Which has more atoms: 1 kg of irrx 7)n5g, atp x8gzmi:on or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Apzx)8 rp:g,g 7t5i manxpendix B.

Name several properties of materials that coulp9 8nbqiz 7t5od be exploited to make a thermometerqpito bnz 8759.

Which is larger, 1 C x0p7wd vri rpe7 3 zl+;..paxp$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not weutb 3ut1*g )in thermal equilibri uuw1g*)bte3 tum with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a syz+4kyc0r zcmy8xkx/( rpb1 4trip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside ofyc x48k41b(xz rrm pky+zy 0c/ the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficients, gsm1yiu vi/fc,qad 64f 52b of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermost5:chv y/f8a mzat used to control a furnace (or o 8yha zfv:c5m/ther heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section :hr(. witcb dbqvw,4( in the shape of abrw vbq,(ch(iw.4: td U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of ljv vd80op/p6e ead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermome3 p*,hd8nzzla ter is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initiall*zn lpz83 dah,y descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may b(xjsfxuewh2 89x + sdk5zc)d .reak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explaix .udhesz j9 kdw2sc 8x)x5(+fn.

The principal virtue of Pyrxcf92u yn fvx)wn2 08zex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explainvy xu 892)w 0znxfc2fn why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, acx+ xa9h8oyu m5curate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause it5o z k7pw808z 7lfvrju6f jj:ds bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happ 6zw8 uj5l7o0kj d8jv:rf7pfz ened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushin3pyn ng7-6o2 v(hlt pgg down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature usi gon 76p3-( hl2ngtypvng the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water f51tji) h+ ee 46ssnzaincrease or decrease iffz14i +ht 6)asjs5n ee the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from k f9uh(gk tnmvt 3iva0oyn/h1z3 7- )pxinetic theory and the relation between averagexmgv/39ti 317u 0havk foz(hn )pt y-n kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gd)r ,bhz)7fcfay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio 9n2bdf*0ln6rm g(ml4:h8c zb t vd8xgof $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to th2acld* a9cua q49,n3z l0n bjqe minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. Th3b9lj,ac c0 4al2u ndq*a9nq ze escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water atf+ydl3gboe + 5tbj6:p room temperature. What can you infer about the molgb yp e: 3+lbd6f+ot5jecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hox6 cq0klhkmus vi z zgk0 px+f5075+,st dry day at the same temperature0 ,xvuiz fqk zplm0xks7 5k0s6g+c+ 5h.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperaturez*l(m 6s uvuq8 (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the ais,f+t il-qqf;ehfv.qqz 0 - s.r temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at ,vs;tfhzqi. 0.lsqq-+fe q - fthe same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator ce*rm 3t sby7xo:u2(i( spkp/d c jpb*3ap of an overheated automobile e3p d*i7u /jcmp:k(s3eb sb*oy2(tp xrngine.

Why does exhaled air pn zqv34tb.7vis yx5(u8kmw*appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram kjro5uo j9 (6r5o z0jxoac9q00q rge/copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare mw p3,0aln;yzf);qgwn0 ebs;to the number in a silver ring of the same m al0f pn )qyzgb;nws3w0;e; ,mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is if; :wlj9ur;v often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?iflv :w j;9;ur   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest e(h i*evxk 1)rtemperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.b s9ik em+ dk0j ev;8m78ptrc-82 cm at 0.0k8bp j+0sm ;eir9kvde -8tc7m $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of mp+9x r9wuw1b hk3s lk:f(ho6slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron apmy9tgrrj*8 2kproximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (avem8y*r2kt9 g rjrage temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet holel*ej8heoh7 xp7-ah - a are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before i-l78p7xhha jao*-he et is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4,12jg7pmixka1v2 p6 t rdyc/r $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8ft9:m7hdb3 r* w jus h;b:sd/o.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from9w;hsb u /rbo:shtd7jdf3:*m 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filledz*ii( xk3p//lkc qgi; to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water /yznm5 /q-vea0snuv. at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iro bctm.6yd+0,efmlwk 6n. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so tb-prxw4;.n re-pj: u5*rhrt it can expand in essentially one direction onl t;-x.hrtpp wr r* :urje5bn4-y, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the d*otb52o+02u2ux0 efmid o5 cme7 pe nxensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear exy. d+xhpu ycqlj ;9/v(pansion + hlqy/dxc9y.p;ju(v $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrop k0x86npq)rz +fs( ;qf( 8epuarhkytcy,/ ry6ic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather c:yaagp 6vco ,:lock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17g:yvc6aoap:, $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an kq -(w.rrm)vuinside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume .( -uwrk)vmqrof 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m 2zqp7 0z sp5aej) ykx2is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocpys kjzp7zq0 )e22 5xaity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. 1b( xum8:zo 1ertqkw7 How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature iu(owm:7t1x1kzr8eqb ncreases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional 83i,lwgd c eo2area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 13x:o3uroshi4 44.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatu*hq(;t xpb ,oau1qz s(res on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is whatvl9 uxey r ar;k.-(c-q temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures ig:mz l0 w+vk4yn the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric prew,n9yf e1yj k*7r+gte ssure and a temperature of abou* g 1w, efyrentj7yk9+t 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxyksj laz8 ge,t) 6mhv5:gen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.k,d0j wbus 349*xk qsn6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrpp 7e08x6/olw;tna w fyy,(r7n i*wfaogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heli 8 qdc:t9cf9hi(ags(lum gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L contaij q5 bii7e6 p9ny,u;inner holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?5yeiu7 bpi; 9nn6qj, i   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofzr bk ( spxl ;u728ncgn2,qfb) $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balliw/n secj3g f,8*;qlp oon, which makes it less dense th cfi ,el/gpsnw*j;38 qan the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at v 6c0;1jc6a ohhqcx:z15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 k rb4/ /xuffkq nz(*evhbpw-4s2o-- s$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chg uawd:r7t :i.em3,w7sqth k)ild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molemw(r-k +7i jhxcules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are therei)r18ek+8+ s2rj kwr1xomh rv in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ofy)hrmo lvxf(-31:c14o/ iv 4arblba a (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume umzhy+ kr zg4 o8)f)5i5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecjfl;cqx,zl. /9m p9ue z b 2n9*+fhgsjules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galie*n.,h+fjflu9q px2; l m/9gc z 9bszjleo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic en b1:jq*ypy,z zergy of an oxygen molecule at STj:p ,*zzby q1yP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sfk c7ec xm x0;*rb*zq(un at a temperature of about 6000c q*0m(exf;x* z7ckrb K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase fo6z9w;rr7wf7gxozfs0(gh+ s * y- faif the temperature is increased0ff69 gf ah frr+xzw7go ;oy7-z*ssw( from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in(/njd stk 6x7t units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8 xkj7(tnt 6/ds. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in agl,u( u k07bsp gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whilhymk .:jkem ,(e its volume is held constant, by what factyk.e kh, :jm(mor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a ga*q ninx h7p oa6/+5javs is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of theimqfryxx 3q zxw a7-bx. kne5p97zv av,1vg+66r rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of tm vx9.1bvf gyk 3 rap7enz,+a7q65xxz6vxqw-he square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitswu.-rdihn 93 rogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an o0 +9qqnvbzb*z xby 4i,xygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betoybfo jf488 9rf .ebug b2+qeh2i 0rt6ween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino a56ezjyr,y no.:ta e 4ccid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livij.aenz y45e t6oc :y,rng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wricfe5s 35 ls 1ivrib8j6tten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniu1b;3e0s /i,ecory8s)fn t*g 4jipqd c m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric presshw: 8f9gx:dn0yjdi2s 8okz1v ure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a/. rvtk(we+r: mhlhuw9i5 rn*) 90 t .h / lv*ri(:r h9nwmkuw5+re$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a+o* -g,lf6a s(dob drzk5 qf(f;oeit(a-gd.n day when the t+ dglfi oaoba-so .f gdd*q(;(eztfn 65k(r,-emperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a pla(gzth kq+b5 n*ce where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atmrv,k o9mn:h g:(kkscs ie)z7-, estimate the temperature at which water boi7eic sok,k z-rhk9mg(v:)ns :ls. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 5,d,u*umqx)wbm rh, 5l 30 Pa and the relative humidity is 40,m5qu )rxb l, dmw*uh,%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temrosd plsi6/.mr xvm ld*1f-r :8/- jp md,li-qperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the waterr jtg ,hloz,u l2+*e(q is boiling at a temperature+ 2,u lzq h*l(,ejtogr of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of v)355z w04cjr7h0sojjz clwb g olume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point om 8yxa 94)owizf 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) tom8t*c-/ .ypdxwkju c, diffuse a distance od cmpxjw,uc/k8 .*ty -f 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny9 -ejsl nrpg;0*myp mw;5b1tj ds1nn / tubes called tracheae. An averag5bwre; -j;ml/s0n1pjdnm1g *yp ts n 9e trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been c if m thlz +ddb;28/air7d o8a/ighp*6alibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrl : cbz7ca,,ivated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How qylm/ t;gvow fwt1hf 1(3 op tll:(q;+much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, ;ll1(t:1 ho3pomy+; lqqf tf w/wgv(tif the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium ga/ai: *u*w pfgdl7we jz1oa6 5b5 2qgces cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. Wh*5g1i* egw w cfaua:/62 zoq5p7ebjdlat fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.19rubia+fwa;yrw d98s xjv 0lf -.1y)b m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tem)jd1.i+u 0; s98wf byl brw 9v-afaxyrperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mat/kf t),uin5 eo -5lqtfter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum technid8 h3qcobi8lcfp6t 7/9g b w7tques is about 7q8obbpd9/t 7 ifcg6wt3cl h 8$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.kr6jp1b 0 ,r) ubfy-m0f.l lnd5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly roserj,0l0uf6bypk)dnmf -1 .lbr to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speefeipwgmkxdv()j:* t +;)0cn6 bkljtm 7/fea)d of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of thisnwka 0 ex )f(fdk/ji+geb6 7:jtmplctvm;)) * high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ib i o29hoev34h3hg d9gs2q4j8i(k vzz deal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume orxs6;re9 ieyly z)f:+cp 5y2z f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of fwq.yt 7xc.f 0) 1pthwthe Earth, estimate the total np7hww c0f1..ftx ty) qumber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogenpi.8 05ko is2t w-jl bz5ycsz; molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge press k+nmhe)s7l d;ure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylindels;en k7dhm+) r last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury :nzf76mf1 it9b;gerazr55 lm at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline apjijdw*0 6.2xoap+jsf8qq:e t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit1y7sr qjs.d 6m.tgza, snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto aa yopouo *e9,)g5(4j elin )on glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted11j ezjfa -pan e 1bqk;sti3 37g+zis4 in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully ccvbp1pe-1j 1o harged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed froj qm) /vwouq8-m the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended 6louq001.*akrv fzsoagainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid ela *kl6.ozf0orsa1 v u0qstically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical)zdsl* do bxu.5p 2f-.e bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the szb*e.l.25sdf d- opuxurface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pren +3.pqwomo8k ssure in the air on the following two days: .ow3mpo n8+ qk
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP,x 5oy37eq1psk and when it is a solid deep in the Earth whqxok s3y5ep 71ere the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant prmnbweq6 p)1z6essure, the coefzp6w1 q)b nm6eficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constank5/ akif)(zne tly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. efk(i 5ak)/zn If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg