:,wuk+y pst -r cyou inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assuw:7 r a,scyt-,ajuk +pme the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygh 4l4y;mo0ijien molecule at STP?m 4i4lojiy;0h    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the sqh9hv;rff-1/ ju hev5 l5y 7p i5vw,adurface of the Sun at a temperature of afh 1ula/ph55 - ,vydriv 975fvw jehq;bout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gasq2g;ub m2kp qt5msd+0fg1 d.v molecules increase if the temperature is inb1fvtgu +2mgp;.05mqq d2ksd creased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 66,wmaef*lg m9, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8*m wlagf e,9m6. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of mole/aqqol ggu :b+.p)bjmemrs. 7.55 wphcules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volumeox yyis3 .g92ey0e+v lv rc7m9 is held constant, by what face3cgmv x y+o yre i99s.70lv2ytor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is givepfl4 4c4xj -b6(or ekan by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at th/funj9t)rns 3 e same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecj93/ snrt )nufular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitroae4 r7da5hp(9 yzf04 welnk9ggen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule s5q(vdca :x;2kziejh +0u- gr 3,pwkaat 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen moleculyand /nqac160 es at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino a z*cn6t840zaqoe ar6g j2ixq 7cid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livingt 0cejz4* 6aq6nz7xi2 arq8og cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writbe 3o:2)o+2rcmfc ypjten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u.rhc ug:e5(ian-f k n/ranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what e2qrv4 v9whpb *j-(aaw1zr;hphases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when th;sguo;z) zqvu,0e6 jve pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) z; 0qjv);uug 6 z,osev90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximat znwx /fv5n 44(exkfyr m(v8u(ely) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 2/f8 z e v4((urwnkm 5vxy(xn4f5 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a plu;;wn y(x x1vq-wmfj/ ace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at10t fubdsp*k/cg*mt r ;r1z- o a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at wz*fbr1 p;dm-c 1 ks/go*tu0t rhich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of wa haio* rwy:;)3 *wqbxeter is 530 Pa and the relative humx :;*bh w)wqai3 yeor*idity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temp3oh 4c+3om2wv lf/c(l ijvw q8erature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure *y1at jx;fjbd.lx.4v inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature o4ld v ajfx*. 1by;jt.xf 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rorqosudn0/eh z6c3)k 3 om of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its derqdjen7/ /1pbw point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecewp(vm76 j*/w (essun ule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 1/w ((nj wuve6p *sm7se5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the iv.kag*ghl7 l9i*t vgzdrj2:. nterior through tiny tubes called :*.vvg9gl zrj7 kdht a2lg .i*tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at b4:-l gsbscpq/ j+ ss+20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measur,b/ kc0 m0ou7x yy*bvse has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tempertn5 ;/mm 1qimkature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water anqmni1m;5/kt m d the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Aft/ a mr:-eqlpu:er many balloons have been blown up,/em u:ap-lr :q the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room d2jh4 (e-.ursf pu z2df3gb2quq 9,j bof length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperatureuq(jz u3,f2fj 9u4.g qbrddepb-2 hs2 is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter ipb w1etjzewb i;1f i) o((o.)hf 4xr1hs about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum5(l isc ;.dq*sf1sw whv)6jf v techniques is aboutdi wv5.;jsvswq6fl1)*f h cs( $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L g.nuxv4s .s2azpbtp4 9q+f:ewhen 10 m below the surfa4 .fsz4t2qvp u+xs9 : gb.anpece, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a spee urgpsmze 8n77.gu i35d of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special mater5.pue7 u 7gs 3zmi8rgnials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideapl (hnt u +(jz.uafi3.l gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770mhrfop0z(ldi */1 ;1hc df8tap$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmobdnj-ftiworzjy *e3+, m./w 1spheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’sb z j3tywo 1-jw+in*. r,e/mdf atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6m a :,rmc2io).4cqp,)pg rem m$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen usenyj4-azzxt c3lxe/ 94 d in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L- l4j4zncze 9y3t x/ax/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of lijn25o b*(zopa9g7 8vo 7t cpofquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atxv7bpq 46gzxq+w7mj3 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit iflv-w vl 1n7,snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto 39cqj w)gteu:y6qkp + a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, a9.osa(zm de0/ qr2lck2q xa4hdopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chargeb oh-b0 h7itua3( dd/td, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from wrj +wpsrkzun /q -g-10qj2( wn3td8 hl)ig5jthe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown ver1t*ia)uqy o7+ke+(zkh t/a yvtically upward at it. How many tennis balls zt7(+qtay+ y1ei *ovkkah /u )per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air fro(i sp*4i2f/cjielk 4 d 3r cr678ughaam a depth of 14.0 l6h*(i u kc44igp crs3er7fi82jd a/am in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following twoybb;xysm (, c1 days: c,mxb( ys; y1b
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of irsg+ u(oc( jy(oon at STP, and when it is a solid deep ig u(+ s(yjo(ocn the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for ci*8 .sik4j ujlia,m6 an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of*u4.l6cks, m8ii ajij volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people c)e( e+ lqck2j3pa,rgupb+k 7konstantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and luk,+bk p(p agqjrk 3ec27+ )emildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg