Which has more atoms: 1 kg of ir e; gu +xpmwc,e/,n+:ekt1d* xl7 tjston or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Ap,*m:e+ p/j tdc,etwx;tnl+g 7 x1ku espendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploiteha1s; y* .abqfh8u3rbd to make a thermometer;hybsua br 8h* .q31fa.

Which is larger, 1 Camug lkr,7fx0 vsb9 vs ao(19/ $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equ;(fwwjd g(byo/1zyo)(nz hs 1ilibrium with system C, what can you s(;nz1s 1 f/(z(wjohw) dgyboyay about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rk)cfog to8( nud4 .yh(-nk;nhiveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: ndn;hn(.ko o4- ty ch f(k8u)gSee Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient: bunip hw0/su awqg,b jd(6j3*9 -pkj of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a fureg8s5i6oz3 pn tu2vn8nace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of dot p685v8g n niue3z2sifferent metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section vwn74g )6bg1 + hbsi9zjocfi4in the shape of azc9io)41sj 6+b h4nggf iwb7v U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lwpf.q:(ymp p74yu( rc ead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placeda)mzan1c s/ ; 4),z43-lehn vobbsgbu6v m5h f in a hot tub of water, the mercury initi ,u3hn-v ab/)hsna) mfeoz4zbc v54;m1gb6 l sally descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of .)mg tj0xl rv)he-kz4 it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explagr0jl)vtmk. z 4)ex h-in.

The principal virtue of i0 bg)g2,; xh3gltox dPyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistanc,)xgxgtih g2b ;0dl3oe of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuratea rtw21 yk*wm1 at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cauchj6d q nhr-/d.s++bi se its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happened?.d- q jh+c+6/nsbihrd

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a /ug+zd+ fz2/c*jzw rnr8 g;brpiston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they r2+ j+wfzg;8zc/*ung rz b/rdstrike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum :hdu:sdr g5z-rnhv q;vn(jh11 q)a-rsphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is incnh1h- uq5rd nav ( q;zdr r:-jv:s1g)hreased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic 1 3;*n :uufr0dqzpn c9gbsow;theory and the relation between average kinetic p wn*g; u1odcf3 q;b0u9r :nzsenergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory1um6ducs; q6)u)yj tl :in8it .

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ra/2mgi 1q 4rloph9e /eatio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum spee x2z5-l scwgh7a+xz- hd an object must have to leave the Earth and never rhh-l caz+zw 7g2x5- xseturn. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water )hrvwof0n3 (r e et*/tat room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of onenr* o) ev /wftt(30ehr relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than .y)f x5+otkl:5srtp ph1 h8hfx z7rz8a hot dry day at the same temperatulh+kpx:z5t) 7r .s88 1 hr5yph ofztxfre.

Is it possible to boil wat*nrago5ion19 ra 52*ubgsek 4 er at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature icb:s /r4zsl q9s the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Ec 94:lzq/bss rxplain.

Explain why it is dangerxa7qtg4)lyn,zfr. k cbr4 37gous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engqf4 .7 ggb7r,ay)c43lzk tn rxine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a littlent.7x( 4qxfd v white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-grqlf,go6 2jig7am copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring cj0s 6 zojhe.7rompare to the number in a silver rin j6hje7soz .0rg of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” ii b4(ckk(26 qskff:res often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?6 4k fbqies2( f(:krck   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest anc7khi/8g0:3mq: hij kr1 qgj sd lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has5hebbrq b;( w5 length 11.82 cm at 0.;5re5 bhqwb (b0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (q tgzanyh7n,(l7q1i 3 20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approxyaf0cnrn/ h22 a/wln0 imately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its heigr2wcnal2nnyhfa/ 0/ 0ht changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than ezu24k/ 6b tcpthe rivet hole are often used and the rive/2z6ct peu4kb t is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of watery.hg b8k k2bc h me,k+*dh0p8x at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in ss7;;a4iltb p diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from 30;b asis4p;7lt $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL yid:r gwo2 n:tr86y1v of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water :r k6x- jt.dz2ymtnp9at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to bnnqpl) le;ag yr4w; z36wt(:re placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can exptsmz (-xhg.4j;5 8rdgt3 rat xand in essentially one direr4 gd-t8; .rtm stax 3gx5j(hzction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change si 9h j:h88kinin the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width fr1lsrp)k:ps v)08 lm w has coefficient of linear expansion 18rkls)0 ) :rfmslppv $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an iso5 +p7uyywuayh6q3 7(2hm wdn stropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and 6rth) u0eiq ,iug3 lu4keeps perfect time at 17 qui06e4thi,l) g ruu3$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer ha+kq mn wkw llg6w/osx:mm3h*67-hv- bs an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has an7-6m s3lwv* o+g kh/q 6lxwmm-bw: hk volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius9*il5pajzkdu jk: c60oq7 + tb 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bea k0a6 7d9:ozt+*jkcqlp bu5jirings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress lvsl+:/w l jgd;g6;m+r hgn1 fis required to keep it at this length if the tg vfl:jl6 nd+m g;swg+h/l ;1remperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I ;jk 52uyn+szut: mx7y-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter b2v tg.rf m0lnghu )27134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temvm+z qgd8 ;c 9.z 1ltrmv82u2lupn(nvperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scaleu ;y43dol+y pi?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth j :p. s5z0z+nges7o lw n(r)ckand Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressur pelnotq*v2.zci6 *)j,2xie ke and a temperature of abo6e*,xikctv).qlp i2j z en2o* ut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal ga pchwnsr3hi4)n41,w zs law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg pwz 5 g.5/3s1ogha qc9(s tdfhof nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contain) yammc-ekyu1dobl2d p/-(2 n s 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at mqce4jiy h:; q ont*)+10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L cgbt 4d5s4x 9dgontainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K4xbtg dd 9gs54?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0g+k b6.v l9tmwiwxr-) kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its 5/p bd2s*yaqz m;nxt)buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose5/ m2y xnq*bszd;tp)a the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled withufnm vrzvpq32ta;(f3 4i: i)j air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.d+, ublp n9:qs0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escaom)-*xfm2r va: e 3lobpes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number w+qeu/3z:(tfxq4:qgj: fjl c of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many m)jvqth ) k59ldj b0d(jolecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles,k251(uk mtlqw9/ ieiq    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumwory93y 3) n)yjcncw) hy5;pqe 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L)tgev ygey2 4gl3n0e) breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 1nggly tve )e3g 4)ey200 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the averaj4xfa+ o(fz 99wx om;fge translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP (awxfmf9xj9o;oz + 4f?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tempf(2po f4; 5pjbh.l lulnm;ix5erature ofm;i5o;pu 5hnb (l.p xjff 2l4l about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the aukqe purn1o4*r2s9yt :5e w3rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is incr r3eo15wu4tqu2kn*a:r esp9yeased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, ;xpx/;cdp2, km a -ojexmdr4nt9+:lj 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calcd ,lx29ktrjn:x p+jx m;-ea;o4m/dp c ulate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a ga;oii*l gt4 2a.)iv 92gnt 3j-qzygz sqs at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while itsc jo0bg59eqd cdrvpd5u4 j1 /p 3pd;o9 volume is held constant, by what factor dcd9e 5 v1 q0dj5cb39p du;jgo4/droppoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gaz9c ,(3bq i:q8eo scevs is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two g isj oc;:k,fj0ases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal s,iojk; cj0:f to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molefk8qnlla 3 r1(a8l8b dcules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0kt8x* ro jh5u 0rxzit8f2x66yo1r3gr $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecule ze-hi4z0ob(q s at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in7u59ayuxp u /zs,c s3u a livi7p,scu59s xuzau yu/ 3ng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressu,z y yue.6p4xj-yhkj 8re P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranilq43ve f j-pj; d,)npsr( ovok91sbm (um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phab4 pk mlbpu+- p/y0mi*ses can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when th 5gtsubx9:n9 xe pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 n9:sxu9t5 xgb $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (appr ug3 x;laa;yg8oximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature iaxgyau 8 ;l3g;s 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where2b xd dha9;fh/ water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the zu1. wiyh9:8 onv8bedum96i s mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whic.o wmvu9de 8sh1:u9z iiyb68nh water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the f-p2udyb y,n 9partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 4,y d2nuybp-9f0%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pres8x n 6 gh1ov64nywqv4lsure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressh yn0 v7zcm)j8ure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a tym 8z7jh0vcn )emperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of voluvvqi e2*fr5r3d ll41lme 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 f56pk r2z g*ok 9d7rzt$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diff/v8dl20z-f7vkl 3pt:en f -tq npv zd(use a distance of 1dnt8velt-30:pzl-(vf7 dpq2f k /nzv5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the sur toj*z*(cn 1aqo) rm qz-b(3ehface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called (er z1()*oh-nqtmjo ba*q 3zctracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at ktiua a) w0 uo-6e:pc*20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has beb;efh(e6-n:ul xs; msen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error cgamochi 1x9j6 0 dr,nc4q :n:will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at4 c6n qca 9 cm,orhi:x1dngj:0 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 as i )(r 9ujscj:ro7jc 9n6lv/etm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the (/cjsjr s6u:7l9rovcjn) e i 9cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a rm):ns2f2noz v wsvq(2oom of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.(o2n :z2fvs 2wm)snvq 5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one a p ry h)b*,d-e6 c.(ui 0lxmbyh5aoxk/tom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques o;;r, ,yghllgy+(oic ;0mg8 8yhetbeis aboutog,chy;+0 ;ll (y tiog,8 h8g e;rmybe $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of:3i2xii slal : 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose tsl:liiix3a : 2o the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmo9:v9q ynnen/b (wd 0kssphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a brig0nsk9(/nnw9v: e bydqht blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increa*;vgpstgy b 66sed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ol7(iiok3 ( v aw+ka:wqf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value ogjq j9d( 2mkl3:c.2 ymxw)me 49xcdz mf atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the tlzcd ym3g9cqmkejm jx(2x.9 ):wd2m4otal number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogenb(zd,1y:m- s r.p 6uq0vtdp+y sa1u la molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a ho g.vg+1 +ucyelspital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last u+ cvlg+.g1yeif the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid merbmd- dkx3- fz/4e.ddg9 s-k d beai0)acury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoliciy3j1 + xowuflev99-ne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly 2zd7hh-. b kn2kxxbls 2r1c v)around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tig wa(g-dsb0n*pkg d,g 3htly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adu1 jt3b5v ok5icj3 ih.opted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fult 9xiidin378q ly charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the ll:zp/ (rnx-fEarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis ballmf72t0hh.na8p uz ar keohy05 4xg njd,rp;*- s thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound fr,hp25jrn;e0p mxh07t.dua g- o y4hfkan *8rz om the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphericayanw1hrkgi a .-, :ts*l) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. H *.tiygnh a-1,w:a skrow large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on;d-ms0t ye -tu the following two days: 0ds;e --u ttmy
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the dnzs:z m0:;/;0hs vz(jibwsp oensity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Eart( 0zm;n/zs;s :vh o0pbjiwzs: h where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at cmebk5f f(vafscu+ tcuh- 0xle;02 + x3onstant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansioeef52+sf3cclbutv h +xma; 0-xf0ku (n is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify ttthlj3h yc) /qr,xo() heir cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a hous(coh)qlrx t/jt ,hy )3e (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg