Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1v,oo0. z)qru/ (8mfj djffgk)e m+4ft kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix B.j )v8 tdofgjf0r)+f fqz (um/,4.meko

Name several properties of materials tno ,l*iwp5pr/ hat could be exploited to make a thermometeprp i5/n* ow,lr.

Which is larger, 1 C5o ym,o bto4m/nb+)fi $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal eque e9 kcsj ya)rtg*5k-gp3fz(:ilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of Ae*s5zrc -e(k atfjg9)p3:ykg , B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riv7rkl5 il9 z; 4ow-k/s5sbbjmdeted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside ld;4bk7 b l-k5rw5s/jozm si9of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficienzf/er aasw5u3 z.+ 9wgt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control av ux1to/xjq0y a92/ku furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips0/j q9 t2u1 /axukvoyx of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section lote 4 coz4:,jin the shape of a U. W,c4oo4 z: jetlhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mu e gxwbhj s eka*5i.(y;mt)cio: x3//ercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glaz 3 hag*me.of9ss thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises.ho ea9*.3gfzm Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidll4csx9pg h)1az9acc ;w7;kmy y than adjacent parts. Expgwlk4p c axz ;hy1c 9a;s7)c9mlain.

The principal virtue of Pyrexk+ah7q unwy38w15 a fg glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that fo3 wy581+7qhw kn aafgur ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurap+s-7tb).g gdgd m99 dbi5n fate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom ry/6w 2/5ku7ibymv5 axc 2k gtand top to bulge so badly the can will not stb5xgwu2a6t y rmcki2v 57/y/kand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), ifv9t. elo q80pts temperature increas9o .8v ptlqef0es. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in wate*)6wxx8h2twougtl 2 zr increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 2h t2u )w6o28 wzgxx*lt0 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinin.s 2*iuz)hhetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolut n)hizsi*hu2. e temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from zekdp(y-x*hd4a if8hww)h 6q v b.;a)kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Eb.;x1v 4ofme/eqbd lhlv; * row2:2 yuarth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Ehfyce:e;.;y gl cdoqa-s4+4t arth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for o sl4cdtgyf . h+a4cqe;-ey ;:the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What cay/rp kt0i;dgca05b abn5ufzi8,9n r.n you infer about the molecular properties o,8brg ; 9.0cnkya a05tz rib/u5fdpinf one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a xlfizdh 6:pjnu1l+19 v7fg),zlz9g zhot dry day at the same temperatv:f9+ fzhdglzz1 7u,lj p zi16lg9)nxure.

Is it possible to boil wateowx f(6.* wu/;yaksrd r at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same bz o/)mmh*t*r c8 */yxzj(qrzv ut the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humidrq* m t /jzx/(zryh*8movzc*) air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator l-iz2 g7wqx b5yh:ps9cap of an overheated automobile en5 h-z97 gip y2bsl:qwxgine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. db zlul2 1s f7.*o*kao13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3. z 4)xp;)gkrmhn fw8r/4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a3(i aoc w4x+mylo/sw4 s 4i3 +/omxcslw(4yaow ilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is 88 uzk uon4p,i9 v.moe 5sltb;this on the Celsius scale?9pv b485ou 8e ,uktz;lmosi. n   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures rec4qi35oe oc )7ah kug-umk y,6rorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 1.m1-)uvt i5n asf 4t lrimti.hxa(.ynb3yd78 1.82 cm at 0.0 71na-i5 tt(i.t m4.ns r3mdfh8y y.l bi)xa uv$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built o-gijz6ir k9s2 f slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iq oq2) d0f(0eq.qn- cg( foglhron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature qe0q qfoofn l h(g0d2g)c-(.qof 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used7 1lnkx/j c9r8 lbbz8,jjm.mh and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.jcj8 ,n kjzlr.blh71/9xmbm 8 871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 0/ kl 3qe7kxvoq0u;hu $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What wi s6zd jg)l1j .4y1xayull be its change in volume if it is heated frolza.xy jus) 1y16d jg4m 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass iszuo*w9p z ,bk: */te p7ootcm9 filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of walt*b g gk/.y7 bxgg;n6ter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placeoxgmbs3 5d358h0ek myd in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow ves4jc w4hlwzt//sel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coeffic/t44 hjc/wlwzient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densimh9v x/-a , o9kjdr5lfty $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coeffi2lzubvz5 whr1fs2)c d6 md7n)cient of linear exb 6vndc2lw27dh mfzzrus) 1 5)pansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an iso2ddkg e .-o w.+mnsu2rtropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brai:p qy*faj(9u hg z*q0/6c qryss and keeps perfect time at 17q jui9q6 0yq(yfhcz**:rpg a/ $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermomet0a(rffd , /k/xe0ysa yer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume (fyfsead/0 0a rkx ,y/of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m i9,r/ c,vtn dswnf:ct+v tr z8)s rotating about its axle on fric n8f d9v,t:nrc)c+ rws ttz,/vtionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has tundt/go03vf (1xgf9 o he desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this 3x1/v g fotd of9u(0gnlength if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area u mu2nq2n3--evbft:te:ta5k7(w asy0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cmlgzh9pa; :azu(zt p7; at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scalr1 if0kq)8o snl;w1 vke:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperaturew8 xm8q8g asz0 on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth a c)82o/ucak2vj(vv t, 2 egpsbnd Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmiv6 jdhn)qcda11+l 3uospheric pressure and a temperature of about a3d6cnhuvql1dj 1+ i)20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxyge 1yq:n9hma)t3oj byl2c e, 3hnn at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg 3fr6prz / yq/gof nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP ftmckgrlii5r4 pr8zj :axdtl * .i2vs*//8h7contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas i05, nwrgy ezq g rrd-j*:-msc8dkx;4vs at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 10*9hwg :d5tcw)o8 vl ea5.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?:t) 9*lwwahc8d eovg5    $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg dbz46rp cl6nyt+8u ;s6i,ebf of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insgk0zp+p )/h, d4oz1 hcpj *2exacg5rzide the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outs4pj+)z51 rzxc 20d/ppkae ghg z* h,coide. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 f3 ulqz..cpdw hnp9v473-fe :xo nkm, $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen a)se0o r-kg9 hmt 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand z+ ,gs1mcss(voy wytl*1,w , yat sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moej 4 :xvu5b lzwyh i-; mdl.p;/opn49ulecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of wa8pvv xy3t2d72j1ql8 n3v / ha3am(jcsyywar-ter are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (6 7se 5dma;k-b/mxoq w3 nqqf/a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.k5/dy ,(crgbg*a ,eezb6 apo6h p66ye 1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many moleculdwb o 6eiz/9e(zf8d: des of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about fz (:e6/d di eb89dzow10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at-n8s (a*az ogthhd. fd5 f4(it STP?*andgs8(.od i4tt z(fah-h5 f    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of dajuhl3cr)f *2p-3ve the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K. - d pafhj)2u3cv l*3re   m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if cko ;pn q.x:64e)tt ev*cot;athe temperature is increased frome ;an):e6*tct o.px;4ocq tvk 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, aroj2gtc *3 . l68yj hdlcy)erl1 74do6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7,rg ljldr 86 y.c1h4e23yotc j*ad7lo) and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas a3oj dktiz;(b.x ul25hjo0 f+k t 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volxbnr8bc:hd :tur*k* k6gk5n2ume is held constant, by what factor does dtbcrxnk 8:nk6b*k* r:h25ug $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms spepg6f 7gm(q3a0 )jxwcgy2jl2 wed of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixtur bcz9cva3a 7+b5xfoj+c :l9cpe of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of taccp9zbjco vf+b95 7+ c3x:a lhe square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogetd zl;omfmmy (4 1sq)3n molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moetqa1 ;wa +h)v. fwz2jlecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betweenlq;.lhl 9zp+z7 ssjc/oj 0qh) nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecularoy70o ja9 7-qzicm+ /lwact;m mass is 89 u in a living z owcl;jq -c0m oayt/ami97 7+cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gj7-/s-a jjoz7 *;v gueo r6ors4a+a ofas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u3 h:cuy1wwfu:ranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric p z,jbsom0i8br.nq-5 6vc1b xvressure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tempey 9v5pnzwl g1n jrd2rvl;59 )jrature is (a)nr2l1p)9jy5lwjr zvn;vgd95 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (dq wcgl4yz69la ,za,)approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature 4) wla6y9q,,zzdgcl ais 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water b65vzroq 2 k*luoils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in t;qe yyn3g7+ ,c*mvmgz he mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature ,*emc;+ y y3vq nmz7ggat which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperatg;9f- xjkj1mc ure on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity iskx g1 9j;j-mfc 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tempera+uh-(m+ ihy bature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure coof-1s8wrkka 3 tker if the water is boiling at t3 w sra-f8k1ka temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in af0 k9vuhk7a;i oxl :l. room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ofq lnjie16kr8 2 mc0u1f 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycinmy)1cy7x :wa7u1m2a qppwd7re molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance7)udyp 7pm1x wm7rqcw2y:1aa of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface u qn;xjl*, mcli.7z4pof insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has crossz,xqlj 7mip* . ;lu4cn-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2 70 07z-v:ff zrsghvrsu p j(mwgc77d50$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been ca23yds q9)y jrrvu7a: xs)/ fielibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibzuc)89 1 d h.i2g) oed+izf/ vht;uuoyrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL o hd ihvg uo89c u21ezdo/+uy)zf; t).if cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas x+-k ,kfmkc 1tcylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder? +fx1kc mk,-t k  

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, 6co6 fm6c0ftc xnr4w 1and height 2.5 m. As4xcn1co0fm6c w6 rt6f sume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about wkgfuge0-2g7*k c j 8na p .et1n0uay-one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usingqy) /4squ87tr0 r*s-wggtnve the best available vacuum techniques is abo-ns eqg87v *gyqts tw0/ 4rru)ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs tsp o//j 2aas y4v;*sv1ebp :yao full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume wouldaep2y14; ayos j s :sb//vv*ap his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmospheud a)a4 :8bezjre at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special mater:)j4ebd a 8uzaials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 16brm7 s7yvu8l10$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770toq gcul4. erg: ;j -j2fx2rb;m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure auo:mfr9 /6+jepi 7hnp t the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air mo6+jfpue o9pmrh :7in/lecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speet b2sb7senw *lifm)7 6d of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi y2vlndaon,uq/3j)q3s 4q vqtz ;x7d((13,800 kPa) and at;d4 y(l3nj)z7qxd/qq u2vq,vto sn3a T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of luq* ;3ipyp1r) z kif4ciquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline0m-v 6mq,c5ru .homhc at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the fodqf e6r6zx0f1 )b *;thpm: cEarth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tighdpfc2d mdne1(y 4 9cw8tly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopte.1z2yo zv 38o)gk; vere.rderd in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at iu-7fkg3 8)mtcydd5h 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is b 44gh*mj wwb.z (xf9q$ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against*m ru2fihg7 a y9 k3.p)exlhu0 gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12*9l )ghy7 ea 2hxufmr.ki3p u0m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical)w/w ;eskcui; e2 .ypk- bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume t i -e2/p.ywcwesuk;k ;he temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the32i3cbh mlnl a5m:i 5a following two days: n5 mm5 l3i:lai3h acb2
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density ,7 no.qhvcz3d 7lwd*3*jl shwof iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Eh* v ncq.z7l,o l3*3wdshjw7darth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an idenxny 6 7jaq5 krt k3x;obfvn(,jt7 :g7al gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of vo:k7 f,ag7x xot;vjr(736 nnyqjt nbk5lume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people1vz7) . bvtppnq1gx9x x*9omz constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellartz9v 1 b)nqv9g7x1p.pz x mo*x in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg