Which has more atomsgpc, 3 nct,xf,hr 7wv(: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or phv x,3,7 (tfgnc,crwAppendix B.

Name several properties of materials thatnzs/2gznrgrv99x )1i could be exploited to make a thermometer.1 n9) gzinz/2sxvgr9r

Which is larger, 1 C +7ozaj4 -o brip90frx$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal eqs;9ibpyrfxc1.ni9-v uilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, wp-v9nyf 1rb ;9iisxc .hat can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists;ndm isvppo/.1li:+ k of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table nl+ p.s:1kii;m/odvp 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffic-3jk8f fr-bpt0:i iztc q+d- dient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to cf nir9r*pu 95lj8m op9ontrol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conduct9u8n9opp 5 j 9mfr*irls electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed awlm-/ditg )d00 ja(syvmvw/)0: 7o1 hth hkzzt the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Wht d/ 0jzh)0 tso/wh z(ad1ihl-mkywv:)7mv0gy?

A flat, uniform cylindi(h,3 1w.k ucvf/zqnver of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glasws5tbgg0.xpl ,pqfe(1k z j8+y*g-cqs thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. kyt18 b5qf,- pgg(pzc.0wxs+eg q *j lExplain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated o6 u+ lets qgpa7gh)*7hr cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain t7 hggplqe ua7+)6h*s.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is thusp+tj01q)yfqi(og6 se f2 bp+qtg -8at its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrexqg+puti2)(g b6pf8of s+ eq10qytj-s.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 2k, )mi;5zczvv0 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bmydt;jw;gc:y fcc0 z b b*v /:3o1+xhxulge so badly the can will not stab;x; hg*yfv o+zjccd3bcy /mwxt: 1 0:nd up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tempenk q+gm*+s z;4 b :vk8vneztq;rature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. E 4begz+m8; +q:n kvzkq;*nt svxplain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submem3yq6uy(upu +pj t0,v rged in water increase or decrease if the tempera( ujv+ upu6, q3yympt0ture is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law fk j; i2wa,.83tcb qnnsollows from kinetic theory and the relation between kn2q8;ca, 3.b tnsiwjaverage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussai3ei*odc ,/g ot6m3xbc’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in tqncl-*at7 i ao72w oc*1 uatp2he Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have vh38s1;qn e rlto leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the;n8lhv1 3rsqe Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you icz25-ujov,6/ lff yo znfer about the molecular properties of/-6ov jzu5o,ff2yzlc one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry 8ok4k qg/aua4day at the 4ga/aoqu84 kk same temperature.

Is it possible to boil water 7. dkaddu f59m)i9tag xw1*td at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature r89 ooh3f9khj is the same but the humidity is differen3h8fjr9kh o9ot. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap v. wvj1c 5gk(tof an overheated automobile engine. kwv5.gc (1tjv

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white clp r+rxfb/wqk)1, b-n ocy8u-q oud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penny?kw 5l z x80tine p7bo)uyyy,,c+8m;cf9qvb j6   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram-i ;sen.-p5w6rl lui w gold ring compare to the number in a silver ripll--. e 6rw5;nisuw ing of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Ce, vffq7dgs. b 2+m.xgslsius scale? q+m.g7f vgsb ,fxs2d.   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recordy4 ,4z kebf 3*gzgy6yued are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the rxa, wyzgrj1/yts *i -1wg5r9alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0t*w gy sri1wz,y-/a r5g9 jx1r $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 mwxx5nlb +q d6pe;q(4 dpjys/lw3 3t6 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of: puucqt8:cjg05:5 vzo0bp v 9a0qlek wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 cjpq0zco:0bq5 08uekv:p l9: v5 guat$^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are lardr* ach(pa u.i b+xp96ger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry *xp(6 c+9ud.aa brphiice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at l(yjx/uvj dw m/r+5+e4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be i10r6 ifvcau0 v (ogwt:ts change in volume if it is heated fromwc (00ovuva tif: rg61 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of.q v; fxu..o8l:zdmpl water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 qo*,lm(z6b:f lsdt ku4p 5a4gmL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring 5aelub*y k8c- made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essential2 sf8o1mov hzu( zl m-+v2.0ncew o3vnly one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to thev h-ezvn3wno2z1sm2o+8cumf(v 0.lo coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dh6om to-do7s 3ensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length ledt)5 hilzv9tm2hhe( d6nla;l1u 7: l and width w has coefficient of linear expand9 nhe6il:5hl;tleu)am2 z 7tlhdv1(sion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isot6tn)i6 n4ykb sropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps pe c tomwcru9))a;f .f2rrfect time at 17 c;c.f fwt 2)u)9roarm$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diametrw *nwop3ll:p,9mkq6q 0r j6mir 78scer of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a m:wlslp7w,98n0i 6rj6or mkq*3qrcp volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rovnmc;be86lzi uyk201/n 8f9x bxk is j q1o3;ktating about its axle on b3 k8811; 2xi/bekfvq0x u 6lnsyomkcij9nz ;frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. Howmr1l,vffg 87o much stress is required to kfg7l 8v 1o,fmreep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steeverg.wo 58.uqyx ,*bm l I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at gan7(hag2 02zh lvjiu4 r*4ne20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following teq l/d 8o85ymnxmperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on th;/ci )ec6 mvl21ll wmqe Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are a- r, i6mwc8ho12 nujxgy1 -srrbout 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheri snvn01pe)u8 cv(mvu2 c pressure and a temperature of abou(mpu 1 82vcsnn)u0vevt 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal 1o 2(rct. ptwb7jj7zogas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21az*hs07g mtn* sgpl10 .6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5gk5(tjo xlny32o no 2s, ,-xr6yot /pf kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10l6 gy,q-qpknt0/h j i9.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside;wn-of7 fl/w u a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?f/o 7lnwfw- u;   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0ua5k:f () fntk kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achievedzgziy s. ).0hs its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a yd)z. g0ihz.s balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ai/bbbfg/((vwg r at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 11g-8 + nopd2e:my5dhb 2digvp 4aaq1s 8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloonbuf*2 uy:dhx3 escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number o bjoo 5.7s9ewcf molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are ce*o- y t6;fatthere in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) me 6y6vq9vbeo7f th jewl++ +7qoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1l-q)i21)hvlkb 2k x ff2.pnt o$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0- 27 cc 7la7tyvi)xgla3L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmoxlc l77iva3 )2t7 cagysphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translati*/gnr8 cb -9hw almtcjy61gf ,onal kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPa r8,9m - jy/*c6lwg1hbfnctg?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of theyi4jbhl0qf4+39k g3itryu 4 x Sun at a temperature of aboi039jtkhu 4 y+qbxi 4y4rl 3gfut 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temeatn.0+z b:hkhx( 7r eperature is increasedxeh h: e 7brkn(.a0zt+ from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units ofukf7,e0sezvfm,:lw/ d ;uo e6u; z9fj km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms spek7j ;;sezf/zwve u9leuu m0fd: o,f6,ed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules a*p53f n05f1k8e9 vhpxykeu vin a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume7mtml2 t.4;fhzvp;eh l-hbn0 is held constant, by what fact7lhv 2. enml4hf pmt tzb;-;h0or does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a g0ru4dm ,isbbc4ivm105 (j 3g k +6crzbvxrjd; as is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of 2, 2rhi-qnkx* uxke-ctheir rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molece*-ri- qxknchk2 ,x 2uular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrog tjkmgn)e 1v;nyqxvg zc4um6; m k-:,p1,(jufen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 fl9yx/ 4if sd vn5+k9e$^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between ntr3ve6;klu xg1g6o- v itrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid who)ofw 5 ;yo1wvjzw8)ihse molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 3w5)1oo 8; vwhfz)ijyw7 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written Psrz)( j, otb8a84j jrz = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniws je *x59k ;rdamfnb99 5t+zpum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phasesuh( vo2dtw6c.ingz.t xv0-k : can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tem(agbzhpp *bwf 8d,*,p t-c(l hperature is (a)ph8,a(f-th db clg z *wbp,p(* 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50gkz3i4/7i btn ;.bp-1y 4btrcp z 4pax% on a day when the temperature is i4 y;z7ig4n px-k/atz crpbb4. bt 1p325 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 90 ea7mwoj,ig/82; oq tb$^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 07;rb zjx8 y5iblo 2s6r.72 atm, estimate the temperature at6i28 zxro57 by;rjlsb which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day whe0m*h;bqgc *jfn y2u j3n the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa anc 2 f3 mj0jgun**qyhb;d the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a da/ ii 6z1-mq+cuk3ras(a xyqn1y when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure insix;w3-zof4 iog+t wsm,de a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at oitwx,3m-o4fw+zs; g a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room pp n: aim /l;qblidb5ly*s2,pm.-w, gof volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poia 9yki.)zl j5t)t e(lgnt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule o (aarfb (vx;;(see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanc(a fv(x;ar o;be of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insectsvsby1/e1.fp u to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea ip us/.bv1eyf 1s about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has bee)4 0dmv 4na8 d/gq5rm njd+ m5i/merhen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been ca-g *1 +ydanbhpam 1n.klibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrate 6/j:m1vsyy gok7bqsm 0a 5 l*gu9wne3d at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calline59/ j*3k nysgq:yovw7a6 10glb mmsug for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder if nt-ctu5 wij4)q ;.gm))ec2ja:i ,gip ofm0ys initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remain.5)4enm i -:goijmfccaiquf 0;p gt ) w),jty2s in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecule4ltna4( 2nyljefk 6m 8s in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22f la (2yemnjl486 nt4k$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abo+*feybc17 hflz gs,* y-ud7aiut one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usajegw 9b 60zg5mg9dv:ing the best available vacuum techniques is abobg9 :m0w e6gjzg5 a9dvut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity oci/k;, t-xw jyi7lw9,*eq bxyf 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly e/ 7xblwqwtjyci;,,x 9 i*ky-rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a spe)1c /ddllf 73kgf wbt0zpsx -.ed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high teswtd3-kb p7.gl fflz01/c x)dmperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas e:y1gedif.h.3c h : gcis increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77d21mkzm9- dw n3 5xslh)per)q 0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of th/ d pajgnlt1pyd(12 k;sh .4vke Earth, estimate the total numvgkd ph ls141(/n2td pk.jy a;ber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mole4 pq7jemvnd:3 cules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospita t;ekl0jk.g2b0zfx c/l has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmoxj/ kcetf;2 0.0bgzklspheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid wq-m53ta j-l nmercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolin).f.kjr/:i;r x w-m8mtdr zyve at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snug.b x ni i(b( /kwdb0nif0.xi+ily around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly:nwtyx54a8 xv onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ht o:5q zs7o83rzgrb- adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fulec; z5v t9s17nle4 wjgly charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ean.:- (pd * vh4 (e,hm:oaioc isabr3f hc6tbv+rth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls throwms q- ajshirm3 .jei*:8m:z6i n vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thi q-jmz es::8*i6h si ajmm.3rrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) )k 4k 1*o6ucw3 cxgt2 b*wma.e1ogm(mahzza1 bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble wh)egkamz*ox* hz1 a.12ccww13g uokam6m t (b4en it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pres jq8qvrhf79.b59+eguhhl) wvsure in the air on the following two days: h vf+g.vq9euq98hr5l7wh b )j
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is+k-0ty)ub) idmwi 8p:(,pib bo, vsgv a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature i)t vb 0(8:gbu,p pdmi,siy+)w kbv-o is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas acqh)9otr t -ugr*vbcrd 29g7.t constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion *rt9g ot.9rdu7vchc)bq-rg 2is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to pr)de.+tk6mtp b 2bckf5p2 yc g5event rot and mildew. If the t5y.+kfmctb c)2pbge6p 5k2 d cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg