Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See th u7c2f voo+beu4lj/q-e periodic table or Appeo/ol c+4-bf2vjuq ue 7ndix B.

Name several propertfg;2kwb :+ve5vvi15 :tzvn upies of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomete+;n gv:v55euib zfpt2 v vk:1wr.

Which is larger, 1 Cjam0zbngnq8 (:3 )t1 hz 06ows emye(y $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in -0n:8wx g pqc e2vrfa cb91-bea;, .f1qdwxbe thermal equebnv0; x2 edw frw -.abqq,1b9f18-c apgxe:cilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted t 5wz .t9jg4flv dy*/uktfv-r4o a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] vtyz 4u fgljw rt.k59d/*v-4f Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficu w7p6 qs+pz,x*kf .h bas-v-v 5xq1coient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagrnuhs4 /:u4bfc am of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of diffbu44n/s:f hc uerent metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape orgl xe (/oncp ajb61- yk95+l6yj(vw rf a U. n lb y(9cjp6exr-/5 jklyarvwg(+ o61Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder ofc3mq7d rvc1x : lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tmw ;5 wlqe9tcm0p)qw*ub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit andt5wwwcmq l*9 ;qep0)m then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heatedz sf.:9 mo9cwti2f 5q4-jjrh f or cooled more rapidly than a m.f-csjrzjf492owqf9t ih:5djacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of P3on co1 sh3r(uiozm am87,t7dyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass on(i1htmdoa77 mu ,8 r3 3socz(Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, an:lyac mad : 7x6my*8m zvbto3,;ndl 5ccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so b+) fil0hvi; geadly the can will not stand up. 0hg) ie il;+fvWhat has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressesn:( +nc,lybpvt0nm (d (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theo,ynbc0((s+:mtv npn l ry, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water incre exdz1:za)tniqti 40 4ase or decrease if the temperatur0a4:) d x4zeniit tqz1e is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s la v64fqp)d)3 krqt s:vaw follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic enerk 6v:ats 34pr) dfqq)vgy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theor 9 fpmc*rsd4/5wpho3zy.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmospher ;2 w:kumd9dj 4zjav.(c )lfsrrn */hfe, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Ear wv l(kq;ub,5ith refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth5v;kluiq (, bw what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room tempfy9a 8f4)irt* kc wl,zerature. What can you infer about the molecular properties ofay*c ,fr8wlk9) i z4tf one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable thanimw r -7+m ooskfng9.: a hot dry day at the sam mo:wnf 9rm. ogki7-+se temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatug8 lnerx wq9 g80k0;scre (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air te st6ff)dbn)mt:q(j 2:c( kzup mperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry :6: fqmt f (nju(t) p2bk)dsczair or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cakhp;; ;jl kgpf 110xbup of an overheated automobile engib1glp;f;0; jkx1pu hkne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a littllgk/x(g et 8*ye white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are thegc bf 8f/p(n+vukfk0uj dp 5r; x9cjgu )k769nre in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the 2: yhrsjmx6,inumber in a silver ring ofh2x6r ys,mj :i the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is *vvik1nng x8*cb .gv 2often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?xnng821v vvc. *ikgb*    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest mycw w8.n-8k 1lx./k tm.gssnaue 6e7temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 b-h) zu)so- +tk6 bromcm at 0.k bs)-)-bro ou mhz+6t0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bus.26)oyxc:a himbx 5f ilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 3h2reidf +y)m::pj 1deh4k+g q00 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25+m4 )q hfj eei+gdyk1 rd:p:h2°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are large;p*r6nunj ak-aa7: tw r than the rivet hole are often used and the rive7 ana;6r jpnau k*:-twt is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water agyhodl**td1h ;c pz8-t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chog+27,i 44hne t iabdvange in volume if it it en7od4i+ibv a24, ghs heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to eqxo hi . pmgri/(v,17the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that :;c;ygc y 5ons55.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of i z;g,4yqvs qz0v- /fkgqf 0pc(ron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essenhxe8hw ckq0/+tially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expc/8hwh0 xq+e kansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the cha+qrz(h k)i; nknge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width wb2ea5qj3nx )v has coefficient of linear expan3v)2b enajq5 xsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sol; x1r ajzhay3m*.n 2svid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made z39qwye1xmh/ of brass and keeps perfect time at 17qw3 zeh 9y/xm1 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer ei; n75sei rd7has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255irie 757s n;ed $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating s5-sd3 ;akg-wp fe9suabout its axle on frictionless bearings with angusgduf- psea ws93 -;k5lar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desi2z7nd6se)er+9bdj f ired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the tempei7 )zdd eb9+rs62nfjerature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-,+b (y)xzkihn7aek s-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.12,k lw )zrl8/p3j6kav x2 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaturesc53 u))labn sb p.dmoxh+(. m,p:nlvc on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tu4*uc1k*f mq temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are aboutu ht7s n7w 4z+-k*zrfz 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustio-lv,vy5jst b 5m (r05bjao:fan engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of ay 0- f5j5rj,toasbavl:5b(mv bout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen p5 gm+cs: rnl/at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 ka5du4m 3n5d x8fikn6iptd0 .qg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP containw-0ug wks ybn2/ v9tnv/gnm4*s 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1(a,wzfm.bp)n e (tjt 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of t, f34 hvc 8tshfk(i 9qijv88uargon gas at 385 K jfsf,3hvuitk8 i8hqv(t 9c84 ?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 ko vs+ 8zn:c2llg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves ic ;w*0-) tlgoic 1jescts buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air ou 0c -gi1)c*to; ejswcltside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air atn-ypds s8y voy:s ,2 7x9(iula 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen ah/-sl27vzb d y2aqnij 8h* ib8t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloov 1 6v301sks1zn8sei zl *xenon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number xi uq:twt59n ,of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are therk1o-7r pg)x a; ghcq(ie in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)o(v id2pw; f 1fqtf-7h moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1c*50d j-p3p1 y xhujmm$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2. stx4)cpl(hl:nh 7h ,u0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere iu ( p4l,cxh7ntlsh ):hs about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxycco sf7 v0ijzlya5jz a/29:z 2gen molecule at STli z0/zjva: fjy29 c2cs z57oaP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a cgi.jbwp1 (9f1o b*zr temperature of about 6000 K. jgcb91oip(1 zr.wf *b    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperatu7p30zn gn/o5ia kqkl 3re is increased fr gkanq30zl57/i pkn3oom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speedsx1 ecp* ,78etp q3dhci, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the 1qdhe,ix3 p*p8ce 7tc rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules rl3 7) fm5bepr.jkgv64ztr-g in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its;9x gsb/eq w8f volume is held constant, by what factor does 9g xws f;e/8bq$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a- .imt hla-bu0sds.4i gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, tro edq.a 6n6)mhe ratio of their rms speeds is equada6)q .oenrm6 l to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8-+micjfod b1:w eoe5 7.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 s t6sldb 6b3c mo d9+7n20isqo$^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen moleculesa5djpmny(ep: xx(i 8k 2o-jx0 at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u i9o)vrfh 2ki3,uk, sydn a living cell at 37 vr ) uh9,d,i3 fykk2os$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P hc- wio6i7fq(yc e 2f+= $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniua0 m)kzxobuu 0-h/ r)b)jwq q:m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whlx9)o1gy lk 6tat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase wcdzo4h 0.j0t +n6skjfk3zq*when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)co+0dfhn4 kzsz0 tj 3w.q6k*j 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humi) fy/g.bk*i kzdity is 50% on a day when the te) *zbkgki./yf mperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water bohk2k9 1a 0zu:dkw)pi zils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, 8;wu +:lbsctx estimate the temperature at which water bolx +usc8 t:;bwils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressur k:48cya5li fha eh)1c7u5f tre of water is 530 Pa and the relat4aac htfci):58fyeku57 lhr 1ive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure omd-g3 bzzh1+mrt1o 9 +l tncw5f water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker ifbwsd yv)xwz64yb6 d+s)g(o-h the water is boiling at a temperature of 12o6v(d4 w)z) yb +syhg6s-w dbx0 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 68rho ylk / hm43e2i85,ozl8fn o0$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dowyb*vgb8+hrga +/* ib stssf )09yo+ew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molec hm (28vf70bty sbxb 5wvtthyo2a,(u6 ule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance o(t5ov tf2y2mt b06(7xv8wbhy,sh ba u f 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surfaceey.xy lar ;;t( of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross.x( e ytar;l;y-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tapen zvca*u+ms5gwu1m / / measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been cad7xzmc+z fk -61 zv6uh :,aravich 4)nqb/lt *librated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrate/j onkmoc2 )8dgt)q;bd at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipetb;j8nq)k g)2d/mc oo calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initiallhxr( odcngv :1k55g3my 28 atm. After many balloons have (3c g5 rg:od5h1nmvk xbeen blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air m ..vgs 2f6ygj+qaud2w(ozuv9 olecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and hei2 ofu( udvg+q.zy2j9ag. sv6wght 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atomomb lfqqh::*0 hd )kq ai*(1qyy9 6dew per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attain7w chcd-00hmx able using the best available vacuum techniques is abouh70w xmd0cc -ht $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to nhw+o 4l+74qpjg/zka.m yy.ifull capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would hi jky/l4 z4 yh.++ni gam7wqop.s lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from t sc,c.k5 cr+vb;svr03igt3nw he Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this i0rvvcwcctsg; +k,r5.3 sni3bs seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased frcrfb+mx*2,/i:gtzd; t52 oy nbbn s d)om 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ochwetfne7 tl8o6z 0/ :f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estiman-jsfhrb787sjn+7 rc d k.vt4 ijth,+te the total + r r-7t.jdtjsnk8h i7+bv js4hfn,7c number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen:1c-rv /boy;-g vffl n molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressurdi9u o2,alcqkneyti* a8(1g/e = 2000 psi (13,80q82atg,(nc19yiie* auo/d l k0 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of /q0w(b7xc:u xmd a+ vxliquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoliw-3sco 99ms sune at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly arouuupce(obc8 9(rk o6q-nd the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly oj il ik+cn 1/8ejvxwnk* q;/o)nto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted ik6g(b0v j e2 --u)ewpfb,mqann the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pres 7t*iz1qz )vop-np/q/eaqs6p sure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from t o/vaj-vd*gs;he Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended agains4iy+f sxvz2(wa zus*r bi:+:st gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second r2af+4s*+x yu ivb (zwsis: z:must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a nln(y(vgk :hbw-n6 aythnr9 -g5 t-:cdepth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K,59:y nyg-wbhrc v g 6na-:l tkhn-(tn( and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the follo/95tqblx-zlhw1 -bi82kx xd mwing two days: 951-tkxlx b 8 - mibhqld/xz2w
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron 7co-)lnbzb x 5oq;v4b at STP, and when it is a solid deep in olnozb7);5v bb4 x c-qthe Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant prf .5wq4joafi,essure, the coefficient of vooq.wjf5 a, f4ilume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constad2sc on(:w4n8h dy(b antly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and(ynowd4:a h2cd (nb 8s mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg