Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kwdxu dj5rlma/9 ub38;g of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendm 8jwua9r35b;u /xdd lix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermo sb( h+u2f)em9yqe.wz5m-tnfmetem-. mqes y5+n9th eu2bfz)(f wr.

Which is larger, 1 Cf) mqbdp1 /b5fywwd *,kop7: t $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium wi(5zwx c8m6;tt8poislpbk/ h: th system B, but B is not in thermal equksl(8t5p/ithx:mbc p6z8 w ; oilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic stp a 5j:m6ysp ;3,etfjfrip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of tfae;p jtm6jps,:3f y5he curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coe6a9(87pr (vp55,uj np ko9eexsx fjmefficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control y 0g (:;.cszkkd/xuyca furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that ugk/k yc:;.yx( zsc d0conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape fn8/zqxy, w;5jztq1sof a U. qnjz fsyz 1/;w5qt 8x,Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in yrba5x: .5h9wfih5kj mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hh. f ic6z f)j/,0wajccot tub of water, the mercury initiafz0j 6ih./)c afc,jcwlly descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if kugyokr9. ;8byjd6c)p 3upop -w+:aj one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain;rygk)d-.jpw6p:8aucb+ o k9uyp o j3.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansitf8jq u9 vgbsl6e /g2-on is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table vub ge6l 8qt 9jfsg2/-13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock,f01 z;-cm6y9 r ohs+wmqpoit2 accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the cytw*k 9qrz-6vd:.a soan will not stand up. What has dz*qot6y: .k9 s- rwavhappened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston),mrd36 c gknyta qq+n.3oy0ef .6er,m1 its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike thereq6q m +r36te k.aymndf 0c. gn3o1,y moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increahbgai7 ;zvo54eo)g 0dse or decrease if the temperature5 o;o) 7gh4bvd0geiaz is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law g kn;4* (nisqofollows from kinetic theory and the relation betwn*;kg4 on q(iseen average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic th*pj5a*j7dr9u yz df0k+ tdzbnd:qi0:eory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, tlv ;r d62g*y:iqjbdf8he ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth reksjp-31zbj8e 7 rs+mec o ad+.fers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The esr 17d.s8ezjpoc m+-aj sk+3becape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at roo. 99a pgyb)tvzr.fab8 m temperature. What can you infer about the molecular ty.abp) r g vfb8z.a99properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dr q ntoj: :gy7-(hy4m)acl dva(y day at the -mho(c(ldy :v t ayqg):a7n j4same temperature.

Is it possible to bofv,de1e:d: +i sf upj;( -jruqil water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity:ivdc/qt 4k5xol1 m.x is different. Which is more dex q/m5kox4v.1td c:linse, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the rad fp+4xpt2-l i 6gq,cnsnr5 w)siator cap of an overheated automobile es)6g f+pxn 4t5pwn-sc, 2rilqngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as zbr5 s(;sive,kx(y , ha little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pen 5xh c5q 6hmr4db74axsny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the g,kaeq l w,u )7bbfwe(35pjp)number in a s 3e5 b,weu f)gb,l7pwp(ajq)k ilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” i 9ockkw n(ho,m.+x 4fgs often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?xcg9k o+ (4w.no,fhkm   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded alup: ae 01/nvyre 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcoh1t nd5v3rxyi wn2f mh-b23pchnz7qb ;5k.fk(ol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0n -t(fk5hwh i bpz2y 5v3rbckmqn7d;x2 1.3fn $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is builhwmuo8cm-5zifrtnyr* 1 :8hv. .i f7o t of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) /bdkkm+oe( yo;9e;xe is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall.yexm ;o( d k;9b+k/oee Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rj6 m8yp )/h 4khbhq2qsivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed i)q6k8hph2 sh/ bqjm y4n the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 gg 1cq2ml,q/q ed+-ld$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will. )gb j2. /open-s,vz)t 4vv ea3esxod be its change in volume if it is heated frobvx/o .aoe4tv 3)svn-jps)ed.,e2g zm 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 1q) 1qiz1fb( i vn5zxv800.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water-o(n eczat9uz a44j +3cac a1l at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed ifjj 4ki/c .- 3qszw1ewn a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, nakex:l/b ;r,6e6 ab/na g 7lmgnro99ld rrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximatelag n76;gel9,9mrlabn//ek: 6rd obxly equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the ch0 g pif.bcv4 .;gx;c0gbkai1b ange in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linwz zo.l+ir+x/ ear expansionol+. z/zwr xi+ $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrop;cb rwo p )r.px0k 8j(en:v fqz,/9neeic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect t1co63u* vgx sdime at 1g x6s cu*13ovd7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an insid ,aysa68z ky*l//nwp )rc+lrwe diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has ay 6wcs /lzk+8rwlp, raayn/*) volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotatbxzcayky5)2 yckx5:4od oy 7*ing about its axle on frictioy)b5kyzca 27dokx 4 y5yx*oc :nless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has thexr trqyf+0vh.b0xy-* + l8vx h desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if th v+rthxb-*yxl.8+0 hxfyrvq0 e temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-secte r7 4(fye)fhtq: tqp2ional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1 383bb40l/iq0jjl on1r a zpzs34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelgfesi9z 9 f.3ec4y 0avvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tem.+zdmyvq ojq:b+k l fv)1ir1;perature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun aremr6,m6dup xf; about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temper)h/nlf pf7led-q biqecp a*5 6.-t4nuature of about q uhn*- lt/bp.lq cdn e7)5af6pefi-4 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STPuv9evy-k;bqa ;e 87q k+f k(),gcdbti using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kge.d 4un0r-hxi of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP +tjt1:hi 0o(jsj(hz:lbvgi 4 contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium d yfr3c y 0(*o0ffv,j pwt0gocc+dh 78gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding s5q6,0yqf hdg7yjf2b 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38 2hf,qy6 g7bjqdsf 5y05 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0s j 0r.4bvzhtq8w)l h* kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achie tb0 ldafj1uv3d.9w:bves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than l ad9t3fu jd:v.b10 wbthe air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with u*n/wf1;36zc 1ngkojelzo6 f air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen 4e) en:z5 cievh*el o7at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon7vn (e*2.,pkpihqrzo0zh ; pq escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mole- ;3ccn++l,pmwj c qptg +zjq7cules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.00 w1**l9 +d3r )ovqy)yrzl dwvxq*e0ds0 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (ahdqyn e:)*x cazd5 z6w1p5u9l) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5os-( ta5j+zul e. lxi *33fbzs.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many mo tvoqqmqg k3lsh- 3i5, 9ob;z.lecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assz-q9q3gvq,i. oh;s l35 mtokbume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translationa+bgpgc 3 hprt.-1dzqhn9n/o(l kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP o3n r.z1hg gn(p-p/dqb9c t+h?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surd p;lny j xkvu616gaco.r93m cg069ko face of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K 9. c ojdlgkp63u v;noxkg0 1rm96ay6c.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increwhi5we r3m6.k5)sqau ase if the temperature is increased fromrk) 565him. ew3uasqw 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speedcncqj r 8s 8:1v(t.gb8qiw )jrs, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0,1jj(qvrb8citsg. 8 rn:cw8 q) 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at8s*t.3d h6dcjx gs0j u 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its voluz.9 j9yjkex s)me is held constant, by what factor doxzsj.9e yjk9)es $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is giventpsi hjcaf 1;6cy8/0d*le 5dr by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temu g0x d.eu: x-yv6bk:eperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular massesxbkg ey:6u. u-e: xd0v.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molemzwn:mfc tpwpl8o;22 )di c ,1cules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an or*en 5kefz +1usy/5lg wyo47h xygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distanc/p* nkro*z-dqee2- .ot3jr zz e between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u i w;6nc7em9u t)q) xnzin a living cell at 9 )unzq;6wi7)cte nxm37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a4i sg 1,fcjc.y gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of (cy s)a5a9x8v mq9 c1.vrkcweuranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressulf2k gk1 0h(zwre, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperafr cpios8n33 4nu: i;mture is (a)i3:incn f 3ro u8p4;sm 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a;cd;j6q8 w 1sf ,of na243 sq:rvowbop day when the temp1sc fq6o b;p aon8vjw,2so;wd3 4rfq:erature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wate m+vvmwo0vn.eo d,j2.n 5tm5p r boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, esy 8cp iw ou(e/el,-g5dtimate the temperature at which water b c pd -eue,8gi/oyl(5woils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is o42wv99 obc hfa+a7u s:8p mrt530 Pa and the relative humidity +cw ao9hm9so7t:v 42abpu8 fr is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of watu oj+o xnv;x9rvt/1a7er on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approxime1n,.o rne;p late pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120 e 1p,;er n.oln$^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a r ,g,lnmuyrw 6:iie ypdvu*73.3 bgjy7oom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ofb;i *0w 8slstwj61 gqn 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see .ajwizdxsbpp , zd6fr: 3j;00Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance .pj0r sjpb z,fd6iwxz30; a:d of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects g1au3 4c ve6eato the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is aboutce6u 1aev ag43 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated a0h1hf; 6* h7z nop98gdek seq o(iajx8t 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been cghb-b6r * 0zbmalibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room9f.ny6abs xmp4 2qzz + temperature. How much error 4bsam f+xy2.qn6zpz 9will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. A3; klx(tnw2xt 7xzu hy0j 7c0yfter many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure hask;7l 2 wz70uch0x ytynt3x(xj decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 v n7zoz/jw2c 8w2p q:ddzdo+2m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 8zc2/zd2 p2n :od+wzj owd7vq22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one 9.xx nhzy e87vatom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availtpt4 *rtb agrb296o 6yable vacuum techniques is abo2r*yat4t66rb9bp go tut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills hifr8gpd rmfnm +6*3- ros lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume wouldprfnr -6mm+f 3 gor*8d his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atonjfh:jdr p6: l. 7or1mosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed corresp7n6df.o r :jo:lh1jrpond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increas.-w;a(s ppn hled from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume oq(1f cq-i2owsf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of +5zd2at (f)/wse ju hpatmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the totaw5sd htjaz2/+ pu( )fel number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen-zf(gsy )o 5v 5:g)n 6lvnl8im2yxxh7;d znbc molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen usedrjw+ :yd 5bx2p in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pw5: 2+xrjb dypressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowlo1lx4 2*e7vvs0rtfs/ e gf2q l of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinek ggbxc5q.c2d s x6,r6 at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly c ) hkqzk,4k (mgus+4faround the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws t 8s9y pt. f6 -1afyty5jlqki,oightly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adop)v4 sbhx1mt mm1puy6 9ted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fvm5hwf8tti h/ 0t pk,5cdb8an c2y .7wully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from p7-cxn q6n) 7ihhqw2q the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is sus.c)flbc/+-bzoec. z 5: eehatpended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and azbbl./ e t-cceoe:+5. h)fazcre thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air frovu( cg yo2-v(l.+ 1nqvausx9d m a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bunqgds9(v2+l - v.xou u1(v aycbble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pres t1tws b)q)xzg ,w/q6zn(0j xisure in the air on the following two days: w qqxx n) ,(1tbz/ w6i)jt0gsz
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the ds qw87c m5,re xmz5q/m1quv4wensity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Eax,8qreq/ w 5u4qvcmm1m5zs7wrth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, fob/pzfiytn.): 7a 0qz ze/ 4vior an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coe4)z:0 zbzna qpivoit. fy //e7fficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly d 0 5d8phlk+ k6cn+eu9cw:avys ehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (keptu9s+ +kylae0n8h p6 v:dwc5c k at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg