Which has more atoms: 1 kg of 8v;kj,quzx / siron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendixu,qkj8vs/x ;z B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomelky 8pws 57jr+ter.jsyl rk+8w5 7p

Which is larger, 1 Cklk vn lkaow/bs, r 3*c-r/ jk.,q;pv( $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system Bd ,0oz2no9e 7b khp7bb, but B is not in thermal equilo72b0ob kdbnh9ez 7p ,ibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum cb os:8:gitp8b,s( 6r1qlqlmriveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal8(pogqi:s8c l:l1 ,trm6bqbs will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansiou m k0khc y;ce.kgk+09n $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to c7-7ntc(se hinkkk; 58yys9n,i.nam qontrol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different tempes( n5,7 sk9-k.kcnhmytea7q nyin8;i ratures.

Long steam pipes that azna96l dqz04o-z/ larre fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Why?z drl6/ o04n9-zzqala

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury zq 01,boq )gxh/cvwp*at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of wafn6 68trkwh p(qyx.iw9mp h5,(fcfa sqk3/ s5 ter, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Exp3k ytcwfk5h f(9(qi6f/h .8,rp 5pqws 6 sxnamlain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or c v o0f60t*(odcv5unpy msv, a*ooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explayv,on *6puod5(vva 0 0tc*m sfin.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficic i ,lnl0 ;p/n/5eqd96i beaurat63cjent of linear expansion is mu5/n6dl e6 c ui /pelbar3acqtin90,j;ch smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20s;z.w)6 svzqy $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause itsd1k+j0a zg- : ah.snou bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will soa -u+hzkg0 1j .:adnnot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tm2jh-89 n dxpiemperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using 89 nxi- 2hmpdjthe kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in wateru4)h3w(tlsc 53d6se te1fosq. abb8z increase or decrease if the temperature is in)t6c1o.es84w(5 ssqel b3 3dh utbfa zcreased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theo;a1 ege 1zg)wb o*aun(z3pqg: ry and the relation between average kinetic enwgn:1 (p* ozaa3 q; z)ube1eggergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s lat7psk)( y ai*xra ; stxq3;s6/zr;w yvz;+ xctw follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atx6riwgugxf0 c + :o:0kmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object musue62f 3y)nd 1ts+q+1v wxfyz*os d 1amt have to leave the Emdyfyw3 nd s+162xzv1ae)s +uf q ot1*arth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than wat * -x)1wu;wssvj)u1ciop+oy a er at room temperature. What can you infer about thiwyu wo1ov)s p+c1*x )-;sauje molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortabl*p7c30z3v mc jhi42qnv6u74ioyzy yde than a hot dry day at the same tem yz4p mcuioyhy3jdz 4vv7c63*n 027iqperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempero0z1 xy ws7-u: spefs)ature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same +sbv5elptykbd )3x1 +but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at thbpdv 1ts5+yxlb ek3+) e same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap ofqf n2h+m;lk/rwm1 l r8 an overheated automobile engin 2;ml +wn krf/8q1lrhme.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–r3d.n : l:mdrjwr z78q28)?

  How many atoms are there irgm.z8 wgj*5 0blzxd1n a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the nh.vb.g) z :9l1o botpc.uf/ mpumber in a silver ring of the same map . vgtc.9bum/.:lo) fbzph1oss?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on thi (;f f;ru/ k6zklkimovu: +;jez,wliy( 46m he Celsius scale? ujm+(ml: 4,ef6 v kzyik;(zlr/hkio6u; f iw;   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 1368gd4j.x xz;tbll-ju 0 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol columb-dk/c7/f6n: sns .yeuwj lo/ n has length 11.82 cm at 0.07-.noe yu/ lfnsds//jcbk6w : $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12o+ k:.zgcbzt;qtao68 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wr4 x.sztj+g*p eought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average tempet p .zs4+jxge*rature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger thx55jkqnwokr )..n* inan the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 oinxnqn 5*jw)kr5 k..cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a.dppk(g0 up2xm wt2v 0t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will4qkr ;b*+ iokk be its change in volume if it is heated from 3+r kki*b4q ok;0 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 -bevy/xyj w 6c w,4aj1mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 2h3fstrb6e)z( 2nb-c r0 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be plhvj)or7h a/h*aced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a ln94zvvtv.a s))*w g uuong, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal vvnw .*zs 4t9a) uuvg)to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the o) 31mrugqy0bg 0-ivti2p z3x density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficien . ilu*(:fyzght of linear exg ihu .:y*(flzpansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotro2n+7c0 pvk+xmlhz6 uu pic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock ;jgg/su ln7e*3h6e wr is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1el/gjwgu736*r s ne;h7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an insd36k l5l):u q ib 0vilp(ignk7ide diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a vol b3iikvk ql5:di7puln()6g0 lume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluma oyy(6vz u,u1inum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about ito ( a6,uzuyyv1s axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. H02 r6y c9- ww(yioqhmqow much stress is required to keep it at q6 ioywrh-q mw (09y2cthis length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel Ig /zz2ap 1y x 1sbt+-.j km5b/ejfits,-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at .s00 dar-wlz s e 8.z,lbw( icua;u9sk20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the+xas2b7c3 tdg Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale? o;xx. l:/gp-un.mfrc9g; o ep   $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in thjz16:a fv)r nbe interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air +3k ,z- 1lq 8kehnnhvjat atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 203e+,nqkzvl8hh1 kj n- $^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usinad8m-g r1i va t:f1+mzg the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kdi2+k 0gi,pe+aa3 uf zg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP cz,rmt ,h lq(:k99ymocontains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is*crk5ga*fd,a j*i e,j0oce *s at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas adjy39k8 rcu+r t 38udc8ky rj 93r+5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.06.mmqxu d07k i kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating thejl2o8 ,5g5zxmpfsdt7,p3hrq kszs 6( air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a bd575p 6h2,s z38f xjqpt lrk(oms,z sgalloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 f8d gh3y -vklv8. kxf*$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.y+oq 793hywi f0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at seab-yc sd9u r)ly2*zj7s1z i;s o level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecule7tuq5. ly y d1yf3mc4ds / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are ther; o()u *bgogml0u0cj le in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) .kwm .avwee1 wkg9(kit;l 49t moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5s26x x4 i)bxtk.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air a5be)v p3:: ,ea:dx7ha etss :8wj rbxxre in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the latx:)5pxa ,b8he :j:3ad xbe:v e rws7sst breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kineti r2djczqfmt-o3 )j7a;c energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?;3aor jmtczq-2 7dj )f    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms nearvtt wtzpqx 2* ah/l+26sz/ 9vo the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 60 xptt/ w9a6z v sz22olh/q+v*t00 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed or )xc aj7-6jfdf gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased 7dx6jf ar)-cj from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of s9x93tl9vyr;yy1 kgs km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, yl 9;sxty1 rs3y9 9vgk0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20 (kebr(wk(6 qv lmn75 rao,t0e.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled ckc9q hs0vr hw0;8ggk3fkq 10while its volume is held constant, by what factor d9; 0vkchq rg 8gwk1k0cf03 qhsoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules66ac . nrxy-/ mp tijevr3dv,3 in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, th)9uzqot1 qtq0 cw,y1,ma- lite ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the in -aot1zltqq)ywitqc,,09mu 1verse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules chx a62kytb8p-ontained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moleculssg*+ tvv p2 surm 25yvuu6q61e at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betweend + sexl-.qxq5kvcp- 0 nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass l)ehcpnx*z5 x- pf1s updx +58is 89 u in a living cell apc5spen*lf-x hp5d 1+x8x z )ut 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a ga ri,x59wvrsk: s can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uran2/yv u:h6 p ao6r;u xq8z;9kxujfamp5ium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whpyj00qyt ocpc 9 ,n9zbo d2 p:ns*s*,mat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and cz /pux:.eklyb (4)oxthe temperature is (a) 90 c4: op/l.zx)( ex ukyb$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if.uxiu 8ww*am. w0fb,b the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 2 *fbw,8b .wui .uamxw05 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 90mv+(,4ke/jzbe6 f m sm $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, es f tdr,s5sz;zj 93nz4utimate th,zu4n5z 9j; 3tzdrssf e temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 o.:4 . ;p.da4uomir go dduct5t5y cn;Pa anot:dn dcyg45 o .u ;5arcu4m.dp.iot;d the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temper9 9tbejp5rh 5vature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cookm. rbdtbes4:45ocu(2 ,w ex vver if the water is boiling a,et4.m2ox:( rcbvdsveub 5w4 t a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 6q7qj4d a( r7ku80$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew powx e5x7jp,yee:uw s+. fqd83t int of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Tableqp0wa (bgd * -dmr1 60-xvtbyw 13–4) to diffuse a distd- xt-(*bwv0qgbpad0 61 rm wyance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surf0 *o2ii kf8,km8ukvqi3k.e 0xvagr5 nace of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of 5v uk,080vxk8ro3.fainik 2iqk*mge$ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been.io 1ze3a)odgb 1(o mpm4w -pk calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2zs lh w5hhi1(10$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much e5kmrgm4yt0 5bqn//8lxc j.vorror will be made in a recipe cb055t8 gm//nx j. lr 4kyqmovcalling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is 70b0 oj.jykqhmx t w,3initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pr3kt jojmbqw.7x0 h, y0essure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air moleculewyx*;,g0 f ffxi ml0 wg2d9h,is in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the*f,ww gx ml2y;if,0xg09dhfi temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the dept6(vk jb pe(5nsity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best 2xqre rb 7*vm:available vacuum techniques is about b2vmx7 qerr*:$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to fulzbu4;8zsq-u u f9rh8bm9rvg(l capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand ifh9z4 9q bgm8urur-b ;8s(vfzu he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Mop ,jl2n96 (nzfg x48ejhp2kxw vw3-apon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this spep8w zepxw2j , n9-62pa hk nj4x(fv3lged correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idl dd8 g;kh/+qisdj h+9eal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77zq;c 49(uaxgq 0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface ia80*;o.; cfvypw 0 q:cvvapf-v.f r zof the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Er;*y8avf:vc f0;a0z-ocpf viw q .vp. arth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6.3 g8tn4ouwrwqz3:khqo a:;i $-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure =dz 1g /u*y0pyrx)v,)q atyxd : 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if y vgx1dqzxpy:)) ,/0adt*uyrthe flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in aw,:q,gid 7u0o3oxcy iv/z)zz t/a5v d bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at ;0o o1fv hiu93k(yqu o0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were t y. q d-cz m,18uw ft(t1 en*m,vb/bdnso:q+voo fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glassmf52roknm 54 h jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standarff g(v).cp3wmb 4 rmo5sk4gw6 d, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully cha;ed1 vah/t1v 2xk(awdrged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thb yc8 akf(mzbuf ph:.g-v*v 3(e Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid i9sg zgg lz1tw* k 2dg/0c2x1xks suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at g 2k/*2stgcd9xxk1g10 zgz wl 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (l)fwa1kw wqut:bf c1 kg 51x(+yb;m-yspherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reacheg;5cxfbmkwu:l 1k 11yq wb(-fw ay t+)s the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two da:+ usnck)m jcnt,* m:fys: t+c*n kc:,)mfusnjm:
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differen9ems +vlxs7b7j++m4t: qwrq dbaty s *c 72c/rce in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a sols lqdmbm4*92xqtb7 yavs7/c7 jre c:+rt +w+ sid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show k:vk7az u zb2 sp9l3(wthat, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansibpwk l 3k92as 7uz:vz(on is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, peopl vi 7h0*z2wpn4 ;zpgvme constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If vvhpmwz7inp*g ;42z 0 the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg