Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See8;i* /uy zolg(fjw 1v7ectsn +(vfqs 0 the periodic table or Appniu80 o(y;vefz*wfjs q 7l gs(cv1 /+tendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a t1ycni(6sp l,r hermomet ny1lc,isp(6rer.

Which is larger, 1 C21dov.ki wnf4 d0h ep; $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal:9v oob49ms pw equilibrium with system Csw: o9p 4vmb9o, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of irpn2qej bw6 )hs q) 15rki*ckg7on. When heated, the strip will bend ekpq*1jqbs)k5i r76h)w2 gc n. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficiepo sjyfo;v./ms+09x w,vq:kw nt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control s k;goi+c2cp l*-v ha)03ikgfa furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and hog 2os+) 0h fi;kpva kcigc3l*-w it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the sz6 tl d 8ll5iq4a*rhmyl,6 3tohape oft, y*l36d a5mlr6 ohlq48tl iz a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder o6w ftge29pvl7xpq1. pf lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermo* e3 liwym*g2jk o(w2tmeter is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rise(yew* *3mgkjwol 2it2s. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heai*lci4)rmc tyab-n 51i- c0p oted or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain.0cc ac45)yo i-n1l*pm-iir tb

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear exp gqj5tl+cq(c4 ansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Tabcct+( q5lgjq4le 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accf z st4/.;ohrgurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda x g*;dh5da*d ,(sk:xsalv k8 dwill cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. dxd*l;as:hkv*g d(s8dx ,a5kWhat has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (su9hwhpp ua-ida,j*2 zyzthi3 +v6ie c 07n d93ay, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piiiu y9zvewa6 jpz9nc+ 2h-putihad3hd70 * ,3ston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrkcq i eo 5jb8+e6/kzt6ease if the temperature is i+ktb/ck6ie5j6 qzeo 8ncreased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how .:oxa..u iuy bCharles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation betwe.bxai uy. u.:oen average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lu/jr1jo bx( if-ayt ,k8lxg. 5vssac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’stvtu4/1 :7x ip y+halm atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the E96mwu e6s4sxgxv9y;/* o sivharth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to 6ve s9;s4h vox9myu/ixws6 *gthe Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at roomt +fmsax:) kx; temperature. What can you infer about );atx+:fsxmk the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dryk wp 1thi4x.8b day at the same temperatuw b148ktp hx.ire.

Is it possible to boil w5n*bbh 7 . 2looi gncz7ua6p 6-zv0lweater at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the airc +o 9 joo9zlmy:;9sne temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Wcl 9om:no;esj+ 9o9zy hich is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated aut5m2kwgmamb*aq 4et5b evwoh 6 g0w*-: omobile ena5obwwgwv6* h* aem: e0b q2mmt-45k ggine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a l1i8 tu1+b/7ftufmxvb hn a-7mittle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there :qf7mb fhfss 3ss s r2lb4v+:glf/.r2in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a41 v92bmwbkh:agr kfkm9;qd) silver ring a;fbk9g1mk4 vkqhb9wm r: 2)d of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°. luqka *un4wd 37c(nrF. What is this on the Celsius scale?uuc(n3 4rdla* k.qn7w   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recordj54x3b3u/h ep-uz .m 2pyv32guq cpahed are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass uf n; e+xmpi8p +9d;gnthermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 98+de;gp;ipnu +n xmf $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m loz gsvvk/- tnd wd:6.p/ng (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approxi;bi/ hsjym/8q0 d. /yc+.zc kvs.waat mately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average tempera/q ahywsc0tkm+y8sv d.j;./ bz i/a. cture of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often usenqoj a:mgb1kmxi )ii-y)2 q./d and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is p-kyobmjmq:/)i n)gii 1 a2x q.laced in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ac 2 zs ry,regz+c09x4wt 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume ia3:rgx7ehqc 3 ga1p 8t1*boxst6eq+hf it is heated fro1g81t gera63 e7bc:hsxxp 3ohat *+qqm 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is b:-:. u9nrbtt ;ehf sjfilled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wat3o i gh/lm ghc5:cly-;er at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring mah ogqaon17a;si)j4 ,a;34pv spzdb 8 mde of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in i 6wv w1sp5r)sa long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume e )pwsw6sivr51xpansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in tv5vfj,x;af7p he density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has cozt*t z9)y(+nz+zxn neoe, gy:efficient of linear expansionzy znzn e:yeo+g+ 9z*,tx()tn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic(.otygd asa/ ; solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather/q e9e4- tsx 9w.lzcq kmo4by3 clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17xy/weqqkzt 4 9ls4cb-39.mo e $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The*vnzcwd.mo :.xvir0 0 bulb has a volume of 0 w*ocvz 0mxn0iv.:.dr.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radiusrv7tdl z/pk jcr8+) /qigk4l : 5v2xzd 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings wvc4lzkjrzr qt ) 752pl/d kdv8 x+:/giith angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at lf 6c cwz39f.g;)3piua.n+m w dzxe w,15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at th +;gpw ,3..3ez wdf9cf lwanc xuz6mi)is length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional2iz x/ul+7gkph yq;nuset-+n- j eb*k mk;8; s area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm 1rtq 7*shtm e)yx5q7 fzzm6hfp8 /:nrat 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatur:zsl(gq(m8kn2h. l q(jr e.e5) gxxd res on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrp5w aie q wb/0tp2baa 8v9d(k-enheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures xv.tp:ms 0:kf in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressu vr;fy.q2u,vh re and a temperature ouf ,2h;vyvqr. f about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STnlcm4/ 3wqs8pu cm o2*dzes02P using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kglnm :v 7n16blj of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP1qf z03 hcirrux8u,r-y + vl)h contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas isc ;v yl-k50hhn,res8ju or1e * at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure +u 6ua49kcyy3l dbw+m z/r(cwinside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 u9c4 6w y3cldb+m/+aw(zk uyrK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg0fkr;k3l f*l;r fk g0c of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatd/.dm;kudu3adubs) r6/ vib9 ing the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense 9skbd/u du/b d) rm;3da. ui6vthan the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at nrgls6,7pv l t0q8sy8 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 id*d r8,) j;qcwy:v zf 0o3wmh$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chil .bee blcig+bh6k7jd 2g8vi888 d g;uld’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / g 2qe*y uzjh)0lvm8)o w7e9 x6mtz;p g$m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.00gbfo )a*zr 7(yaq+7jo0 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (v dj49ccwq) l9a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume4lh e tqswqk(2*hta vn:,w*t0 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many mol)op7q,t/c uv cecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the ,o/7vt cqpc )ulast breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translationa- frult.:*buv l kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST.*rtfubvl u: -P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms ne2qu-58 hxc0 nhp93jfqc1 .sisly uoi3ar the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about5hilhcfo- yu9 .n8ps2ci0ju3sqx 31 q 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rmxwa.7,w5xe sg7j8:3 rpt zqae s speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased frexpwxjz358t:.g ,rqaea77w som 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, cyssjm n ql-3* k*4t,pgiven in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms spek3j*4t-s m,ln sq*pcy ed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gaqau7(wtfvpuke)m-o;m z* u9 9s at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held con pp.p xid1v60gstant, by what factor do.60 1x pidpvgpes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms spej4u(13eip)of py7 w;kij pc 9ved of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixtvj .v 6mc c)0yzn iy(lon0:(nwure of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the sqo nv vn0mwync 0(z y6.)ilj:c(uare roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speef(m/vg;liq5 nhpnm+:v hs+-q d of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moleculdml6ta7js2j br x d-v29pvvn 02l;. vue at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules ar2s7tl e.q*,l+2xx+nopn c4e ilwv1kt STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in rbx /3vpj9d:rcl r+w:a j9- rga living cell at v -rg:p /ar x3j99b cj+:rwldr37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P 3iz odgr*u,58rzyw8hwi+y .k = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, bk( dg yc-zl37y9i ,up$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, ib(f yv xn*w;vxo 5 szalmvv 4*6lw7,2pn what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0;uiqgt o *7*th;km7nt .01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 ih kq7; *tmgonu7tt; *$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew pointj* l)(uhc/wrrd qu :h0 (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25* rrwqjlu/h(u) cd0:h $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boilsy 9cc-7dj y3qf at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains gb:e ;hat u0/jis 0.72 atm, estimate u:ah e0;t /bgjthe temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when) -w)xv5jfwxpr yy;8n the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humiditn8wpw)f y-y)v5;jxr xy is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tempera6mkme.7 tq p, w.jm/-tzwrsm*ture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure ca)w yz8s9y(r 3exv*xmsq pq228l7zz kooker if the water is boiling at a t8)sw83am qq x2zs7pr9zxk(zly ev *y2 emperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room (2au t;rofe-.ln th r;of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ok cs ,0m,ucozy;o0cr5f 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a 01x+isbt/kz a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance ofi z t/0sk1a+bx 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface :5 j af,)dczooof insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has o :) fjodcza5,cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape49p bjslxno- : measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been ce 7;bgbf 2,cklot,dy:alibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error 8 qq:m;4x 4yv+ph .acmfvvdi; 7atkw4will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if tiy 4kvvafwq ptdq48a;4c7:m; . v+xhmhe water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder:(wtn1ar1 o f:i:6mf 7xklqqv is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pqkimwa:r7 1:nfq t16 o:l x(vfressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, j x: kggt2sej.lv 0n,)width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the t2:nsle t.gvg,)0 j xjkemperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density ofry3;f2cg*j bs matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainab7vp:j,:ux) teht-t84.:ikgfe a ivrcle using the best available vacuum techniques is about ptv.txg:8v, cfki:r-u) 4ehij7 e a:t$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills hik tv c6wt0y7f,s lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose y6 tkc,0vw7ftto the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning 7xfq*)u jc5rofrom the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with tf*r)57cux qo jhis speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increafj z:qyh. k+sf.c1ssgv)r:c , b4 c/fvx-eu-wsed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume oy;63;d0hn+ -xp)qdsloc xka. f 9vznxf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atm8xmy-ooc7*kmvmdl-vsiy 8 o:10 )sul ospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air mole 1ds8lyo7v oim- 8 l*xcmvuyso-) :m0kcules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogeo;qy p.ds .l0ocex vw361cmu-7pd2ign molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gay9o,cwq2qd 6tuge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder loy 6,9t2 qdwqcast if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquidflo x a57xmzq46hh9s3e-x 6su mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolir5gh9:cy7lyoq4n/( n 5timpndezp )1ne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to f*kf0;y ke qpu6it snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightl)+)g d)n4y t6c0 olkb i.pwqev)vhvm2 y onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptedkmgw 2pmynz*x)/-f hko/jy7h,:. x fs in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fu2ti.c ad6cd ;ylly charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Egi c7x*h bfw2wwk 8qzcabl8z9 27y- g-arth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis-uhqi6 g4iw1fc/(ecpiewz 3m1glil.*l p/ d( balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and areiic1we *lmg-zi /. lh(p 41cl3fwd/q pe(ui6g thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of-)- 3j h;uiidbu8 / othsvbsr+ air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surfb;ius i 8 )dsrb /tu-3-hoh+jvace?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapo dra8 irctx67jjs ;zkp:r:n9:r pressure in the air on the following two days: r: i9az: 7 dpjjk:6t xrc;rn8s
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and 7sgql37 8cjrk when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000gk 77srljc3q8 $^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, fo d*x,dm p0dgw8 +orsjeh6u6kk +n*ay-r an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume ey d8d+s*k-ghwkx,*n6mp0 d+6oa r uejxpansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to preveqm,n8pqv;13,ro 1kc sbucb5 tnt rot and milo ;38ucnmkqbbvs , 1 tr,c1p5qdew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg