Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the popvj 7y;e*pta-awuo ;o0/ 4q teriodic table or Appendix oo-0j*op4ew yp auq t 7a;v/t;B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a theef)4 +uhs3m iarmometer.s43e )fah iu+m

Which is larger, 1 Coea v- 9fhwz;l vf6t 3.:ippgmqq;f *cu:d.1o $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in th0l jg6snbjn;nf-ul)) ermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what cl) uf)jnsgbnj-n ;l6 0an you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rivetcr*h:) 1qbc3gughr rn wgc7upya :/ 2-ed to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which men7gqgcgr / rcc :br:phy)wh3 21auu*-tal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linert pu3wm. 2-zdar expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of tm * t;zncjriq i: b(e)4.t0ama simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls)n4imq t0 *rtbj:ct.e ;(ai zm the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are djk9a -aw2(o w -em,azfixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a9o wma(ke-jw -,z2daa U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floaxg+7ck,k 1 nncts in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glassbqewpetw/te8+.3mh :c :0okr thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rw:cobrpe qk:e tm t.3/h0e+w8ises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heatbqthfs:a -vh1u82s5 gwyi 0n .-lwa- wed or cooled more rapidly than adjaceg-i 80vlab5u t-:y a fw.nsw2 w-qh1shnt parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansionz*)ed8kz pq60 vc3xp*cc 4(qqd;v yy j is much smaller thx30( k *q);z4e8vjcd qzccppyqyv6 d* an that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cxf8rp q,gybkjh1 q0.in):5d clock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can wys*-tk cx z .0oxw ,*jcu0j9ieilcuszx0,c .9- * e0i jwyjkx*tol not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston)vxza j)vab y 99a9ux9uerx iyo)9.1.i , its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain th) rixv9u x.ojei a9a9v9x.)1 zubayy9 ese changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on a6*7brzy. d*ofq/mh w x2slu q(n aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 20 rl6uo mh7*sq d .b*y(2wfq/zx$^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s y *r 3tzltb5ol ,yml9ka;v7rw,* 1enolaw follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average 3v o, b lay*;kzl wt5r, m*tor9e1ny7lkinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lup:h4ps1j16ec : jdofhssac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the rationon/8- w1b bvk of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Eady5d6,efx8;iwmg/se4 ; as rkrth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmo5a dexses4f w k rm/6i,;dg;8ysphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What c rk l,84n)ooezg4ke:j an you infer about the mo8l4e)r4e,gojzn ko :klecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at thertlrv a74(8ah4+ v71gtfwaxbi3x 1 n f same te74 83n(t 7 +w1ag1artfaifbxvxlr vh4 mperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tedu1c/jx *y4liaky k-(mperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air 0sp: b5 n/o/nfphki2 ptemperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or th:nnf bso0kp 2pp/i5h/e humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the r0tzq-;z e93h:gb8ygfps mvg,adiator cap of an overheated automobile engine:e8q; zm9ggs- gb,y30 zfvpht.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winxh zdd946jvwv 79xj 0ater (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in0 .jiqp7 uyex,:15 l:sast moj a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26brqj ex3z o/2bqyu .5-.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a s qqu/3z 2-yoxjbbr5 .eilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this ong ;i6xhj zr2n8 xzsz., the Celsius scale?i, ;r2 z86xjzngzh.sx   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 136 jpu9 xy9qs42h 2. yd,g oz cmktze-:*t$^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer,lvpoih9v (m,6 the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0vi ov,(p 9mh6l $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long;o ujxnnc11l c4x4x6rlyy8rz 0d/ 3oz (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) wwdk ;zhnmzdo2-;s2 36ebve+is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes b2e+sv- w6;dm;z3zb edw2o h knetween July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are oftenvzk+cg qu/qb* j.hm) djs8.+ q used and the r* qj+jcgz8 uvs+mqk..b) /q dhivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at d7k;o b0j3urp)t 4kb*b tdho) . u.prb4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in 7t )*uzqnn+xxfplo4a2 -. susdiameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated frol7+foa2 u )nznt-4* usqxsp.xm 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water aykml (rtqr c4 t9kw43.t 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water a5sszrqz*3*xavs9xqfkb09 ) nt 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring m vacv xnos-d( +7mil-9ade of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so iya -jxc,9y/3lrp 2zopf8n g;it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficien2,y ;9zjp o8cnfgipy a/rlx-3 t of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the di capg*7 d.ybxh+a): rensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lej;mji .y: sm j;qq5ygz+t(-ytngth l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion jm: jtj;- 5tmq+igs.y(zyy;q$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrr435p a. dbrgdopic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect timdvj+9.iw gfpola16-y e at 11iyf.l-ja +gvp6 wdo97 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer hsoi*ceik0k.*i,1pun/dv:l n as an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has el1* v0un ,okndcs/i p:i*ik.a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating abz -sp.y+m15lzj0xrpy out its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velociyxyp5 l .0s+1jp-mzrzty $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. Howe7p97l.6htung a g jb0 much stress is required to keep it at thiselah7b6j ptgu9 7.g n0 length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional are,/ t31cqh dta(rwyb9r a 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm atoty6ry)cfi1 3 3krop p;6t(nc 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kenj)iru+oeo(;ik9 6 hilvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahy b,qtql1(;o+h qmd;3ild9 lwrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures ng: ioh-4 bsv ,slzdb gpe:8-/in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperatur- 8 qhh v3;hpify1,nmce of abouymh-c3hq nh, p8v 1f;it 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the idea5u4d42sihc, e lep i4ll gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen (loey((o0i lq ;tv 2h10 lz1lvr$N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STbbw39v7uc o:j P contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10-;bp+zbd tye +6*hcss9/q ubhh2fv t( .0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure 0/ap 3* b7wacediujx7inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 Kdi*07cup3xb/7ae awj ?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of g fs z5o20jmjlc-u3a0$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insideb8m 6 f1q0 lohf;*rno(k :7vf2zblxqt. *qodp the balloon, which makes it *kdpx1.rq;oq oqv8f:6 7 lmf 20*lnzb fb(ohtless dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with,3zxok0.tcc v j-7h nc air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 qpw,;8*u0i hetrtsh 3 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes afj+urq z)9rkzci,jd01v o1 o7 child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of ar a5/hax *uw7qm88wzmolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there inn,iy;acz2pcj r2 j/5 a 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of7c,f9i tues3t 5buypf; -lkj0 (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.*a3ok*gpbdu vnx r+33rep t s)(+)aky1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in o8n /n.g(mlh uoijb97 each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hig7i/ h( 9n8ln.obmo ujnt: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at 5lon p7t8t:8zx bi-qmSTt5xlz 88m-t pi qo7nb:P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tempcbfui0m9m o+ b*3vf6xwmq y 00erature of ab o q+f6y00bu9vm0*ifxwm mbc3out 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if thekxs d:tmta-5 bqe 3ykt(1,9ho temperature i:mt1e,3ktq a-hbs(k tx y5do9 s increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules hav8o(afr9oeqzf.09 qtt u:xn j0 e the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, oo azn.0jf9u0xerqt : q(t 9f84, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecule55x 2gvjs18hwn6, icvg cqjr 0s in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is do1lix1 ew19sjtl7 gu:o ubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor do j1itsuxl: el 7og9w11es $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in qd5w on/qo7.z a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases:tkpsroxhh,e7gr4.rq0 8h a26 tsag . at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the iahgpr7sh t rer q.8xtsa. 4:o2k 0h,6gnverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen xps80v ylja.0 hyu *d7molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molec)-0 y- arsx,vabnsllge2u 2f5ule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecule3px sasx4gg67df )m3es at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u injm0*:r3 uys*xti 1njk a living cell a j*rnx0j13 u:i*ty ksmt 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a kb688r3gxa j2iu) o *f5dksyxgas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, gb.4(bzi l(m9:spz5lqec z 5q$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, infulo. 8q6e cbtb: 4cm: what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperak2 jao z568r.ct tknu g.hp6jeut8/ 6cture is (a) g8.tk 2cj56czoe6t kjn/.86tphu rau90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on qddbf*r+ s,umg- lh84el 31ypa day when the temperature is8 4s,uy-d*lbg em3fqdp+ rlh1 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place wherele0w9i*a oxs8kqs 5j 8 water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 a) 9cw ,;tdcb+,mno*kaqjx dx*m1o.fktm, estimate the temperatamf+j9 1 okomktdc,d b;)*c xqwn.*x,ure at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when trmf (i8o8ozw ;34d/ yqzv rvp9wh5+vsw +j; kxhe partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the rer ;xs(84jrzqdzwoo5v+ yp8 hv v9ik;+wmfw3 /lative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day nry c(cffe;0-,jj* q qwhen the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure insihi*q nqz ,va4m,/r,t7 f:qzpide a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at7n*/r,aivt qq qiphf mz:4,z , a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 680x, yxqklia**dg0 n8 t+$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point 4lkzwp+99 if tof 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to do7aytaf5(gh* 8esq+ yiffuse a diah(*75e a8 yt +goyfqsstance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from gwlti7n( x j2to.89oq the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-tqj 7o8 .ogiw (29lxntsectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrat xu)f6ppw6,j0sku2 jh ed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has beenbuj7y* ;/l kyj calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room twf vp.aqin -gkx. 42+i t.q1xdemperature. How much error wil2.xqdxai ignw . 1vq4tk-p f.+l be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gaf5f4c66aqy wjs cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been b 56f6y qa4cwjflown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m,dp/s xg -t)u-s4+gox z width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the og4pzusg xt- )d-/+xs temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atoi0 b0 5i:n biz/mgb3gzm per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the b *;hnrr58li wdfz7aq/est available vacuum techniques is about/ *zlwf d ri5anhr;78q $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when ,tnmo +7daqb:4xpu* ai3+ qdpfomo*-10 m below the surfac7+i+*qmt- p3do m apx*qd4 aoufo, n:be, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning fromol)/9cmu (do x the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Beca9) lo /xco(dumuse of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is ing:d ,pv)c, sc.n3c9y:ava3p f0rzs uccreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770j dxl5f 2)cbfpc p97u0ib3 19ixl/xhim$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the E/ursj ) fw4fm(arth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmospsrj(ffw/m4u ) here.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mo 445a 3ckmzh*rcg h4solecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 200rhzbv89 o6/g l0 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if hbz6 rg8v/lo 9the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats :meqjz)sjy1t3 m8-f qin a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli+y tc)zo 7ag la *p2lan6.l7mane at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly aroun4y(9najgw cq n7dxp/hq -hx y3fo,(obg m-k7;d the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glal oy3/)w7 g/pwxksc5c ss jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopte9njzcf9 ihz.b. :gv/ud in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 6y hxchv 3+;a6 ,tcoyr9.lx;(upp vgy20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fro /ztdny5 oz.k1:jzb )ym the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by myn+okncut;hb 2++; biq 3j0ctennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 k2u3ijc mty; n+q0+ck;+n bhobg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a cptjdz5 85o5o 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behave d5c5z po8to5js as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor x)av. k ida)hqd-d)/gpressure in the air on the following two days: qaadd))-/hv d) x.ikg
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a p;iw8o0(y +3fbaqdtz(f 3tixsolid deep in the Earth where the temperature0bff((zo3iiw xqp+ 3 yatd8t; is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure:rj/hv 0:(2lzy6b-jxfb 0d n ;wqnxjc, the coefficien0(j d/:6lqr xybjv :n b-2x;hwnc0 zjft of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumiymu4 sm56k.3 jyrtt p:dify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept46t.5y:p kumy jsmrt3 at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg