Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the/bwqk 5+v xuy6 periodic table o5x quy b6v/+kwr Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could a*movb7z/x++w kf 0pw be exploited to make a thermometzf0aww v+*x p/ kb+7moer.

Which is larger, 1 Cab3p5x 8lgil 1 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with systp62lmg81)ma8 z p9s nedwmg3 pem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system Cal3snp mzgw6emm 8 1)d2 8pgp9, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminu5lf5,zm8 q;n3xwi * s qnlu:pum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] upsw,q5 z5 mx 3inl;qlu8*:nfWhy?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefmu t2usw +6lfom3 )1fcficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simuf2a2j;e u3sqvi* c5 4ww,pxh ./kxpiple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can ifua 3sp,/e.;cwj xq*ux4iv2 hwp52 kbe set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes tha (uq), mlew nalpfm-+4t are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of) m,aul -wf4ln+q(mep a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of 7 c t y)bdlxj3u16sc+4:snyszlead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a ho4x7pr vc0p s kj.5g8tgt tub of water, the mercury initially descendk5 7vcp08xgsgr4j t p.s a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one pawvuj81rl,7*t*cjzjebq;m,tt fn o13 rt of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Ex8,jvfe; j1qnt3,t*bojm7u1 tlw c rz *plain.

The principal virtue of Pyrxt0 u.te:khx 5) s;o(7pt sit7dzj9zhex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the ttspxit7.9t)7o kz5jd0zhxes(;: uh increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate 0- cozy6tb ( i34ikbreat 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda willr+j0 nes)gda 0 cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can wil ejs0 rdg)na+0l not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a qj 22ayog00pat x. vp9pe o)ulho915 tpiston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain to9h52et9oyaj200 a.px lqppu1t)o gv hese changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminriprcl r/s ;+.q-u k4wum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased lc rqri/kpwus4;+.r - from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how by 2-i:ipvhqy26utm4 Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kine :4hqi -p2iub6 2tvymytic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetii(4yrf/f-g;ds t2sg cc theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmospherepn )hc5a n 9ap+jg+3he, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimn9jg1xsxg1.chb uqtla**k,ng f -u/1um speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocityntlu1 fxh*gbxsag cn.* /9kq gj1-1 u, for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at :p gz:)-omo jsroom temperature. What can you infer about the molecular proper:zm- ogj ps:o)ties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at thd*zzolj cd)44qf u;l:e same tempf j4z4)uqlo *lcddz ;:erature.

Is it possible to boil watp fq4 3rbus5(qbm z64rjem4x9 er at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is di1 8bbz*mhn,n 2m-uoe2b9ksitfferent. Which is more dense, the dry air or tn2-,u bes2o*bkhmb ztimn189 he humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open thelh5 v 7bv7:j)2z o(mxj1imx pd radiator cap of an overheated automobile xilmvop zv (x:h 7j15d7 2jb)mengine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in thioydr)+ ipnj3 ;v/x4m e winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram co02) g( bn;dkuld-7l/ pemtvw hpper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number inylba*l*; 0 j/26rna:x nkc sl*try3 id a silver ring of tl0lkj*/s*6 ndry;y nb 3*c: lit2x raahe same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on vt, 0nq:71 ;sma:mdwx 7 xuqqlthe Celsius scale?0qslquq tm ,1;v7wd:x7an :mx   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorde)5 a n)+9hweutvc+m hu .0zdo ieol.c3d are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lengtrz qp o6y2 rpcb2+*q.ph 11.82 cm at 0.c qop b6rp.r+yqz2p*20 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built y sj,s()2xlowf 78oo+yfpg i5n7s 5ufof slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron appro75v( nq5,fgj 3zqt8e vxjq n*xximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°Ceg,n8xj5xt(qj * q7nq35zfv v) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are lar48bvcex hy0p-v3 nyj;ger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diametb34e p;nyhy 8vjxc0v-er is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 *nt+*7x f*p2n r ad jvt1-lzyp$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be i zg1ii9 a5aoo-ts change in volume if it is hea19i -aozig5aoted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 3.u aa ax ekg)th)cn5(- 7lwm4h50.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 0tfsaf 50w)gg20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of i3l-jqy7 tq7 c hovq vi:3/mut-ron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentia5)qeu d;ul-w. 4fn ajflly one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient ofw 5ua;qlu)-j. n4edff volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densit7ym*u*wvwp p8y $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w hr ak: uw:a4aoysz a7 kfw2.m5(as coefficient of linear expansion ky 4amfow. arw5ak(:u2a:s7z$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solucgs+ t.o87pzid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made ohocl)i. i6a/xll:p) 4jeiyz7f brass and keeps perfect time at 17liac j7 /y)iho ze:l)xi lp.46 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermom. 8e tt/ryrzq-swf,c7 eter has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulczr7,y8.-ttq we rs/ fb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid alum i/lq;t1bra3 u eld)*pinum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle o )p1 lblr;/qidt3ua*en frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the de31o5zxfv7lult+5x6v l5 vlrysired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to kee55lx7vfvxtlo y vrl 5l3+6z1u p it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sx44fbx 0me,-it by3dq ectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cmgy o75 .zl y y,pxl6ut8rf .jl5+xor:w at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin v pi8nexe-e64v:w od:;l(dhvscale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on jev4kdm .2s/ethe Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior bdftkv z)45id- mc:o+of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, f +z/j;zb0elt air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of atfz0/z bj ;le+bout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the idealtxm;)cpw v de. 69qi8z gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank containpgrsdf+3ojd: iw zn 2( *c9r1 lhe3xf,s 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP;t5kbc8qh ,;a emlce, contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium ga ,; ig98 a55hjgzvk:+irahak qs is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside cdnw0s t26vd- a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385sdtcwd6 -20vn K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of wv2kj/ss3u n.koyz:*$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside theo tmc:c5e3 c)1 ;hox.rfoyb5i balloon, which1o)hi:r ct5;e 5fbym cco.o3x makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air ad im771fdfdj, x8 y .ghdaph2vr 54yn)t 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at *zc-w+s6wclfzq;8qcf, u ia. 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 2. g 9gnlb-7rmgyh;w;)w 6erd y0.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mbx 6f0sau0pz 1vz 5.o ,yjlxr9/a-w0wilb x5 nolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L2kg)eml o p.qga(zb76? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of ( 5jd t+whmw;+ba) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum7b m at5jz3l.je 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale 7yf(eh/k :jwxfvj vq82aoe : a pa7,s3that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of con7,kee / 8 fq2haxaw7:spv jafy3ojv (:stant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen ihv3 4hdef swgl 22:2gmolecule at STPv :l3s ef4d2hhi22wg g?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface spp6hsk s fo0.mfi. +,of the Sun at a temperatuk0 pm,s+.of si6p. fshre of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms spe7ay uw:0 x fyn jubd2*l9dhd4w zw.w*5ed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is incrfd 7x4 d50z.bw*: hynjuw2l*9wuwydaeased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6,6z/d 61ry2ir/0h pt jyedlvp4 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Cal lpjvirht/y2r0dz6 p6/e41dyculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in 2da6an*yf-2q/8c clh nnyw w 3a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is m9 py;tfu /)nwheld constant, by what factor nt9u p/)ymfw;does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in axuhp;lsdn- s ;l 1zf)c np;)2b gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same )g myo,v t2onltgs4(jsv 80(y temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.lo8 ,(42vtgvm ys(ng 0o)yjts

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained imzf jsf9xa)+w)wgudy8 4/zq *,3nk rqn an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molq.ygh.5 t8ya7fayn/ g ecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distt0e- akl ui8yly8:,i vance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed nx( hqm 90zyz,o6nyxmy +wf85of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living c wohy+y8fxn5 6m n,x9zmyz0q (ell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be q vj o9z:.w 8b0wscyy23zpc b/written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urqx1(qt9tzz/ qjkk xv7ht m3cz59lz67u ujd64anium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in wh+p g 0lws9w-snat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (ansg/p-0v)k*rwuv i9x) 90 9np kv0 *r svgi-u/wx)$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% o.wj . -:tf:9dengr5tjsupu -cn a day when the te t: es-fj5-j u:gu.d.t9cnw prmperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where watervzv5c 0 ka4bsfvdc75/-dc7tp n hjd2 3 boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure a .u:o+lna 4k cqircf3d i*j)y3t a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at:4.33nicu* j lr y+cd okqf)ai which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the pa2afx4nvmrkk8i * q)zd1y9j 7frtial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humid*y1dfk x 8) 7za4q9r2knjmif vity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressurf8ukn j+73;d v d1okfie of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the w oqe.m5f4gd 2uater is boiling at a temperature of 120 42g .eo5mqf ud$^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of - lkc0+gzp l7mb-fre6g( ybw.volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point.qfhj1r,u srca6 o)z:x jq/*u*ly a.d of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4/vek tg9gi ,5e) to diffuse a distance g ,ve5tg/i9ke of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through i. bqejozh7-mi 01p42 :g dktyz7h9xctiny tubes calle9e yo-z:c70ph i2itd4 zqxbk 71m. hgjd tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has-snd:vb;zyn/k/l g p ; been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratedfr(vz/ vuz; u2k+u w; fm- .jbvfvv 6jqd2(dc. at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated tgcf( fz w*:l*at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL oflz* t*fcg (:fw cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Aft(v3v-r9bjizndm p ,lj :y +lm4er many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreasbv-m 9r ldz4(i+3njly,:j p vmed to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number ofij +m3+knnw q, air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume t3nj+ kq,ni w+mhe temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mai 6t2bq -b i+p r;+,ymfa3nudntter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using vfkq2x .a-at )vwg54f the best available vacuum techniques is aboutft 2qw)4v ag5- xak.fv $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his ahz0 )rbvx 5)tlungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what 0)xr h )5btvazvolume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speec6n2pqrdz1c 1d of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Becaq26np z11c crduse of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gaskd3r 2kc 6 zeuk.wlgm2x.e-0g is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770me+w45vh abcrm.tn6 : p$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surfaco jfr5vdfb0 rry2;e eq1.d 1 /kkf1c2ue of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in thj 2;f5k fr.e12dr1qfby ucek0 v/1orde Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed eld 2o-xpo i pg.u 7+nj*fu3m9of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxnmkb b3ers) ;/ygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow ratkr/nsb)b3me; e, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid msta2rzqsf 1a33c- uo3ercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0q c)v z;x-z, ofx4+m o5uwx8ql$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly a5ror,fh)mm hngij/3 2round the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightu794le)q ax2+vfi0v pp po9hsly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted ing-0zjazb4j3c 0d)j kc the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chacrfi2y wk2pk e 41x- :mtpi+:zrged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the i ) l2ktd-c8qcEarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid isodlfk9fwdyb .c ni:-q1,) dh- suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How man1w,9.nd dq-ky -ih :ffcodb l)y tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (s /et5 .hs4oipcpherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. Hoepht i 4/soc5.w large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure er d++76 dno.xjar7dnzn: /nsin the air on the following two days: znexnod drd.a 7ns7j+:r6+n /
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the densi cu p -px62cs5hi0+kzyty of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tempei06uyp+- c2k zch5 sxprature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show th gfmu g+u*w)5 zf*mk9tat, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of vo5*m+ mkf tgugwu*9)zflume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellm:sr6, buq6ljars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a hosj 6rul,bq:m 6use (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg