Which has more atomsx (uvy,unbg,a6y w:fvy-2h /t: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appen,ngt-v(2vxby: h/6uf yu,ywadix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a;sxjgol m33*p e) zxn( thermometerx*l3so z)xp(mn; ej 3g.

Which is larger, 1 Cmq)gy ) pw7xsf+ ,jfc+q3 ,jlw $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B,,p qxme3tx 5fo*ms u :06qv6uu but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say a mmu3txou65px*,s:e u60 qfvqbout the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip cons6can . ,qn a+j5pf/uhsists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metalh5 q.+ uan6psa/ f,ncj will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient olzq2m/x ;e yu1f linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple th2gf9wr xue( /s-xv6 ej02zqvbermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricit9j/gwvs 2v 2-xexu zbrq f60(ey when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section -no gdpcn7snhs,;( 77qm(lijd+bj4u in the shape of scgbop n nm ((sj il7n,d;4-u77j+hqda U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury anp:9;8 udoy:p2vmq l lt * 9glqa90fm2b)b thot 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub o u(62v(mj+ p+ck) pq ght;s38 enf*omjqzoev1f water, the mercury initially descends a bit and the(v3ph vj(c8onuejempf* 6) +s2 tkq;m z+q1gon rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one partrbq.)v) :to 0 ()n hgeeismzc.u2ad n5 of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Expl i)2(c..rgb5nh som)t :ea znq)0udv eain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex gj2 /ldf,n,qwe2 sc/i olass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glaq o i2we,2s//d,f lcnjss (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 e rex:w. -q+7; m8afrslt6fj6(or xeu$^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can f os8;s 90swfhyfhez4 m/:(yy will not stand up. What has happ/m f:y0;s 9o yfshw(yfhzs 48eened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tempe)5oo kvnzsv1yo )2 kii(,eyz+ rature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular nz )sio+o o,zi2v1ye kn y()v5koting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase-r,zh,;go v ba or decrease if the temperature is increased frg, bavo;hr-z ,om 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charl6as9oyt83lc,il ov k6 ib1- pe a7k-hqes’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the abli6h-sypa8 1c73q,bk-oe6 toa9 l kvisolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.rgm v8yzqw c9 pp cbg;x uqz,d(20c:v9w(dk+-

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmdjw*b nr+lfkee(q0 :w).y2a l osphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed t 2mg5)9;hhpmi no.dban object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass2 th)p.ohnm;5dmigb 9. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Whaze n zg*zh67u0t can you infer about the molecular pr*uzh 0 z6eng7zoperties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is b-zbu g( b14iifar more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same teibi z (g-b41bumperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20 wrq+m0k1 k/7,vml-ygl5 r plu$^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the sag0 httogd) h7ih vj4/6me but the humidity is different. Whic )hhv0itj6hgo47/ gtdh is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overhes9bm +ohn6ml 5ated automobile enginemh9om5b6 lsn +.

Why does exhaled air appear as a lit1qem 48 q91 pnibpwzd;tle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are t;gmxe dy(/-s* ux;ernhere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the nugd7l+v 3o sffj0e9l)gmber in a silver )l7vjofes0d3+9 gfl g ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What i0 m5mu h qy-n.aule bcp4-6ya6s this on the Celsius scale?q u y46 uhampmnea56-y-c.bl0   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and l/cks79 qgk+ 76ojtup iowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length ex3 i6s tfr7b:)h6 :tq4lafwt11.82 cm at 0.06f7:h :st6)4bfixe 3rlt atqw $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs ./ 5ah5so pvsybc/ii ,12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrougtco- mf wvqi:a(* rkn49fm*a n7-yl7xht iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 omnim47faf xy9*(rcn -aw- :q*vlkt 7$^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet kz2d6nf 5j nf+wnl3j3hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 c2d 35flkzw jnj36+f nnm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 otyy1+aen6z49osuhza /y0 1i $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if9q qu:a7p bdb(5- *nsf gjm:wi it isbw(a-nuq f5b m *79pjqd:ig:s heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water o-i66k1(l9lvus sb t jat 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water a5z ele dce5g (a3gyeln *1o2x(6k4bit t 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. Atall5 gh, sy9( z4oio*v 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained i/a eehujb)xl* w,ssz10,j u :kn a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coeffijz1/,exs sk, u*j ae)h0 w:blucient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densitxz;kvk ;kes* (8dw+c ky $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular03c:/aii cv0 hkz/bcl plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expa:/z c3ki0li cca0/vhbnsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, dx)ms:/ t* tpl$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps pe4,aa d:k aidfha(2ta 8rfect time at 14d(a hda2 : i8akaat,f7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an6fsm*0igsju , f2 7hzr inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a vou 0ijfs67rzg, fh*2smlume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.4 y., xa+ii;j*ukhz2h c1 m is rotating about its axle on fr uj2 *hxi, ayzhki+.;cictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has t1)3l c lq ci)*uyrhbu)he desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 uci1 bh)l *uc3)r)q ly$^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of crouv9 .9dx) vl5pzjk h+yss-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 20/+9omx(s;wn6 ih qrenfnz z6 x7 4ff+q$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Ke*x-9 v;az u zpyrkc.opvbg53:lvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit smcf**ho/c jtxj0b,f8p4g2a z cale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the inoi7x. jbc*;xf terior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure andyep)z au dh l+b:g)jdyt8(q)1 a temperature of ab qjeb :)y(u+8)ag)ypth1dz dlout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at2o1hev) b407v ypgmmy STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of8k(+f ,ythc . +cnpuyy nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP connrt* dv*d/k 1vtains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gcts92jifkw 0b (8rt(bas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container hold+lv(vv)ep bdohl2(c;ing 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 Kb)((2l+vvlepd;ohv c ?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kghyai v37,j t:v of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the ball yuocjnyueh5re:n) 3 y(xt0bd ) ,0+ktoon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose yk c+y 5n)e03,t h0o:ry)neuj bt(ux dthe volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with a0 yi :c-m2gtecklchz /6dfs 9wc e;z(26efh4 kir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at wdsa/ xa/y*,c 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escape.w yz*;xy qg* ah9c,xhs a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number o/ g qk)shypqk1)k8xa ;f molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are t p kww,7/nxo1zhere in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number 7hq- k*q2nvil of (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1 x.j0i)2d* xp (sk(o5ve h2cqs1inlsi$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in 0uvmzyk7*-mz sb2 jfcg ,la/l; z-xm /each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo -z gv /2bm 0,xa mjzs/*l;yc7 z-ulmfktook. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational koz0q0u re79 iqxr6(ny inetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? qui0y60xr7o zen rq (9   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heltane7yx4 6l;,6nsnc 9xhfq,y ium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of asyq4,; 6, na xfn6t ncyl7ehx9bout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase ife nf3jaw er 2ibws) bsvj57ea49e36,i the temperature is increased ab ) j,js3ee9 3vfi72 ws4n6wbe aire5from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given , g/ pulhy6m/min units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4 m/6hgym p/,ul, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at fsch .*tbs02e 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while vw1, t1ec b*wfzd5vz. its volume is held constant, by what fa1 vz1,w cztfvew5b .*dctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas ib( pp30)1 r ka7s(frg5mlw gzos given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture ofap (tjff pw-/s(pvw t90*1 lwq two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square p9 1qwtlpa-f/0 tww(fp(jv s*roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containc3;fdu;z3j2w :jmue q l xag0:ed in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an o+:o ean ggo9vo6it 3.lxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP? ,/q6jz6qlzy z   $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whoz4vpb1pn 72 gzse molecular mass is 89 u in a living cel17zpn bpz42v gl at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be w4 6h;6b1x4l+s dyovio (pwfxl5z/ark ritten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniu;ilvf /3 (n+a zr 5f ujur vw+lac7rq5b4czx51m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, uwz/:* l8 c(gw6 bqglvf:jk/vin what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pres4eac f:x;0yb csure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 ; yc :bfxe4c0a$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximy1d7+ slpq abo+r;dm4 ately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tempembyod 4q+ 1;l7sprd +arature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 90 6(ou-mvpgppqxo am8+ d n:(a/ $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, est8x*-yxqa gh4x0kzok ; imate-z0x;hy4qx* k xgoa8k the temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pres c,drqy;uhu7;. myi9j6 1biz bsure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidi6 uidb;yr71b. u,hj9icq ;ymzty is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial presf:thj3rg : xc eb:n2c4sure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boilimo/g /ihka ;nl d7 )inc uf5i6alx2*+ung at a tempeluu n/ia+ 7xd56i/)n;ig lhm*acf2 okrature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a 24d*du rge 0vnroom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew po9a6w5 713mxe1fqfocz (d,lw3 eg ivzhint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffzyz hf:ji/j73 use a distance o7 hj3zz:f/ji yf 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the inter-au k7btw91y:ugks/n 3xp5kh ior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has crosang u x uhk1ts/p3kw:5 9bk7y-s-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measurpe5 +b2b y gyc,i(zbl0ep yi/7che;4oe has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrab1::obwhihm44:hxc9wemcr3c e2l +yted at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error z7, rjhs)fm n1q9 )snh)xrv,u will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if th)j7hn )ufhmxs,r 9q vnr,s)1ze water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atmp)nxbo g9qw +4. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decw o9xnpq+ g)b4reased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, fx kr qs-6f9wb6 4j6dzwidth 3.1 m, and height 2.5 b9xfrj6dqz466 swkf- m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter m29jmdj)yo:0rsac (ois about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techc )mg ,dt/f-pe/myu b0abgmc5w j /;0xniques is abou/j0cma)b emcxg/p du/-b5fm, t wy;g0t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fillshxwi+ra )6/b 45ww - vmgpasu8 his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose ti-w +s 5wu8) pmv6ab4/xhwrago the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s 4 cpy6.es x,-h bev:p.pj ub.mpoh l:,atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitroge.bpyb,omlx6 -,vu:p he.p:jsh4e. pc n) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gkknws ;2.gv h7u 5i)dsas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofut4(a2qr ;xgx w1yw-j- qx7xp 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pp5 ca0g9aa;9ttgzlk8 ressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the t pzg90c5tk;la 9ga8atotal number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecumg kcs ot/375f0iep )k)pfmq 5les contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in ad+0u2v p9kt+ vkxtmrl.j u. d; hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min9; ktu2 kvj.t u+rlm+0ddv .px. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury atecr c :64upv -6h5gxve 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a1 uw xkf1fw/(8 a(grblt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator 5n-ib3se1zwqd6p)pk at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly ontgpdahg9 n ( q3j.l/g/pki3s+7 i/svtlo a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in sdi7r*hbe2h(:i keu,w )r k*p the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chargw. b4d3 v7ukbced, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth 8.xne, h8q,yyf8f1;nkxj xjq is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis ballxwf- q38i3y yls thrown vertically upward at it. Hof 8i y3l-wyx3qw many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-di/c)je lru7of) edy4e02 bux)cameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches th2o )lru/xeby)u)ce 4 7de0fc je surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pre9n8- enq;-kknbwlas .ssure in the air on the following two days: 9-q-a nn; kel8knws.b
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the de a)qsfi2/ ab-bnsity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 20i2- asbaf/) bq00$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to dyjz;7 wbgxw 6-j f,o(n-d4ja show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal to a-jw,7j o6nzydwdb - x(fg4;j $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to p*us.6)aar p(dbby+fkrevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a housekbdb+.*u(paf)yr a s6 (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg