Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron orqgd o9 r aco)x ym-vc9fkud(k,3 ;s6m4 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendiod 6usfcqr9,cagxm;m3(k ) y k9v o4-dx B.

Name several properties yq53 5y 3fm*dq xaxw s(71jmsfof materials that could be exploited to make a thermomete fxdmqx*35aqs 7ys53w (mjf1yr.

Which is larger, 1 C p q ek hbnjwr m0aju+7omz+/761qk tme*t49m8$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is 14glww.tc8 o jnot in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatu8.owl1 gjwt4c res of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. fm.g 2.c5ffrgx2jdxhvmd y d+08e-c b/1zdi.When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the oum2d v5x.f .dc/ . dxdf+j0 f8m2rebgcgih1z- ytside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expa /7q5fftwt/ccnsion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simp9/nja;ut. q dbzv k-8qle thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of differe-.ta;v z8qjudq/9 kbnnt metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends oft;ed8+a;c ebfg 2.ag6jfy t9 xxen have a section in the shape of a U. xaxtfg8 ; jye2g9f ;ca6.+ed bWhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercj e,xjnyt99ce c( h *2qpo*h/xury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-k5 p7ua36wu0k9 pfl--rtil;b cjf 8jsin-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit a5 ppi; jk--9trk7 3 ul6awuf8l fb0scjnd then rises. Explain.

A glass container ma, 5by; wjlr/u9 vqy(vku*;b8 2te ujygm.r) scy break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than ad)btlycuserbyyj ;* ,qv2 vk rw8m9j; u5(ug/ .jacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansio2nnln(pel-+v j mx s-rww4ek5y, r;,vn is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat j vr pr(-2+lk 5-nw 4ne;n,,mev lwxysresistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, acc9i)8mgr0wc fe muyzht w3emb,q*w 6( .urate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top t:xirdp6qm /, z fwp3b6p:ulqh n/l(6m7 i(qxro bulge so badly the can will not stan/x hpbiqzx3l r6w(nrqip6fmq ludp6 ,:m7 /:(d up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperaturk, aid*r;i1py.u .pzm e increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature appz1d;y .r*,i.mu ki using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submeuzn a2 420a07utivlkerged in water increase or decrease if iul0aa4e 0 nu7k 2zv2tthe temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how k.0z(t )ptpzs4yz+6 /gcgh btCharles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and t+chszz gzbg(0y64 t).k /pptthe absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gaf)+py o l.vu/by-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Eartuw;9b* r9yr vth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for 4ko:ta6 v9pv2o )zmw fjfgt0/the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Mootmvz2p/vo4f9 6 jfatog0:wk ) n is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. 3et 0bc1bf baq0;sguen/8t 8dWhat can you infer about the mo/dubta8b31bq0e0t;ge8c f snlecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid b8bo byip*axl + a)lhi-)q coq.1ozl yp(4,-qday is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tyaoq-p( 1+ 8yiixo) bl lpc,4 . qho-b*lq)bazemperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room h toegx . ro4z)z4+wi20* nhvztemperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is d b) +nz .titp2ub(c+kpifferent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid airnibzk(p)+c. tbt2 p u+ at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open x jxt:e4srfgqb0w:z00q w.i2 the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engis :gi0tbr e x42:q0qwxjzw0 .fne.

Why does exhaled air appear as0*j;fekptvxlb7*pl1ru 0xu ) a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pcgs6c ;36rwmu)tp 6 ccenny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram g/bu 9vyk 3 vbyq/2wsu*old ring compare to the number in a silver rk* 9y s2bvv/uwyq/3 buing of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Whx;7;3q;zwsl:xro ww a at is this on the Celsius scale?la ;o:w q7wsxwz3x; r;   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temp i04,iyfoj v.qeratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass therm)uy b*+3 h p8dszk2sygometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0dz3ssy pg2yh*)uk8 b + $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of m brk* o4 s76c.nt yjd+0x7npyyux, m)slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fi vursf*c ,w 13br-2xhdg. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Ja ush2x-vcr1*rdf3w, bnuary (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, s b cl.da6 ne0zn1,.en8g*hgdrivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet n8 .gc0gs6b.e ezd d n*,hna1lis cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a47d4* (xuz,rf lnifoj jgx.5m r v0jdi09d k2ct 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Wha )p.iiz 0 kub+r9-yrfht will be its change in volume if it is heatbu+z rf) .k90h irpyi-ed from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is eg80c7s w a vzeloxtf.f *9+)mfilled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.51;g+kdegq: 2 2sivzly0 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed inpaj7s (i*snapfo z y) ulz);l *9o/w:6x7lgrr a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in 8,ayzm/7+ zmr vw*tk,4v-)sret zlog essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to*vk-r m 8)/zwts,m z7v,zl4+ygea o tr the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the rk9a :x nwpl71 eozo,1density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lenmyhr3 .ovr- i+pu4.ylgth l and width w has coefficient of linear ex u.l rh3iryv+- p.m4oypansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, ,y y zbbzhv6)6k6vel- $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brfod4k;,eb,hx/ 05ci s pw+u oyass and keeps perfect time at 1i5xphe s+0 ;ocuy /,d,w4fkbo 7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermomet-vc u4quiwzuj+ m,; n7nt.pe*er has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a p eu* ;nutq+v4m-uw ni.,7jzcvolume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical whee ik t4jg17icix()nrgn u9)/h*z 7ygegl of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular ve cyn(7x7)iuk*i4/t g9ge zh ign1 rgj)locity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How muc-n bh6* m63h0mm qwnlrh stress is required to keep it am6-*mh nl3m 6qbwr0nh t this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0vyy1 nid.l+ l6x0om huy(g:7 c.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122yl7d 4lpq:/.- o gx q*1jc ,1kiuxycfq cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelq si+exutwu,zy(cq4v +j 761ovin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale? /xn.w,zb u+l p   $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the iyp: g3r8u juu2nterior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, aikqc0him 23w;2 ijm (wfr at atmospheric pressure and a temperature jwkhqfc2i0(;2 im3wmof about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas 2e0 ol*iv-cdtlaw.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogenqxhdt-w*s h j 8bg,v9:3twox5 ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrog w34h;l1io*vus epb*qh/kga1t (u k a.en ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at mv1x20 d34gca .cql no10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of ar6jaqe (/wqty/c + xh3sgon gas at 385 K?y(3/ ct+qja w hx/qse6   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg kjb8 xvj*eqpwel iamkgns2k8, *0,0 . of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon acn d-z;*cqrc*o)ctp9 ghieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose th -o*dqn;ctc) *crg p9ze volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ai(qcrrc.-2 hz sr at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.06 nmd;p:opziyo jyd9y*;v l( n +cp7:d $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hanhjsi f1-sz9s+d at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number s /fflyum+p)(of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of watha8(u4cwbq jt x23ui) er are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)8sr)fmwp g,al0 p -vr) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumeu5/e uj4d2u nd 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breaxjw oa u wp*my,z/t-99th you inhale that were also in the last 9*,9wxw- p/a jmzuoty breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of;zbrnlr *(: 2 (swjosk an oxygen molecule at STs(r; zrj*wls: b2 nk(oP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed juj (ngz ++qp6ti c+.bof helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K. tin(g++ jc.u 6+bzpqj    m/s

  By what factor will the rms /se7) * cn0z3kb5v f2vti pxncspeed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from p0 s25kz)b fvi/ ntcnxv *7e3c0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of k;v ;1uwix8bai m/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3,u;;xvii18b wa 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas jaj1h30hn;f zax*(ww;rce u7at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant,:k;u0oq * /sqvi pdw8u by what fdokp /* qq0v:8wu ;uisactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculbs 9gm(p4(y mles in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temp83wl9zfc m ejnesa m g-:iypur 76tb- m-6:oi(erature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of thy u6m-if t6:9-alrso8 3ejp w:ezn7i-(gcmbmeir molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.cd.29 ea5)jww qsc;l p5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an6+ buqk - gjdxt03hdv6 oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP? k8lxo3u;j pw*mbhgy 0+eo .g,   $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acxr ;l: tkrzge 6i4l04xid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livi0l kli4xer4 g6;xt r:zng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressu* 0okq r4wcy6j 1lmxmmyfde3 6th-5k1re P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniue/12,;tui9 y msvl3rohzgvr *m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric presslog-2ow(j ui 4ure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tel.j9kk zvn 7u l+x--z/mhjbtd c; q+o0mperature is (a) 90o xzk+jll.t9/ k mbj7- d0 ;-cvn+zqhu $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (apprl;+g js,iypj*:ylw9s7 wsok / oximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tep9 ygly w/jsw*s,oj: k l;i+7smperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water 4kckk tp9 l .xmff:5;lt,r;hc boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a part.)jr br) ,augm-e+rx cowc9)qicular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boils. ) qa-)wrbrc. ) 9+gcmu,oejxr$\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa c0zwa* 9q9 kfv 50xbsyes.,lkand the relative humidity is 40%?qszcek.yb0, s5x 0wkf9l*9 av $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day wh95m4 rmg1 wezsen the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pr ,*e q56 rsjbag ,;n:xrhei1icessure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 1ib,a6;gxsci1* 5,rjr hq : een20 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vu(gu+ji-dq(:pmqa pz;h 793 yfr.xorolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poj5s s (osslng1m8m3b4 int of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (s6fv(q6unx +,d ui czug51ao ourab++6ee Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance o f+ou6a xo,+unq1r+6z vgbcuad6(u 5if 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of :8yqzhgbpt0 k4 k9 0jps*m 0kxkd54xwinsects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about4 xgb j hkmkwyk*d9pptx:s04z5 80q0k 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure /vk 6m i6kuf,rhas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure ha)l/ siuvhrojg xg),mn39 7lng51j1zl s been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. 6iz)wo7m md hdim.l(1How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, ifd7mih.wo61) id mmlz( the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cykrbwnvb:v2jd y z483 5x-)wedvuc30 olinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gaskbzn )4b5:-0w3jwd2 cdx v 8v ueyo3rv remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room o :(/i intzk9xw /rst1tf length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tntw (s1 zt/iri/k:9t xemperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densitynhfy,wow5)+ q4gx; gjm+ 6+ acqsh1xs of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using th5:da(jro ujn/fclzh b 5hh vs: -p-d02e best available vacuum techniques is abousr5 a5pbh :n 2dv0hh/djc-l:(u zof-j t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs togfm3ihq -5*orxs3 g, sbj eaylm-:,;s4j0q vv full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs ,mh5g4l*jxirfo3sag0-v vqj3; ,sqbs y :-me expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere 7ed;sqq82 wnm at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, an8 enmsqd 7w;2qd this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is x)- hf 7,pfjof8j8bg d 5q3d/ 8iabbnrincreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7y4 vp,z sl6mcawy,v)dz78:(gvxbgq 6 70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of ac0d sg6cqsk 0aec*gln46 /aw bb)3jp8 tmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in tba ceca)n3 66p008qbkj4 sg/sgcwl* dhe Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containedgmt8hs4pga2w* d4a,q in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen usx1 :)r/*lks yd/eiwzf ed in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,80ske/ *zr/ y d)xf:wli10 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury 1uf x3ylmq gn b(ww78*at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline k-9f:ot-r4mqxl 1srm rs(xz; at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 2s0 64h j0z hgh*jihr8o5$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass j7.kzhb3 2bjm nar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stan 70l pfrq +q9w*(pgwf2.jlaaudard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chargdm a,rg h9l0q:ed, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the E(7xi,/g8m.coa xe wocdpd,8r arth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended aebo) al- sy*jzc,7k)vp8 u q*jgainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward -, aykouce8 **jvl)jp)7zbqs at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depft,gq-t-o+l k th of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and theo qt,t-k lf-+g air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total wa/v7dot*:tv5nt h; k tnter vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: nd /h*tkvt ;5vtont :7
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and whent (h5frea79ec d8k2rc it is a solid deep in the Earth where the te2r ccaed5r(8ef 9k7htmperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constw q .vzx3i6l,(vxwp63( iuf vwant pressure, the coefficieiwpfu(z33x (x .6l qi6w v,vvwnt of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot an/:u*sx ccw04 ( ck gh-ba+rg*oraua; yd mildew. Ic0*a uackwbrg +gy(4hoxa :r;/c -*suf the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg