Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic t-lrd(fpfc87m fnwb- 2 able or Appendix-8wm bn(-fr7c2 dflfp B.

Name several properties of materials that could be ex(d zjlcuw8si 6;0kj2 sploited to make a thermometer.(ks2j w8c 6 ;zs0dliju

Which is larger, 1 Cnhw 7l* 4gfp xi)ejf*s:r,e+i $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in4jciik dtm2 70 thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures ojm7 dki cti204f A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminp-ei95bl3 +3mrz*eq7pw gqbh um riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the c-me+ bprg3l7wzq95eqhi *p 3 burve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of li:)2-gxpf -s1sy4qfj*qu oe zbnear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace os+67jp l lb vqz9d3swso)f 95(or other heating or cooling system). po dsblfqj3 s7o)9s6zw5 9+vl The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed atei td8de7xn sxah.a/n zq***:v-n: e6: zknza the ends often have a section in the shape of a U.z6**kte-/n a :idd*8nhxxqa 7zvnee : zas:.n Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floade iu7g.wpn1 8ga ,nctk/9rww q7* ;sxts in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first pla . w.jep7(t ep;e d+ufyi qt+g.phnd6q4a3 /poced in a hot tub of water, the merp.epp.eqyo/.f; ia np 4+dtg6qw t 7 e+hj(3ducury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more ra;eobda4vn( y 3pidly than adjacent parts. daebvy3o ;n4( Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion a/nn2 mt5ecv 26 3q7 qgrm+glyx,+bbpoxi :o9is much smaller than that n3+9mvg26r q b+/xq:m27 bl angocxopie 5,ty for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accg-9 ;seg,ldyn 7,.k bcufco9ourate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly+2uqk/i6 u qya the can will not stand up. Whaaiy+u/2 kuqq 6t has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by psgpflw; 0if o4di */o.ushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature usgfii ;l *.ws4opd/of0ing the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force3 s km.3xzxj.j fyg)+c7j/ ip+5 jkbdx on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decreasxk+j/b5jck g 3m xx+p73isf) y.djzj .e if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from knpqftn-r/0v65+ 3ki rdoc+ rdv, 9jfyinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy +dorpq0-nn d, cv /kr36rj95fivtyf+ and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theoryvpc os+/0ptsa b2c-4a /vmo.l.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphercsr f4g0 2g-iea sxe:bl9l;(le, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have ri /gmj65f s5m e//bzrto leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocirgm//6sjm 5z 5if/b rety for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at roo;mf.cxt;5r jk+ oox ,v1 m qxikmli506r( js8ym temperature. What can you infer abo;0o8rsjkxj 5xom(vif m tyc5x1 ki6q .+,mrl; ut the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day i00 bek*8w7mh*dz6x b zep:zq dl5pt( ps far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the swbez7p m0d(e0:tb*l5z 8p*zkq d h6xp ame temperature.

Is it possible to boilw g:zmz40oi0r water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the sa)7g fu v*iu bmpit.,t(aju 04ime but the humidity is different. Wh tiu* v 0ump,g.)(7iajfti ub4ich is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to - mp/qvrg(p o9open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile epro9p(mv/gq- ngine.

Why does exhaled air appeajp4nk5ru- a.h r as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-grzdk7.)fa0pplcw-j( 8a bl)-:mzqp hgam copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a0+ ns5m6nwz iw 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silvsz5 niw+mn 0w6er ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken)6m + 9b2trtsuolyr3s5 d8 sss to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?ds6syt rsur3s b5o2tmls89 )+   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest anivt5bgbtjy/7yslp o k *34x:/d lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-gla rottc5w7 utiy8.1i)r ss thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.o8i 1ytr tcri7t 5w)u.0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is t6k+5w xqk4z mbuilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29xdrfebmlo8 d/,. l536g9sxq6p 6md cm) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes betweenl6 9p r/mse6fdxg,.6o5b38 c qddlxmm July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often u7 a,)+gr nul1yvz dat,sed and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel r,)zl+d7r,g1 uy tnv aaivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water nt.sbbu; j.:m at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What w 9fts:xy+,v v ax-zde.ill be its change in volume if it is heated frv,+z t: sfd 9xe.xv-ayom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with h4l;w*k* qa q2-zds0pjd,mcy 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of watercz8dznjr,2g;h y5s:d at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring m6km/n xusy-z4ade of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand js:xf;)0t t a,y:x/- bbdsrowin essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal 0:ry;b,/a xd x-:sbsw otftj) to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change ii*+frq8 0( eqgy ujw(smy2dkw 1o-b 5bn the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coea uk8 5sov2eat*8dvk .fficient of linear expv8a k8* uakot.s25 evdansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an iso:ct ua-t wvvg;f2f ohm,4c*wx )1ws6 mtropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfathe8 azu.ptgq0di/r mw3;r clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1z u/ 0i8m3;rwtpgq da.7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercur;r ey3kb. ,egby thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of bk .y3be; e,rg0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m ivku9)qqhiz*9i w:zo:qh8d4g+8z qn pjh n9w6s rotating about its agnz 6 q 9qv8iodq)9z *h:8h4j p9wkhwi+zuq:n xle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How muchl ur31dj-maw4um.:cs stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature incr1juswl:acd4rm3- m . ueases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam o; gl7tjbu).orh-q+x *xk yc.of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cmywhpqduazi j0-6i r/5h 9d 6t. at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tempe yifr;jt 125aagcyq1g;,f: t sratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheifvy i3/e1lif.)czmi4 n*vjduk7s21a0taf 8 r t scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the inb2x;0cu6 4un ubas1iu terior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pr 0e)jqba0vn5rcc 8c5b essure and a temperature of aboucc vjn)8e50b c0brq5at 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ids0 4 ef)mrzjq5eal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.qnsdk0v*xcf qy (k5j; gv29k56 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP:. du y/6r0zvlzfys 5u contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.b)nd, u;dul1z0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg.oqp +1eh i5n*o6qgfy of argon gas at 385 K?fhynoi e651o .gqq* p+   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0n b(83(uuw6 p(cmqd om kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieve m:wsuc61nh5os its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense h cws:56mou1nthan the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with wf6*j0ry dn+4lv0lv 5.pdqip air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18. 7ad,rr5mb )iq0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and s1psrjpqyq5.i, b xc v5c0lu-8fy5,v 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of 7/ k:rdr0ldvht (oa (omolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1i- : v o/srrf.e p3-br(qyny e4g)0zfh.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ):m*0iczfsn x6je6c4 m md-ihof (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.hx *r um nb2r/c0w .fgmbo+nje/v9+f 81$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of a qkqkc 5p9i.7eir are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmospheiq 79 e5.kqkpcre is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the averby2yq7r : 0dib--s fsfage translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STysry2 i -0 -fbdqs:f7bP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms nea gt .ulmm0-gz/r the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 60 -mgu/z m0tl.g00 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms s; vf*/ xq- )c.jo* zeok-aber( hth:vwpeed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased - .ftw*e;)v-(vrqzxk b *hceoa j/o:hfrom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following by kr9f-4 y2*cxc:uddspeeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, andy rucf*c29y k d:b-xd4 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20hbv84h:w fa oame26 j(.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas-pyne h8yulb w pi8:24 is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor does :p8 e82i- lbh wynupy4$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms spec. 8qci 0nx8eied of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of the(f+b vac, -e,x+0oy.hympyj i ir rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their mo(yy ,af0ohj p+.me +c xi-ybv,lecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules cbk5;nv 9:3 n;xil8wk6)w ap0tk6e xdkh .e ogoontained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of anrr159njoi y)1kk uile;4t 4ev oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average dista/a*fdcqx( 6gsnce between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an aminov c3 (i;jypu,covgf;y mzt +-4ik6rp( acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living-y f; 34jivk;yvu oi+ppgzt(r,6cm c( cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas ca 8xxfgm4eq ptazs c8h3 x;/bf-lv g6/8dk,hy/n be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ,k 2617iael0yddlxxr uranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in w1 p ce7r4 ytqdw1iik+4hat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase wr pyxg0+yp7 m8hen the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90m p g78ryxy+p0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidit*b(pzid :ei 8ty is 50% on a day when the temperature is (:tz i d*bepi825 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air prespn,is0vow b: a c-a/n9sure at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular plau9z+yq 8tnm cn7u1y4kce in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at 8y4k1t c nnmu+7qy zu9which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of wl -y5pjs+y9d n6ey8kew.o(muater is 530 Pa and the relatiu89sklym-+j(.n 5yp yeewo d6ve humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pres8ujx5qf: e5y .y fpf5dsure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressurg91howko9/zxlq: i *qgkf;1 te inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 1 hkf /gw9 z9qio1lxok;q: gt*120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a r(h8tn1obak8xcj6t+2 (f zf luoom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its d8q-y7 f0+jfb sczuh:kew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse e2 -k2 60bjajhak+xcbu- np n9a distan-90 ka xejj6knpc- ub+n2hb 2ace of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surfacegyun5f i)x/ )j of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional aryx 5n/)f )uigjea of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20a3))o-efou4oz - vypj c ;e7cq$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at dhc aqol*l+)1fui// g 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at norm(q n*-h1v jzfmo tv*r*al room temperature. How much error will be fz oqv*mrh-n*tv*1( j made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylind wuz6 4ke vh.r5*j9pr*qs x;igrc:4wu er is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge.4:;phk i v*jsx ew5*wuz69u4 rqrcg r pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room ofuo4nabn cj;b 8d,x4m, length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperaturexbc nu ma,,8;4b4njod is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one axv0k b:m1 9- pqb axy4)1q2szll+zdzztom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attaf,xbtl 6cm9ej4xoz9 3inable using the best available vacuum techniques is abozlx 6,t9439 mjo cxfbeut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full cke .er(ntp04j9hogbcd 7 8z ;hapacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is th7(b rch8z9gk.0ne;p jtoe hd 4is advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at adg* n kuzy4l56 speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose 4uzgl* kd6y5n of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas isy4jtfdm r.x64p:p /q kf zq-b+ increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume 3,0sv(iazlsy h x0c- fof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of theypn8mlk;9d fy4.( klk Earth, estimate ty49mlfk l nk;kyd(p.8he total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contain*uj 1vd;+dx (alhey b31 cin(aed in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used ina uhvu ucmxu.2/7mh y xotd;i(.)5d8 o a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at a5xcu odu(ht .y d aih7;mu/.uxm8o)2vtmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats hf zafuz. vy*+jx i+)du(-.k lin a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolin yn1*sipuc*c h. 7dtsn(7uk,ge at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at p/vtxdu hs.wj, ;km c93 7d-ih25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar 6ny4s *wvf: ddq6c hgr1b;,ebat 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the mj9 18o3ueinp 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has afjzid m yuiz572c0d x3-/zaa9 pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from :*8cg enmn/mh the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertix2 1)naru- wpfh (lsa.cally upward at it. f hl(rnx.2 sa-pw )a1uHow many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a(b5;kv+fkovr.u v8n)xi y7 is 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large isirsv(f87 ; k)nbxvvu i+ko .5y the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure inn g:vm,g6(phu/ lk/as the air on the following two days: hplmg,6g/ sk(n :/av u
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STy)a4x0m2nb8 su,u deaP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tempern msyeuxad8) u0 ,4ab2ature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law imej/)6);qym:sfyej at6mt: to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient ;66e)tm eay:i:fsyjm/mqjt) of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot .b22rcsv 7pm oandsm2 obp.2rv7c mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg