Which has more atoms: 1mj wzuk8vhmyx0+*nt*-bo5l n2 3q -rq kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendixx3 -t rqhq5n*zmj *uvw+ol2 b8 y0-nmk B.

Name several properties of materials that could (7byix +;a-x.b+c*.b y w tdk duvt0bybe exploited to make a thermometer*a.txy (b;x 7y.wdbvcbkbt - u+0+idy.

Which is larger, 1 C 4c5b gj5q/ spx$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal ;ufl*nszt8j5 2f4 7rc5 werhjequilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about tje rz5c juhl5s4;fn8ftr w*27he temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted un1wbsshfr5+ n/wwyp8x) /2r to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which meta2rbn+xps8w5hw /y/ wf)su 1nrl will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient(. ku-68ddcnzz+ c8():pf e t upquhpa of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple therhv1 b)hg pi/d8mostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when i /hihp1vgb)8d t can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in tj*bpx 1(p5/k2skohn the shape of a pp /*j o(ntkx5bkh 12sU. Why?

A flat, uniform cylikjo vs.3f9+wiq7 cg .gnder of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first plvd( sw- k6a:f f.xl5kwaced in a hot tub of water, the mercur6(kkwfx fs.5 alwd: v-y initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part kf(,ns p ,1dxgof it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjapsxngf kd, 1(,cent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient *vn7y, rd2rbjkhw5 z 6qf0a+f*3zec uof linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistky wa5v*ff 7,ezu2 r*0j6h3dbrn c+zqance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, acabx vkmq/b+iptkm3l7jie aa54 r59* 0curate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top:g/ zd(a7hwj81u tolw to bulge so badly the can will not stand/h( 7ugw8lw 1da:o jzt up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temk.z-ly9 ui8d qze,jam* 0+ jisperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what hapi.8 eyaj z,j ls0k9* quidmz-+pens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force o 7kbdob la(f+9n an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 209lb f(ak7+od b $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charlesas(i) i+ f,wna’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute tefai+i )wan s,(mperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetivu x*i -uhwl ,36tbq 9oamei a6f8v)b7c theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s/ jc4m 3ia:rcj atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth referst)iaj* )h )mlwl*gl0am-lvr 0 to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for t *- amjg*lh0mv0 l)))tlilarw he Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room.hd.ea aa)izshq9 7 fad( ;1qm temperature. What can you infed h( sq7h9 ;.z1aadaea).qf imr about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is f:jo6t- wkt0;h kyep:nar more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperaturet;e:-y wt:jnpko6hk 0.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperby z20 jyu-sq3ature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity i -j/qf l zag*dql1i7fx9z+h+rp t9,gv3vkj 7ps different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Expla+ap3/9zpgz -j dv lfx tiqvf7*7 q1,+9jhkglrin.

Explain why it is dangerous to open te h fc2udba qu 7wjl*y/i0avly5 r)n6c(96rd: he radiator cap of an overheated automobile enginluvwna h6:eicd5 b7a2*y qj6 rdlcr)0f (y /u9e.

Why does exhaled air appearij pq-. 7 abo3fb:nd tihh-)h *.lh2ur as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram c nl,4( tkgdsn0opper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare t y8cgr sf.lv5ki/n(/8ddr(l po the number in a silver ring ofgl yrk.8d5 / r8npv(lfcdi/(s the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsiuspcu 4::8irqvji-i2n: +xajp e scale?:q4ircnvp-jp: i:8xjia+2 u e   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recoi:6 19,mi- k)xkvtqh pxfn-invwtp+- rded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, thpd u (nb)g(y+apu+i 21 a34zrp1cktmce alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 dmppru u)aabky(g4+ c1t zin 13+2pc( $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (-pc8vyie 08r 4bw+ vn pqe(l7a20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is builtb w;aitz k4zxm67 yk-ks:+3 -nk izfa2 of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its -m3zsxz 46z- ib7tak ;i k+a2nwk :kfyheight changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that ar9vp w (xdted-f0;- rake larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is plar9f-v0kw ;tdpd e (ax-ced in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 xrdfak-vxux/8 ks3u5/1( *msmt: jz k$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.knm fpufygy 0,1 8z+o175 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heatk mzug y fp+yfo01n8,1ed from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled t4; .nng7dtdssx/m x ve5i/)jto the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 5gir/+udt 5q b75.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed iy: jip8,it c0qes8eo)n a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, n,kdhve t8jesxo9 ,8( tarrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficientt8veskh 8e ,9(o, tdjx of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in s1 e3l u x64lk3ts,-xne :zvcathe density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficmfzxs f6nr t,3 bu+q)19 a+nnfient of linear expansion fb f6 1f+nnn,3mqa)rzs x t+9u$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrop hcgia(isa jyg**h) 9,ic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock w0 g4pho-tlu7 is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17twgu 470o-plh $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an insidm9 pzt0izd5v7 7ejl*8+y,pg hn*vab fe diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255 av5 zf i t pmb79+yn,7p zdg*80h*vlej$cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotat2- rx-rimyeoug ; 3c5xc5f, tjing about its axle on frictionless bearings with angoiu5rxtx325c f e,-yrgc -jm;ular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is1 f0b7do:rfx).y:jbu f4oeijhbsbx .6s7g ;l required to keep it at this length if the temperature b4;gfobf )d 760xs.ojjyb hib:.:rxelsf1 u7increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-rxps(hhk, m/h,j- zv4 beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122kvejg5a 3z;)tm+g hkt bt::j jz fh57( cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kel,hl ovi7ng/ q)vin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature opcryha.z3m)pu0q8b,w;d) p wn the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior 0qh/s ta02rt -m29tkyohmi.z of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tempepj *+yxk nsn00rature oxs+ 00*nkp jnyf about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygenyj*hfo*(8p ij t5n a,15ubskljd / 1mm at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of1f)2 *v3oiekus; lr:l me- mgo nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen iz: b c 3y;68msrqht/j*t /ptu($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is a:0 i 4dzg.qs3q7mgdfr t 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L conty:.jbsyv q+w )ainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?jqy+y)s w .:bv   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg spha / 8(4 gffpg6;amqeut .j,1bkkj7of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the ballooxdf1g y2x/r+cwcf0 s1 n, which makes it less dense than the air outside/g1dsxxyrf+w 1fc2 0c . Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air atyk4myj *a2; sa 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18f+/s5oovo*c b.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon esen/*dx 0t- 3 d 8m7;7q dbk.xiix-ffpq)vekb mcapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculm9omq cmmp408 es / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are th y nq) 8b7ma0pii1h0igere in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molen tzgs8-7 nq8ka fh)5ps,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 9 x sjb03a+y9h.rbdlf5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that wwp9r i*jr v.z6ere also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume9prrjwz6*.iv the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average 8bxkrpmz5 n69wxvc3*(d tc j *translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?xncx *cbz*5v3rjtm wd 9p6k(8    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heliutf)0cvsnl 0/v/zc+ k u2qi 0m1x-jy jim atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tempera)/l1-jckvm2/y sn z i f0i0cu jxvt0q+ture of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas moled07 01 bu.ds5u3 a kbwbka0icucules increase if the temperature is incrib dbbkua 3d 170c.kua0wsu 50eased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, m+wfbte,1u.3yu d(en given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5,eymw.ed t (n1u3u,b +f 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at s q;frq6b-2zan,g/ 9 rgd6j do20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by whatd .:-w5c+ : gqa:eryo .rhtctw factor dc5:t. -hg :qe:t+awrrwycd. o oes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas ir/ pb/ r fawaxrwm.4b:ren4/5s given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two2k3lx l2/2eg t,egnd, ad0ymh gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecu,h2k ggx2e et ly3d0lmdn/2,alar masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mol/vfy q wcyw mfk qw,lntn;x(20 p**0a r8bju1+ecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen merilus0 z*dbb2hfl6+:t k : z)olecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at)v w)fr 2imwd;u /hfj. STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 8w0saez (2:f ue9 u in a lie0 e(zu:s fw2aving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can bh7hxp sjzpf xhm/* 01+ r9sa(e3jdej)e written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urq, nc4qes8:dpc q ,;jd+kh hc2anium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what pha(epj- hc +x*v1hbkqg 1ses can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is a1* rde/tlbj1qwx 2- b0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9 *2dbqwaex /l1j -btr10 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a y *a08m/ cgvuxyeu5bvl8af/ ;day when the tav /;5bm08*yfauglcvu 8x/ye emperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where watee9dy643tre cl r boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in*.sm.dqh +ufgtn- )ri the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water bo trs .nm+h* d.gf)i-uqils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial p/8zb .w f-f2f) eomtrlressure of water is 530 Pa and tf -f /)ltmro b2wze.f8he relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day rp9s; 7bgj(4wze /jfz when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cookefp+xt8lc) v k-r if the water is boiling at a temp8-+ tpl)kcxv ferature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume5 w:wuw .2ixnz 6kjh +9cs8jyp 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point 7 b65tsn/i n4bcrw3mr,2s j .pj*eksm)cmg+d of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse 8t ks4p er49va+v t;dla distancds;vk44r lpt9v e8ta +e of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior thsha)6t4ka hbqf( f g(.rough tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachfq.h(ghktf(as 6)a b 4ea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calv7ux(7 a5ftyz:s gst5vc+b,jm ee .5;:z pon xibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape i n a bbvc;o+xslrq6h t(rddg3 d)u c724.u75hmeasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperqyhlpq b3b1 .y1;jyu* vd. 9qbature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water,ylp9 1q.h.*j1y q3;b uvb yqdb if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many rn/75 pkafc-9q z)tf0y8tl qt balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains ilyt08qt- z95cn rqpf /7ka tf)n the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a rob, /yk-; wptydom of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume / pykw y,db;-tthe temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of ia)2q2bi2xpg q+rc6 lmatter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using tdqihq7i,k 8rr)aw8; v he best available vacuum techniques is about r,ihv;d8w a )qk87rqi$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below th0qcek /wn4z. *kmgb -rzfrs.5sssi)*e surface, to what volume would his lungs expaiwf5g nc r sb*4szm sk-s.)*k/q.e0rznd if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moozvffu;1:(bh zn enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize1bf u:z;vhz( f, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased f6l+q8oof5 c m6n iusm-rom 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7.ck xvhx2n.e :70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estima avagl.6oum4t w:8p.ste the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphergtas6la 8wo m:4up v..e.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 75n6v c*j 2qk ze1ss3kw.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygenkewl7*i8 * kei used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if wkie**8k l7ie the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mfzllx 2;g7qd+ercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinq+loj3lf; rnrvc6 3a1e at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s g2qgwsv 920ty(k+xq s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tq7uh7de d3(a *ob4fdsrf v*,a ightly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standak0 cp.dp s2q 9)uft-wurd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195y-f;zwcj *(jav7 e ,o:0lyb xf atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thvf0f98(n af2 fnlw8uce Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertlc*sj2i0 zmggo, fe:*ffl, q8ically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are tf0*f ,eglfqlj z so,gim:8c2*hrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00rh5 0yj1 ,c)w( 16gwtdfgl7 uqibjty+-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfectgg+ ,yyt d0()l765j f iu1qtcjw1 hrwb gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the follo2uj(c5 : hbrykeds bxnghh,oa/ l+-8;wing two days: ksebd2:c / 5r8,jx-+bhh oyahgun ;l(
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron atjtwct6v*- -tf25s zr+ ;hkwam STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where -25ct ;wv s*rkj+fhw-z6 mattthe temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pre owdwx) +nht1f.57t+p4k hhscssure, the coeh 5)twhhd 14.nwok t+sf7xc +pfficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to blwo wey:v 96:prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a hob96y v:woelw:use (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg