Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the tsm1 r7 naei/k8 yx8k3periodic table or Appendix B.n /3ksrm88ix teay1k7

Name several properties of materiaz d(u3dkr 0ma 2d-kc y3q668)fsxxbgnls that could be exploited to make a thermometer.0f6 (xy33adkmxcr bdzdunq 8 ks62g)-

Which is larger, 1 C air (et(wsxtmd:8 oy 3sj3x1-$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with syste2r))4odnhb uc m B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with systemo) 2bhdc u)r4n C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists o-+de-1tzpun31px s+l,yv iwf a5 +foff aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the vd++ z-f+xp yop15at,ns 31we-iuflf strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coee7vbti yd1ko5ux.5 7 wfficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of6ej8*k vngu fs+5 b:lf a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different mkl*g5fvb6s +u:nfej 8etals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often haveniti+fr0o.-pdqee:,;+c qf v a section in the shape of a U. W,v-i qto+.0f+erdi pnc e;:qf hy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead ;to2pwreue4s tdm9h) b n 4z05floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is sgbr 4te:a 90afirst placed in a hot tub of water, the a:r sg 94b0etamercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is h, sbzx1tyk 9rugq+gx- 71 t9keeated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts.1t1 x+ut9yx-k9kq zre,gg7sb Explain.

The principal virtuervm2k9kjl- 0l6e,cf l of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives vr9jk, 6 -ml0l2felck rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accur d.v2ve1nn1 q10ej7vx xzpz6 nate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so gq- ajr452c xrzke6-b 2cv onf /l.uq;22baupbadly the can will not s4v 6bk222r.ca/qzqluf bn 2 c --aoxjer;pug5tand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston),x+kmg -zer9u) its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular notink+ uzm)r xg-e9g what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in wate8k8 xam f(fam4grm5 s4r increase or decrease if the trk8m4afx 5mf4(8ma sg emperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the rela(yrl 2wrf fbt4zd;9pg3ned, 9tion between average kinetic energy and t;dg9 nf wbr2(43ydzlrf e,9 tphe absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from mq9i(s 7x+grmkinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Eaul3- j wq0(npwrth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have tz2q-z6u9qf r bm w)(6.syzzwz o leaves2-rzy f wz9)mu.z(wq66bqz z the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperatg*63eya)3wnvu au ;vxure. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative uvyn wx3 aaeuv 3g;)*6to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day iqnq rx).8imha;)+sjq 0t3w u fs far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperaturef r)8juq qwnh)x 0qs3m;+ia.t.

Is it possible to boil2d t uguxxg)x8h2+bjn/( n,ri water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tempcl:du18/nc pn erature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at c1ld 8nupc:n/the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an ovtdr )tfxp:/: herheated automobile e :r/tpht) dxf:ngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud inlruxgx;2 2vw +u ha)u,l0z-lc the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-grz; i-mffbny69hv)4 cf3wc d5b am copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring comow*:yj i.k -n7mxfzu)pare to the number in a silver ring of the -xk*7.j : woif)yzunmsame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsi:w a ,h(i jys .x5gkby712.vyz,lfbkqus scale?s.k :bji5v2x(ka7yq ly wzf gy,b1, .h   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are lc )4bllwuz43 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-gla 5)c.ejk db6z2eie)if ss thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 65bfedz i)2c)k eeji.$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is buit3 zc 3ikp7whzp5es;7lt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) pv 43q8 vcy2ceis built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (averavec3 y4 vq2c8pge temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than a jhbmc ,vg*y zg;+cb,ap4 )o,the rivet hole are often used andb,bg,;,)*z4jvyc pa c+o gahm the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at .2cz3 1 w5ptapetosd 8 :th:oy4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. e2x v,jk. uxh5What will be its change in volume if it is heated fromv2j x5e.,uk xh 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL ofvve4/4p 5c c.cypot*f,bu n +g water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of watp qlae/wssg47* u/k2 *cdya,ger at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iro8 jlme0pvab;s f 6b/iqt955tgn. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, nart+i4,;ubfbe tfj49ygy* v 5yyrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expt , jf 4 byufgv;5iye*y+4tby9ansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chaf jok*9(h2 hacyxxvdq i/5q3 :nge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear efb7 ;dw)-elci xpansiib edw7 fl-;c)on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soz g/ 3kr4xmtq 3ae2b ))tdtu)flid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a gran5 u xi6 ,0zd6fqyo1uxqdfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 zxdy,xu1 6605q uqifo$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an iq0wxfw9dl 0 . opkmy;0nside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.25 fl; qmw0 wp.9xok00yd5 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cvq m3 wrwg,v t-5*vx75l a+urwylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with ang3m5v, *q lvuxrr v wg7wawt+5-ular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stre lhj zyg 8q;3xh 90oo1-wpq)hwss is required to keep it at this length if the temper pyhw1w;qq)8j03zhh9oxo gl -ature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-seci8at vy 5f a2 w-1qj.(jkokyg;tional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.8t 9iuq:s;zr -bz8: oygo.eob122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvxk dx/2qvrb5e h+)6mgin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fapqa/ zc4z(f ,oo:n3evr re76mhrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sunri )5cy2)idei are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion eng 5)bb6k .l.oam sa9skw e/7w /gsmg+iyine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of abo .9bsgwy wk)em7sbg65skai /.m a+l/out 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using thegm aun0w+ ko7) ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrog:p**l 9 xxf;u0ibkwi 0ly8mdcen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 4 n6nglz0n *ihkg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium g k+(rdrwh o4ugortpb3t s(* hd7f+d 5q9i9h2y as is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inb3qym7: e* uvjside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3857b :jv*euy3mq K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgt tsctq lvj0 d2vh*/n3;2v9gh of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insiduhxj v6x 9*yt9e the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volthv9j69xu* yxume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled wit)8 7t dxpu- puw0sbh9jh air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen jxhs,pwld57 .at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s handv 4hrco9o0+v (g 88ntt zrwrx- at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of msn79xs/) yoia6)-mgrde fqnz0;h 8t iolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? s.o pm fnp(4 (hu r :ymilx5-qg:p4f6nHow many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ofsj 9,r,imeoe3z 0 fdd: (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumeg96,r jokacd4uib; 9c 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are ag8 nfkv41x/ztt q;f)ba8p8e in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo ;1k )p4x 8qtb/faagev8fntz 8 took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetx9( 7b0nn1 h2 zrqjdotic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? btj qn91zoh7rn x0(2d    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tempeb;r5gb* * nsegrature o5brgnsg;* e*b f about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms spe.n5 .tkk)w1qe 6dzzxwed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is in n5 1qk dwxzkw.)tz6e.creased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, p6+m suw, 0pqt0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate thepptum s6 q0w,+ rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas ce,wj*u* 5 ciy1yl:m yat 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, at. q64(-o. zn jbglv(wplq,bby what factornz-,.bt wq4po.6avj(lbgq( l does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas x m 2+lrjn:bs je//m1cis given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases ao- 9 de+a7*a-a5gvos,vadjg b t the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds issvbja* d9a5og-de ,7 avgo- +a equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained pmku3 sa7l5ci 94r,5ssl p x:oin an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 00t jhy 6po,pgyhjb4-8 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at)4)s5eg h hbbkuy(huu3v7a6a STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acidfc -xmc+zv7wyg:.p d .ub45,wp yl9hv whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living54zfcg.,v dylwpu7x :yv .pm +c-9hwb cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure:slzu*s f+ p4m P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniulg2gr3y f3ud+m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric presas1 jufm .s6)r(gbl7gsure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the hje/,+1kut 4yxqh/txpressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)x1hq ,th/x/+jy t4euk 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when t .0l9w b0 b7yppknm)rwhe tempel7kpyw0n9w) b0mb r.prature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a plac86c)d5.q k15hxcgdbk4l yy2fdolnf* e where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atw1.zfc t kpb,7m, estimate the temperature at t.bfwz,p7ck 1 which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pres2f o2/w.lo(uaofx 5 tnsure of water is 530 Pa and the relo .u5x 2w(nfatlf o2/oative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature07wxdne(y1n 5gic1la b:j* q v is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pd1m0 ri v9o y2twho/q*ressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature t2odvoim rywq 91/*h 0of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roovffdt 3353 e sdg/lzat/m2+crm of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 h a8yq z vb cpy)8m- rsnxh6e7e/q,0s8$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) rmd. 0mpap7:yto diffuse a distance of 1p70amdmy p.r: 5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects tmuj9 q4 4v6rdao the interior through tiny tubes called ard vq4 mu964jtracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure h6 ee d l xgykob7(9fbiufm/mf2n(4::o as been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2a) +y0e erc6lkajlf :*0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal ronp/s m, n6(rbiom temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup/msb( , n6rpni are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium ga-: x ea09b ra0xjhmtz3s cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cyhz3x:t9m r-xe0ajb0a linder?   

  Estimate the number of air molec)ki a/jvt r +f47ypg v-,u6ibwogj/*tules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume vajkr/+)4* tg7 6ivg,ubjfoip-wty/ the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the den457aq* wishaoy1r 0 z/2 ,o7 herwwvcfsity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attai0dos+13 y eeov0,wzzau /wna:nable using the best available vacuum techniques is abou:0 s awu,oe0z ao3 1dzyn+wve/t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his l nu3 c+s0/zapx6 +/kdkvzkpm/ungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly roc+mk/zp/ sk30pxkzu/+ n6 davse to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s at+ql:)q f 1ysnvmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this+qns1yvlqf : ) speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increas1 gig9 qwzhc+g*a :jn5ed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume osea3x y+mir7 x2em.+ dzl,,lqf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheri: vosf1 cj;7qp1 y-+6 iwsepowc pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total fysjv1+w1o cipq 6:-ew;p7 osnumber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.63ea1l5jt7:yej 9bl(o 3 z yalx$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauhizl+k)lqx p7dw r44ejy0 (d0ge pressure = 2000 psi (le44 dr+j0) 0khqdpli(xy7wz13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mefkj +ft9dulix20;, l hs xa -5bn4x)lqrcury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolin c*xxbwf u5b05e at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit sn:dv0k 3nptv 6vugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tigu wu:3tqy ix fzqe56)8d;a:kvhtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in tc)z0; pz jehvozgsax*;m (96fl0 mkm2he 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at s -e m2lajy1+o20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth iu)kg.0l4cjd6t o z 4ics $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown verb8ums374s1ae dx a/vn3mkv7m gug: u:tically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at mdb71sa/u7gme8 g: xuvskvm 3na:3u 412m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubb5 rhq cdicz1 63*1os1v0 ukcable of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume th cazch130uc*vd 1 b6si5r okq1e temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapok(0 j pqn*+otqr pressure in the air on the following two days: po( n*j0 qtqk+
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difo gg4d ,07s;c hgdcdt66djd )iference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the7gd4tcdgh did , )s;0od6g6cj temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to sh8wm*4 9okm1p+ cyeu +grj go+jow that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansionm cmgo+k+8* po eg9jj4w1+y ur is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot)tccl e71 nsy. and mildew. If n.tcyel7cs) 1 the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg