Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alumi+ 2t)cdq )49bn;u)lczqv pp hinum? See the periodic table or Appendix qq b));vi dp 4t9+ nchlc2)upzB.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to maku,s)4u q;h7vymvj sv1e a thermometer.;vv)u1hvqyj 4uss, 7m

Which is larger, 1 C l)nk))zn8 nsa+mb df ,$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equ bese:hc(4sta0: wzrxux54:z;li bm( ilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temper4z 4(mctxwsui0 :h e : (lsbxr:;beaz5atures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted r z2 p:4yvm* tw9bwqjt 66bp/ito a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the ou6tp9mvb z2b/ j4iw wqtp:r y6*tside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffi230 c2 vnifa2m8sm l//kt-d an6neepulhoj,9cient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a di. +1sf5rgfwhwlhg k 7+agram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls f f5 hl. sg1rw7w++gkhthe furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape lit:jk0y*p , eof a 0 i,yj :letp*kU. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead6nz*. en;bf-jkrin h7 floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermub)z: fst(ghf-v;qck*ehp6v q a(4x ;ometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descenb*kex(-) ;fz f ctv(ahh 6su;gp qvq:4ds a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or )n:9k;kqfg:sz ptg0z7tj* ob0g .ax fcooled more rapidly than adjace 0q )zfkajtfx9p ;kgz7s g:*n:og0 .btnt parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of P ve5bt;6qp6plyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than thatpe566lp ;tvqb for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, .tv2v evhps:00md2 ) xdvk j(jaccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will hry+.lpm7(z scause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. W pszm(yr7hl+.hat has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), it8zw8 1 y0 76/fi9jg pwl bot9wso9nqlfs temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecnp9 7/ jlwfo wyi9zbo0t886 l9 1gwqsfules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force ()q86s uuocxaon an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if x so8aqu)c 6(uthe temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charl5yh9kxil.9t *y(j ;4, awlt2mgsnel o es’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temp;lxw9(*2e,omya5s hk9i tn4l. yjl tgerature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lus,k 4fxkr/r0yf sac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, td55uw4 opjcg o a;l2b+he ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum spfvr3f r*0qa 9y( hqf-feed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is (r -frfa 0q* yh3f9vqfabout one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water ai + mu dtq;xo sx/-+)b6vplln/t room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relativep/mi+;)dxv-q/btonsxu+6 l l to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day 4st*s/dzk 5iris far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperature.ksz4 s5 dt/ri*

Is it possible to boil water at room tempe 8 0 itqc,i.g;oadhi2 wv*w/terature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is diffe(wzr 6x; ec3asrent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same Tea;wz(sc 6 3xr? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an /5*k l:+9xh bwt *mlnw ersu;woverheated automobile en*/t x:w rlubn* whel9s wm5k;+gine.

Why does exhaled air z-i a89gfy p4aappear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram co sg8 gaz;8i*eupper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ri/mfhm - teh+oma (eb+.ng compare to the number in a silver ring of t .fee(ham-h+ b+ mom/the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be5sy ds ti 7vpbbx1f9.: 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?f5 d9t pb.7:yvib1 sxs   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperaturkjuw9n ,jc(aauu8mwk 3.1 -eses recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass the g(ech vhsj)/.rmometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0s(h eh/).jcgv $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20k*oo2yyfoq0w* 8q,s yv;v l ;x $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 30kcvw+c9( ea d/va-7yq0 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (aver 7dv(vkw/9 y aacq+-ecage temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that v2airbhg( nc ,f kp82(are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cihn(a2b,(82vp gkcrf ooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ,q*ia /d6ep6 ifh h)lb5g+pnjat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its ch u (f b0qls1vden*ww3zb7 z94dvu9ld/ange in volume if it is zb/1s ul d4 0d 9 nvlwu9bvfq7*3dzwe(heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of l q.oyub5) -cgwater at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of rk7jfv6 6l wm+o et-4nwater at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placedvh*azrjl 5/k*2)3xxx 2tb ugz in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can ee3kmyq3u 3c q,g/1 9wzuz m,fmxpand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approxi, 3mq yzk eucw/z ,mf1m3g9u3qmately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change isx1wkl j f33dx 6*dsb;n the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of lizod o .,dw2fw32 nhvd.near expansiondndd.2o 23.fzvwhw o, $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropcsn: mav+pm7hg -/2n r) j.eswhxn3v*ic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfpq . t3ps(3nem/ife 83run 0cject time at 10jc/rnqies3. 83 ( pu3fmn tpe7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.14 g:mfj7lx5,eyou6o5 j 0 mm. The bulb has a volume ofj57 e5m :6jgo xolyfu, 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 l:ke+a z: ysy7(oof u.m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings wa :zu oo(7f.skey+y:lith angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is z/2rks4w63xf:rs(marua4z f required to keep it at this length if the temperasaffr u3s2z(r6x4 :z r4kwa/mture increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional aref 1.pa7ge ro/ q(vym7ja 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at wlr29v th9ez te:*8iu.;b ul-7ixkk b20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on th*y/lrs wsu/r(dpgth99 28 btns ,w2wue Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on t dfbmo+7z 23c/ p0xdvehe Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun aredji(t /p/(l33ox:xottnt qx, about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air7 5 sfi44ha6wnmuwde5 at atmospheric pressure and a temperature nuws 75w eda4if45hm6of about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usi96 +pp* bmzg* pzkf/idng the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogyd/-u,fo i *ej e/5p7lo m8b 7fo/wdw ar,;xjken ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of 1t y0)a:bkpb9 dmh6bqnitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10 ayy8f(9 dx,imlyd2;f .0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 1 kjvw4l-fh)lgfds9: 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38):d1l-wfhvljs9kgf 4 5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ;sz4m2fx+yw4 mjd sj ,4 vtoz-of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insy2 fum as*o8+bide the balloon, which makes it lesss8 am2 u*fy+bo dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air atuq+*o a:0pflh 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at u+2jfprdp 9 6(a p9x1vlguw+ 7i4jmmu 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea l/2onb(y qmp*oxgu1 j 1evel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the numbero kpf5j05 rn h2r.0dk+a*ff-agi tst9f44oyv of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecule9nzle:t0;byw s?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (h;l ;(avl-.bb x)puaaa) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum-xfebe1k m n(*e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath youjqzc+e jr3tv,:x/j5r inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo to c/tr:x v+5 j3qje,rzjok. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic ,7qsz (kenil- u.x6bq -8wi g; jpp2hmenergy of an oxygen molecule at STi- me, si.uxlwq7k b2z6;jqg( h-pnp8P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of thsa1*aa.r (jn ae6 *ro)kw, stge Sun at a temperature of about 6000 r)k ,**(n.oa s asergtja6aw1 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speeg3kkv i/1q.ndn3dy-9v .u nwq d of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased qnw. dv g91n-knik33u.qyv/d from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given yi;omqf1:3.wle b 9scihg 9 o)in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calo;i9 qe3 mg:cf.lhysb)oiw 91culate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleculeb xb5o:)u;dle s in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its h6prf inc94oq :zsb1kiw4. i;volume is held constant, by what factor doq9h p:6.n4kwiroib1iz; c4fs es $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a ge)-; ccyykm/ q48bazvas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperatu4v 1.vnm xny7bre, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse vb nm ny4.1vx7ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contain2awm9a0(h n vked in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms oi0y +f0+ f2iaqouei7rzleii3r .,8ospeed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecul0lv/g.x:ep 4gzm8 8 fnhe la.bes at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms v5 w* wozm+ azl-7 *sb)zoz9gpspeed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell azg m zzp5 7s)- *wl*owv9zbao+t 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P =xnj kci2bkir :kuunp71 .8;2r $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,44 auys* jyqm( $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure,-gr2xvd ji 4hh592r4y x8 yfrg in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure i*agsa21 m5y)l 8wvm:f w-itxc s 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9wv5)8m:-astix 21m*yg cfaw l 0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if 5q v ybzkju ql:wavz:y/gum*5lh tby*,* 04n*the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25 kj:*4,:at 5gqz/y*ywbzu0m v *qh5nyvl*ulb $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure ayrf0p zwc- f.7t a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular yu..uuy /:flf place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tempeuyuy.ul /f: f.rature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water oc zt1s/0*ox r wccc3.is 530 Pa and the relatxo/cwz *3stc1r c0 o.cive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day whiy1s cbp*ie: v4h q-z0en the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wate3ty ymd f 5b(jhe 7v0jjbi50i4r is boilingv0h0i yij7b y fje54j 35bm(td at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room oft26 w(b+kko a4 eyj0yd volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point 0 ccy 0c6v8xzkof 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a gqc. a8v kat +-kc2e0wglycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15va+0 a2c.wekgct-qk8 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior throxw* t j.j9s8o0 (i-oylz)njvbugh tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has yo*9 jtw08.vzl(n-jibxo j s)cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrj p6,lsww.wt :34dyn8n8*1rhpl fy)cjsl7e tated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measbgl18 (vzhwqngcr* 31 ure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. Hpw6ol) pu 0k6aow much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cukpwup0 la) o66p are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initial u:wwut:;rbkn /s7 uk.ly 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. Whak/wsrbu nu7w: t: k.;ut fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room odpr7l m;2n 5-nzx pnv*f length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume then*rxzpm 7dn 5vnlp;-2 temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom pererv9w ;h02oews0od u0 $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques yu;, d;n5e oy1j-lqj tz v1vc8ajxn.7is abouty1nlxt8 ,n;vd7ec . o5yz ajj;vjq-u1 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fill*xtf6-z ,kh h3b: uhfos his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would zf*3f huo -tk 6hhxb:,his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from tx 9 2gl;hbo: ob8ayvm-he Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vxg92; bo- lovy:mba8hehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal i6 2ocz46dje1m*s4r 9bj4 rcavoqsxyyp79*r gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of2ljzj.yk3 ikoxsqf-o b0 +l6( 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surfnvj6:w7i (eux ace of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earti xj76wn (u:veh’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules d(thaxm875 w7s0pzk/jhjzfjz j)b6 ,contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hosp;ffonp: ;wx(.glv na (ital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How lonlv wanfgo; (fp(n.x: ;g will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid m fooe5gw;kbek1 .2cfj3e :5lzercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolia3 gs za3ikum2wasp)5(g,j )one at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snuglody.hnpg vq,2q34 4kfy around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly ontbaad-6nc h7jf+2q7 b wo a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 187wvrjv(3;: nrdn;0-c z jd ney$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 202mz/,zp yi 6xm$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earzqfcz2m,f2+/ 8xaqms th is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by to2 np4xd1d b2nennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, 2xdbdo14 2n npassuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameteri, qx q5yoz; os/yavtp.rh-+6 (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, anys qa.5iy vox+,q;otzp-r /6hd the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor l+lh c,obqer8hp+ /:xpressure in the air on the following two days: 8b ex /ch+p,:rohl l+q
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the dc 2hkc+er*2ht2m y0q. jj t3ciensity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in thi0 ykq3mtec2.rj*+c2c 2htjhe Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas a ;/v;zwjr/xou t constant pressure, the coefficientwj/zxvr;;/o u of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constcd,5lxjlhi1b v5 v0z9antly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildewh 5,9zdl0il5xvb1cv j . If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg