Which has more atoms: 1 vfy ,d dyvv,o)4k; l*ckg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or *dyf);y ovvk lv, dc4,Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited ix*dhh 11* bl*ez9b,l5ftlnad xvi ;,to make a thermometer.*t ln,h5 *db91ih;e,bizl1f dxva xl*

Which is larger, 1 Cp9nx esn4/-yf(.qdn f7z gp9h $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal:v- vq:p3k fqj,*t:jjjf4 am q equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system4,:fvjqtv jp:jq k mf3jq*-a: C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When4g+)rr 0q(rbkqi yu d4 heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outrdy +q4i)k uqg0( br4rside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficie 0uxjpgf,twk* b *tl*7nt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a dia .ftg ue4k+in-( pxa.bgram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different 4 knabg.ep iuf. -(x+tmetals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends ofjnw-8i6nb::3b(a 5nki z noe8w4 tttjten have a section in the shape of a U.nbta4inzji:6-t no8bw tew5:n 8k3 (j Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead /akx5g -* 2shjbvdh5gfloats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thr*d0x 4uuxx gj89dn8aermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercax 4x uur*dg08ndxj9 8ury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is + ulz:hr81lft heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explai:lz+ l81 trhufn.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear ex.zj 52un3u3mald.v ai8+pfqp pansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistaqa8 du3u .ai+p2vf5jnlm 3p .znce of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cloc rgwg 0 oy1k*2+o )ybwbplmg58k, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda wilxocw* f(y kr;w.hg p no:-/e ;:;nlqtul cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not; .yec /-wg; o*( o:ntr pqhxu:;wnlfk stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, b9l0 nce x30vkx6qx eafm;ak)w ):mdl3y pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. Whenmmdew0 ckl)93k3axqa;)v:fx x 6 le0n a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an als)84w 3 (t j2re :in(nlywjb bttjp79uuminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease iwi w8ub97b)jnj(yr3t4(e s:ntpj2 lt f the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and theo728jwbax,v- d :dsnp relation between avers:v djb2a d87-p,nwxoage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follolp q:zmkeys r.h 6.--8zglsz+ ws from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ryu ;7z/qj.sypatio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objec 0ah6hovt5 4ss:naaa.;og8 n ct must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon haao ;a:s8ac6h0tsna4hgno v.5 s practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than wate8 )9t 2cjqya xs7cnlitm92 5pyr at room temperature. What can you infer about the mj)ca t5liy 2ny2spmc9q9t87xolecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far du7rjnomj0u/ -3p ,7u-lvin hmore uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperatnvo jlpdu/ru-n7u7 j,i30mh -ure.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempt w)u y+r80bi,lah z;merature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature- o5fiz:ujf nm1 g-6eb is the same but the humidity is different. W6f5om-f- eu:bnzjg1ihich is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheari gnau7 7+e;eted automobile+;r u7nge7e ia engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little wha db-. d6u/tukite cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copp,an rv(*v;opif.w qw2er penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold -czkd db(2g3p fe79rkring compare to the number in a silver ring of therpdb2 7-ke c(9zg3d kf same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often d lyk/nx5b 54utaken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?d5uxl 5n4ykb /   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and ljvg):dkkb6ye0ge5 )wtm )g) t owest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alconi8 y2i,.l mb1om;q-sb6 tr qyhol column has length 11.82 cm at 0. i.nbis y-rml8b qo,q16my;t20 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12h7/ms bgvw4*g pf3b.e m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximat2+*n-xeofyfl fj)gw 7ely 300 m tall. Estimatf+ * flygen2of)w-j7 xe how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivr9zd3u zr 19a1nrz 2nlet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 3 n9u2zznzd1rr9rl1acm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4v3 ;o8 1bv5lrpk+nk g8ybnk yko72* ej $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will f;( y 3pg.lex,c+ y.. chipufj9-ddzjbe its change in volume if it ce(xy,l gj .;-.ppihd 9.z uycfj+f3dis heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is firish (41 nba1z4 3apcyh(bg(s e;q3m dlled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL( fs pr4y vlz 2x tl-wvx9:sc(*op;6zp of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be pl-q l9)hnbiw,kgi(h w-aced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a g)bys5*ql.dalong, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the q. * l)b5dagyseffective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densityq, (b imowa0jmx :r3xajb0 -8y $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate ofxoy*b:0:i g jk length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion j*yg: 0oxi: kb$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotr dcry3j2128:g kkxw rropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass anuyxc;-lx3 -7d5m o alod keeps perfect time at 17 l a7u -x ;-c5oymlox3d$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The br1 mofj4vnm84ulb has a volujn4 v4mfr1om 8me of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m6m +0cr ua4 2jzdlh*sa is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearing 0ua6+mal2j s4hdr* czs with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at7d0 qet 6.8 kuq)qfjte 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it.ktedq q60 7fjue8q)t at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0 i*mwfyc- m1n3e yw0g).041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm y 63wek:kx-8 0em pdjdat 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following te d yffh+jti0g+o2hg31 mperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the F xe kvx0hwflek3.0/peo 6 g(3uahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in l7tdzb/*zo k) j,-e jithe interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion en o:9.d:dui, j2fc7 -mriuxb tmgine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 2 iu2f.7ddr9 o j,:icum tx:bm-0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of ofi oo-b (fod65xygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen*s+ttaaq6n+wy0)tni ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.g 3rj +6t*izkd5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is a-i oe9c (tcelt )0n:ewt 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.cb vcyi(g 6v; w.7ri:y0 kg of argon gas at 385 K6crbg ; yi c:v.7vi(wy?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgurmwn( (/ume,d cq/ *g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by dk2*5ryx( s+mgrq- fqheating the air inside the balloon, which make*dx m-qrfgq2+ y sk(5rs it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled withs 3nvwgume xsd6056y+ air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1/ ; 4wjio4wpap8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.m2gt0q8s n3(284sutvgwejq 7 yu2sp m0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules n jt06 gqs9j 28-*iue(weni zr/ $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Ho7aw17y u)j nliw many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molek)p0( rbh ucxmb;2:qw s,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 53 (cvtfkp7h5m:h lr)e .1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many moleceu6o 3e c4zmakco9+5kjn u k0;ules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hinko5zo0 uac;eken+j k936 cmu4t: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average transzkgsa/vs/e3k3t;uep/n 62oo lational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STe ss/ k;z6net2/ u3oovp/gk3a P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms sp9256h itiz tsvdsn0 ;jeed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 n i59tdz6;v0 2sst hjiK.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temls wrr0;/) mra5zryo;perature is increaw5 roz)rmar;sl ;/r0ysed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2rdq +4ik:sbi ., 4, 6, 0i.bdk+ 4:r sqi, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gmtap825 n0+ a mc dodkcp x2ho48-e,aqas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held k(eym a ,vwuw5fv56;d constant, by what faca6 kweuvy,5 vd(m;f5wtor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed o2u+ onl21sv,s)xaw hd f molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of tl5m8c2re,vd + d cd/nvrnh6bv: a/4n oheir rms speeds is equal td6anv84:c ,nb vdl5/hc ed+o2r rmn/ vo the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained i; ti6 q:yl;fujw;x1l3 iyhfm.h4+ejvn an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an xh,ls0 usn)4 z5rb8 fm os+h,si-zq1roxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance be4mkba t(12tol tween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms ujekc 1)3ty u26j4 hkzspeed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living ceu1ey4)jz kc u3kt6h2jll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writtennl+8 4-nxm rvv P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium. wu 2lzh jijnrl/oj)ik9 :l+2, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what4w q i1*-twosc phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which ph .*).l k/dgvj p.ycowdase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9lpkd w.j)o..d/ yv* cg0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (av:ooi/y;j w2 pr 6,beopproximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperar6 w2pvio/:byej;o,o ture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place whereo0nn1k6. xwljmpyv4(uu j -h0 water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm5-mh szkl3ll -, estimate the temperaturhz ml5 -lksl3-e at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of d5bc8 c 9,ks; dnd/s5,rlcqiu water is 530 Pa and the relat,95k 5dlrbscddu/ ,;nccqi8sive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperat-lv *bxz,rl /- s,6xzt-qs dature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is b uc-wg)w* ce4foiling at a tempe*w)geu c-wc4 frature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rb fkr;r l(zmxhg8 3prvv54p0:oom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of zau lx201ce;xmji owl66-s/ u5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a z x,r06bdpv(;9-rbiwya p*p mdistance of mvpb* 9w da ;zrixpbr6(0p-y, 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tin: m:i z5ddz 3m* hro4fnl2aw4iy tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm 3 m:2r amn:zf4 hlio*di4 wz5dlong and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been w. .f,:5f)wjm gwjnqlcalibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20hiu 5it hsd2;7i;)re y$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. z0atjk*a/asg0kwqdx76x:w by1t (z5 How much error will be made in a recipe calling g ktta y7zbd0/1( zw6j50*qxwa:kx safor 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm.irt.b w1w; .* c,weubu After many balloons have been blown up, the ribe1;w ..* utb,wcwu gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, andxg+pr ,6,tmq 2f ) 0dn*nypbiz height 2.5 m. Assum,2 p x+yq,r i0dnf*)zmt 6pgnbe the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about oese:b9bmg(3oe x y / uz;5(f7ipw.ijrne atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using tqo( u9+p7 miyqhe best available vacuum techniques is about uqq oym9p7+ i($10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to fuu n+/ s.a pn;rj*srx+ill capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand ix* jinn ra.r/ups;+ s+f he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon entersyjbppbf 0 t:ui3f.26i Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the veh2 ffi:tj b.b6ip0y pu3icle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fu 9q r 5q *kih4gpzczkw;m:e0n i/qj3:bj5i 1erom 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume mfle93vomuwa. s lq ir8, 2+)p.s(jzkof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, u ihaq 61i;*(ba gci4uestimate the total number of ucaq1hai ;6(b iu*ig4air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containedm jpxyly kpnnj: map80 .w8c.sm*+(, b in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pre6i7t:ic1,ihhav nuy tru510 dssure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder lahd 01h r inv:u1i,c75atut6iyst if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquwqdx+dksza2 /r8q6l8j+wo:( ut-jz q id mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline ak*wp-k6nntv.7 6 za srt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equaz(*:cll.evw jr- o h2bdo/9p xtor at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onthkp9ljtj gdo3 pm9d4 +p1)o,ao a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stando(y,ap h :xt l.zqr 7b/1fe-: rd)ntdoard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fullyeo *4ny3 80d-fsy(axlkqwhd1 charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth dtin2zmym22+ is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by rv* d6syii 2oe.ok- at8 g9b6ctennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per se*6oc8-9 edko i sgr.ayi 6bv2tcond must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diamete2gdt s/ze6i,pr (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air b pe/,sit2g 6dzehaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two day(pllm8yk1nd9 s: (1pkl8 y9ld nm
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iro pg)qr9a :/s doclo0ze9y1 :bsaile /(n at STP, and when it is a solid eql9gd 0:ssa:)aie /r9o c(zbol1 /pydeep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law)kmfz hj5u). y.hada) to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient k h5)fu)my.d.ha a)zjof volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehu i s*o;odm 0 kpsdo1i/tkj4u/5midify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If thet1;mku *4oi/ kd jspso0 i5o/d cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg