Which has more atoms: 1om9( vtk1nu+fl tp um-gwu;cbotxs37j 5b,, 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appenljcts+u5vkmxtn1owbm o1 9 u7(gpu-;tb3 f ,,dix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermoma* ;bj2-,k sctzvzs g2;pxx-feter.t-;*s2ka;zcsv fjg2x pb-x ,z

Which is larger, 1 Cg da,q9s4ia;n1zil:cmxm2 7- i aalz1orwa8. $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not tq- 4ytk -f9fkqwj h94in thermal equilibrium with s hfwk4-qkt9t-f 4yj9 qystem C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted pg;k-f/lqg0v/y1cy f to a strip of iron. When heated, 1-/ygp l/0fvqcg;ykf the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficiy dnjpe m;0zn.0ffki*-w zu* 8ent of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a z( olol ,qr*bu5 8v3;wpg sxy/furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strig5lx3vuo(q8zp wr;,*obysl/ ps of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that /a f u:7jf0mkdoh: z.rare fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Whyfzm :7o fkd.:u0rj/h a?

A flat, uniform cylinder of le.ltzo ;1z5: gnks,pd)z; q geead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tubo;9c h/:aza oo of water, the mercury initially descends a bit; /o9 a:ozhaco and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part ofrcpf7 k:i *s6w it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent par: i wfk6cs7*prts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coef-vz 13 8rwgpk-citjc77q ubvzyr(7 y0ficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the incccjz 081brv3t7 7( -v i wzqr-ygpu7kyreased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at vx2+)fayw8 tn qu(bn(0jqpr;20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so bad+deqk jeg1eye4l,xt,70dviy0rhs:c (k( o - yly the can will not stand up. What has happened?0jlyykcx-k ( , q+ e,e4o(7giey:e1 sdhtrd0v

When a gas is rapidly compressep 6*p w,vt y;cyzq :97y)faiatd (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increy vtqpfyat*:) yzap7w c6;i,9ases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant forceo;deql40tn8l on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the t4d nollqt80;e emperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from 6v nh.kxxqp2)ja p+5u z enz.2kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and t x652a khppnqx+.uv2n)zez.jhe absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kiotib+c*a27p y netic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s a xz8fjrar+x p9gtv+ nh;n:/ x5tmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth reftex4uv /t/se ;)g-fep ers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about etx- ve e;/g4stf/up) one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly rf5h:-*8:aqson wyyp3xkm:tthan water at room temperature. What can you infer about the wxyh8kn:tar3*pfmy s-o q5 :: molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortabj6au cr,1m0k3un09c4qk cry mle than a hot dry day at the same temperanrrca00u1kqy, k 43 mjc9ucm 6ture.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature ( fea69c i h*jx-ez9b3vs2ay;w20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the hum, sr)gvk; nhb 96om-syf i9il2e1ts3qidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at th9v63mq; biroe9yn h1lsi )2g st,k-sfe same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheatmj lh;ow0.g6yed automobile engine.ljoh ;.6 wyg0m

Why does exhaled air appear vy,y jeke6c q(l.v1m/as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coi ;sji-p.yr-d9bvd89bbgs g b/4t ,qdpper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in f:1kwq. tpjoxe2 4xqyb.d79 q.8gy xia silver ring of the same ma8x jykeqxy .4. df 9p2:x7.oitq1bqwgss?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often ty 0k, fdhi 0dft(fl;*kaken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?kk*;f t (f0ihyf, dl0d   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded yqon:* 9kkule ::q3wdare 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm io;s;xt9c g8zn (u6w:wdq4vd at 0.0z4ww8qs;oniu;: 9cdx6 t vg(d $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of n+dr x+vdi c,6xnk7*b slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron p;.*qd uu*guoapproximately 300 m tall. Estdo;.*gupu*u qimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit,n :.-tc ylm5pv 3ygm2*2pu tsp rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. Aumspmpv y*t -y5 2.n:lp3ctg2 steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at;2 ritx nf(j6-rxhxn5d r5gn* 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if bo bbur 68k86s*yqx**xk nkxy+ k64kk it is heated fry6k*x* kxb48usko8qby6 +kx6r *kn k bom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled tuxzvljxrck9wpy0 f2m9vkz..2 (h/k . o the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wate2t vfq;olz86t r at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At kaamf+e4fgc:+7 7om ).rj iot20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a lo(n/f hko 2gte2i y-d)41+vziy 0aj.7lwpcfuong, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linearo+27 4/y t 2zi)-ogfd0w.k 1ulphc iynf(e ajv expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chi;.fzb/ppl4 u34 inbv ange in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w wk:ao 3;hae:b jd2a4hwoy 6;ahas coefficient of linear expaw4o:o;ay 2:k3 h6haa; edabj wnsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solw wwe+*,i rva7id, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a gran5t6sq)yl 7krzdfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 ) sky7tz6q5r l$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. Thc 8 3ia4 qdemhxo9+-fwe bulb has a vo4hfeaw - idqmo389xc+ lume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about6; 0tlgb s.mxpv zgg6) its axle on frictionless bearings with angular0g6bst)p; mz.v6g xlg velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°.mzh hkmz ouqp98zp/tf c9ms;+2-x.cC. How much stress is required to keep it at this l;pq.c9z m.2- /zmmx8f9hou + kctshpzength if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of.y9ycakr 4nq3 4kcl)z cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter bnj)6m9rl* ctn f qp9v2j2 j*q9bh 9ba134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on 1kay 8f4 ;wfrythe Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scaleja st kvgu : 3c3a*tcr+f+(swj)g0r)z e;z+p h?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the integw//l)le 4hcorior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion eci0m ,ed)m6wt. *ip sungine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of ab)s, . 0dewti *ipcumm6out 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density oso va 0u-,pej5t x33muf oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains. ryy+ hd5zxdvd1yn8; 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 1oo/9 yba+iuf9 al 2b*j8.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gz-amnbo du /-7as is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure insictcq-v8xychul77 78e ,3gt pg de a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38u7g3y c, v e78ttlh8qg cp-7cx5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0+)tsi2 ie- vyz kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves sy u9hh1rs2+o a-rv s;its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which mar rhu+ ;s9hy-o1as v2skes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air a6qmmlr/nmqt k9m:m04fo g p cfi 556g+t 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1r9 iln)/mo v-y8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloonr7q8y)0xxaj7 ec 0wfp escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of nzp 4-pfk n1f7molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are thereep3*h yil2+w q b9(nnu in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mo5dqrhr x .ci,:les,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume cv8ybd 8py y(09k s5x:peyj; k5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in eachfm(1,fs o 0(o/k lwprk 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in k0m fo, (rl/k(w1po fsthe last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an ox wheu(0a:e,y g;y j7blygen molecule at STPeuhya :lb je,0yw;( g7?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of * ;-oe8b2 a v2atkgvxuthe Sun at a temperature of about 6000ku8v2v o2 -ag*ebxt ;a K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature i ;tuc9a kx14ceef. 2.jgqf+gx s increased fcf1; +2c. kxq.tjx9e egf4ug arom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speexfcdaswk 2v2n 0/2+y ods, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calcw v2xacsf2y +/no d2k0ulate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecudjz:gj4tw -p.22l 3myn7 duwlles in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled uv3 d)4emo;o rag33rfwhile its volume is held constant, by what fa ;o3fur gvd3e3rm4 )oactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is givebb kk5,c:ci;3vniyxp 85qq d-n by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same ab9/so2rnhcpfy8 wz1 ri4 js;8,z3e k(nya3 qtemperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular z e z(ka,w /jy2ni qh8a 4so;b9c33yrrs18pfnmasses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containmb+6r.exy 5t 0fuy-knpyo/ 1+ h xh-r9qs.eeaed in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed fvnn jtz.k*-; of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen )-:.;mxjd3frrmw5) cy i wgse molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in aqh256hh/ +qhkak *vtl living cell at 3k *k625v+qhqh/ahlth 7 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can b 5+adk5vq egxo+x 7qi.7 adt,gcp:x h6e written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uran0p t6dd9mbjf h:rfy15jf6 uk;ium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in wh.rrl0zf7f(c t at phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature isn/(-nawc ikt (*g;hi6 8ttmzh (a) 90 ; (6w( /8k nzi-cmi*tthanth g$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the swkw:ih dcu(*n50dm+*u d0qy9*i krk( nx.cq temperature +0q(hdwc(d:mn*w5xrn. k*kyc9s k0 iqu*duiis 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water bms h mb)e 80lfnt8j:7b:zlz 4x;vbvx;oils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particul x hu4h.l7a6hbwj o+d7ar place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which watehl.b6xh+ 4ju hda7w7or boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when,r 8 jons7am-nca ;5jg the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the r-js7gnnra mo 58;c,j aelative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a da)m868u znzskgudci)s- v)hf.y when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximat+m voy ,k0nwx1e pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperatwmx+vonk1y0 ,ure of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room o4iwizmy+pt ia4,6 q3if volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of dyr,8esbp9 v1 rue4n b0*x) t1mfwd,q5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffusebs5(n o+; 1qwqdww.ss6 ges- p a distance of es d1(nw ; s+s-ww.q5gops bq615 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of pshlq 0:5p b1u5a *otginsects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trh p1g5ultbo* a5 0qps:achea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has beenb r ddsrr*l362 calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been clivue7,*- tnwh 01 c+t t9auxialibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tempe:mpgms5j d; +prature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at; gm+ps5m:pdj 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas * unwe7hd,d3w cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What f*u d37nh w,wderaction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of ai q5edpn,naf0b0 w)p,d r molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2adw0q)pbpn n0,d ,5fe .5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mat:e hfj .)5vcr+t4gp mkter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best avr*3y32pna - n 1zonecvailable vacuum techniques is aboutc3rn *np1zy3-ova ne2 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full caph 6vk ju;hfa(s- 1 ip,m0jge6oz6qc+gacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this ad;vhkj +u(6eogz6fi,m 0 1gq j hp6c-asvisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosf;l y+ yzde c8(igp/2.ehspw7phere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) strwp+ .z/yifc 8eyes72g(hl ; dpiking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increaset zuujf,+) v:jd from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of u:xd(+n jllm sgq9 etl -a(;x4770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the su4v3x7uk oyx 0frface of the Earth, estimate the total nu 4yxo30v7fxk umber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitroge qv1swfitl+ o 15k e1g2w/yr;mn molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pref3q 3k-: avjz* oggvuo*q/k8tssure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/minuf-q8v gvq kg/* t*j3z:aok 3o. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in*pzj6( ke ea.yulef-* b .l;kf a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0c : sa+0nhqz- ;kdj)hyz0 qf*h$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’0g) lox,r4 hm3 ax:vfgs equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws ticp 4:x/j gyc0rcq8n2i 1fpu)zghtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted ii9:xk+hoj9ksd6yk -;jjb 5 qfn the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of(kzwonv ufwpv )v)b-c 9p37ix9ll l85 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from +tshhdr1rcp3i-:p*+ xd e/ fithe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis ballx pox jvp.u.1.s thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assvxpx.uo1. .j puming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diamet- /osfsbxyr +d6)inp5197 yg,djiv saer (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect -i 6d,bnsx 9f1+yr)/ av pd7sjysi 5gogas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the fol w7 ouflp+w. wf0ah61 98yplvflowing two days: .hwvfpu08w96o1 f aw7l f+ylp
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the dec, :c9aihub 7 znay*l2nsity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in7a c,ayzbi2 c* uhl:9n the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to sm, / zjl(zbfa.k.l ko-how that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coeffic /(,ok.zl fkab.zm-jl ient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, pe )an8w5ahotn) ople constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildn ntwo)aa5)h8ew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg