Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alzm*mtgr ;,ntk1tst sm 7sa .5rsh,u9;uminum? See the periodic table or Appendix rss; t.tn uk1 7m,rz9,t*sm tag;s5mh B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make*,g8l,y ule0uy- znlf a thermometer u8 gf lzlun,l*y-0ey,.

Which is larger, 1 C 4 dbu0,jrrtqn2fu z01 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermqb1 l;t)u k 5s7extqa4al equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can e) qs4atuq ;t 1blk75xyou say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip ofrj,9gbe/g c jkz*hb 58jo +pk+h8.syw iron. When heg.jj 9bkc, h*g5+/pk8e h+sojzyb wr8ated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient 2be0to0jpiakx (-c 6wof linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a dcu 1ccoart7bk6) ;v 2furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device contcu k)2o ac1v t6db7;rcrols the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at tm 6-+j,v lcheihe ends often have a section in the shape of a hlc+ 6v-iemj ,U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mer4rw6*c-axq s gcury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of wakpioz w*y7 cbh89wp n(f9d* a*ter, thc 8ba**h9iypd ww7o9*pznkf(e mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled +7u vmsp-r/7zx+cij6j qoy /rmore rapidly than aqy6cu rz7+poxr ms//j iv+j -7djacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient 2z*cay9v os7hof linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased c 2v9yzh7s *oaheat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 jp)c8p5 vs 0mtxe 1f4r;bt*cs$^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will wh-qm99r6*ulrhg .fk cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not96qu *r k.h-mwh9rfgl stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a,zyc,+ezdxbc kk+ih98 ao q,dj)j 27n piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperatn8 +y9izqk ,,,ox c2hjekj 7zb)a+dcdure using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or dec)krp pi:al(c6(8opauikz: , wrease if the teak ):c 6op :l(8,ik zrpw(piaumperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law foim)(:xba*:e w ni840 ge livpgllows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy an):wia xvnimiep* glb 4( 8e0g:d the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinpdk- kn)5,r rh5mnl;yetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio zd 72y 8:zo*6jntopdh of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object muj qhla xg 1u*yjg+/)u*oa-k(sst have to leave the Earth and never return. The escap o 1* uau)+sakl*qg/jx(g-hyje velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water7ogq a:tv3xy0 at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecut:yo 0 av37xgqlar properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a ht nfk +ch9jg0+*xs/v hot dry day at the sameh tnxcfgs +k9+*vj/h0 temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room t, do2 ,sl9szfm9hrj, u2q urc*emperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when th v* k-d1ix p-3uw p2x 6l/bdzb8mt;llje air temperature is the same but the humidity is different.t*x 8bml3p-l l di;dw/jx -pb z261ukv Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an over n8;o +jj+ ujibi i9us6*y.tbjheated automobile e jsi6bbn+8.9+ j* utjoy ;iijungine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in nbt:v-htw25 zq zel . isyrb435/dz+othe winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper aer+g z*0yz. z0th+hs penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a yh*8jf,) .nv bc,qyxuwgn h .+26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of t.)yynu wb,,.ng+xj h c8fh v*qhe same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is th0rvv7o 0t2men is on the Celsius scale?rten2m 7v0ov0    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperaturesy u; z+0edgt7p-pgvrmw1/8gc recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohc6 :i a;y6cbb94ee fdhol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 a4bb:;y 6fcd6hci 9e e$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built ofbu/ etup- s375.+nwxsywu (at slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 1*v5n+nf qzst*/7x xfwa0 d:gi3–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperasz x a7x5q 0nd+wti*f /:fg*vnture of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are lar;qv d 3:(zrh ik*v-nsgger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet gqh*3(z:dn rv s-;ikv is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at o 4i l,(kvfbzwbi651w4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Wklhn9,g 6l qorw v j,ar5k2+m-hat will be its change in volume if it is heated,+ r -652avj gorkmk9qwhnl,l from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of ep-+,)npl9xz/ zj lcj water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water;8dot f qntmu -l,.,st at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in cuz ,g 66akfj +3v(v1 j/w0 vpocru2yha ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so 14hab+, 5l gmrifod )qo)hpj( it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately))oh 1mob lqhr pi+4dafg ,5j( equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in;mee6h,r 1fis33nl5lf/ a brj the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and wi- xpubfyjp;ok p3;vka 1;40iidth w has coefficient of linear exi0pa ix4bpvjy;pu ;1 k3-f; kopansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrovfis9 2 xc5u+uz k*v+cpic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfz82 .5fc8ro ey9uoneqather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 198 ru2yn oecfz58. oeq7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diamd.62kmt dr mk*eter of 0.140 mm. The bul2k dmmktd.r *6b has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid alumip9uhwjirck61f+ j/ 3y num cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velo9jp1r uwh yk+fc6j3/icity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requwbcbpt 8dwj*pgw) n* 3u7mo :,ired to keep it at this length if the temperaturep:p djb,o3*m) c nt ubw*w7g8w increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sect6u kw/ 1wkf/*qr8af(o :) cdvkoh3 iaxional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.121h a4y;)uwd-i+ o ifci2 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followingnis/dzx8r /3l temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what ;22pfltpz -gntemperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4lqweh+ lwsxeg-bc9(2 (+ z8uz 000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combus: kj3tf/qp*m3kg t -gstion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 20 :*t3/tmj 3kp qfkgs-g$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using thev-lmfo8+/3a0 8ie jgtn .z/ -ohmpzba ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of ntj+et g s48w,9i2 5ni ht)rcisitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 1+c k rb2idmw *ot/e)2e8.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas n7d( lo*d*l ,h2r:bhz n udt/yis at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L +z/: ydzt,6rlz/dysycontainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38y/zsd yzyrt,/6 : zld+5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 mf i.x- qjzviu.t71w dc+v 9x(kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift bk iu0xfx h:m waehq1b.0-yqi)b9f+f /y heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppoq ehubx.1 -kw+i0m9fyb0qxfha f:/i)se the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air atyq4sd( a sl3aju+2c; x 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.02;fp3nlg uup o.)/jk z $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0e +6lpe wmuu e-2a8vx q6agl)1 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules 8j g5sjcxb/z */ $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?ee5sksos f0xzm6l h u5-k(;g) yo 2w2p    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moleseaxxbeq.95 l6ltx9 8 t,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum,(wntxh j+ 8aev;v1kre 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that xd6 qm8p36pllwere also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of cl pdpm68x l6q3onstant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average tfy;q(7 uxq 5oj;-ap8k( jmtsjranslational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST(f5sjq-;tmq8a u jy;p o( 7jxkP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a epv8 4k5 /-vv4zlbvxatemperature of about 60vv4 l/ 8z v4-bav5pkxe00 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if; ;5t 6 fqepha4rdnmd* the temperature is inm;nq4h6*p5tfdra e ; dcreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s:9 w:p 2uujqum )r.)utekxv1y2 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate 2py)qj.2w)v :urem u ut9kxu1the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 24y2ne ) l6b7b 71dpjinmtb( fo0.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is do*/v6ccl:hotd d oux: -ubled while its volume is held constant, by what factvx ld*ocdoh-t:/ :u6cor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a r vq. /kegl x.kpk.3h)gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of t 2k 4wfwbz.,x,knblc (wo gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio,4 wzwc 2lx nk,bk(f.b of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containedz .pam+hcr em(w0 ;-youm)u :l in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygo89 zcn bl3nb h; gu*dc,2z,lxen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distfo t.7q6 ilrz2o* z)cfance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in ab ;x1f/qwq1fy+p cy+ o living cell y 11+xo f/q wypf+cqb;at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P11 0o spcxtn 1cmi4p.z of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urannwtu;6okhk1 (0+it lo ium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what d173c( zbce gzq ojs3oto(zjzp/,w93phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperatuexb r; ;el1(a88p wvfcre is (a) v8a;wex(r; l8bfec1 p90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approw6jrs e)ilzrzpvin9+ )d93 r7ximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is vliz7+ejr3)rn zr pd6w )9i9s25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a plac+o s/1 ugjxn; z d )xv*+9oxdkm.tl;ste where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is z8ltao5fw lg0-sty; q83r pl/ 0.72 atm, estimate the tempepoa8q gtyw8/t- 5l z0lfs;r l3rature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of watet5hvt;a4(y+64isl kx ijn:p p07 zujfr is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40407aikp;ztfp 6+xu t yj(shj4:v lni5%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tla h44o/ fv4om 9d:czxf2l ht/0ww4cae 1if n2emperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wate5uu8*ulz*7 x )odmbdaw),hp 2b+izkd r is boiling at a temperature of 120 di,upx+ m75ob )zlabkduhz 8*)2 *wdu$^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volj m:nttsg- ;27fk92fai+7q:yq h tjhhume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of6z k: s(o:cxwyj)ua:p 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for air(fd)d8 ssc 0lb : 64qz;tf(bil dqm2jv, i:y glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 1d8m02:bqq yflii;f d46b , (dsszrv(jc) :tli 5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the lw8uf*pdnjf.:n2e.f *p ;c vd interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An p ulde. pv:8cdf.nw;f2*j*fnaverage trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibra wxb3.zm jyf4racf44 :ted at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tapeaafw ;,)(eo xienj.t4q )ayk0 measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cupqx f9ns:1r 1n csut,g- was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, s ,rgxqn-f su9:1nc1tif the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Aftefiuz 3f 2i va vyt/e i9n20v;65n*2 jodec.jzer many balloons have been blown up, the ga3evt i5 j2nn .ec0o/y96 a 2eizui ;ff*v2jzvduge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 1kn1rmqrht4enfe - 5l1t,el4 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature in ke 11m4e1rthr5ft,le4n -ql s 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter isds-j(qmq-x+r e:mv6e about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniqu7vm9ki /9 bwjyes is abouyw k97b/vm ji9t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his leg-ef h u +6z.dl/*lx9xrorq)ungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly ro xolg h+exf)l6re/d -.9*uzr qse to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a sphm26zqiv6:k w eed of about 4:vkm i6qw hz620,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incre. h;jn(ewd: -eq-rhyx ased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7 5c)+ itef4g9,fdy;-qo3n f ix0dj zou70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, e4v1mju6dzza 1gn0k1s stimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphe1zns1j0ma 4uz kvg6d1re.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained ind 3muug3z8elvb5aw(9 e,t 8v q a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge prel; yrx-qp sh41v39q;clr.v: c v*canussure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow nq r sa vh:cp;xv1; .9ry-c*3cq4luvlrate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid merz -ud8vnu2nxxae) l,+ cury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline (b+ug dxppv)rtl/(9zat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Ex 1ostr v(49c4qdnf 1nmy7au2arth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws t*n3tl wzst yl03 kf;i3 rld9+gightly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in6la:2srsn4n 96qu -pwkls lq:al / ,ig the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a press4qz(k w zgib -j)eih2e9js90x ure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fronn7zv h;:+svlm the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended again51djdd+p9mo ist gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from tho+91mpdiddj 5 e lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of aivb)dtzs j, 63wp-sbfldhtf.3ki+ 3- jr from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect6d-b zpthd+ljv.kit f3ws j)b 3-, 3sf gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressuu/ 73hmsmq)h g,-ymii re in the air on the following two days: hy)-3 ihmmiu /gq, ms7
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and qej26iyha,;ge) x kg0 when it is a s 6kj h2)ye;0gae,iqgxolid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show thaqtmh p 0*d fuv6 r4c8eboi8;)gt, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient offhip ;08r oq t*mb6 8g4)dvuce volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prulz4e,d .tg.u +6sytg event rot and mildew. If the cellar in a houseue, +y64ts.ul dg .tgz (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg