Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alum o6a4+ixhs2q qinum? See the periodic table or Appendix Bihs4 a q26qo+x.

Name several properties of materials that couldsx-1(,erlt9x pdls2i1no o*t be exploited to make a thermometer.*o,x1x( elt-srlid9p1ns 2to

Which is larger, 1 Cn1r o pr/6 jn6hk/jgn6 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal tki,5r 6q-hw8tc.p uxequilibrium with c8 i.t,6qxw-ukt 5hprsystem C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminugaedjvptf2 :7v+ hzty.i)2a7m riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which v277et)hifztayad: + jg2v .p metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficienhx-zk:c22:fz n1t ff nt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagpvze8 f3tqq3w69q5uc ram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how33qqpw 98evfq6 cu5tz it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a sec tjl(liq pnva54qp3 l/8-b mz(tion in the shape of a U. Why?p(q ln4t lbzql/-p(3aij8v5m

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats b,jm6h mbe;y8in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first plgpxro (.laobif .66,c(v uw1faced in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descepc6, xo wf 6r.(gu(vbl1 ia.fonds a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it isa7f9 ohcth(9 n 70mrqf 7cudv6 heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Ect0 6mr7fu onq9h9vc(ahf7 d 7xplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is ,lft jhk o8lt-k* b/29hrbr4kthat its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for 8h/9 4,rbklh kj2 k tltof*rb-ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clockq. hi ms9k 8vg1ec:rm-, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottoz ; ;ex;a(s8zabgvpn*m and top to bulge so badly the can wi v;p( ax8n;;zae*bszg ll not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its teqqx b wwn2z28-mperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain t b8 zxwn2qw-q2hese changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum.5gi qzplgf3- sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature isz3fqg lp.5gi- increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charlmk5:*k27t +tuaz1ztti2k)- fa uw y mnes’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinikay 25k+7uzwt *mfmk-t)uzat n1 2: tetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.i f/w 6 skoa //vv odhdl9,2wb.qu5kw(

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the pp jjl+gx80hku.n r7yl)2*xfratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must hau dj0:jf +pew(r0ll8uve to leave the Earth and ne dr(w+ujujp08 f0l:l ever return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly thanj q(u,r-qi( pl water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the otuqqj pi( r,l(-her?

Explain why a hot humid dnd8z6 laaa-;efxhj*lj d/ 0x2 ay is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempera8nxd -fh xdjj6 z*al2a/el a;0ture.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20 84(4na ob hpq3uhyq e si;bf-)$^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days whe, icjouvz3eis k wp71b5qs;61n the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain1;3b76 i,kcqs5ws vo ipzj eu1.

Explain why it is dangerous to opex5ny(qgqo y1;.xwr . tn the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine ;g yqx(nyx.15row qt..

Why does exhaled air appear as a little w2dbhzc-0c)dy1 fgw vt.c y;4xhite cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are thetwfi3b3 ,q n0vq3 s)fsre in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram g x;wxfm2fo o1,4 syzq4old ring compare to the number in a silver ring 1f;4sxf,2qxyzomw 4 o of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsiuszwt8 g,rcf;r; .ra oh i3+4gar scale?;ah4i, 8wr.cf;r3ogr +atg rz   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are lle;7qqqr0( w9c8iw u xa; i8w136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column(zbd5-f:df-ea 7 lzdrgfb+vql 8 .gu + has length 11.82 cm at 0.0fdbda :.7-z(fe8zr lv5gq l+ f udg-+b $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slaby2w62rii4g 5uml v* b xkvoh0.s 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is bunin8 4zb6ygb,kft k, ( oup8uvhn2a8(ilt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (a8,i4fu 2bh kk t, pv (b8onnu(nzga68yverage temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are ofn2 7n9fcdzzy j go;8k6ten used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) befoky z;o8g d6z n72c9fnjre it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 v la l/br,pal0.45dnd $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Whadeg*0rv/le5 h 8rj +hut will be its change in volume if it is heated from hu5jlg8 evr0h/ +r*de30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to tjkb i5p ; u*5ukh1n/hhhe brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mk)ye b*(x7xzn, 7u7 qjydqs 4qL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of 1ss*um u.0eb5im8 wttiron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containe36y(kyor d c:gd in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is6(dy:gyokc 3r approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density .r/v-g6mspe8skmed, f d.yd4$\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w. x x)dl:q(dmksl80iq has coefficient of linear expansiol80lq x)m :dq.x(s idkn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic tx-vslvp+y+; tf4 y9f solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps pey07u2gg n. lm/4zjy (vch0r h7yl;jbqrfect time at 17 qyj2g;h4vllu7y zh/ j(gmr0 b.ycn07$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140xszi:(rapp +1;g l1l(zc*itl mm. The bul rl; :gzc (za(*is1xtllp +ip1b has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about b+*,l*(qi0k ubsjne fits axle s0ufb k,q l(j +ib**neon frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when :xvb2 k0qjoas.hc ra*r9.e d)w ii 7+aat 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this lengtkaqr*ex97h:asjc2bi. ) a.d or+ vw 0ih if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beamhizgx(xeiteib23 i4x xw)4(nhwj6+ 3 of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm aymzyx(t 5uo;0nq j4;m(x (ncu t 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperfo*d 4*l /(rb(rsqx5m oludn 4atures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is whaq j- ) ssu)dqrq7g2ot;t temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in thl(a4k y3zul ho (,wmv0e interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature ,hd2n/je7vm5p01v8g f:uun ldn p yz)of aboupnh5nm)y7unj/ gpv,f280 1d: ldezvu t 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxyg tzqpu.h+ )j:sen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contain q97brd3-e bdimu3hf3ao ji; 9s 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nit * ditx+l7dlv4rogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas qz vwi*y1,)l iis at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-v5 996d kaa ayx8)ehmrL container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385a h a96xdy85amvk)e9r K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kf:snpfi gqydmn l 9ju22g42s3oz(h +, g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon acecy*wz.-)a6j*j-2 ti qb ocmj hieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, whicji- . ce2b mcjj)* *qyot-aw6zh makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with aqy;g+w e,mq y.ir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0-i-kmd xmp rxc /9vgdb20wza:4r9 l6z $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapesuu6cu ,s. b3elg/j 9ff a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecul ye26be 0jlz /1fyfq0zn 9.nnjes / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molb- a:.wb 6ccm gzdp +s))sqr.iecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (ec0+9d dksa 7ma) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.4bnq *d;wx( m;-c1zd -wutvwm1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many mole 9gt+ezu2ig q7q5 g1jzcules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume g+iu5 jgqeq291z7g ztthe atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the averaqp /b*im9)txege translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? m qix*tp/) e9b   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed 0e;k(gr hs iv;of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 600;;ekhg s i(rv00 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of kxdbn:3hqc-ew)kij ml.)) 7d gas molecules increase if the temperature is increas).e)kqhm l cnbiwd7:)3xk-d jed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speedssabklm 6)2 2fc, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5,fs26 b)acm 2kl 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of mol n1 y0:vdye 8lcw8+ashecules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while i/e7 mbn.su.w its volume is held constant, by what f.si7 bnu .me/wactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given bymxa l+dkf0x4 w3tc v72 $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the saxv( 6x5 q; 4olfshdff)k:l/a crdh.5wme temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the sq lxf l f/5d)hwf6:;4ra(o cqvh x5dks.uare roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed ofe vaj9s.h3t 1g nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moleculoyirg1n;yp1a wtou(sm51- 3o0d( nig e at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogsnm9t(9x2(ghsb e ag( en molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an9ksmu vh9i pwp)dbepgy n2;2 j2n6i4: amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a liv96m: hn9k e w4p)j2bvnis2 p2;udgyp iing cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can .no *t0zyr9 thbe written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranir8ssc9 ct3: ycum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can ,,dt3wu ;(mjom z9ix/ y) i6/nktz qrv$CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase whh6cmi c 9l0g(ben the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) c g9mh( lb0ic690 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approxpkavy+h:5m kx/ s)t0mimately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tmkv/p5sh x ):kt+0 myaemperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a pla+ r/ 9fnho f m7wj;d/oxdo,u9xce where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particu5p y)qjuyfose75 6cl*lar place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the ty c 5upl*fqe6s o7)jy5emperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on/k-t* rc5qh1h4yf eyx a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the rh5fe h/1c4x ky tyq-*relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 ya/k8b7 oij6b $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximatg09wupv* i5ghe pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 1 uighg 9pv*05w20 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room off;/p2ao+ty g b volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of0o apdu,dt (6y -*llgm 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine mol vf5t+:.dutv4ft . frwecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of4+:t tfrdwvf.fu5v .t 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through 5gh *;q 9cpfhwg33 upu(7bigltiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectionlqc*wg 9p;upg i (bf5h73u g3hal area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape mea;jailkf ,mruk* xa,l*f1w5cj *h5 et ;sure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape5js kn5ti 0cw: measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at xj,:n6+ao 1 mhs2 joqmnormal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water noh+2q msjaxo : 6j1,mand the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a /x 6 odrj*gj(bhelium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, tgj6 r xbj/(od*he gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, ab*szzeg +w9 le-1 )u3m1 zvodcnd height 2.5 m. Assu +c1m z9e-gzlv3)ed sw*buoz1me the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one aso evj,d2kczal,*:, vtom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniqk *59b;xvh ewxues is about xe9v *;x khwb5$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m belzge9aqv(9p i6 ,( uc (ckl5ujsow the surface, to what volume wagp(9 qiszk e(j c9cu6lu5v(,ould his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Eakm- rshgmg3 k:w 7fg58ikmu)r5v6sw+ mki* k/rth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Be5hssg6r mkkmwm7:ri) *m/-5fu8wkvk g i g+k3 cause of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fros f 38oa63u*onsvzbo8m 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7/x5iz8mu 1imw 70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surf d5xc2g0t*2hvgu 42q::omebuz7thh d ace of the Earth, estimate du0vgqhoh:t 4 2h xzu*e2: g2bt7mcd5 the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nkes7bv 1 bnbvn-m:nyz2j,15pitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 20y6 )+qfn7q yku00 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at at+fnk qu76yq)y mospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid m0q2pmpv+2fa:mt (p)gwbf sg: ercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline 3 tm 3kcf3dzvml62 u0nat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator athg s4bo9s g+b0 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tizgoppcjjx,gy6ejok6r3z*q en )q5s)53jt . 3 ghtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adq6v* eh9/gh5i we0vul.yzb; dopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm r-)p2 qc5 imdgat 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eaf v77ry4vvm+,wb 1hzh rth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity8yhkgdjav/u+m h; 4h, :hjxb 2 by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and aa;2gx:hvj/ mb8 ,u h+j4khy hdre thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a dept(hd; -jp-khcx :ec)gt--cer lgq.n o4 h of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surfacg.(x:;qoj rceh -- 4t -dckpehnl) gc-e?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air ,7*yuha u)s 7kol1+n4ie-skd bqup:mon the following two days: lku-,q 4iys shm ou+*7pa uk1b7:ed)n
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at ST5k sl brnnc;vqfrp/pz 8; +43mP, and when it is a solid deep in the E3l5kcb+n4qs rr;v n /p ;fpm8zarth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law 2h3: r7 q:fjzlrdyc,pto show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal to7d:chqr 2ry,jz p f3l: $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their bzl cj8,q4t.6r/ aqtqtws- -rcellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a -j.tr qt/w4z ca6rbsq t,-8lqhouse (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg