Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the wn 2xic7t 2tmy)i7 gn/periodic table or Aii yx mt227tnc/nw)g 7ppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a rr;)fqj0fwc el8zkg*cvt 24 iev62*e thermomet4 8gr20v2ivql krcef *t6*fezc;wj e )er.

Which is larger, 1 C *p9tp1uk 78 0azqrol z$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilib 4grn0s nfsb5da2t8s- rium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the b 0 2frdntn sg85a4ss-temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip nvq e2vbh95afdpdwm(zr 0 -fxwu p03z m-699l of iron. When heated,n l0 qu9bewdd a 0fmf96v 2pmvp- x3z9r5zhw-( the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient vj5iz7xyt.f75r uvm , of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diaivadyyd09 nv8/hs +rt8 g0)eagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how th 0v0e+9s8ni ghaa)y8tdvr dy /is device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in o(0,fky/xw;a f m2jcdynx 3y+the shape of a U. , x2n0dxyy(/w+f3yf ; a jomkcWhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury ame))k+t vtvf 1t 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot frm)a8;rw9k-a-b3 qibmgw6p tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explap3m8; bqimrgf)96bwr-w ak a- in.

A glass container may break if one part of it.qq8fzm afb )ueq(g7nb*t 2(i l h7pg5 is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts.nmh)z7 g*fu 7q(8lb qfpb.a 5( qeitg2 Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that itslq rkmjm2kfx)-.*f) x coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13)mj.2kf kl xxqmr)f-*–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cloc1o:pvkrc 0;d/-mz hta k, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so boqq drh//lx0k b d ve83 .y(0*plk3opaadly the can will not stand up. What hlkr08qpv. k deo3h3 o(/lx0qyp*bd/aas happened?

When a gas is rapidly coj58zdc8e, nvk)df4u cb hz()cmpressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they sunc vfdhz) 8ejc,b58( zk4d)ctrike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerg+e( m:essziis n xe/74ed in water increase or decrease if the temperature is incrs s +se:nez(emii47 x/eased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s ts :qx sfu9-e3law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute t9e:fx 3squt-s emperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussack o5b c89v:nw g7dz,5- uqxmsv’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in t/qp( :by*x 63uuguxtthe Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed 9 u:e+u:0(e2try la9ffw24 nnhlnagkan object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. E9t:2:9a 4nuwfarel ehkn+(yl0nfug2 xplain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Whme a5d+,p-bu- ku6bh uat can you infer about theb, 5b6-hau+ kdmpue u- molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid3q cjcyc5.7a9vq4 q nr day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the .yc 4qcrvqacq5 7j9 3nsame temperature.

Is it possible to boild uar 03 /q..k2+wrdafmsz 0a* bj/oxx water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is diffeb 7vfv0rto-7 s; 1kpxerent. Which;kv 1s70vo7tf rpbxe- is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobilphrc 0( .x1(ag 3kcogqe krcgc.( 0hqox a1(gp3engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white rp/ xiwqj92d *;h -z .syuga5ecloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are th-eovxbg6l fvv, vr5l 0(mb7 l8: l/lryere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms e0j))x*aja 1nk9o s,5oo joibin a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of tho*baj91nokjj )sea)o o05 ,ix e same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celh 9 ;)usinn,0zczcvk5i;r np0sius scale?;;z5 r0hskvpizcc9n n)n i,0u   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempers ( k4z/4fe*tg/mfn 0pqfrk)-s* myn vatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lengthjenx) s1/.zhe+ny7j s 11.82 cm at 0.0 sn/)yjxjhn7es+ze.1 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20 b a .5ckc92dfl lztq(*$^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wro x u-fn so)*nfpyr*+h)ught iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how muchu*hyxn) r no-f +*)fsp its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the r v5ldaivfr1la+ds 4 k7y,4xe8ivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 15av,ll 14+a47edx ri s8yvdfk.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at mo8) hqb7p7ya 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its changewq;w/je1unn;g a84 iwg)7z r c in volume if it is heatejenrwca /7wgn)418uzq ; gi;wd from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 3+ w)dwct9vk k(50.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 +y(-abzsaub /$^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 2)azhaezam 6p (,3efo,0 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can egxwdkx3)gk hes )07j7 xpand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of li0 skd)e) gxg7wj h37xknear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chel,f3 a;* qnv- )9jc9rfjd lf/wbn,mrange in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and kb+9tdp h) r9vwidth w has coefficient of linear ex kbt9+v)d9rp hpansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotr0vmt f1k3czjv n5 5bu:opic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather 7 ;6-qpkvklovclock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17kqo -;lvkp 6v7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diam(0s.xe2kr qlu eub. 4seter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume o 0xkbu4l2e squ(.rs.e f 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating 4z1zok 2bo0vdpdt6a 1about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular vea601pd zo k1tz42vbo dlocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 1t -ld4*fh2uz z5°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this lhd*4zl -zu2 ftength if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-bea5kf; 1wbt7 dsrl1f. jam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameterghbwz0iy-c qr za(-f) 0 zcu:x7/iekfwh 27m 3 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures ony, 18 ejy;fxvy the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahreo :62aq hxpem;u go2s)nheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are abov +4cx -bzgf t3hi 8up1(pd bvgb9-fb5ut 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tem2ykg7 7n gwvf.perature of aboutvy 7k gfnwg.27 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using tp ()70dsmwcdjhe ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg oflz64 n .knhny4 nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen (5n ym (,oal p3mv9s,do$N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliu,6g o1le.d+w panxr2uv uth 38cx7/rym gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at -qtcv 99 bt1yv38v qt-19cvtyb9 5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of rm53bgnc a+3u $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatbpe62keo7t +2 pt/vir ing the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense th2e2tk7ir v/e6b pt+ opan the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with aip,ah,fc - g5b1q1lr x d36lxogr at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18s f-8kubme;p 6.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea levelf)n 2ll7 w;;u+favecj and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecule e nca59la4 cpc;8zo8as / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there wl6.5cvxet )zin 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number o34stl5q l9wbam -2s igf (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1 s-up*s7glk v3$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of am r :ukw(ft+0y ho.8wc 4um0ueir are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is a 8ym+.f:kw40uhwmor c eu0(utbout 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an h qt78qah z7s(*j5 mpsoxygen molecule at STP?pzt7j7 q*qh s( ah85ms    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tempera38i:s ;gesa xj6v bgu0ture of about 63uiv bx6 s8;j :eggsa0000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of ga;am wv6)dk,3 x9r aere7cuov 0s molecules increase if the temperature is increased fromv;ra) 7mce dexu 0a3o6v wk9,r 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followint/n35yhi zk;.)sbjsmswwb,*q.y 5m w- 1cekzg speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the ry.,5-. mb) zyqc b5/hijs ntwz ;k*emswk31sw ms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.hxi ) hv6c* wcc568xyla+u9as0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constan/ aqmj am+ru cc- x3t9v,)iv/ot, by what factoa-xt3+m / vc9qiomar,c )jvu/ r does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is yncue5 :5ga2 jy j,oj/given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperatu3 r)/n an5foid9f3i1c z kd,cnre, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the squa, fcf3o1 d/zdac9nk)3n i 5rnire roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mol hpt:dd2bjv 57ecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygesram ya4 s9 ;0r0x:hcrn molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP?o0 : i))jieapd    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molnvt-p8g9wt 0ur. qv1g ecular mass is 89 u in a living cell apuvq1trt8gv w-.0n g9t 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P ofmzqiq9 sg8/kijt. x2ry9(d 3b a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniut d *j)+oq3 et:o;icdum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases kg46*r5 w wzvwcan $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pra/ rf-e tb9ylh/0y;w8n3qsil essure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)/ -;qlwryysfat/hneb i3l908 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity iwwxol94-4xmg s 50% on a day when the temperature is 25 xlmg4x49 ow -w$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place .g4jpo t dk*(cwhere water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.7,- iv bl j5.2r6t7klinhykd-e2 atm, estimate the temperature at which water ,yb-id-vnk6.r5 7hi2ll k ejtboils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partiiyq.1 lkk vkrq..0q7a*0 qd onte u7s+al pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humiditye1+ kq.rvi. noy0tksuq.a7qkl7q0 * d is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure ofz.ppfo ; 07mp52oblr j water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boilin-kbsgvip0sp(9am4qj .qd)-q5 /m oqa g at a temperature o-)4 g/09-mk q(.vqiops ap 5bmqd asqjf 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room2*9zy sf4 )q w53d/gbdcfhw xo of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 kfjm rl:os8 f ;7v*me7$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to we( duty8cd52 diffuse a di du2w5c (eydt8stance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from qduh2+,rf zegw 5+:y;rm iaf- the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called trazuwh5d-q+ gf;y, e2ar+r fm i:cheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape meas2b8 +g7+jun* 4 lioeyf hafzt*ure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tapei .l7tlsa5 s1(dcs+ng measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How mucnl fh:q* osiw 1pqcbw7(l (f23h error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are h7*boiq flpf 1hs:nc( q( ww23lot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gpf+*jiyy jm1xxv t*/* as cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure ha*ym1f+/j *jit vxyxp*s decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, 5k(1jaccgx nzvuthv 2452z/ twidth 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume 2(tc zc2uhz45jv1n5/v xt gk athe temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of*ncp omy2f*p, matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usmoxc :8pa00s4ge0wuz nm6v2zs p1l,q ing the best available vacuum techniques is about 0 zm42nx:lv16p0cep so0w 8sqga,mu z $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of y gozd :q 4m .cipw;q8(mjy8+v5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose t c:o +y8wy8.;vm(4 idmqgjqzpo the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters E d501 5shz(,ez ++gryomqqissarth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (asr5,0+(e1z di5m qs hgzqs+ysosume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from h3 8+dt i7*ktrt7pc en110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume-i 9fx pq(m/lr of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure ahx9*,nz q3ymg t the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the E* 3qhzgy,mx9n arth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed zy)q6 : g zo (x9ifu,9c(hx8wj hji5diof nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi b) 5fwscff) 6j(13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cscjf 5b)6)ffw ylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a ry s cdzqv5to:)kh0 7g7ona9wq ,3n)m bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline aagq36 7eu*waw t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Eahztln(; 0j sa-p(,bkq rth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass ja6mf lv*v .a+n:svrw ;cr at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standar 4kc.w6hsmgx6 o6k c(m7v/uwjd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fm qv-x v,vm0-s6i-lpgully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thzgk*me4 0y1*gk+bnw3 mjb s;ee Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can legw 5ja f,7 5mw2v+lccid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis bce2v7+f,m5 l 5jcag wwalls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of w,c+k-2hsxr( i)t xaj;*s cyxair from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature iyc cxjt (a,rsskixh+*;xw )2-s constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor presr 0;rvec o6z-qsure in the air on the following two days: cro6-r ; z0eqv
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it isu6 i/y(cd*o gu a solid deep in the Earth where the temperatugdi*y( /u6ucore is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, * 2m5f:v8yzmp bu(ofvfor an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equa5*v:u( bfv m8mpzfy2ol to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, peopd3xjwlb +)6 nrle constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kep)j l63b +drxnwt at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg