Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? Seebtzg9 hw7* e )-tp4eh+maxb nr2*v/nu the periodic table or Appenm2 t) bwpvx/*be-9 n7ehaz+hr ngt4u*dix B.

Name several properties of k m e8acag;)e 3p7 0i7qodf1qxna3qg;materials that could be exploited to make a thermomet7)033gfqaqoqcn e xamag71 ;k8 ;ied per.

Which is larger, 1 C )o02x kak.fyju vp-lb5-yq6n $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with systea;s1 9bk8 xsqlfofe* s+77ockya0tqet ). dn/m B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, wh 0oot*eq fy)1d+axe c/a97. ; s7tbklss8qn kfat can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rivetfy0kq mt 3v:it.r:y*ced to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the c yvtk3cq mr.:f:*iy t0urve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lidf 9)j/3pdj tonear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagrbh(a o)sqg(cv-xkf2 rwg58e7 am of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at di (8 qxaw 7ecs)hggvfbr 2o5-(kfferent temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often haa4+ussf /la(ux4 fd: hve a section in the shape offuh:4dfa/ua+sx 4l( s a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cyli 3tk nf8advlje /z/7r4nder of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is k wj(bw-7r/;lbt kf9zfirst placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially wjk ;7b9k- tf(bzwr/ldescends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly t0yyzob,zjfxg, yjinzs.70;7han adjacent pfyj,o, 7z7sjyy0 gx0z ;bzin.arts. Explain.

The principal virtued -4uu3vvimk. of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glas3k muv4-d iv.us (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, acc*xsgx 8;w5pwt urate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the o (jxbz6mr-e5can will not stand up. Whate-jrm o5( xbz6 has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), pi1hend,kzso wx bnkq1 :8)0* its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules whens dkinx 8eo1b ,1q np)*z:0khw they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water incqz k 2jzu*:hw(rease or decrease if the temperature is inz qwj(uh*:z k2creased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law 6hxco.*of:tb follows from kinetic theory and the relation b *coo6h:.tfxbetween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s la4 wm6z uyo9y;wbm4(2/ygitd fw follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, th7,sc/3dbmu(tke5 f q de ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed anxr)s9g lj -x)96fmmuq object must have to leave tqglu)9rmj9xx- s6 ) fmhe Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more o uau xg*-xelim3);tg3(q 3toquickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties ogt33uo* 3taeuq(; oig xxl-) mf one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry dgeqzzkk4bk7:i /; 0play at the same temperature4b 0/7qpzekkgi;k z l:.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatub) ar8tr9mxv3 4vtxm3re (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temp;a7kdu/ 9ui mqerature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at t q/;k9mi 7udauhe same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous 1ihu jp9(yrx d 4rz,i6to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engini,z1ri yp(rd649h xj ue.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. tf7g6*x,n;v* qltb et13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coppn+j nthi63x2 z(up6 bqer penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to thet74d,t)xm nc,rh . y8yy o)iyt number in ayo ytrty.,y t8x) i4h,nmd)c7 silver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68b9mx p *6lqad7(c 3vyp°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?px9*cmq (7a 63plvybd   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temp enzl2lt;. ky/eratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glasxs,ad* b. 0yyys thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 .basy*ydx, y0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is buir+shgc62qr;rv , kq *blt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron appro au a +m(c4s-lcv tkcc0)s 6s8d)t8cxkximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25 cl )0 uxv ca6kcktm8dcst+)(ac-s 84s°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are oftabd4 fs5ci n,0en used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a4ci,ns f05ad b hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at ww2u kd;5-vd z4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in 5 7wtwcpgx(r 7p of cot*ay0ts90e7;sdiameter. What will be its change in volume if it is 5tr0etoo7 taywg (c p7p s 907*s;fxcwheated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 1uswx 22ky slmb.:(s 6i00.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wates77 j2h chvu+ar at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. m(gr+3k tdc(z , lnddb0l9-duAt 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it cin1. jyrp 2hfq1+ 0q(cyx8r hian expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coep1y ( rcfhjy8h.1i q+r2i nqx0fficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the 0h,rw*jg *ho bdensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w hwo+ iozb.-x im p)f59cas coefficient of linear expansion z9m iwof+ -b)5cx.i op$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isot8yv+ (vdeu, 9sr g7jwvropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made ot hatx-jc qe0t2 0i95of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 h2t0-9xjtit0o a c5eq $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside dizsv9kr2/itl:- )re rpameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a vor9v 2er)rszt l p/:k-ilume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating abo+o 9 )pbdoz)ojut its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity oobd o)zj) p+9$\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much snsqgz6-zcy(7 tress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increa(qgzc7sz y-n6ses to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-se+gbvi0k g ow)x1z*nf.*jd: w ictional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 13inchn+n;:l/kz e vc66 4.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following -wo7 p obaw.insk79+rtemperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrc 2pcbb(y*5vc /rd:paenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun aqk*c )pwk4h(ore about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric p:qw kj;, ess3 tzg/f; )cewu9qressure and a temperature of gje,swzt);wf ;sequ q3/kc9: about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the x,ov6n.yx gu3q -q t7laqp91x ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kgdc-w jz4d txz .x9b3q7 of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 k4jyrc6u*5 l lya3bnt,g of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas islayf1 bh4n:5 p6b-u9 )yox rqi at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas atu b.)ib 2jo2bi6bph: i 385 :ui2biihbb) bp6o 2.jK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of: 0ayiyk- c zn9rypv5) $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyann *12) wik/klecw tvi0t lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the vi1/vec*lwiknw0 )2tkolume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ap w8go; ne saswd vpd /;44qq2-+els7bir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18gnq;tjn m8uze/hjqz:agnijnw; ,9 qn6- g5; ..0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapewainp2 (v g 3tic7,j.w/ uh3tns a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molec q* q;vcdfk* z9j0ld-rules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How 4e / d* sdwjmy(uiv1p,many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) m 9l-;xoivrsy82kk* mloles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume (kakr l*:hy; sr)(dbo5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale t wk (uk*bew/i1hat were also in the last breath Gale/ ikk*(ww u1bileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an ox whb36qxjd7h. k j)va4,yi05dpsl4h wl l8)gmygen molecule at STihx p7 m j.6vl 3gs)k8a4 hwhlyjd)5q,b4w ld0P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfainqz8/ ol9gc,tudj i*g/j lif* 7;m+hce of the Sun at a temperature of abougj89 **c7 jof+/nmtiqli/;l ,h zdugit 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increasfs2)pah3e3 qje if the temperature is increfj 32sqhap)3eased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the follg 3:a3l:xlf/shunyp5: .b zo rowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculauglf :y.naohr x:b /53zp:l s3te the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0 ebi:1 5wpfp ctyr10(t$^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, byjfzzls: -,04ubscz l ) what factor does 0,llc )z z-jsf bs:zu4$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms spe.vg1cz + h f,c(oic0np.asq(ped of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two *evfjxj:xz9po 6 9zgk6 i(cdit57g 6bgases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equalpocd:gb (7z5gtfj96z x i k6xj *9ve6i to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecule reeg9t*jh vo1ya8 3d,s contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule fo,bs4giwz(m,4w rw 2at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen moleculi,pimq:: clwjfwwwy+t-fr dg 4, l087es at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is s2 x nsu.9 1nm777x g)3lhs9lovvpvwokl-ua+ 89 u in a li 9-uknollalgm+vvpss)7u.x n2v swh13x977o ving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a(mu4r( q.+fm qy4fcfd gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u9jjyeip8:,tef -0 alo0 hxu9tranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phas9m2 b.sjx- k j(m9bnyxes can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the press*79ktrl pa/e 6c gm7ag97 pbye yi.t9wure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 907pmblek 77g9 gc/6.9tat 9py e*rwyai $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately m0x70kt*emtupmz(q* tvdw 8z4c/go 5cpu 20l) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature p wz52mzuemoxvtd 7 80tl*(t0cm g0qu/ k*4cpis 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where dgpfq(l,u+:rb( g:s2nqrt g 3 water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a s36 :z .qrcxcxj.ppc7 fzo,t cc4mj5*particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whijp5 x czqscc7c6of3,:m.*rz.px jc4t ch water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water i u hdfp6/ r)nxdwao,w e.z07a6s 530 Pa and the relative humidity ih, e.dwxfd6 u a)z6po nr/7wa0s 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a d3fdfin * a1pbaq0+vk6 ay when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boijd k vc lp8-) 061yu,qel,xumgling at a temgclkxe 1y v0p 8m l,uqju)d6-,perature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room o,oo,7m5k qeb fat(7 eyf volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poie3,jr8b3 mw cu* 1stgr z2bpb9nt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to bl) /tcx7 gud9s 1kcs*diffuse a distance sdt7)cbu s l9x/1*k gcof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects t0 y(mqvtd fptm5io 57( ,(jg- yeehwq1o the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has mitj, gfy(mv 0-t1 hdeyw7qq(5p5 e(o cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has beenjgsj3b0 (c/szfv8i (7xoh+ xd calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tapeh(h2h1 bwhl2)vppb5o measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tem/ cfcg ;evzb9 +;bwsa7perature. How much error will bef+7zc/ cwbvg9; ;es ba made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder i38k* fb*rkkn cw(1usrs initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains i u*31rkks8 *wc(n kfrbn the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, nyrufgd g2ka hr +5 m5mq6/1y0width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is a+y nmrk1g65qf 20mrgd5/uyh22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about onejuhb6y,txq; 7 atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availabl vg-h 3dr12xs cfcp)g;e vacuum techniques is abougxsrd;cv 3 p2f1g -hc)t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m belo:x5jm3if*fw ;bzjh 1 dw the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is fijd5f*hxz1:jbw;m 3 this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moh /x bj gnqn0tjzj4iy8.x+o( ,on enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle .g84iyt( +j xjn n,x0zhjo/qbmust be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gasnm t.m.(kp2,a8m s zwt is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7do8g o3lk3gey pf+)j3 70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value om8d lm5(qj9cy f atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules 89c 5jmmyld(qin the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moles1.d1 + 1kbayqkvr*s )dzzfw8 cules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital n.y2i eu+vfl0has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long u+vl yf n2.ei0will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl o p;dcz*l nhx;0f liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolin(vpxrb)+0er3f 7savw e at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s ei88fd* te f/w 1hw kth*zxsn0*quator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar zmocvbo; yhhzw2 km n; v7*q.n;s)2)g at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted ink9 5xn:5w zvdeutln7: the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm ap l guo8vki 26-4p7pvxt 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from theoc0nf,i3 v:2nc8cds f Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown s8lve li;j(r x.w1vm( m,om t6vertically upward a l (vvmo8,(rx ;wmi t6ems.jl1t it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphericfd* / +nm//v dfnf ln,:bogr7yal) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. dvo f*yl7m,ngfd/n //+ nf:brAssume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total +v orv(/ ) ,v o wfuadxkgrri22u+t9)lwater vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: wkur9rdg+ x),)+2rv / 2fa l(vuoiotv
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent d7813zli qr .jdsjqmb *ifference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth wqjbd1ls .*zqrj8m i 73here the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at2dn o6mn18q ll constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is n2l8md lqo 1n6equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumz*g* wfp3;ojm kh:9 gwf/cq5t idify their cellars to prevent rot and mildewgoct:* / kh z3w5 w*p9jffg;mq. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg