Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See th /2 k-hz4in,nqnm0of ye periodic table or Appendix B,/- 0 no2hn4qfmyiznk .

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermb4c ltq x1e 7;7d a,jieknvz8ols /()eometerxz4 17 kaclev8( sli, bontq)e;/ed7 j.

Which is larger, 1 Cv0bz/ h9o71dnis ila+ $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium w7z.q (. 5 x 5twmphjobkefx9y;ith system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures o;q( .9jw.b7p55xytezhmx k f of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When hgqobg1om-h* e3r 0+ieeated, the strip will bend. Which metal willgr3g o 1ih-*eb0e m+oq be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansion, nekfq)t dxl7eowk 6z*n5:e* $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple t (zw2l fo d8(smq* qp7lea,u1thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel contai 7mpw ltdu*a(q2,qesf(8 olz1ning liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends oft,/jqx7o8 6h pi:ye afren have a section in the shape of a Uj8/i :e 7prfay,h6ox q. Why?

A flat, uniform cylindesq 7gb kbu3-w7r of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of watefn*x i2sq f 9sc1t8-xlr, the merc* 81-x x9nslqs ftfi2cury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cobh0hwaf 6p , 2k;jedi9oled more rapidly than adjacent wkjhf0 pi6d ehb;a92,parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is thatb5 tq (9lv4 ,7o2dhyidlxmq8 n its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than(7b9 ldintqv2 ,xdyl58 o4 qhm that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate atsbo o*b*)u/p jkt:a( u 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom a4.k5sbjrgc l (foaaj33op rvv0 7- ig2nd top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. Wha-f3gvpo 3srgj a ajli7 (0v4bkc.52ort has happened?

When a gas is rapidly coiwt7r ,4i *j8j zfm;mnmpressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happensfm7*;t j iiz jm,n8wr4 to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase ort sqrvyz/hfu9f/ e(01 decrease if the temperatuqu0s(ry/t /h9z1ev ffre is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relatioz 4*+pqz*-: ja zyhtean b za+4**:-thza epjq zyetween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’sf zj97tj xyr+ kcb( l n2l1i;ksp-*z4k law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the rati4hjabdtf9x2 0 o of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have inxvhfkk .mr/ (w750hl: o4lwto leave the Earth and never return. Thkkw lfm ri0:(w5 nxl hvh7/o.4e escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at rdy)s x*udrt ))oom temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the us *trd)y)x)d other?

Explain why a hot humidm,/l r.nsz sq huc/gi hf,:;qa3u k;s5 day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperature.,zlu; aus3/nm 5/ gck hrh.sifsq;:q ,

Is it possible to boil water at8 o bvlet);g n*/joco4 room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temper+u .mg+0r vyq-56hzb k,je7sikndp +pature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at uyidr, 50pmkz pnk++v-bgq 67e .sj+hthe same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap off6q8,zt1y1 tb ljs.(lotms7c an overheated automobile c m6lolf(b7z8ttq1 ,tsjy1s . engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloudd(uv+79w i ( jnyyrsj1 in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper . yeo.21ywxse/ghcd9 penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number o) frsh op6lhw dt;8h.3f atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring oflpf.;o 8d wh6hhr3)st the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often take -rczsus2 zs+s.37ymxv 70yxgarj u b:x -nu92n to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?cnbsz0sx smvr3z -:yrg+7xyu 2.uu s9 -ajx72   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and ng-t98jozvy4 lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cmj) ybrpidyq h-5;)u7n at 0.0 )) n7b;- i dy5uqprjyh$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lo4z*6fghi -yl mng (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) isszp 6:-xg6sooy mi2 v9 built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height chanoz2sx6mv6 ygp9:so- i ges between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rive7hdv89kd4l ovpf i9nlwp *w ;.t hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dryvw*o.dwv p4il9l9f8 kn hpd; 7 ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at uo, +3j/2rfy qz ej0py4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it44f * fw 36bpvb .bm.td)ovkjk i*tojwk.d6 bm vf .b3k 44bfvp)s heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fikrrcudrdnfxt1s7 *9j*w /7 6 ,wiy ile-0ar4wlled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of yskl, t0rz 8:r9g9 vnnwater at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made f zsas0 ,gkspp* 9re9;of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand ilg2mqhq(t5 m epx7cf v9a-8 q8n essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximme28l 7v ha (xc9-t58qqmpgqfately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changeh 9qiac zw(jrw26q/o b,ck6 0p in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width wkce czni)2-0 f has coefficient of linear expans0)fkzc -ec i2nion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic so2w ebwa2dj1q;;ylg e; lid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfat8vl kxn2 1uoj .v k09whe9z9juher clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1o9jl899wuh ejku k2v n1vx.z07 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inha2p- pv e.,fwside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.25pav- ph ,2wef.5 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 2;m e wk,m4 f;;vdr/nwx)olyc0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velociv; d,2l)ewmm xyo;nf;r/wk4 cty $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°Ch,e r1pd7.qft . How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 fpq dr1.,het 7$^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cjmkw.ulrek: pw z1 --6ross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter b .onw4)wu:hcdntj 9 1134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scal /:vl1mwsl4 iqe:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scalolx r ;7at+364xlr/n9 v bolcle?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun arer;h /ge1by.1w 1fxtgy skz ;5u about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressui li j *bz*y1177v t9lvtj w1fyf0e,ewre and a temperature of alw 0i 1tftf71iy*j*91wey bl,vv e7zjbout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usin7v 8/.e1acqlkiv4 lqjg the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contairqn q*)+1 lhsk,v e n:+mxiisjfv*:6cns 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ( vmavbcei .9 ,4(*omtb$N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliumd. *ln/rsipc1e5li-,a9p cwg gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-Ll32if0;wimm q5ul xzqh*g07 c container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?wfq7ml3huq02m x0gi 5cil*z;    $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0.pcx3*n *xmcs1 lr)sc kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves itv f6q6v6h4dco dna.p11: r;o vklwnb7s buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Sn vk r71oc46 d ;do6vl1.f:npb6qaw vhuppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at x3t;kpy):fn5ua-/gdj t rz7c68ix t u15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen a8 spijjay+v/, t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea l; 1f(x*zhgifxp w+.puevel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules cpd:qk8 c*p5t/ $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How mabe m5f:(uz;vn +8xw ozny molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (aooot*4okge, ; ) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum6evt u+e;ls ongv9n7m(r:g oot+*j*ze 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-Ludygg ax -r4a10f /wip-3ejuh m4s 96a breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took 0 6mdp - as9j ig3xaafur4uhg1wy/4e-. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of a2b+rsvqh7j 3a0hxq g-n oxygen molecule at STPhjx03+h- rvgqaq 7bs2 ?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the6dwyc d)vg n nxwx/)*; surface of the Sun at a temperature of abongvxddcy* ) nx)/6w ;wut 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas mop, - o2tf t(6rkbunsqs4k d)z0h.c0zalecules increase if the temperature is ibtq,. o ksu6r 2k0f4 c (-sh0t)zpznadncreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in uni4q spiidee 1.7- (svm lhmu25f3z.fdi ts of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8,.imid5fve p dmqe(32-z 1f4u ss h7i.l 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleculeh6k:o7uu p0ur s in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant (m1tnc.wahd;.9scty g8,; cy:dr i9 ;ylslx q, by what factor does t,1 ( t9:cwdxq.dmcliy8cy9s. ;arsg yhn ;;l$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is givhap9z rlaq4.,iu/w:ien by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their,rly;v ngt2n+m4- -u+cck ec g rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of emgl+vkg -c2n;ynu4r -+, ccttheir molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an intxt5p9y, z2( .osib 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0hi p :jott+ztjrfc0 y-n)t 7 8erd6;5y $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP? ;t4 a:lcju2je   $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speeety. bn z9j1.xd of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37ytn. x.j 19zbe $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P ofwr d7b ok8x;8fj 2rm0 osn,m:n a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of p6pfy 0rlrp/+uranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pr ouuv 0x5z8pdz1/lub6b(snjx 3)gaz *essure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature ikdrs :lvd w2.;s (a) ;rw:sv dk. l2d90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% o ;ra9o+y-x3;de3 ulxlem bs8cn a day when the temperaturex;r-8 ;c+ 9sb 3lxmd3uo ealey is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place wheg shcza3cod8i j)r8,9a3s *ocre water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at dxrn5 m6jd04wpep,zf vna2 +g7up29 sa particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boilsdj7mp4r6pdnwx2sup,2ze+fv95n 0ga . $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when yc* lxz (z19qw1 p26wd p 8aucz;zsu-othe partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidityp*qx wz o;p16z1-uasc(wzu cz l98dy2 is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperadj * yd6dhbj3;wynsp2i/ czn3(g2j4 fture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate prehy9yf 4ro.d*hn3(s.ap cdh-h ssure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature ofhh(3n -h p49*oyadrhfs. d.yc 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rotx; .dud.ldd4om of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poi7+f( /y gvpb;diryc (znt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dcrzr5iu5,w5m. arxy(istancu a.5m 5wx,rcyz5(ri re of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the su7;gdc )cva4- 1c,uusj i l rwuij3,ippr2+7syrface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An j ,+ysa1vrp7i lwu3i)u r7d-;ccu4,p 2sj cgi average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated xgt2o1navm8frja v (xsy9:y2z 9-6v rmj 6 4qpat 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calii* cy59uil(d/p f erkd+12dbdj n6l3ebrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room h;:pj 95 l +tzch4wkrjfqc5/ huv/d h5,mdea,temperature. How much error will b/;c4j,uck,te 55lvhdwa/m jd9q : p5hhf rz h+e made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Aftebga 1w0,f gyv3j7rrl(r many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cyli y,j3alrv 1rgbf70g (wnder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, widt+dcorh(e 0: kf+l()ozpqxn c ) 73rugih 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. A0( nig)cldr+u h):xfzrc7oe+ o3 p(kqssume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter i mt /o*ohhf1i7s about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best a: ooy(o+ef+h f8t(yean7+ccr vailable vacuum techniques is aboutf nfty e+rooe: (+ohc78 a+y(c $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below th70m;0wg b m4hsgi t;xme surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this adv7;;w0 b mis4gm0mthgxisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosriwmh,.y94y a gxas 7*phere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon ra*s4a,7ywygh xi m.9reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas )rpf krm:2( lwis increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume wcy e(j/b/wa67u xru- of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of thetmgbcv- /,wg4 Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in t/wvtb g, m4cg-he Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrod2laqm8:a. zn sv-0jk4/ gc vigen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure =3ulf4jqp f qg60.y;cq 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) a p04jfc f6.qg3l q;uyqnd at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bo89w2ffbxx 56i+pxesc h3r vg: /islj5wl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinvz* gzc266 3i(spt ypne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth/1o ,1wplcd kh;h 6ytuv1k,z m’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 29y 4i 3wde5wte0$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in th nb*fyi9k 2hzp,u;0u me 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure ofxwj3a95iw i*v 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fro . (ohmmvh1vx5m the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis bx2tak3yblp (- alls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis bap-xa (2tkybl3 lls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubbleo 8n 57j 5xs:wa (fw wxiwl3lt09u2 hpjm2oh(m of air from a depth o fjtnsu mpojhx5w9:wl( w 5ax2i8(l0om 237hw f 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total watb5g3hx- g6l:vtq7xlw jevke . sk(r 7:er vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: rl 7gks(:vj tx73k.b6hwg vl5 xqee -:
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when.tvvj+, saxp8 4b1 rrm it is a solid deep in the Earth wheremrsvpj a4,x 1v +8bt.r the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constadw0 h*tkd /r5k*1njqgnt pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is/rn1wk*0d5q *tgj hdk equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and kchy v5(3yppqghr -32 mildew. If the cellar in a house (kqp5p3 hy 3-rv( 2cgkhyept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg