Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table ;5sqhfkbz,n grnx1k: e83pa +or Appendixkqe5 anfgb1 p3:8 s+zk,h;x nr B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to ma9v )x.zf4fjngke a thermomete4)gzvxf9j.fn r.

Which is larger, 1 C 8gfd2zb 3w a9z3e7ff a$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system0op 5e-6zlu63p3-ik u/mxusw ra lsr 4 B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say ur65 k3puslp -w4 o3u60/e-mril aszxabout the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip con9+ m8(q wic5swlyjbp ef;b72lsists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the cuqwi s llmy7(j+8295pbb ;cfwerve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient zyd k p8ed1m4p5k6c/wof linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (oyq+ tun-bzf ;w,t7, dlgtsxz+;97mr e26h jkgr other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bo, y6zmjh9dxtbq+w;n,7ul-st kgrztg f 2e7+ ;nded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section j6.,nf(vcrq b av/o+t in the shape of a U. Whyqvf6o n (t/vb r,+aj.c?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in 1;z.4psi tjr qmercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, e5:/ kh0ngfys thes:5kh0e fn gy/ mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if- 4hqkd e5ln5lf8 emx* one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjn48 5efkme5ldl xq -*hacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its co jyg .8b45h kuwfwttw+ vc8 wvg1vg5*:efficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that g ygwu584w1* +.gj5:fbw vthk8wv ctv for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accufl i; aaumg,c)/.y :cwrate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly x)99mxj 8c fke 0tbp7nthe can will not stand up. What has happened?e7jtn c9kpb x98m)0xf

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down ari8h/9ud)zwvg: k 5aw piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules whe)/8wk5zdw varhg :u9in they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerg2h7f9/3 ibh i7/v:ahpkqxw9dxv9zn red in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased h92ihn9 7 krwvd/9zaqx/7vh3xfp :i bfrom 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the rel8h0 :z)sdobou ation bet8odhb ):z us0oween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic tsn)8vw5dr vyvfkk k.96/ uh bofqd9 62heory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere,qb 5,j+ a5co:l9*e y pbde/tde the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an obek g092qfy 0breeqy53ject must have to leave th0eb0e92kgyr5qf ye3qe Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. m v2,vd.- ilrnWhat can you infer about the movm 2rvnli ,d.-lecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the-(b( t-qxt .( p ld vfnzhb8wyn2pegm5; 2i(nf same temperature.(gn( q(yxmhtnie8b2p nl-2f -w5 (tz pf .db;v

Is it possible to boil; w8ygl9el36rpqgv* s water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days wh;jhdswy a8: +p9wb6q5f8vw eu en the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, ty ew f8s58ubq; wwdjv 9p:a+h6he dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dange6m:04 hugm hqjc a8oe-rous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engij6-uemq 8:hhg cm4 o0ane.

Why does exhaled air appear as a li3/vspr ilfj /6ttle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gs93aavz2vs p9 ram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring comzp1tw;o 2 1vbkpare to the number in a silve2 twp;zo1 bvk1r ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What i5ud kdy9: f5nks this on the Celsius scale?:kkd5y n9 uf5d   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowess3p7 -t4jay) f xytp1st temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermnq//u )46n 3qomtkqbluk; z6k 5llm.vometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 6 .qvm/blquko)zmkkn lu654n3t; l/q $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 1ne/.,lxw n6f yq/g(zar cts0.2 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximatelyh: * m5fgi :ggt25qntx 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (aver5t:*qggx f 5mi:tn2g hage temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger thl t2)fpde9 29t.sm v,nxt;h gtan the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel ;h,.92tfvttnsmgp2l et 9x) drivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 7rhk1 k1+c/yla/ib xa$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in vt)s iq )wp-th)olume if it is he)t- siwh)t p)qated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.*8ev jl65 fn pq lb56z2kn;jpl0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 1ley mg rl7 *lqr;.h*e$^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring madepdxhxn 8papt)37- a5(ik /gpy of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expandj b-rnmfm9 txpo49* 8p in essentially one direction only, show that the effective p-mmbon4r9*t 8px9fjcoefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chan+ct x/ s,n lky)vs72a:wjwwg.ge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and nx6az7fn(k,nt fm 8w* width w has coefficient of linear expansioz8n,( wat67n fmnkf*xn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic zbz)2j+fg t4 csolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brus8 k/27sbzemys-xl;ass and keeps perfect time at 17 ys um/zsbel;2kxs 8-7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an wv.m v(a54frqinside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb hafqvvma5w( .r 4s a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m.ysn sl*jc 3pt.;y4q f is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velociy.n4;jlssyct3 * .pfq ty $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much b k0ya(v0r jert:;e1dstress is required to(ej1e0 dav;t y0kb:rr keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0/c+;gzw ikfil t0q lc:iq9zrge( o1 :0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 2vkmh rq 4,-cht nx).r.0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: r)kut(w7g-:4mwdexi1 ;r yec
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is whafl-*tli wgu .1t temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and / ofve(+tce2ccpo -aq e1th6; Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmo70.ge wn3w wty/hkje-y ,kd-pspheric pressure and a temperature of aboutk73eh wpwkd0 / ,njygy -.-tew 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the idealj0b7fz9z:su x gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg2r,z sj isa:7/z,)e.j svno nd of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP coc8 r* uvjh6f hcifq/68ntains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliumtmb0zr8wt- fq sile6,.mov. ( p: add8 gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside ak4 qdrw)ma(q-y 0vg0y jq-5 5smar :no 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3 m(0q-- gmwaqnarjy4s:q) y5v5od0kr 85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k3qff244afedbh5 ii 6d (3fp mwg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its agdp y9+1rindf(+ ygu+qs 9+r6p gd2d buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose th+p un +ay9 gid1r9f rdgs2p6dd+(g+qye volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air 5i+e e; k8k*ysthaz)c at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 g4mgl70 p4ity$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 6+43 6cdm *eeuwk nmrs20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / aggy69m-hd dsh 73tn9$m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in ew3r.ujeuwuma/vi 43 fq 4)w91.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles,lm lca thszq9vp 81(7wd888bj    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume/k*e opprxs7u 7e;vy n f1l1)s 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L brea ;ytmo4ph(ixa e r;/z1th you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo toprzm h4ye;a/( i t;x1ook. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translationa2 en p0+u*kbmjdn5ty7l kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?*jtp5ny 0e dm2uk 7bn+    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of h g8afkoi8 r)q 4jsv))eelium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about k8gi 8f4e))r)avqjos 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms sperv-gj;d1 s9pa ed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased fr;-av9 drjg 1psom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the f6x 3 lr1hz1e9 +l xy2t.b0u nfgffc a1y0j.pfzollowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, yr1t.jlahfl e2f0bfxuzpy0nf .x1z 6+ 39gc1 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in 6n; cwz8koj* ba gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas i;, ( xqrovyw4os doubled while its volume is held constant, by what fact (vy4,xwr ;oqoor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gasm*fg lsz ; q6zb/,3bdltsb zg-y/b1c:xh9) z n is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two 8isxcftl;* q5gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rm8 * iq;flc5xsts speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculea9 ixxa9 ;wchc,q 5;mmeaw ,e:s contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an o m q7kd(4gpm02jqkwy s 7+0uwoxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average dm-rf(,cler9 +laghj4hod0)3t dxxrp4jw 19 mistance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of ac + oe),pfp9 x61m g8ymyg8alan amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37+po8yaemx1y) gmpl ca8fg, 69 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wrilb5y wb6u osj dkdl1/sg+u9wi x ;(;b.tten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniuamixf b: k**f1fx5rs1uk y 1,fm, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in why (62pkhr yfj4at phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tempqhk e5s/xxw( 9d ,; na)d jdpf6su8si2erature is (a) 90fdqx5e 2ji/(s9 dh8a 6,nxupkd;)s sw $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day w/ac (;yqw8tij hen the temperature is 25 c; wjyq(8/i ta$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a32+vpab y);8xuf cx z51qkkvh place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular pii(kn6vq 6ad8sk / 96oae zic/lace in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tempeeqav zd (i86i k6/a6k9sonc/irature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature 5:rh j;2l xnd e1qldd6on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidit1lej 5 hrqld2xdn 6:d;y is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water3aepkez0st -+ on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is b0nrw,p o2w -xfoiling at a temperature oo0 ,w-x2rp wfnf 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume/;m oic.lg grl9f1 qn; 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point1 bn(zzkp1jjp 2ri6zyw)4 :g ji9p bi* of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed f cyjwu8:,h :/scdt: xqor a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dist: tcxw :uyqs,jdh/c 8:ance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior tbwq1:f el :8gscogs(0hrough tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and: fogs:wqec(0g s 81lb has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure hasjfi0 g 8xkp1n5 been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure hz;-b: /1+szzsdp gwt has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal roomh )tqt+qx s,(b temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if t,)xh b+tqt(q she water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initia9qii6 za+x: mylly 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of thii ay69mqx z+:e original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, ib kvv :yxipx )a+4y)5width 3.1 m, and hkx)5ipy va ixbv)4y:+eight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of rp kktp10:qn,matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuumzyj mspx:y19s:hte q fht ;p;u:am*24 techniques is about s:z *f y4;e m:;ptx2p1qh :jsyhu9tma$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L wh eenf;-yh )0q njt77pxen 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surhe)yp7;- 0f7 extj qnnface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from- o eh,8m hsl9hu-(cfof t3oo) the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Becau-s3,oo-t c ehohu9fhlf 8(mo)se of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fro3t:ccewza z :ir5w o0*m 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of un9-b/l8 . -ovxru) ncha) cmf770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosphospa--r *0,mxly f 6mjeric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air moleculesj6*-m sf0x,l- pra oym in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogikd+zk2- vl yb0 q61gpen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital 6mmx-5.bmvu +u+ 0muc)ay 4v yhtm;lthas gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is c-ctu6 .lxu yb 0myta4 mum;+v5hmvm+)onstant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in amqu t cd u2 /uyf,0)vkn4*np4g bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli9hiuv-fg5 (ex ne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s e/g*::b9mzt1drbb;m -tibn o5 okgj ( qquator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly3gh7dbp /vhyl+6 :hdw* : noco onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the ;yj3) z)tvepr 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fullyr9 ava l1jopcflx5)(+url u(( charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eartkkwefv-c jxg 36y704vh is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown v v6vx4g7pnq.sdv :fu )ertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and ad.6q up 4vgs)xvv7 f:nre thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spher fgw(,:yj* sylical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m g js:w(y ,f*ylin a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the follogg wlg2dx7d) /w9on e+wing two days: )/d deg9wgxl+n 2go 7w
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STlz7 nnf0i90t /pbsmcseg q;i8+,.zhnP, and when it is a solid deep insqbh,tn 7n p.m;s+8cz9/0 fzigiel0n the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at ctbncdw .7i4 n)onstant pressure, the coefficient of v 4n)c7wtdi. bnolume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevento5y 3l61 .kmdkvtq uk( rot and mildew. If the cellar in a hl6o3kqvk mdy(1. k ut5ouse (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg