Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the ppmioc ih o c8:*zd:nug.knq 2u,l;b4(eriodic table or App*nz mo(bi.8 2u,;gdpq:n uh c4oc l:ikendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be explb-) y2ij yg:p7 c2rzetoit )g8oited to make a thermometer.oy j22b)t7p-z yii:rget8g) c

Which is larger, 1 C b y 6hd42*(1 (etx2d pnpghlq9b j2npp$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibriu3enacksreg5f.quw 3 m ;qoq o6 k-f:(.m with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?o.wqsof;ce: qmkk 3r-6 e3qfng.u(5a

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum r )l zvbt:q8z+z.x c-tkx5,m uoiveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] 5z .t+c: o8, qtumzzv bx)klx-Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coe otk+xl 8x5+mlfficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to controlo )cff uy7/d8g a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel contai/ 7 fudfygo)8cning liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section inh7 gcxb-hh3c1 the shape of a U. hx 3g-1h7bcc hWhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in merrgr:( 8/ 9u,f3fq zh0vo7 kbi7uixwolcury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placedcr0bid(evtqh8 hw v ji -szha:io,3 o7y,5p (+ in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially dehi3yvstwcz 5hdej ( ra-7+i8(,biv0oho ,:qp scends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one partod2pt y+e59jjw)a e- w of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than a) pjt2 wwd je5e-o9+yadjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linearp;jxz+--pye 3nq0fff expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistanc0qppf+; j-y-fz f 3xene of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clockusitw+qbzg.ia7n7 azd/c )). a )2 wxe, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bu:0zaxe65gffsev2 -o m lge so badly the can wila6 ez5ffg-vms exo0:2 l not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down p)04n 2em asabk8 vm/aqzw6 k(a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting whataa6 v s8qpew/abn( k2)4kmm 0z happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water i0;r zuj7g.vby ncrease or decrease if the temperature is increased fr;y.0u gj bvzr7om 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory aay4(at d rve2j28*zfbnd the relation between average kinetic energy and at dfje(ya4 2r8b2 z*vthe absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’atxxxd))js;) e y8s; gs law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s avtg*ol ;:.yy+kwxf 1 atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the mi4dkun/r1;p opnimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Expla n;po4pdkru/ 1in why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you i p-.as 3/sflksnfer about the molesk- /ls. apfs3cular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day iskwcg.+ 0)/p h4zt7e yqo .rzhs far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperature.ps. eogt.)/rzwcqh70k h+4yz

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20 an1w e*wvg58 c 09hg3yku kf:p$^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is diffeof)bb bl 2q;;dh 8q( sat;ct7;oo:yvurent. Which is more dense, 7b qbb );2 ;tqo cvaofdhu;:8 (t;oslythe dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiat7zf d jlxsac3*mk6+k2or cap of an overheated automobile engine.kjscd67klfm2*z 3 +ax

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (F2uq9k;s,v 0ioxx1+a4 xyc5c ie k7 wuaig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are thr*asrsrbi .d;5*r e6sz.jx4 rere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the numbi*cynn)9ds0 j :2gaooer in a silver d)nio0*n2o 9j cga:syring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsiurvr0olz ,j53 fs scale?l,zr0f5vro 3 j   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperaturesjw0bo r,a pc5 htg3n:/ recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the8ya g:38xb+-a kzlr /f-cvh pm alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 apm+r yfzvb /x-gk l c-:8ha38$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built ok 5u +,5r jct/sbas /s5*q3vhxxet2qhf slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approxk3oumsws176 d1 p bo7rimately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Ja3u167pdm k oo1r7b swsnuary (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used i- zqrd1;,ogg le) 6vs8 +yqvzty.av) and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in digv)e1q+a z,v q-gt.dlr6o ) ysvyz;8iameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a *6td): k:,zrpdnk4rmoys4 wat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volum befc749zvs -ge if it ivc7szfe 4 b9-gs heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is 5fq3;3w ml-fnum2idefilled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 bk 5q w :6l:i.tulop6mmL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a -7*7; btp uapx dy/hlg7y4ighring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentialtlbw3af *rl p9-4l.b zly one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient ofpwbzrt *4l9l3l -fa .b volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the den-uy3oe+z 7bvrkr b *9vsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficij):- kf2z -utcscpv busd /2+cent of linear ex 2 ) j:s/+bs-cf- ptccuv2dkzupansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotgbfkv3-7m/r cu 6 1barropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfexe; /sck ;bqj(/d/e egct time at 1//;jegkdce q(;e /xbs7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an ie ef bcfno,wakt3q2:n40q y17nside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.072nwf q3 eoq fkt,nby14: eac255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m istjs75iec6y3 j4gu wk9 rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular vw tc g y95j7ejsu6k43ielocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. Howr 3,e olmemuex:w096q ak u6b6 much stress is required to keep ikw 66e a u umob90mreqx:l,e63t at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sec k*aiwbl ;hyy3u5xv1ocwtn/oort 4fu2 ::d-7tional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1jg/ rw,zh 6m.zkymt 3822 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followinpbimn8:ik u+y ib ;/w:sv :8zsw5oa,p*tt j: jg temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenej*gb9*tazlr 53ul :vs+ b1y wkkq bdoj.78x7heit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior j5lfflt:rpb8, w 5 )y;k p)jcjof the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospuuy ch++7e.r pheric pressure and a temperature of about 2+ u puryce.h+70$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxyge-onwha /3:b2okhcj+ wz 2d.ren at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank containiyu3wyg0dq5nblnv2cj*l0 /kcdf t7 ;+ f i 8:qs 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg oumq*r j.ap74u f nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas isrg5* utzcdjlm a48:+d at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure +(z tf6dzm yz8en1 r1einside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38eef1 18(tryzn 6dz +zm5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0zv8 2n2mso. hr kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by:e faud:prsg, m**hf ztm;i76 heating the air inside the balloon, which makurz ;sm,fgtdi:mp6h*f :e7 a*es it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with a 2 ivyncmtecrh15 j5fx0*3)o lpnc5 f9ir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.gf9n:qnjq i. (0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea leve9 8xu7f agwtguq,0qt/ l and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculeav7n ycbdd.* 7s / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecule x)7c:ks pm pxss8o(4bs?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of 1c rxvl9jgr0bx 0i8 )g(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume (kq,t:by 0gvhsn* 9cq 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0ytn 3+ p-7jpgr-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galilen-r+tp g3j y7po took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the averag0n e 7zt2vnszzpvnm:0mmq.+ 8e translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? n ms+z: zmp020 nv8m n7qt.vez   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tei)xi7chys xst 4.o x7h/7st,fmperature of about 6000 7)x s 7shxoityxf h/ts,4c7.iK.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed1prm (eoe;2opm32q5xg omq /w of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increa2qm; o peg2memw 513xpo/q( rosed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, givovhf:hks/xdu+00 jzp/ eo ,oo;ipi-(en in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, andk ;u:ovihjxe +osoo, /p0fih-0( /zpd 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20ic30zu4j3 c,m/69npsql+ u :rj ycp lt.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whilz. 2b7wi(qz x1 wdah0pe its volume is held constant, by what factor doesqhbd1.a2 0(zp 7wxwzi $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas i2 yqlkus3ic/d5p62h f s given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixturec(txv o( 4on(z of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ra(n oov4tc(x(z tio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitr ril2lsw8ke /t3p,ht u.89h xiogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule a euishm0 k58u:t 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nx1 cmq3tmkt :sz82)4;ocfl z ditrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molec q0x4,twydge)1t2h4 p s+srn xular mass is 89 u in a living cell at w sxpg)x tseh1,04d42+q rynt37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas cutkg)j4 gvrq6 +.hfv +an be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,ae1 .f5twf:3 vz2 p64zkv-gyihxs xn3 $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure,m*p88sa.4j ko q:wts (ap7gd l in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0symtrr5m3bjspra o; ,k*k m4(s-*5cr .01 atm and the temperature is (a) ss rmy4*5k5r(rakp3, *s rbmjmc-;t o90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on avfqrrx ga6-z3 hgz (e72fm2l8+h ac2f day when the temc26lv32 + ahefg- 2fz 7xzrq(hgr8 amfperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air presci0f/y7* u t -me5u9hfth w.ovju:n;isure at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, est fm41uhuy :o03t+b;v.fsnpx/r xg fb )imate the temperature at which water boilut b3ff .gr 4 pxxbmo;0y1hn)/+sufv :s. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of watersk 6gu,0szz7g is 530 Pa and the relative hz7ggku6 s0z s,umidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pryv 8 :+8vhnsv sia*f+dessure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure insi)(joz. (vwtib km1l ps-,w 5dsde a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 12zj(p-. vsd)w bl51(wt iso mk,0 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of va4tts-h 7udkp x 9v0akmh9(c +olume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poinv(giw 5wg-u: ulm9g ,ot of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine moleculen:awr-gk( ( qll1:yg p (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance q:ylpg1(wk-a: lr( g nof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the su5p u3 hwgc0e 3u74saya-v2w gbo4ykt/ rface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cr pv42ak3s 3ag 57yc/gy htwbuwo u-04eoss-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has be 3mi/kihcdl9xa 0,*s nt*d6hx mdbu/0en calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated atyz8n1 +enq7xy0t q;re 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup waspyshs*o .yq6( calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cosoy*6qy( .hp sol water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many3 w-krn -1ddri ap08 kpo/z+jl balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the n 1or3 k8-ddpj/zil-a0wr kp+original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecu 2cz9j flhqxh/9bt 9.rles in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temp9jb c 9 .xtqzflr29/hherature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of ma) ) 6uesmty 6/gdcv-yrtter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techj+l8vls h9 h .ab)jir*ahi5sq0 /q ji:niques is about qi v hi:j+ hja0il)5ab8h.jqls9s*/r$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 p82u *u xhc*w,6ohvpc dew42kL when 10 m below the surface, to what volw2hhx cp ,w82u eo*u4cv p*6dkume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speedq+d6 djv- i6 vis,xhc.gp(i 8h of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of i-dix(vc., qi6p dg 8jvshh+6the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 11 kbm5 h*r-dgpk.y7/vu 0$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of p:n 7(o i;) 6a1c sakqbiuid-i770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface ofwrje :0l 9e1eow vkpz4 pdy108 the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Eart091ekp 1od:wy0 pwz er lv8ej4h’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms spee(k;4 9e0dxwtw ueq7umgo9 ra.d of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxnr18 bgj 4.wwagf2;ruygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa)rw fajb2gr.n; 18wgu 4 and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mer)akp(4 p.cpxhr bz +p*cury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a+zy w+u)4ppl wt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s ef9z hk8gl/nij) foc7* kv e7l)quator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly ont49 vm/kc.ouslo a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in t u: spfmdz0 ebwg/313fhe 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atn,+q(snd v 1j-b3w kopm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fro5c08667wkfohpg x.kh vej ydd3*2fw lm the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls throwka4* nx pvjlq-b1)l s0y 4(fmcn vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assumiml0* l44pkx() jqa n fv1-bscyng they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter ( nof77pm0ce0k spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behavf7nop70k e mc0es as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two da410cqxr ;btn vys: ;b1xq0vt 4 rcn
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a yrmofo2 , yo w11cl n4x19q-nksolid deep in the Earth whereyono1 r yfc211w k9l4-nx oq,m the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pres*xy qkym)+ ag hkx-70 s9an-dosure, thexmx-y7o* k90snd ya hga +-)qk coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.