Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum?4h6j nkt t0w1iakhi4681bpcp See the periodic table or Ap ikti1p 1hp648hw n0j4baktc6pendix B.

Name several properties of materials that coul(ldtuw4)+0*ormq+t mtce j 6:qz q ,ymd be exploited to make a thermomety*ecm z+d:+)m ,urw4qltt(m6qj0 to qer.

Which is larger, 1 Cok;h+ gxij+b7 :k0qeu $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system (dg-x w.8 cto,kodkjja1k;oa;xw. ; kB, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with systemw1x;djk ak;;,dokkc(o.xa8w t .- jog C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. Whlk j8un7b;qlcea0q 1y* yacdnzdz: +x0- c-8men heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hin enzqc-:cmldc bn-yua*+0 dla71 y 0z;8jqk8xt: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeff )i:z,khzgin +2qan pdn cy9,*icient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat use:0gjbl y,l4w:n,x pie d to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch ell wyjx,:,in :gb40pis a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at thz/,rxhpa (l-ve ends often have a section in the shape of-(hap,r x /zvl a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of leadejpazc +.(tf+ o1 sgz* floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot giaelhbw3gb,i/nz6u8ms / n0) b xk65tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit 6h i6igbksezl03m85 ,n/x anwb/ g)buand then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of i+/cj0mrnd)eu t is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts cu/m)+rd0 enj. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expans qlu itg28,ed,ion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why thil 82 qudt,i,egs gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 2-.l7dm6ci g zj0 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulvxitbt(a(, 6 refg84 yagxt1 6ge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happen4,b(xeg x86(taryvgt 1t ia6fed?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say8 r7bb g: n6hmc1iaof2, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they smo 8r7b 2bacin1:gfh6trike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase orfqmo 39javku9v*y.r - decrease if the temperature i*o yq9vajf-kv. u39 mrs increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relati )j 0c2idso:ghon between 0)osig 2jh:cdaverage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theorg+0.yes p o+ 5dsf-kfwy.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmo) t4 pqimhy;5b5rb0 hosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for thevbm. mmrj+e0 d.o vghwqr;4/- Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escgm-w.r.4bq;h o/0+m r jedvvmape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room bd,wxr)*e il qt v./gowv29y*temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to th)lb w itv* w*q2/v,y.od9xgere other?

Explain why a hot humid 90pg*ayq mep 4day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempera *yq4ap9 0epgmture.

Is it possible to boz bt+,o htx-0yil water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the samo. w1;c avvr4ze but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the sameo41.; wacvvzr T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open 24sf e10.s-mrm 7pr cjoqj x2pwiit+ (the radiator cap of an overheated automobilem q1 i0c22r j oet+six4wps.p7frm(-j engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a littlwun0b;;x a2ei e white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper hb9vy+hgf1n h 9+d v2spenny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring comparo6y t 70j)mopd,hwc+te to the number in a st7p), mojy0wc h+6ot dilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on thes r/f1p1mqhobl e- o--3/ptqh Celsius scale?- eomp qr/ftl o3-1sb 1q/hhp-   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest andbsdkn b*4d6 f/kgie,9 lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol columb p kxko+ lh6zfd*-5w,n has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 5*lkp-6fx,bz w d +okh$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of sl4bzztn6 7ft- *nu)g wpabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built ofr7gh 2dyy ;v;i7 lkwyzg4s*d9 wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its k 9g*swg7zh;yr y7l ;yd2v4id height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger;f 4xypm,c8s i than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is i 8s4fx,cpmy;placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at39,vv: dw r3n:5p;wusk jk dea 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volumedc 6 w )o-vekn(pd25om if it iwv(6mdd ne2-po )5oc ks heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of watm53l+o0z drh9 3c e:/ x2sbfmhiclj3c er at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 2az ;3+e-snk 0w 7x t zehqp(5atqw/sf20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring9jd nfieys0b*z-e,-1q v47z,ubyt im made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel sow (btik7/lqlp j28w 3u it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal 8wlb jp( 2tku i7/lw3qto the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density 40p8fx3fknj bkae3 r7y;a(tr$\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear ex vgtob y)-4jwm/2 ziu:pansi4mt)ovb i: /z2ugyjw -on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic31;vu+u*b xx2 dlg iqu solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brao gy:wta n)su(7((fqrss and keeps perfect time at 1g qy(:f7(on() sart uw7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside drjb10,q ctin v7kd6+i z;dw1slw)w ;x,.c nwmiameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volumexw .r;bcqkjndsw+ im , 1i70n),zwtc1d; l6wv of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.4*kl7b+l xhowm;p1bu;h0o:g q1 m is rotating about its axle on frictionlessbm g; *l1luop:kwqh7o0 xh+b; bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desiredsa xalwc2qi:,spi3t/.jay37 e1 x l *b length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at *bs pt:,231ij lsxxa c .37 yqlwaeai/this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of :fd1a5+wpvw sk) o8opcross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.12x 3 u8(yc6 jmo *xoc4cru3,8fl 6gljgx2 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tltzcfwyr*ou 4:. a25*p nbhol7m3q - lemperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what c /+tigiobq 93temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the intnpo 8nku h/d2hre1o++hr ro7 3erior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air 2u.kra ug+ 5puat atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 25uuu p.rg+2 ak0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.- us* seu/c(t:myvyzsba.g7-    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains92 9 lcdue+ua+fbqpg : 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 lw.ds*:qp4dhuq. d36jk.a4u j+h fvz kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas i-g 0 k-qa2zqs/ ol:2w-av ilkuid:hw4 s at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container howcxz+j su) t .a-o-akenx)17olding 105.0 kg of argon gas at k+ )1owjx ) cs- -zaneaxt.ou7385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of0x p dgfu9;2 dy:1yrn y +njvt9jy5)qo $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insidexi./.- e*;xhypj w: )rh e4ianfuej+d the balloon, which makes it lessh-xieh.p)erwdx. /fyj*ej u4a:i; +n dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1nezw)f404 zma 5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 4bg9 xpmk weav:7;k7b$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.f(q cmo thfg54hzy jn5+ z3)f+0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mfoo4* pcbxu.9w jm7cr+)unb6 olecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are;l tfgne6.d f3*unw4q there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, rtfv1(r j8p syos/k )c 0yxy-0   $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1irjnvnyn z)1 zwzu -94k t**bry4ck,h0 l,cj )$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that wc-0 ,d*,e5igv tvzw*r3f hipgere also in the last breath Galilt -c5vifzig, ver0 gwdh3 **p,eo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translachbg 38n k6:enmo(dcmzl (m h9g +b9f:tional kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?3bo+8l9h:69hgckg bnmm:ec( fd(mnz    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atf)ckx** sa a,poms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature )*a ak xc*,sfpof about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rmnd-+ n/qeun7ws speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increaseu +/n7wn-endq d from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the fol0g9uhpdz./ hu 0mk,gllowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 89h0 ud0mlp .,gh/u zgk, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molec 6 0ty9nagx6plhir c-+ules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while xz0ji bf8u5y+zn p57dits volume is held constant, by what factorzi5 b0fy x7jnu8+5dzp does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of qkfg.e 5) vom3q4+o eimolecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temp+hgdns4d+ z.uerature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots ofhd.+4ugz s nd+ their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained+ps3*rbf li)n gq h pv:m,a*g, in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygi.j*hcdzh -90uq8 qnpen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen moleculg1ev kry-;7x jes at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecb drnlt3f lr* x0f5j9)ular mass is 89 u in a living cel *jrflt30r)b5fxd l9nl at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas camc/ 414e2m+fpc6 f0t kj wtestn be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, jh9 yj l;:1c hx/yck/s+ ebphg):a n*b$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases -/op8(9oahp r 6bffp,:dwz9of76 l jyea5xut can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm anbol an qy*+9mf t s z905mk+/wv04jn-ti;zklad the temperature is (a)*+ t mmly-9+bv snnqao/ kztlij9;af 50kz04w 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximatele5w6t w f3s7:+hclu kofls ;(ny) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperatu (6two+ehl5fw:f3l n uc7sk;sre is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils / ka9t11hizhx b, d*urj+jyn,at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountagv/j1o bps3oy sns2 (2ins is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whic(j23osnvo1 sbp sy2g/h water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial l: h)gihx4v5eb qr,;a pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relatgaxe5:v;)rlb q4, hi hive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wak va3dt*p4v+v ter on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pia/,)y 1)n(1 fe kdt6uvww jrnressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a tempe1vy/,f6wk)1u)w(irnj tdae nrature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rx*kqztu4q5d + 9so8luoom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point oocdhi( dw 4,5+ pnq0ugf 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time neepcb:bppld.tm2y/ (q5 ded for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of cpppd(lb5 m2ytq./b: 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from 0mzg-sfs.) wk the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. A-)s.g m k0fzwsn average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape ma tkv5 n,kb.5pntm:6jeasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been cali.urt k3wja4o *5d,lbibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup wasg;b ht sf;98li calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are ;tgflb ;sh8 i9hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder h zrikfbjklq 56*rnw/b8:z*/is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fractio*n* k:r/k 5q z/bzijbf6lrh8w n of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules o9f(sca8xae g.ezia98 qdm95 in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and heigh am9q8c9a.ofdax8z9ei(s e5gt 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is v7x;;rj:t yl8x w5aiw about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure at c/dkv/f zp2/ttainable using the best available vacuum techniques is aboucf / tpz//d2vkt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5xh,,. ukz9u-b/px fs7 drdi,r L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this as z.d,, rrdp kbh xf-i,u79xu/dvisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a sp42as irmhhge0t+;jog 7u5 bb5eed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) stris ;4 oh+bgheu7bj5a2gtri0m5 king the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 10idm*dva+o s)n7oheuq4 l:d 0 10$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77wciew2*l6 )jj1 p z*cu0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surfaceuk85 v)nxk s ;l,h:nfaris5t6udk7aui -6mk1 of the Earth, estimate the total number of air17u a8vi6n 5u ,ki x)kku- f6ktha5; rdnl:mss molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules co s b z6wrwnaw)oc.( +m0vlq7)wntained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxyj chnj)xs3o;ly/a7,-oao, xpgen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will t, p- yj /3anschlx ooa;j,)7xohe cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowlmiuf;a+ : :osh2r1njpfy8 aj a73cr9 p of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at3bra)9 5m.g t wj,tyyk 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugkkexdl6ci x)2t64 dvloj 3/(ily around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tig(/od), 32l e ep9+4mcms a;dhjeplzch htly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 18ztg,4mm; l 4b)*vtlv t$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressz,af1a 2dl5xj6 *iturinra2(ure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from g4fq vms.yv3 ze.g j66the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended againstgzu4tem /5gbvg8 g 6t*hil96 f gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12eth5u8i fg b/ vtmz9g 6g*4l6gm/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3 kbq)y-y 2:qmvf s+,jp.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfectsy:) k,fmyb+ -2qvpqj gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total l cj p;dp/wfpveuk+*a-(s5(kwater vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: v+(pewa c- pjul kk/s;5 f(pd*
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent1o-*1zeuv, -keg;fzrvsr x*gx0*3 mltw,pl n difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2vr;uro10*g ,ef s-z ,zg* m*vx 3tkne1 w-llxp000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show 0*zg ;hkmn kek4rfhn;b f89vgl;6+ 0k gvuk 5jthat, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of vel;khb; mv46k0 8f9 *kzkjung5 0gg r ;vhf+knolume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantj4 .;(0 9rlj1drecfcpx ,aa myly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and ae c ra0l4y9rj p1d;., (mcjxfmildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg