Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 7k;6e(zh qmmf f/os(l kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix Bm(kfm (o6/l f7h qezs;.

Name several properties ofhf-jyw ruk,(z po4 //p materials that could be exploited to make a thermometer(up/h wko - ,/frzjp4y.

Which is larger, 1 C dllw q;ay2v: 5 kp*(fiaz of5)$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B,- 1t9p(447 tasjfsfg.njln fd but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and1. pfs(9 fstj4djn4 tal-fg 7n C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strin75zm+fwvv,q/m u 3lnp of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on themqv7l 3 /wfzm,u5nn+ v outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansiow apxj::1-byx n $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram ofomw1y3cl zx7a qe,i:2 wb,5j+p dmmm, a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containinw 3beo aq,+:7i m15lw dm,zj2mxcmyp,g liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the nyzfe6* fl+a*dj;li(m 5cgly.2ex* l ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Wh yffl 2(xj6eg zyl ade c;5*+nm*l.l*iy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury agi6/ gpq/ i5u;j9gfcot 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermomedxzrbd+lro:g7.+qiv q y .8-1d8zpcl,+tk kj ter is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Ez:qg. v ,+zyr.r+lkc8+ dklbd1t7 8qix-j d opxplain.

A glass container may break if one p7ipu(yrrfxux *z op*7z l30,wart of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explai u(*7o30zryz lu* r,pfxw7 pxin.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glassm 6m0 q0 z35fhn+jaotr is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives a+thrzj3 m0q0n 65mforise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuratou 92*ouyf/ a u15lagfe at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and toqxq76 w b kt891vzwe+8cyk6e smyuz 66p to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What hq1zkc6 vs 6 w6b9 8q8y+yexwukemt76zas happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pm.*fcuvrm+ p svi6)1 pushing down a piston), its temperature inc*6s)rf+ u pm1vmcvip.reases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alumip am0fvk/-c/qo r)a l c3-rxp4num sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the or0) -pc- qr f3ca/l 4x/akmpvtemperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetictt ++nkmkq4c 2 theory and the relation between average kinetic energy andc2k+kmn4t+qt the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetj0bozi4ywrh,n+):q,mj*d-+p ec o h e ic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the rzt1uva(r q25o atio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speedg6s2sq/lfr vpa6 xiu +r;9 (yl an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fs/yv6fra92llrusg;+(6ipx q ifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can6 4,yfn+81s c fznmsrn you infer about ssf8m1nnfr6 +,ync z4the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the m 0o cafj,0ywmo *fm7: gfyu)3same tempera:fo0 f0 y 3m, gamof)*j7cwymuture.

Is it possible to boil water luttepqk9; -v-/ (mdx.ntyg7at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is /93a ; q9r*pg aacnesvdifferent. Which is more dense, the dry air oa 99v; e3*r sagnaqcp/r the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of anw*-0dzy;gbrog sb) q9k r+ pp8 overheated automobile e)+ko-bbpg8*w dqr s90gzp;yrngine.

Why does exhaled air nrw 1gf7-xyzx k,3g;dappear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram6 kibi yvuyi k j0,2net:,j81t copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-g,r iqwu6mk 21vram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the1 wui,k6v2rqm same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is oftefgo619j(3t z4 v ptxdbn taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?v 4xt1b6zot9fg (3pd j   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest teme.lph+hf.m gc3/blz+ peratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alce2ppm9n7oxj/ li7 ,n9sly en d+5bas4ohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.074 s yjxm+e ,9n l p2n7pbn/dil9seao5 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is b8g fh 9(k y;mvoj xjn*m9/oa,0 ygcmv3uilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig.v5 v1c). bzrak 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature oc1r 5bk)z.av vf 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are oft j59cnj hps5me-c)tn .en used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry im)n 5 j-.npthcc9sj5e ce) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water q2 xxr(z: bqt l-r6hy.at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diamete0,3.cf p:wur dact rg)avm*c/r. What will be its change in volume if it is heatedu,a.:03amvrdwtcr c)pfg*c/ from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water atsgu:t)2z 43smc ny- d3ishurnxs4z;7 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of waokq fjefn0a 5)8tg1q9ter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be -s* mm1i rhfqt-fwp47placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it dgg 3c,z ymki(;yh ((oi-e:x.qee4 ojcan expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion g3 .j(4eie;di,omkxy:qz (e ho g-(cy is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densi/v-s9;wj v skqty $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plaj(n cubh z/ha(8azn37 te of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansionuzz(7jah3na hnc(/b8 $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solic:t7rj4b .gi zd, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps pef0fa.*efo, w d 4xp(9ogaixl( rfect time at 17of(x *pfw d . e9xl4a0,o(aigf $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury . 69a srmk)w0cjxi ivy6m2pk8thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulbvm 26 6xa.jsmiy)8r k90cpikw has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating abqvlu)k7r 0atyx)- ts-out its axle on frictionl a7)txy-stqlrk )uv- 0ess bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°o4p (3d-libn7a-pl jwC. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if tdl-lpna( wp3-4ib 7oj he temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-*9 suhjh8-)n2 uvlf alsectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 +bw5nv ) gvwlc3j2f;v cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on a;2e0(1gbycmel1c ut) 1 bcmfbz4 p.tthe Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what te f+s9e*bvfk*qou;h+y mperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Scpsoy*h 40 f.nm28kkf kj ,ah+un are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atziedkave- obw). ;: 4lmospheric pressure and a temperature of abv -i;de:. zw o4keb)alout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using .czyo3 ur1)baygmts, (k0a5a the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank conta nd2h+vy +tdtnup8j66ins 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of ni yt* fmdbd;;.bs7g+ plirx1mf,1jh 1 mtrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10,lsvz lj1if7rf-e r 04.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L containepd4le o7huo :/r holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3l4ueo7 /d: hpo85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgc)77ie0ypk2oy2c: 1 l7c9u lpvl wcxg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heave)(pt) l )pqzting the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outsi (zlq )ppe)t)vde. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with:n yav(2wdze5c 6fo0u air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0p e7lvdy)mg;2 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand vicq ,(cqa88q4yaf3k at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecule, g1d mo +fbm0m)(lygks / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many moleculesl +9).:i :kqbeibmh th?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles,p.j47z22nphiq 2wryww(-sw e g9.tc y    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.e fm w,. 3tyy7+nes2hznb 7l3i1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath yofgv 8 2nw;poc9u inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume thv fg82;o9 nwcpe atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average trahi p9: 6nhwb 8vumka ://tf*ocnslational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?t*8f:/b ip6:wch na/v ku hmo9    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heliumxtd+n+ :m(cu 0p9hho3w7cfyu atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperatux + n0hdo+ fc7 hc9utu(:my3wpre of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules i5lf0g2 0e1jw*kj .g h odep8ioncrease if the temperature is increaseg8ed k1gf50oe0ljj.o w i h2*pd from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have theu imx4a* *yzo(ta*bvan,. /)j aabt1i following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculatit tv *jm.b ),o* a4/nb1ayaa*iuaz(xe the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.02wh jz jph*,7 m7ohr5e $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held cb7cf*, . 3en0stjr ffxonstant, by what factorx.f e bfj7ftn*0s ,3cr does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas iszc8+ yj8 5bi ,em0xs zgvc.2uym;be(z given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at thdzy9(o l4yhvvi 4b4 ,u*nw:uy8wa 4xjnv+qy3e same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the iwv (vu v8jy yizldx4wa,un:qn4hyy 9o +b 4*34nverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecu -q2hsk5vi 8pnles contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molev/r e6poly0 x6cule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nit+9 /ufft1vety a;(sj 0rdk ex8rogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass d0 fum(so ;0j2zx.lgq is 89 u in a living oj. sdq 2xfml00;zg(ucell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas ca p7lwyjg7az-nd4;m7opwrh1h9 by.1n n be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,i x7)b* zmri0x $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phase;c/:g klz 6wi-q 2hdups can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm awe ngs6jmkal5sf9w8 2oab 0l .1rgqq+ar5p++nd the temperature is (a) 90 wmqsra5klpg0jn.69ra152+b+ 8 qe w +lofsag $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a dackbj ;v4jbu(hi mvd 3b3d;:t)y when the temperat)vj3;bcm4kut(bi ; v 3jhdd:bure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water b oaw 4 *r3kp2tc5hcml7oils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0(jjdx6 n.wx g30ud, ga.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water b0aggddj.(,n3 x6xj wuoils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partt to8j0 ,q3 m(ob1f20ysticx pial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relativ0b op1fx 8y32jot,sq0mtitc (e humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a 1 6vfp2l7ud3sgq/x*mm dqs i -day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure ( bec5zoep::j cooker if the water is boiling at a temperatuc:e:e(p ob5jz re of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room ofpr w s(1nho:1o volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of t6(xocbh- n7rk j:o w)5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed f1he0oo pzoyzj00y*gl2 w ; -n9q(lvsnor a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dista90goq0 2vn loy- pz*l1j0nwzys e; (honce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the xv 3xp.7 ptw0t:igh 6/9m heevsurface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm longxvtm : 7 h39xetwpp60v igeh/. and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measuriq ld0gl. sj4:e has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has beenwsnx8+:myy t(0 etbx8 calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperatu+vg p07uo c. n)f6vc:1mie ltore. How much error will be made in6.mgc0fep )o lniv1v7+c uot: a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a heliyqqoib;4wn:h.wj j+ 1um gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas rei1jhq qyb. +on:w;j w4mains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width/ px+8tdln5wi 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m./xp i+td8l n5w Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is a9z8q7dd4 yclcy w3e0fbout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vac 88i2h/qsjtek /gt*,lf7uvle uum techniques is abo7v8i,q fs8g/e tt*2/jh eukll ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L whehr:+d.5u g*xcf(ym6h)f5 ez b.xycfbn 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisab 5b..+:yfm6z( d exh*cry) cfug5hx fble?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed ch ln,c:)cq *lof about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with th: hlnq cl)c*c,is speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increas1dwuqa0o8md 8ed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume o-8 fm; nmai0ccf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of aqndcjz8nok0n 7y;f) i :y(. rrtmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total num.:0rjkq ;7c(di yynnf8z no)rber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitz)sevzi 1syy+::d+tp2u.:ptp * brgc rogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressu4 xo5e 3*w lj7-ecig- w;zoxkmre = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa)x ;7og*kx j-wwo-z4i53e mlec and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl ofhl(bxems0/v x 3 6nwe4 liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0 vo9j-de*i,aj5ko rp3 $^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the oqs5n3iqo w.kd28 ks6h5ltq0 Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass js o60 xp/ lvph1lzst 88hi9-yvar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopty 9t54qnc 2oqy6,bkg ied in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chargeaqo7hy z/ m4a*:yxsqd j/af)5d, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth *gswqazu. -xl( 9t sf5.;o bcpis $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thr98 0zhtzix /siown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid el/xt i089 zhzisastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble qy xi c/mk 2fy0ev:2(cof air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assuc2ke/(y qxcvf :2yi0 mme the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water va fxa:(mmr9 xx9por pressure in the air on the following two days: rx9 ax:m9x(mf
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a mruwa4w; wd04b3l3iysolid deep in the Earth where thwm4wdbliy 3u3arw; 4 0e temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at con2 tm6 x8jm)cl:qjgz/)-xb( jba yiphte:. ,nistant pressure, the coefficient of ()8i/b6 xmt:t )m:2iebz - ,cjpgalj.x qyhjn volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people coph(2f8iq ry t.x xl6j+nstantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar xyx i. +6h82fq tpl(rjin a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg