Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of a4 i+iz,vpe;( mcs 7m;ger9jk+/+sqlcc 6byyjluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix B.cqvc,c /k7; m9rg+;jl46 eey (zm+spib ysij+

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make tg;9*o ;matom wbs6*aa thermomete9a6gt ; ;smam wbo**tor.

Which is larger, 1 Cl20kd2 i vrfoz (66ts(*wqo wd $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is nem2n6 8wu9 5dp/t-z vnu 2qispot in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?p5wdsv 6/ nmui e2uznq-8 tp92

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. W7*bb( o:3s9 .f(hdrknr qsd othen heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table t .q9ok(*rbf do hs:n (dr7b3s13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficsv5w*1*zn/0bmvgm (s ) bzq ;wqxa7omient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simplekz .)tmig jait 8g8c6-a0(- wdaayy :e thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury tagiwmag:8t60 yitaez-yk .8 ca-()d jhat conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the kg,9n 5 za)uhoends often have a section in the shape of a9na o5kg,h )uz U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mer1qhmr4ws2i0h a d q6/ucury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub ovbd sz2 surop 7u;v5:7f water, the mercury initially 7vs s275 d:ubv;rzuo pdescends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it l/4e 5w:x.ug cb(p9sj+ v ctgdis heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent s 4glbte.cg vwd:+/ujc xp5(9parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear ex k1zpy4jkibwte709l8ifjb-(ckcrqg038 0 u t pansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this kt10 l8cgp( jiwcybj e k 9k0qt3uf7 b4z0-r8igives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuratew 2if/z dvt-klh 1li.33iz 7a8 pwtr1a at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda wilc da*pky4,s;fe/ j* anl cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up jys4da *fc*ep ,;nak/. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly co kl7hn.mt) o5m1lh b.hkzb-j 3mpressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the oh-hlk jb1.nlt bm7)5.kh zm3moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decr/avm/o 6s2rdvp;6hhq ease if the temperature is increasmhhad//s2rq ;vo6 6vped from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how C1y s,ipyb lk 17gs3jhpn9 w87sharles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation b7sn, pj189s li3ywyhks bg7p1etween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussact .q97 i wes2gi0(.vwngzz-p6k pb rx7’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmospher4v uyq v5uhbad-8- +a/eht8zne, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have touzp -9kx7ril- leave the Earth and never - kx zpl7iur9-return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quic3uwf 42*du;yvkvp ye 0kly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the mole4yw ;puvu*vfd 3k 20yecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortacqab.95b9p fuz x) jr6; o :(mdwm(tfxble than a hot dry day at the duqj 5)ff m;b:p(w( xo9 zr9x cmbt.a6same temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatur5 8.(;b+fq- msublstfvt a-(q 8kmud ye (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air.-w wox hd65 dc)l-u.jko 6ao1lf coq1 temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the huml 11 wxl65h koqu-dj .cco o.6foda)-wid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobilec)nwz nl1 jn8, n)lnczj w1,n8 engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the wintn kcbxn.x:/r3 er (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are t)6w/d1l8 5wyjdi sejdhere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26s1t: udc*d wh0.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of thedhd:*u 01wtc s same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often takengn0r y0xdhgaf:a6 tvi) *2kq )gel7 c5 to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?e nyraf*0))tv25 dgxa 0gq76g:cklhi   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest andk4x(iftw77y o lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer,1onql:z 0.vql the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.l l.nq z0ov1q:0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built u ,+ia., soz6mvxcpn* of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron an jva +5h:j+pwpproximately 300 m tall. Esti hv:5++npj jwamate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often u 6+5 6fnab10adzz, c5fipowg psed and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869pin5fbz6a a65og+0pw cf zd1, cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at unqq*mok 18s/x t8nh; 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What w-5h/i4k acsej c*7k1v; k2zvv dc 2qsnill be its change in volume if it is5*7 sd-c2 vv2z/i1c4jn a hqvekks kc; heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to ttgqz; fr4/,p0241g89bpzpk p 0 waofhen:v othe brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mx, w+n 279egaj0lms irL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron.5ehjsm5 gcw 2;:mjbd0 At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in es g46yy*ewj eguqs 4k;2ws 0v(qsentially one direce sq *qj(4w2ey64v ug;swky0gtion only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change o(03dg/pw7rh 6hs,or su) jlt in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w ha,bpa.ccw 2eb; 6ks7nms coefficient of linear expansion wbc, 7kpnac.meb26 ;s$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sotfm nd;z(m 12flid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is m/nonmx;eaoyf 64.)ebf e 93 mpade of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 .;/ yo6) nxmobnem9ff pea4 3e$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer.2aa(crnaro4 lh bdh ,/ko(3ska ;un6 has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volu(o(.a4dn3c;6, raa hn k r u2sabo/hklme of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about *ql.h5fomufg roa9iga)7 t76fzu33 m its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity737u iaqf.zuhrg)* ta9 g of53m6lf om $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. Howxhp/:,( pdwa n)exx :w much stress is required to keep it at this length if the tpn:xx) xd:,w/ aw (pehemperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beaztwnr7b +qyb3*l) y2cm of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.13zmpcw4t4kvc ne381f7b n; x j22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatuc8dn e7s41,kd3)lpx0bhfhlrx0v e q.res on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on/14* lzt-jbo ooz 2bcq.uf )kc the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth u01hcri)gr3-guq (x k and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tempernc if7vj ;d;.oature niv;o c j7.;dfof about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usingv7n- ac-yqgt:d9blxj k 1 y6;v the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of n f7okinn(xx3/h l/ q91(:eabqvk lwz 2itrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogenw-n60fvo;oquwrl) ql 4l0s7 d ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is ajw6p8hm(: (g a9nbwkl6ch d. bt 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holdikq.suo;v 6l7 mng 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385;k7vso uml.q 6 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg r r ar:i61qt,hoz 0et8of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air iy rg(;axa+h w+nside the balloon, rxw; yh+g a(+awhich makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air ag2odwo jl r0l: i015flt 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atji bkc+z08cy1a)ia6 m 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon*nckj+:l1u wg.p pjysg5 c- i7 escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules 0m3gkr4 g p2 w,lb:kzw/ $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How manyr-zdem 2+ie q4 molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles/;t a m8onknyr.e- bod7j/y+q,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume xah d n:qy;7w,5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale thad:l+ kolq4 q+4xc.jknx3ls u 1t were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmospheo3jux+:ql qk4xd nll14 .kc +sre is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic ene*zk.7 cxx;/) cflfxtj3 , fikjrgy of an oxygen molecule at STP? f lxk 7xiz.c*/jtf3kj cx;f) ,   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atnj7ad -k0)c elxfu)c2oms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 Kc72k )u j- fdlx0n)aec.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase j1iaya,e;t.m if the temperature is increaja1t.i em,a;ysed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following spurgb yex u(;4ok62va, eeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speea;2rvubyou x(ek g6,4 d. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecul ejs-ocum :,t(es in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is do 1 mp*wlf88y;9hlfwh3hmsxi9 ubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor h 8pm1fs*w 3xflhi8lwh9m9 ;ydoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules hsj+ .lu kj,f;in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of d 9im f sdq*3anqu*o3c6 yn6 vc9b;0tgtheir rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square 06u fyqd b nnsq3a 6imoc;99*gtvcd*3 roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen(y8pp0b8k 14fskkq b n molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule atr 7 d()nb.vugt4 l zo4b4ro1kr 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen mor )dwwy2;;vpz lecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose moleculdw,bbvp9-u +tre )h. par mass is 89 u in a living ce9hvp ,pur.)d +wtb b-ell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wo w(ppigei ui++r9yehb)lcw) bdut,*af5/-:ritten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumu epqq:vyf+r-g0.li 6 iz+k4w, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whp+z/rpct w14j at phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the prer w5*tt:uto,d ssure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)ut *t,tro w5:d 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when1a-;zsp;h 0thr lq,e i the trtal ;i 0ezh,-;qphs 1emperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressn os99l1nh;yjure at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular placez6,uskuz+ 7 ywdrm.) u in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boil)uy,m 6w dk+z7uz.urs s. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the palttv 2:d)6t8r)en+.esnoq mnrtial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative hunn8.)v+tn m )6l 2qotstered:midity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wbr0 4()me(dv*tetd y yater on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cookc-4a s dpo*b7her if the water is boiling at a temperature ob-pcaho7d 4* sf 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 68,a5-5z1 0kb6joz- b3vxv* quhhzj sio0$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pou3+wh28bp p)xj ll kq:int of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule whbws,8eebf7 2x- 20d 7k sb 8rttgfy;(see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance t0b 2syk 2x8-e ,bfgfresh77; 8dwwtbof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior throubr: 0l p)bxiyt7z:ad0 gh tiny tubes called tracheae. An average 7bpxzlr d):a0 b :ty0itrachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been apdsc x7 j5;vf/0dmb9calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 8+fk/oaat6/eyr h0f 3g7cy u/ um+wc i20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal roum,vw w12g)srzqb);c om temperature. How much error will ,s;cbwmz21rv)u)wgq be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder im. 0tuzcng6o-s initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pron0-ucm g z6.tessure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a ro+ azm4 atmm,;4jm5r4o qs t/x/w nf;msom of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the ta;wzxnm +osjq,; //fm m4m st4am5r4temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the de+ 5gb di ey,5t+7vweennsity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using thefvldw895-jljm v w. ,ma3f dy2 best available vacuum techniques is abouvm 5 j.dyl fja wv8,m93wdlf-2t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 p :1tv4z6;jh5s 9qnavrbkph 2 m below the surfacavp: zs vnb1h6q59k;htr pj42e, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed awm29rv:v/d u8 6ufuhrrm47 6a0bjddof about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle wi8 bh m9ufvur4 7/:ruj2d 6d0awdvmr6ath this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gace(9mae p/poeyzbs54tj 2 a 05s is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 8isc/q3b8y m j770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressuee w(o.o+y ,qs;3. /u aahaxwwre at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the+eaoah.wes.x/; wau,w3y o (q Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mole-t3x b si57gokcules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge prmd6edh:m4w i7 essure = 2000 psi (13,800 kd4:m mwih6e d7Pa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl ofs/xajej 2(/xzp4v.rjp ws :8 h +m i6;eco/tmn liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol t5qed1/qx4+jj .h aqri5l/bkine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around 1u/ :5ltr i icjs/ fq0e9 o:q,ytna8tlthe Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto az bd.i7,p7i:h( /ftj mlxhuh-w45bkl glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standar z /ck/,(6vb7 wdbzfycd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, htfcpjj9q-ey 8fgu,l k0g8m0 0v4j3qfe, k ds6as a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from tie;k2* toasdhgc1 ;l 6he Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thq7; t :c9u9qsyhe 8hifrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are throwh9e; 8if9 hqtu7csqy:n at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-d0tc.vp+stgkfflq12b /zg 7r( iameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is consta0tkvltggq.7 2ffc rz+b(p / 1snt at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pre14vdbgo*opqjyr+m aiy, 68;,,slxk j * jbn8mssure in the air on the following two days: j* *8mm; a1josyyvil8+4, rdj6gxb, ,pno bkq
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differenceip (t sd.-a w) 6hbx3:wjbl19ql*zdfh1gxu s+ in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperaturbbs d pzla.1 (w hfwhs*i)-9lx1xtg3ud j6+ :qe is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant priond( ;o62 u3y-zpggy essure, the coefficient of volume exp;o 3-gz(i 2dyygu n6poansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to pcp6 -n vybdn:fv35(kurevent rot and mu5(:k v d 3p6cfbnyv-nildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg