Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of ha bn/em4z. z 2k/tf.fdg u,c6-yi(bf aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix B (cb. 4zdznbth,f/ 2/.fui- ay fegmk6.

Name several properties of m4kmc sk-kk)z 7aterials that could be exploited to make a thermomet k7czkkk)-4ms er.

Which is larger, 1 Cv mz yofm jq2))tq0y*1 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but-enjna (ky9 j. B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures.na9j kyn ej(- of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rivetv6 1ue2j-zqhn ed to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [H2h-q jez61uvn int: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient ogk q*3q (xx* -mqf-/*sph-hrwi1u nhw)jchb)f linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a c.-tbr2o 1 yivi(maz8xz/u m+furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to to itv2a +z r/zix-y1u(.mocmb 8uch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends ol2yd*:smx2- j f:krkl ften have a section in the shape of a U. 2x:kd l*y:2rjls fmk-Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of h(,y.bfrw 5:5yw rpjalead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer iso:adz sa*k+yqz 3kr ( v53r*fha;k7f j first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then risesvdjzaa* +*fka3q: 5z 3rk; f(h7oks yr. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is;b hyrl,o/p)f heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts yohlbpf) ,/;r. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expaxfi di15ojmen a;l3p195wl8 yqv6h m2 nsion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). 6lvol53q mewfi 9d1x8 na5;jpyi1mh 2 Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accura2( +5heo *8kb *ewwl8vpp ehyxte at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause itrcy;+n .vy(v(geuh j4 *g* k2hdimie,s bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up.u;eg*iv,(c2 h hm4 e dinvjy*yrk.g(+ What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say,n6zsr.nhu:a8 .ov vnv -dfk 6/ ,d7uzv by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in tev6-r. n n f,zndov 6udv kh:.78asv/zumperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water i i9hdetv /lk2u36th( fncrease or decrease if the temperature is increased fromut(d v it h9hf3/26lke 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’g i*/n5bfiwx/ ga+wg 0s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kineticia/5/w bggw 0x+n ifg* energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows f7 -:8at d+jq p:*ieavnixe qj/yf9a+brom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, theafg 0ulhg1 a etxz) d7sg83ft88n0)tz ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an obje+r7 -lqyot*y)9piw3 vnbl q,t ct must have to leave v3q*yiol,p7tlb9r qn tyw+- ) the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room teg+:9pwpdd sc3mperature. What can you infer about the molecular prop s:3c+pd9g pdwerties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than ;jezz( o3d xn0 -wt7jrj;b/f ca hot dry day at the same f b0nj(w dze -z/jxo j;r37;cttemperature.

Is it possible to boil w2 qw3vdox8w ,rater at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature i uq7a *aenoouk;x:(hwet;) x kk,i*;os the same but the humidity is different. Which is morek;taoi;u:u xnax(kqee k,*ooh;7 * w) dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobi8dpn (ps vh 6pjf+(g3)uyorm,lepdv (n+pjusfh3)yr 8(pg6,mo engine.

Why does exhaled air a ,//gk yw-uqvuh. o,qyppear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there /wxw0i28i32v/ *(hjbs okpy :ve ecrfin a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gh gs1zyxw.; 4jcebj/s cgm78/ram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass?xch.8bc/wg4 ez jy; 1s7jsgm/$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often4lm 7.s 9c6ai+p tlgwi taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?ila g.+s 7m ip69ct4wl   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperaturesxtgpvw,2,y tjt ,o-av 8x*:wn recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has loi/ia)jn3z+z(c ray . e7mzu: ength 11.82 cm at 0.e n(or.3ijzm+cz /)7ayuz ia: 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long r b rwr;.e+k ktg1bamwd5+:v2(20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 30t3cm zl-g s*n/okh0xb0z1qood87x k60 m tall. Estimate how muckdmhzq7zl0c8*3 6otbx -sn/o 1ogk0 xh its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that a4 gdb r4;ci1tjre larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in ar4 1;cgdibtj 4 hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4mnrp.0 ti r,hsi5f )j( $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 83uo i t 8 u wzw+u45e;o.5j5 xpyj.0rmfntw0dm.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is+5; o.u wd5wwnetxj 8ou5mt z m.fy0puji 03r4 heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of wg.yf;g o3gv whkblto: 6u01*bater at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.mov(/n( znjj550 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to bz ntdn)d44ox pj-.. pbe placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can exp3ley sq h70,bdand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is apprhl 73dqy0s,eboximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densic ,c7qh3 xd m (z+gz7xl5ihg6hty $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient o 1awtk8taeh8 *4rgc0 lf linear expansio lt1ackt*a g8wh e84r0n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an iso*6o;d co5a cm son93rt-ml5s otropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a gr:unzv;/l gbu. -rmeauj 3vr*, andfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1v3luz . n;m r-jgebru:au/v *,7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bufvidaaju5 5 y6qf5)o*ne5h j/lb has a volume of 0foq555h jadu ynf /ievj)6a 5*.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0r .vu ju j.i;vaiil 8r,4co1m0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angiu; m.0 v,jjiclr.4voia18ru ular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How 6/y/jie -ly3wkr bnf/vg6d uf7uq+ve c 2-)qmmuch stress is required to keep it at this length if thjg -yu/wuce7/2 eq/-v)i6dbfvml f+qny6k3re temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.038 xuc36hfa.zzd *w ev41$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122; nnh e/9e e4+gs2lf3tok4xld cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followifa33j z l*mb:tng temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale? f8f5;z1n+i 0k hcfxjc    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are abouhc h w.ey tumkkf,h/ i9x5m*rf 4.j(:ct 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a te7qe0embk8r +emperature of aboe8q e7 keb0rm+ut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using 7 qjmqh.9(+p 4b) zdsffeqk*gthe ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of n e *xt*fx8h/ygzbg22oitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STPj 16akosz.fr6d ,ts)c contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1oxr5w4hi *;3y3-jtj qxpiot*0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure insi+w2 8 xw*c 14eangq*rcy7ffe e(ci2 mvde a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 Kn72 *ie vecxe1m*82fc4 car gw yw+fq(?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 ido,kda, aaqfw6jn0a5 q( 9+ nkg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside thzfds zj0cd id -gh9(3+e balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume+iddsg-30( j 9fzh zcd of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 ezg5t by zw.x,)g 3w;0k.by b0kxw)r d$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1 chsa( 00tcd07hs/ pdx8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a vk764r)dub--gfc+spwf r o 1ychild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number okt 1y prq7/gr-;rb px;f molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecul lkxrbh0j21 o.es?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number 8adtl 5 m(uz3hof (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume *9.mj. :q:oqtvkn v reh6k z9l5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in eachn2fl*b j0fo4kk 9nl9 a 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high anln*a olf4b0kkn929 fjd of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an fh0,mox:y5yger6: f p oxygen molecule at STP?m:x5,0p6g h: ffreyo y    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a v0aok/d* t be3temperature of about v*adokeb 3/0t6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if tl106 vb togvt1he temperature ibvtvlg1 60to1s increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, give)9 ah smso/p;b za5u9 ug-ox+vn in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4,h+s z;u o- 59mx)vasugaop 9b/ 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in cqnz+a,o 4;y zet:+oia gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant,ae,yp :(c4qlw+q n,2oavou ,hl 7v4kz by what factonwvclyvuaq,(lo k2o4+ 4zh ,q,pa7e:r does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed ofx17*ki7k pyws molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same t 4/s(cri-qb c+kf(-of3epxzdemperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular difcc4pr ((xzeb fsq/ - ok3-+masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained )5jm wpp.7nt2t7 59andxtbjwin an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen o:/kbhniejbc2w z x4 ./ z3n,xmolecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance by oeq 53vjc46retween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acic osw w8j r(0j:0g:mygd whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell atw cs:jo8:rmjw0g(g 0y 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a g ..ged* sj85vy/ moxjsas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniu7r,coz,pbc2b m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric press2+ +al9qh- 5qu2sysf rtc)ng cure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atmcan w5(k:efuy3j+ f n(p1x+zy and the temperature is (a) 90ax1wn:+(ku f5( cj zy3ynf+ep $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) i.cl )z(ks*aue f the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperals(z*ca e.u)kture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a placep9+d8bku4aeh p dyayrlv.6 + (9lv+mp where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place 3g(sfm7gvk2 * fzx9 uzin the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which k9g(m 7v *fgxfz 2z3uswater boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa a*.3zshse 7jri nd the relative humidity 7i 3ehsj* .srzis 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature 8ksgxni - ng)5is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pr-mo)l 5g e*n 0 )to9-cyqqlokgessure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperatu5gyg9 kln-qoqc))* eo otl0m-re of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a r y.z 2pljirvcj7a4w8u.e2 :beoom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 ugee wxi/tfyj1c- 1+vvsm), ,$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffusedc x1:(hz d7 n,p/nmsd a di/ds1d dnm(cz ,7pnx:hstance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects cd-g,t3oj j avs( nc;9to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trg3vdn oc;j c(t j9sa-,achea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has be5w8l5xdpr qp pq o-d-5jj +z:pen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape me 5q-iml4zwa9lasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup wa2gxp;6sld 0g*dxxpb( s calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hotp 2p 0*dbxxxd6lgs(;g , at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 a dg 3b m.d,d5p4atole2tm. After many balloons mo 4g ddtea2 d5p3l,b.have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of aizup/lk64 n pl.7h/er ur molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and p/ellu/.phk6z4nu7 r height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is ab/vyr l8q m(8ydout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usiby (so/nls0;8lzav) wng the best available vacuum techniques is abo(lb 8ysavs ;o0lzn) /wut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the mhxm f8u43 6d8 rd(oj0u 1ivvz6vdc3 rsurface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rosmdzr8m3d4 uu66v 8 hvf xo1 cri0jd3v(e to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmospheroy*ze r9hf 80jniy1 v(e at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) strik1vzho9efjyn*( r0i8ying the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incrq,vs u38l4b,zugj0 fmeased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770ml8pxp2f/x(: shij l)n$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surfnf-7w- wxn q.+7 qyoxmace of the Earth, estimate the tota- xq+wfnm .-yxnq7ow7 l number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrprgblv *ol0 .1ogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gaug1ogy:wuu z1l9e pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 :1uw1loyz9u gL/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a y*2l vmf,,.tbg:fbmj bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolx;b, ha(,mpi bine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Eal+ dh xx25cbh2 08 k4vynay kjd3o/.yerth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass;2,qjma zv e6(2wfl j49cs :a2fiqilo jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopte 4 vkjshuj*.bg9ul6g ,d in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressy:o+ d mh2+.clfhjoh(4( desrure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed frobto d)uvc28;am the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against graveb mc 92y(hoc:j0lvt3 ity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per s0j t3( oc:2chy9mbelvecond must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sp5wegjjzs 9u6 3herical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when ijw356 j eguzs9t reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapo 4,1hkfz0 v2x xxhpng0g.cl 9mr pressure in the air on the following two days: x4vhlx h z c1kn0fx,mp92.gg 0
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density ofyjguf/-bmj;xh+a2 ;a gd ; :kwi(jz0h iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temfzgh 2j; 0juga(b x/d ; jih:mk+w-ay;perature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an idealm *9 bpk4:jtbm gas at constant pressure, the coefficientjbm b9mtk:4 *p of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people const* t3 q xaxh3.plvus/f+antly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 2 /au.px tx+3 fhql3vs*0$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg