Which has more atoms: 1 kg clt+4,9uwsmy *wf . caq dzp46of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or*d6,qw y 4u+pzwsfc c4 .at9lm Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploite qe*e)f,e5b89j)wuxe vj;m rad to make a thermometeaejjq 58ueee b,9x) )vf;wmr* r.

Which is larger, 1 Cunqoq * 1u6vpl+r,7oqb 001,bgp qveq $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium 9gu (fvrvpgk1aj9fy. ia) vs2a(s2 r (with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibriumgajaa y(iv(g. 2r 9)(p9frsvf21vsuk with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic stof9ftwb czd*0q qp9 oswl1 0(8rip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: Sezq99f oo0s* c81twb (qfp d0lwe Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linqpqe5i/ s7 4exear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple the iwg)v*2r z3w-cu7wsjrmostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel w c j7-*z)wvgiwru2 s3containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the sh1yv:ujl( *6ahc0p3fwl l)ih; rm d ;mjape of a U. Wph)l rj*jiy(f d0 6acllm:; ;1wmvh3uhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of leadjwqc7/ekhyhc -*5ouzq 9 7rx- floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer qlqfs/bvd 1 j+lp dx50ua z47xwaa tu1(w/2)lis first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explazw) wad+l0 /u xtqb2 7dp4lq x f1sl(/1vj5aauin.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidlyq kr:e5 tmpu)4a8w0oe than adjacent parts. E w:mr4ektq8oup) 0 5aexplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex gl5:l h2i9zna mliifg.7 ass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordifgn :ahz9mi7 l.2i5ilnary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20mppa+/14v/,-,kphh 7/i h uib llpbim $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so b czsg lecdv1e7j0y1 98rhft2 kr4,tc;adly the can wil9jg4 ; k r0sd7rhe82,t1zfvtcccye 1ll not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperatudsto zfha*).j h *1 bp*:rv0xlre increada*): *hl rsjhfb .x1zp*vo0 tses. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere subjp7 71oau ad2l a+n5r4kr+e-tic +xsqmerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 20 oar+k7xud1aqcs +p 7-nai4e2 jtl5r+$^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law fo.;lu /n snd(mjllows from kinetic theory and the relation betw j/musld(n.n;een average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory;gq6rnyd y.qp.w dd+/.

As you go higher in the Earth’s86hnrk7 ugqp1 dq6/w b 3/,gnli .edes atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers tx us7vdw+pz+n: j/yr,-q5hefo the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Eartq-d+xe:7yu+fv wpj hr, zn5s/h due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more q. ks/z*okdm9:5i)- wq jiziheuickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to thezwoqkm):sj9 ii./k z*5d-ieh other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more unbu; lys;s6s1ncomfortable than a hot dry day at the n 6sby;1u;sl ssame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperat,j3vv/ rx( 4 t7xf :uvmeff3kvrc1 x6yure (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humo5l er6fper:s8*1rdkidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humef 18prkrdro e65*:l sid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangp1)ta kfwxtnpw5y4 3 lz)mq/ *erous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engin /l 3 wkamx4)5npwfty*z)q1t pe.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the wp2lajkuv 1l,o85m i(n f4g7 rvinter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper5gk8t/ ul8anj penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the num-7 qbp vj, p8j9nb;)u bffju1qber in a silver ring oq8b9 q1b- )u7 jjnfppvfb,;juf the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this onqi.;zj3 9 rr5lkil.8rlpvr c gogx1-3 the Celsius scale?coz8.;.- l3jg5 3v1grlrxl9pq rrik i   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded /p7nrl dm k3n36x(ujaare 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the szk1 fw,v:. 08z itrwtalcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 tskz wf:,i .8ztrv01w$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is b qf jq-33 5m2+bvsn x)ji8glczuilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrou mifubx-zy xc)i p+a)870 m/doght iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much itsby 7o/ 0)xfda-m pzicmx+iu8) height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than01i6pmry cx0w the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is coolei0y xw0 rcp16md (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 zd3orbr 70jdu)8v0jc$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in dadl3ii p/(1tziameter. What will be its change in volume if it is ti1 ld3 z(/iapheated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100c ho6d2j s/ mpjrjx.3l;h+,c a.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water eoe- lvq9vkj gs+fnb 9/.,tp( at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in d8 3 oyzh rgux1is71poe7:4waa ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrogey+tey,; ph7x6j 84uhi 9a irw vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion hga t7hxy erp,8ei 6i9jyu4+;$\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the denh2bxhtg 4hc6(,)iggr sity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular pt5qzm qb3ip+jt *avh/:q6)lx late of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansiap3m/q ilj):bq vt*h6 tx+5zqon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, ftgyep)/ * -(;e4eze6ud1 ipl p 5lrme$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfathe m)1m,i(x )-jwn 534,kqxpzva qgp egdka4g4mr clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1 w1)pgmxk43 ),aez-naq gdmg4mxk5jiv ,(4pq7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mern7bedg9/ v2 mscury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.2n7g2vbsm/9d e55 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical w8,3yt azvb 7ynheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frict3v,ynty8az b7ionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when ajenlbss: *(u* t 15°C. How much stress is requiredbj*:ul( *se sn to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectionaypokehn yy 6of 3 *ng2i4;lje)he ;84ql area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameterktk; i4i-t(eg 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the k k8nc ,pcehrx- 0(4icKelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheiq glb(6rr04heuy *de :t scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in th,ov3p ofwgwc*py(qz 55ol01ue interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atm z+b5.67d.8t sflolwztg7i h kospheric pressure and a temperature thi.zgwbl7 z6sk 7d +lo5t.8fof about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using th3., t etb9dvave ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 k- v(ul 21j6jpfj0f qzsx g-e1ig of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 44.6zngj ,:qwo, rt vnbf*s vw18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliux3:h1 bg1ewe 5q - cnfntb )wm2h7vn8vm gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.c;j3, 6 l ekbewdh:p3q0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 36h3bq ,;lj e3pckd :we85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgha4/ v nley8l *ojn,7s of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside thev +9gvka8q2eo balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose th9vaeg 2vq +ko8e volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled witu/9* zj,wzrykw*g* yhh air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen a/; .u8wqigq;zc,u:xq /we rblt 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes h rhtx,p.q*b1 a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculeqbvr4p6 ldm*kbxtuzl-2vw 7 wp 964r1 s / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? br ;w/.706n6,fnldsw qkxycnHow many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number oq g;)c0gqq)ckay 5xau 0mp 33mf (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumssbtsi-+-4 x ke 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L4j k*s0n* qqv.jumni 1 breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Ai*4usq*jqjn .n v1km0ssume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of59jfgx hml ku a,kv 3+hrg(2+v an oxygen molecule at SThr2j(mg+ 9v + vgf kua,3xkhl5P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms nea/,pip:,luy a,3 9 ghgddcfgn9r the surface of the Sun at a temperature of hg, ia ,pu/,d9 yf9 :lgcdgnp3about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed ogw o.pz(c+ k+nf gas molecules increase if the temperature is increpkg +c+on(.w zased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4,8 4ht-nj wip;e 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Caljit8he;n-p w4culate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas atxo0.vus.ca z * 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volu;7w(rpcqr hclte7d48 me is held constant, by what factor does8rcclq7h 4(we;d7r t p $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of9yo. fi;rg4jv molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of o,w. .kem ocogi y(u5(two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the ,gyw(e.ioo 5(k.o cmuinverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules lnl2pyu/e5;f /-sik p5 pwm3 qcontained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecul5 w3cg3 nsg-* 2*9xdyotklpese at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen mf(*lzjeu;av7gcb* cdy* )l 4sy4y 9ovolecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose mo)xdya7y2m /dl4 74gvapbxl2 q lecular mass is 89 u in a livin2l x 7vm)xpyb2 7dqy4aldg/4ag cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can bexq.lpu+)iin: 1 k xv(k written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraandcw;gp e-4+r (+:z es u x0/sw3twtmnium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressueri pw6) ) mtnxivk 23kl*u.i+re, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temp5yn n*;n; r k4eq-rbsserature is (a) b- 5r*e4ns;r;n qy nsk90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximegd4x fd6* 9jcately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tempjgxd 6e4f 9cd*erature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boi l;h* o7gmhva:ls at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular placz +yydv 1+d-cxe in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boid-z+d c1+ yvyxls. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial prida6ny(+z*nqz w47ej cr3p 0fessure of water is 530 Pa anfaz yicdn(4 0 qe+p76nw*zjr3 d the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressm3ypoy5 qz+;do6oyf5 ure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximat (-hd efw teu*9ptab9*e pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a tempetd9hebue (tw *-f*ap9rature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume gm u: z*;+ic ;,xxgq2qegf(45qvaokb680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point eb-bhl.g::yby,p w1 foy:u d 2of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Tae: pzofbd7( :xble 13–4) to diffuse a dizdxpbe(:f :o7 stance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses fromu p0c1i/x 0c).js sglf the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cros ./ 0l )ij1x0fspucscgs-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated c/z4u(jqmu)u at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibcgj 2m/ pn.v/8ekdl0 grated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated3a;wg)xr j 0y .bekrk- at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup a r0yjarke;x.gkb - w)3re hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initial1xnf -(0o guesly 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gaueo(sn0ux1g-f ge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of leng y8guoogz;3ddm) 2 ,jeth 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is d; z38ogejm2)ydogu ,22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about on v zf6ombx:f 3os-*lt.e atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best av+uzkpp+:;b)z moy1 y sailable vacuum techniques is abouzk+p1o s ymp:+z)b;uy t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs tiro( g.wev8 n/6.hybbo full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is.h.6r yb8(i v n/eobgw this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speedmnh wpyc8c aaerx64- 17 a1q(h of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a brigar761e xa-p(w8mnh1 q 4yachcht blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal ga x91t3dt ;xlib8rvspmlc)+u)i(+poss is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume.e x; y()ieemy+ f/rmz of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surfacsx nu nwq*;u3 8q40ocxe of the Earth, estimate the s;q 3unw8 qcn4xx*uo0total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7ma3lpp odx-26cp,n 4zm 5wg l1.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in 67v+.r vv/: eca imdiua hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmda7ivviv. +m /6uer :cospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid me+9sp, 1xjny+ skgbt( c,ppbu *j) r9eercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline c3 kwcz27p ,14,mx-zmzqmfkbf7i s( dlf:f2 pat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around tj ,k m(bak9kh4he Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glas;xxu(xn1zfzhe *djref9/12kc3 o ) qps jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted :g-if r33 mhrcin the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, hasi qdb2 o;, .w.z,lm qn.v.gbnf a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ea,b f:bk+pysg ,rth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravic1zn p2ov1q- zngcsse;f l )/)ty by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming th)/ cqg2e vp1onf ;cz-z1lss) ney have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a apd *h a)t-cp8ua ; eidj5opnub: 498zdepth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfepn -uea dop:8p ;jh buadzit a958*4)cct gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressur6wmqwzhhpg4ym4w 75+ / bye .pe in the air on the following two days: gywmhh/4 qpemz 5.+ ywb76pw4
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iroo9 0f ueb:l9 sxfda)7hn at STP, and when it is a solid desobe7d x)l9hf:u9 f 0aep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constantc/0w wdo f:lfh96d4 ts pressure, the coefficient of volume exp9t w s0ld:d wcfo4f/h6ansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, peopled( m6b1o l.xkd constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and milmk1 (dd lb.6oxdew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg