Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic tue9p* d8bf gh9r+1hf yable or Apfy 91hr8 9g pbfd+h*eupendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermo riw rwh73.6kpmet7w6 3kphrw.ir er.

Which is larger, 1 Cr *k l.w1u:cxfnc ,voj:gq, ;p $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thh9(p b,0n hyu tdl)s -z(kj)pcermal equilibrium witc)(yu0bn s9hz(pj -kt)lh,pdh system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip cpn) *6 spyd 71nsq40za h1(:p+qsgjuqjlgst: onsists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint:sz6q:dg s7jpt1gyq4 p0+s*1 n j)(:al shuqnp See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expans nay1t+,9 -peyfw;btvion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to coni9xr 0dubkc3 idz ,y(3trol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strib9dduy3x0ii,k r 3z(cp consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the a+j7a70tef e vim 9r.aends often have a section in the shape of at07fij a mea. r+va7e9 U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercufm f*g6o,:uokry at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-d8j4.a w9hjgw,cjw1 lin-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and 4d, cwjajglw1hj .w9 8then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one par pj-7(vi-h, gr;vbc krt of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent p-hck v iv7grj(b,;-rparts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its n j;g (h7ki 7xds8r9vycoefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why t k(d ir;vs8xg7y9hnj7 his gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clockasz +hqb)n9fi0.-y t x, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to nvn qn 7u(f0 +.zrx(kgbulge so badly the can will not stand up. What rxg+n 7fz(knu 0n qv(.has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tem-s;rc8fmmrzo p; q.b*perature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of morsfpq-;m8* oc ;.zmbrlecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submergs4 k j1jk;qgr+ed in water increase or decrease if the temperatrk1 ;jk j+s4gqure is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the rel8e njq0(0 kwsoation bet kej8n0sow(q0ween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kineticx ,n*8-9e) 4ov 2mejqew,sd9f qzlpyo theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphq,uh6 vgqmhk 78 (1zbhere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the 5ogaens v)y 1 7av bh 71ylj3tj)v7s2zminimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has pral5 a7y vgsyoshv ze)v2 jabt)1nj3 771ctically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at roomj0h 1:gxmu:bg temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of ojxub1:gg:m h0ne relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the lk-a0 -l a:mtrsame temperatur 0:-aalk-mr lte.

Is it possible to boil wateryo9 ji q)gtc6e0f-*fd at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humiditysxpsjqfd)i 5;)su/ anhm6e 8jw f 6*,x is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain 5d6wxf8s6) aif j xjsqp*/m; ),hsnue.

Explain why it is dangero 3fhx.ch*s8zt us to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engf.h8xc 3th *zsine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a littlthi505 (86yzmp dg d 8blp3hdpe white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coppev dmzfr0 -m t+uw43pi4r penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the n1wr0uh buh3;mvw 3x0 yumber in a silver ring m3b03; uw0hhyw1v xru of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is jkc g 93oe9 j6gis9zg;often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale? 9 9 jij9ggzosg6e;3ck   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 13rzld4u7r.n jy(- 2k96 y;gvfnz fhp8p6 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermomd4h8j xlu.azt w c43/ieter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.08 hz. lu43xcj/iatwd 4 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bun kbr/t/-u7zw,bm k m1t/n)rfilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) i ubu)w)wz. y2;8oz l+,la;+dltxyyye s built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between)bl2y,8+la+zyle uw y;; o x.dz uyt)w July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rih v/5lx+8pgtpxyp1c 5vet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.8h t5v5p+x p/pcl1g8yx69 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at t 9-+teglbij+od6 huy0kj8c*8yptc* 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change m ,w/k2 )ug,rc nk 8nwqb1m1y23 xytqain volume if it is heated fr,a2mbyc2n ,wntw18u k31rkmyqq)/xg om 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.+cds9 /ag-ebp *lslb( 0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50o w*.zcb -h+eh0+zhyh mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iro usbej rux8;,,n. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can umoym8;qkxfn;.fu t/lws), ,gh8s.5 yss*ncexpand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume exm ;k cm8t */l 5s,w)n;yhxq.uf,gus osy.f8snpansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dezk jt.kx-jc6+nsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficie52k3r3 upy* egk-vvoh,r h+ahnt of linear expa -h rou,332 e 5kvyk+*hpvgahrnsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic ka-ny)kpzph+p39sx:solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time *p +k sz0k/ y+pn ivxfafa4:0u:sa*agat 1+a0fpf0au 4g:xskp+ayn:i *s/ k*z av 7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer hapg*pr345 nm2zjv /zdzs an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume * d 3jpnp5g2rzzzmv4 /of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m k9h tukpasc ;z/rj +zvut*0,4is rotating about its axle on friction uusjt,kta4 pr k 9z*/hvc;0+zless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. Howjw1 mwt(1ag, st(qnj 7imr 7sjl7-- db much stress is required to keep it at this len-w7g-rdm qjb1w7t(aji (,l mjt sn 17sgth if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0bve6jur:cm xgiv ej8:t 2 .d*+.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 131g /:hrh b;uav4.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaturi35(vnu (mw quw/8bsnes on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperat ) xhejjpg52 pf;6rqe,ure on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth andz857*cpse q 7z5o1 vyzjh8k no Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air l7+q gszxfmpx 95q5 p.at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 20pzp7s.gxqm f5x95+ ql$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STPu7 tkw0 pk:cz8 using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 /x.k0yo.t jf ecfq )4p(bcn)h kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitro25:cds9lpn6qf o5 kcm gen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heli4y/dk)cler: v um gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a7: snnw 2okjn3 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 33j sn knwno72:85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg c1x jfl2nw, c /r3pzs.of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant liftjd ) oro9b9p;)uw vfp0 by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dp;p j r9fo9)odb w)0vuense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1j.78 9vw0eir rta n8zy5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.rre. r :pjqs3gm37ih .0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloonsak5fyq4xp)m+ q 4jlbpq n -wv-j,sp*6 (tmy, escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of maeh/r2takh;/ olecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water amkrbajbrmt x)9)*b * 4u kz3, 4crp.okre there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molesfaud4e 3 hdb4,,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5o)g1k).i qfh n-ok1xa ef25gv.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules.tj* ewipk9l r6vt+p- of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath -6 pttv*e kip+lwr.j 9Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the aver zhg-a/un+.xuu8n) *j/4sp0os h migeage translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? 4-0uu)ain/sjhem+ u8gxh o nzpgs*. /   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speehb;r :lghce;1d of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of;lb;c:1hegrh about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the tgzso0*me q8fj5wdt )6- c ew+uemperature i fjw0gd uzsq-6w )+5cm e8eot*s increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followikfy98d1(n xhi7p76; feh s oig-nrym(ng speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed.(-fs9fy(h 8nn7i m;h k gipo1e6xdr7 y $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas/ogdnj5gp8 1q at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its voluk+ zs;b 3v8u8zj4fc vlme is held constant, by what fa88v;v4szc ufk+lzj b3ctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms spunjfzp0v l3 qaq(t8 v ,o;1-bz3 e/dskeed of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at theis(- j4fidu*v same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equau d4(-vfji *isl to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a, wpl-ddlk) h4n 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of zw (*ivr +/ulxan oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules f av:5h qh +:i3har4kd8uc rq,at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino ac /3 kajtbj:nh1id whose molecular mass is 89 u in a liv j:ath1kb/ j3ning cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writtm(1p :o ;ga k0,bj+mrw(ne vfjen P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium9) w zeef8+t;wjbhqty b3- pko stp,/*, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressu9a,0 wozx0ekei6+ jao re, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase wzb ad e xzok8u-fn*+g(9+p kr)hen the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a))+ue*+dkbg kzo8f( x-9z rnpa 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity iw7ocigvn p /*:s 50% on a day when the temperature is 25co7/:* iwpnvg $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a plaxpkk(tnw /) )d vs1rsa v tl47f(wog08ce where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particularv8 g4rsp3zv0(z rk0dvc(c h, x place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tecdvc8g0(x30v,przh vz(rs 4kmperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa 6 u1t(da;lfo/4dlx lau;pxt. and the relative humidi; 4.ltdaxu;u (/atdl1xo lp 6fty is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tvi,wev 3 -zs/n:zn,rmemperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if thewp ;g: rfvj01w water is boiling: w01vgpr jf;w at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 68j1si/ gll6k 9f0$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dfo70 ok8 85dz ow,6k+sw piofgew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffusei53 ,c csh9sxi a distance os,9 chcix5s3if 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through r7-gfj *pkh riha+sw578ruq; tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and ha* srah8 75g fj+ur;rih-p qkw7s cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20gxxs004q bkay :)(j :fczcf +v$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measuzia5b hhmy*.s l7g4) mre has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at norm cr ig;q2b*81 bhxnqy74fyp6zal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calli xi8n4zbbyr27pq qc1 *hf;yg6 ng for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many bal*egk45,0din:bz*obwe gj+q s loons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cyli,0j+nq*g* g i5bz:kewboe ds 4nder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lengt;( 0mucojd7mzuyk w(.h 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperatuw(;m(cu dkjmo y z.0u7re is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is aboutehp9ide9 u0z8 q0k -lp one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniquesc b f8rw*eh;,x is aboxe, frbw*; 8chut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m be y5gd2qm7 q7 -yvtkgz+low the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to thevdkt-72 mgygq yz +7q5 surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moo b5dnqv3+g 7azn enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vaz v5n7+dqb3 gehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an iyvm8cy)o es+j5t8k*08 5ol:z hkxtwideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770mh) h3y nr2dis6$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surfac r zno/t5/h,tjpjcc;(e of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules intcchp5t; r/z,( jjno/ the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in/gmtexb t0os9ecvz xuf;; .t 16v;m4x a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder o 8t1as girp*ny* aj/ hj2f6p7de, nj3sf oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measur*821g3 erjsfhpa t a yj67p ,n*/sindjed at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bow9jo x8 -wmw y*r+ueag3 c1zw(xm w0*rzl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0jw n9*nuwr;/ arka3bjv . ,7cn4ck+bs$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s eq06p t yo7cezxs pb5)pu3)m4x-g cx25rbn,hz cuator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onqtqnh*sb-m *v*x4w np.hk16*achi s +to a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length sta4tufezi3m3 2d qf)(pindard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, had,;fx h;ox(1 ajnxc;cqjr8 +os a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth ispq rk:+nxdfx67hbk 7s 1 21obg $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown gwc9n.l vk9p0-ghn8 dvertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastngd990ck8 gh -v pl.wnically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphericalm8n ixb hv)cqp; 1osz( l;vp;8) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperaturemiq nx) z p1hovcv;8(;ps8bl ; is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor press +ltfv1h o c381:bt33nzzn7xzw+ywyfure in the air on the following two days: vo38f 3 twtcy7zlh1 1 wzbx++y3f nn:z
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at j6b4 -jo5 mjglSTP, and when it is a solid deep in the 6o-b jjm4gl5jEarth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gaa -.q3tyb9nm vhonvsm3 my466 s law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal t4os36m3 -6vna v n m9t.yhqmybo $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.