Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? Sewjzb-h7/wu:w y 7 rzs :zv;zh4e the periodic table or Appendix ;7zwu:7 wrh yzs /bj-w4hvz:zB.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermo( q,m zp9a.tpomet apm.(,zqtp9o er.

Which is larger, 1 C 4an d f.pm)l8- ;m.vrb: clde7wzlp7n$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but:osybvv 6g(m,d.5.hn5 dcg2xm /guzr B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, dv.hb6(oxu5.:2gm5 nd ymzgv,/cgrs what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic st aswx:k7v /ih(rip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the ch7: ( viaws/kxurve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear 5 j0i4fw3jlyqq 3j -gwexpansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple ther+pf1:zmd)hh 8aog eb7mostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how thisegzh b 7)1p8:m o+hfad device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section 1ci(cgpqc37i in the shape of q3gp(cic 17 cia U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercog mxepz:0ds-b7,euwqk k62 ;ury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometqw(h1b v-ar:xxt8g4 b er is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initia4 h:w rv1x xa-t8g(bqblly descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more pb )h1 )7b i6kpvqxx+crapidly than adjacent parts.p7vib x)6qxcp+k1 )h b Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficizsjb/ yfpcc3x q0 :u3snj,z 6ox -puybl6(n/(ent of linear expansion is much smalle c:6xqyxcb bn-3/uosjl((s z6ypp/zuj nf,3 0r than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, / w7 igtide3dk.93lbdaccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bu.t;2aqpc2n*1a wb zzow/eifr y i-b5 1lge so badly the can will not st pearq*t2i ;w. a fz5nbw/1obyz2 1-icand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piq p q)+v w-y:em+)zdvihj.n-pston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these cha+wq-)ehj vpmy-:i)pz .+dn qvnges in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water 0.m :xl161qjeui*be o usmy 8b *wn,t26kxqaiincrease or decrease if the temperature i6x tbu.ma *2en: ,61 q1s8b i0ulxj*mkq eowyis increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and theno3z wo3r,cfg6*y e2 l relation between average kinetic ener3zf,c g3l* 6rown2yoegy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows frozg4xc:zp o7z( r;vz) vm kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio ofs,i8z6-2f-savb dwp o $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum xnrm6 v h0gi/q04l-fhjt4u t6speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what ulhrx4 jtmv4g 6 h-i06qfnt/0 it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly thanlyd4 0u (y:0cu lmh02h nb9tmf water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one9n0u0dlbm42: t0uyf chhly( m relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomforta- 4frkoqw91thble than a hot dry day at the sr-4k wtf1oh9 qame temperature.

Is it possible to bom5cqw0 eumv5+w7/io7 7d ztu alwcn5)il water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when tgezg9y 3v;(s u+ /nfqmhe air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Expl+ fyesvnuzgq(m/9g;3ain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of hei5 l ocx9s71an overheated automobile e xi19 se57lhcongine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white 2lw;i2maknaa t82si 8cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a8oa n+/wfyq tag )pcm6b1nov( xheo7l*/f34s 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the e-d/dm13rr i qv5t34dr t(aleu zf13f number in a silver ring of th-u f1q ir313tftrvmr 3 4eeazd/(l5dd e same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68:i-19p dcm8 +cadgjqpyz8 iv) °F. What is this on the Celsius scale?d)icjz9vgp: a i8+y qp1-dc8m   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tepteg,uqhop49 2odh34mperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column hakrtll,q4o3jha13 6vos length 11.82 cm at 0.l1q ot34hj3ol ,k6rav 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20 z,rmn/zx nek106 y-nr2ncox7 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built ofhs ychw80dv/ ,he 7wz( wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. E e8z h0swch(7w,/ vdyhstimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hodnd78/p k4ojnle are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before itodk 74pj/n8 dn is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water wsz5+;iwn:1 ufl4 vduo4,hbkat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be itor 7k4u+qc (kcs change in volume if it is hrk+uc oq4 (7ckeated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fi-dvm5m(5nho i lled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL(/yq9tg6z kg q of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made kxw3itcjy3/( qz5o f3of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel vdh6yy+f8, x+3tb zhnsxepx.:sn*67 lf 4fo lso it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of lineab h.lx8h:6yd*sfye n3ov,xxt+ f64 l +7zfns pr expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in t(vu8fz5g5 qzuhe density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear (zcyu09 lywt2expa2cz ltyy0w (9unsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic so;p rh)+* j8 ruoemuyl2lid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is madesl necf 1,a1)iag bs0 vf.6yx/ of brass and keeps perfect time at 17n/se)11ixavfs c. alf6gb,0y $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury therml6aq 2 ob-;vtzometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb haso;b-alqv 26zt a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindricaft);uk(3(m -9cjwe )lmztw f fl wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocizc3eu(jft m)9-k fw()ft ;lmwty $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requirh:skt/ds7kdf3 e+r 5 rqd4 bn0ed to keep it at this length if the tempesdkqh/kned+dfb 70r5 st 43r :rature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-se86s0;pst l yc)7 vjknvctional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.vgb s)8dk w/6ggxe+ f2122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatureh;id;mv.uw1+k /4w(za qph8qazru:es on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature ok3g7erxw*p , 9bws0oi n the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in70g) -q bln5l7hk19qir de c6jcrwy 1r the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, a7 2 mzxhwh) d:l3uehg9ir at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about)u972 l3hz w:mhxdhge 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using z+e 8j9 r7wkd;jm(bku the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.o he +3q .ip)cnjc(jj5e65qxx6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg o/wnsp x wg)j+5,oc a8pf nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas50yac 5swc.sj lydi.* is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L co1 dnxkk3 g.g )o)jy7adntainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K? )nxdoj.y)7gd agk1 k3   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg *7kliwqww p,3 of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatino-t i:fh xqxn hao368*g the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than o-6xta8xfhhn3qi o:* the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 815dgksvj htm,5 9clk $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen anh y/pffi 3-5dt 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon esjmhxg/hz (km7,n5 p u6 0ufkt6capes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number oagh -d.53zvm jf molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of wa i3u,u u9mlwy2ter are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ofy-sh0z vrs(7 i (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume ;lv4 bpopdemfj vwx :; :-m6:t5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many mo h8bd;a qp/r:nlecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant :qdr;a8hb n/pdensity.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule agg3xfzzr)1itl1/ u r 9t STPz19 ztf1 lgrr)igx3 u/?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoosg.)/j v,iki nd2zm 6ms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of abou/ o2m.i,jzkni)vdg6s t 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase imkhtzv 3l2+ay boy 9.+f the temperature is increasel+2t m+ voyha9zyb3. kd from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have thv sv. op(uknld8mu8 13e following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate thm 1u(vodp8n.v lu8k3se rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in apy:f7l)a3j n ey u42dl gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas6f6s--zxktf5 ldo;(yr4b0ps-h a; p.vmsaq a is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor d5 60mh-p kzs6.(ftdo;4s l-;fyq -araaps vbxoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is giv ph078wk ri2o6y (wk.)mydnyfen by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tempe*l*i)bb yidoi4q)3yxgh1q75d vyv l2rature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the squal q53b*ig y1yqo lbh4)dy*xd2iv v7)i re roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules:7 (k6klsz tf5kt6* p*htrimp contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxyget6+iif gd5l ofl;(m1qn molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at s.wo z3) 8 (qny-cd5ztpsn9yiSTP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mank8(3c/yvjia d c08s ess is 89 u in a living cell at jd3syk8cv0/ (ci8 a ne37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written/wwnh:4h29ztk :fwx t P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ura6gl:35p4iyu av3xo agt,my7o nium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whd 960-kw0aet .nzp80:g p(ki xch6ajxqde0n fat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (aawe9/weemg4zsl 1 w/es;cx :i4 x+2 ch) 90 le2 sehw 9x: geew/x+4mis4 ;c1 awzc/$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humid k: w6g;rywb1pity is 50% on a day when the temperww pg yb:rk1;6ature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place 3ev:yl4 c cs)mnf)k 8t*ve*rz where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in they6gzs57j)q8xg) k kxq mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperaturx jk ))gqxgz6 8qsk75ye at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day wheg 14-8gn:uyczbg3ij gn the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relan4g-i 1:gj8z ugcg y3btive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature i e4-vg-yj r5w+n am2zxs 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximat /)y*tkenybn0g1jdg-1yr88 4l(8 df o y eyksse pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 121oygkey1t (d84g8 rn*y 0n/8y)s-ef yslbk j d0 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a g- 9u3hp5m5suxaz l96t.bzxj room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poinsfi/h9h:zzz; 5 kngtr*o8k 9e t of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a )mk sbeu6 n :uey, j+n2t6e6rb56blip distance of b+er): p6meun6btis,elbj6 uk 2n5y615 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insectsmu edr1unp5: *;yjfm 14tu:gr)r/wec to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm loc4r :jm rn1uwer d*)u1m;fu:t/gy p5 eng and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated i3a/t(gb1 dk0q2mtth at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2kmsw,5 4krg2ln.h (b r0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temfj1c7 jizy5 -;b2z.nocstm5 sperature. How much error wiznsc bct1 fj-72o5 ;sziy5mj.ll be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a ,+qpc 9-)c ztg y0scvohelium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has d9v0p+czy c)t ,qocgs-ecreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and*s iq6bc.s *ox height 2.5 m. Assume the tebo**6xcissq . mperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is aboutg)ww flbf324t+ vt-il.h0m pm one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure y8j6p cg e,nm+attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is aboumyp gnj +ce6,8t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of a6,b c)3s cim. y -6otqty5mst5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to tact6) cqmyti5 6,.b -ymo s3sthe surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enq 50,xqh4r aqr-esl,p ters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, p0lqr x-qq saerp5,h,4art of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal g9osfcqn9qi7gx*,7 y 9p whv3 oc:f8qxas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77r+tq k.l wuo6o 5sz-j/0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimafu va e1 68dm-dhsm0*bte the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosp e6s*v mhd8d mbu0-a1fhere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculew)4(, xmx.v3sggnezc s contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gnxk*nqd w5v k b4zuzor z;.(9o593tnuauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,x( uz4v.nkbz o5twd5un*z9 ;ro3nkq 9 800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid merc7t 6gw,: bk7ng ( tya:,ujzk/hjzm4ghury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline2m.6 g;bpbecge5qg p0 at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around tho,vf 6x5 jzgw2a*o*cf e Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tight d/bei/;j+ vrh 2zc;suly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stau089j tigecrkiz4e jwn( 3bm(a1f m9/ ndard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fff/45 ;pc edqvyi -(tyq.)trxully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth isbjm-vy v4)naw2( kf2 vutyg6 , $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis ball-v -ylam5 hus8qp2 kdf)6wtf 7s thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assum57s8kdhf 6qf-l u v)2may-t wping they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air f 2-mvjn3d i1l5ai+xkxrom a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. 1+5 -mxkxl 2 jdiv3inaHow large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followin0) heo njpr ab2+,zczxu:m)i -g two days: cm zx)0a +nbh2)zj-,uo :pi er
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and whwhn0nah*f 325kvk k9 nbwgi.gf92v -pen it is a solid deep in the Earth where5vain k23khk*. 0p-9nfbfn2ww9gv hg the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pr/ y2.u a.w sca)xq.iupessure, the coefficient of volum/ay2q ). u.iaxwpscu.e expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumirfax7z6 v6i2byl 3g6sr3z8 ozh5r i/wdify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a r8w6bz6hi6fzi53r o2 ygsl 7zxar v/3house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg