Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the pnqdn( ,/gw 3li1nsl7 zeriodic table or Appendd nw/7n(zgi 1llsq,n3ix B.

Name several propertiea;cl //9zhhu(o i4 xmy nq,w *4jzwvm;s of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometezjq;l mw/n a,w*oh z4m4u9/yvix( ;chr.

Which is larger, 1 Cubkh8 2sqeou5 ,t2uh: gjis.* $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not invsyu y/v x8)g-u(*alka 9f sv0 thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, lvxu)f8y 9(u- ys 0vg*avak/sB, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riv,9 bl a0bc45 bnqf7hdoeted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Whq lf4nbc0h5db97b o, aich metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient n,azrly0+:f)eu(s-+c b ufcf of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat rc*9fssygs . cw5-h2oused to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how thisg5fsc s2yro*s9 .h- wc device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at th0p,lvh .dm 7 :kd)vxqxe ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Wh v0dm xh.xqkpd)7v,l :y?

A flat, uniform cyli +9hogswpop.a0ep- 3y9stxry-s vy;e)+dp 5w nder of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometerna;,, 5 nk,*rw8 zethxcm -com is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explainmzmcxw ,8h, o; 5act,-nr *ekn.

A glass container may br4jxq scc-y ;i:eak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent part4: -qxiyc;sjcs. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear: tqyei5wn;) v expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glas tq:y) wvn;e5is (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accupn y lsza45t(+0f 6tvurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom 4widzg ly px0e/l,t+ bby4;nx c7k-m2 and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has4;+,yy4x 2tibgw7e b pxk-0l dlcmnz/ happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its te+ exr-:vgjiq: mperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. +: vrix:jgeq- Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increig rmp+6rg*fwj76 9vb i/ff+e ase or decrease ifrbevp i gr9+ 7w*f/ gfm6i+6jf the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theoryy: n7h+h ( rtugud7iu; and the relation between av uh;it: uy7+ ughdn7(rerage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words howw*(/e/ bg/ooc 5n :r+w seftdt Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of i-.l d n .h:8ycctzt1knp)ee0$N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to gq wo 2xru.+p-7yd 0buthe minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and- y+ 2 u7gp.wxourq0bd never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can youyasy;* d91ksvfkhqq. : s(gd3 infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the of9ds; yak s.vq:qs3d(y* 1kghther?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncoqz:e ,--lez)l smao2xmfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperat-x)2oql,zm a:eez s -lure.

Is it possible to boil water at room tem qn6ujjp. /onxe x.x(9perature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity bgtn l11+wsq7 is different. Which is more dense, the dry aw b7g11qnt +slir or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to .c2hs-5gh i fxx/j)iqopen the radiator cap of an overheated automobile enging).f 5ix2hj hc/is-qx e.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winl9l1fwx dhod xf27l01 ter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram2f*id4jhuivz nfp62)t y+4s a copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare m5yd8 7gv7bm mc b95xuto the number in a silver ring of the same mm7g7dc x8mb y5bvu59mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius sro- mm9j)e/b5 0mjgrecale?rb9rjo5 m-m geemj/)0   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and loweahxacz4z kg7)/k.gd 9 st temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 z3ii5k,5qq icpoj7-rcm at 0.0o irqkc 3,5izi5pj q7- $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabo1q vukazl*bn 0k fe -8vg.;6cjf6p 5ys 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall.itjs2a/u 9)c y Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperat2 )i/usjyca 9ture of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are ofo a-m( 1l)wvfpten used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameterl(mf-oav1w )p is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at5h/ bp;a64)zpdb6rnqp:sm ut 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What2a4t6un3+ dlnp 8ezhv 7.ckx q will be its change in volume if it is 7z.n+dq4htapn ex8 vu36klc2heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 2 n+it0r,tdwvegqz qle25b/ 1 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.5ou.cv-cw yhz,5:(bjb 0 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be plap ctl;sd bxrl/d(3ff.x9o0) cced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentia6h:u:8sh+ bc.eoa ebcllyceb8:ebs:h6o + c. auh one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density 1tj*syl7 1 +p 2tb9;grpzphhi $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of lhli mb8s:sg-1)s e0 liinear expalsgib)8ise m1-l h0s :nsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sol9+r68od;**1nqishajyg3d 0 czmy hp q id, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and k7 u-tfi w)+a(9 ;qu6nfca cmi7xro+g xw9pn g)eeps perfect time at 17 icqo9 ufr7cw)uw+f+gx-m6n xnat(a ) 9gp i7 ;$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury t 7 -e,g+jztuu-j/df zthermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume zje t+d,7- zf-u /tgujof 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of rad;do11k7jr3 wt p f)xxmius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angu 7m1ro3d1fpwk;xjx )tlar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired led4t 4lm ltq wuym(( 0x4)/itcjngth when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases totwlmd)i0u y4 c4jq( /mtx4l(t 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel *r k nf2ynd3,mv2 )gskI-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 9ii ecu ;g. (yir o)3xnxg7/ti134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale:7fs6 9 wx c303posnegt4vqe:c
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on thsugne6-) csx; e Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun hkf-l7u4cwqu e-96sk are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric lpiil2kjj*0*ruy4g,pressure and a temperature of aboutj4 j*i,*lpy0k g2uil r 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas zrscr 2hdj ahns uc+5 4dp7319law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg ofclq+l: tgow7p1mask(fj)2 4 x nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STPg-tat05x.f f ( hjqad. contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas izqwgr.9 fc+8ns at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon+e- snddk(vn. gas at 385 K?- ensk.d( +vdn   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0lq (e -r5cz gd r6s+hd0j-iez8 kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insi:oz nzq/2x na(de the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon isz(2ax/:o nnz q 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15lhy -ex6a9)yj $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.l7;c z ctq+ud f;o p+scia:8b.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapea eq,fnyim1;/7tlw p14ttvc y.7 x j2xs a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number ofp ql/ f w2v9ac9dl8mn. molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.0t0 swb.bp 74xs.y1xka00 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, iwtph2nrp9y u0jyw9 7:+2cs t    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume(*w api n+x(w7myb2 +od k5gxs 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L b wre)wpc43(txzng6+ick0, bureath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of cons) 0(bpx,ctizw4+6n cgkrweu 3tant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxyge6k;v (kt ail*tn molecule at STvak 6l; t*ik(tP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of th:j,jd5 i3mm2 nctfvn( e Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K. jm5df nmc ,t 32(iv:jn   m/s

  By what factor will the rms6u2zwu;1o s(lkbv 4id *siwn3 speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increas1kz6s u(odw23 v*4 ;uiwl sbnied from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given iw. er qc-lup1(:0wwyl(vf k:mn units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1,p(rl w.q :ke(w1 :0vuymlf c-w 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0kbl,)p ljjh)clt:t+kr,/6 ro $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held consto:zmwg x4u-h+6u zr 7rant, by what fa+zux zwmo:67 4 ghrr-uctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules 3gma35s x0iwqsq:2m nin a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of tf7m s/-ybn; xcheir rms speeds i b/xf7m-c ;ysns equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.54oy) v6 n(*h-rhbzx5 sbtxp+t$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms st nqu975)7m*e;dj iywg+ riokpeed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance s57e6w)6 gcvj zd (spwhp+j uf7m(7lubetween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid wsacfz*e;t vh xiqk: 3,31u;xfhose molecular mass is 89 u in a liv v;ks3:,z;* xfit 1q uecx3afhing cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writt/+ga-m bg2wm /a/hrdjen P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranixollc282 2sq6gjk x* t)n0.3vo ad qyqum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what p e*ugmq7.+qna zi(mt3 hases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when thevop luy1ep*(92+v)ai)wy xwr pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) p1 +lwueryowix )9p2*vv()y a90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (ap pibobf 206*ydproximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tbi2o60fpd* yb emperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a h8s n;m 9f, aw+8i aalbn9,npqplace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, c8ak2t/aa e3kjf ex ;)estimate the temperature at wh e;ek82)kac/tfaa3 jxich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature y g88l-v k;qc7wv;cygon a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relati8 vql-; gvwy8;g cyk7cve humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water osyv blvw0(-u:n a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker )rn 6hxor ,je*if the water is boiling at a temperature*r jx6, oehr)n of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a ro:t:5nhz7m si vom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew prse7 ul c9svgo0nv+ t;b ,n8t*oint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time neb* x7zd. 9oafreded for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dis bzaof9.x7 r*dtance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the inte z9c.k p508epur,sumqrior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm lonqs.rm p, up5u0z89k ceg and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been cayv6ht ,cl8 f,( rp fcl0o,0ce.z qnhx(librated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2;9vqi7eihq5 l 0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How muczp70rw(bwg i sv*, tdu/ z*ax/h error will be made in a recipe/ip az *7u(g*rw0t,b/vzx dws calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Afterw zhy lrl4q4 34/q:opr many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction or qrlpzw4:4 / q4h3lyof the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 msc-; p3g,vf4z 6o(-ld x6xglhz ,zaza, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assumox-z,a, lz ;-g c3f( x6lgpz4as6vdhze the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density z 57eb(7;8mnkdyryqb of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attist1v rq:w;e0z sc+ .gvck5(mainable using the best available vacuum techniques is abo qv5m:1ksrg. ei;tc0csw (+zvut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 -asppy 9qqn)zt 03nk/to+vd ,m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this a)9py /t qn0nq,da3 vzks-pto+dvisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the q s,6 s jz x*gxde45sf)fdf3b fkl(/vb/ i2uc9Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature?zgq 93,j ilfd6*f5x)vb/ cs2kbfx se4s/du(f (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idealvghugt1w/ f) 3 edmn0, gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ognj 5a ql2o7xx3-*qhvf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressurp,d.c9jc8kr8acqc 1re 9vuh 6e at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’dkcc8rvcuc 6e 91,p8.a9 jrhqs atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrcuv :*psa:pn5e t 5j 0cnoz25sogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in ah0o3z akrcr -: dfl6r u8 *+ksag+mwx4 hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and k:wmrcr0da-u * hg3 ra6k+f48l so +xz at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury wbpvr; zev29m14:junat 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline o,,-fleu 9yybat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snlmqxt.+6svz ( ctie20 ugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar k5d zm38b 9hh gz1opq4at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standardjd; :z5f*osi v, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at: 3i;ewg3 wtotfz*ebgf(b1.y 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ea6wy 5;4 cnsuvq afv(x;rth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls 5dhxay,ujz6- q q,kvo64 zy;tthrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assumi zo,t6h6k a xvqqzu-y5d4j,;yng they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of ai(j-ox :v .2anxsj-rytr from a depth of jxa s2no t-xr:-. (jvy14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in th6m,xg*6 sfbgt e air on the following two days: 6sfg bm gx6t*,
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron atckh6cd2fi bu7p +9 0xi STP, and when it is a 6pc 9dbfiu2kc x7h0 +isolid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, fo(dv 6i,cj w-:qt-ksfa +6j fusr an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coes,uj it:6q- 6-+kwcfva djf( sfficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumid.mx .va o 4+vur*/kgchify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (krmu.g/c4 aovh xv+k. *ept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg