Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the perioad hlp/8e)kg3 mfpo;7dic table or Appendil 73)kg/fhp d8;ope max B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermo 9aqy dt.7jtqe6o-2ebmete ao2-79 6bey.ttjdqq er.

Which is larger, 1 C th.lbo hgjjw bi 2(lue5o0be9z .2,sv +5b ow8$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in th(twzvtj x, ,1sermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperaturezwtt(, v,1xsj s of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a * afmhkk90 muags b((2 xh.ns0 eu/k:gstrip of iron. When heated, the.nf(* a 20gusm /kkxhhkbes0: gaum (9 strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lp ,lgpb,89 aokinear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat :en(rhc97*n/;l/r ws iilksp used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mr ;ni79:/hl r(csp in s*el/kwercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often8uwk ts0eh; 4s have a section in the shape of a U. Wkhus es;4w8t0hy?

A flat, uniform cylindefl63 i/ qtg0wv9 glgf3,k1 npxr of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer /osm+tkqr 6* cis first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Eqt c/* ok+6rsmxplain.

A glass container may break if one pa :b)sg6zl(fk krt of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent k b)6fzlg: sk(parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex gjz9: jk4kg/rm0x8 q uxlass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than tr /q9j0:kj k4gxzxum8hat for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 ;/ oql94dfe ;9n3dwvnbx/hd y$^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause iy pe+ 2a.h hx+hk2i0bbts bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will noh2hb k+2+i .yxb 0ahept stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed .wi*daxbb 30uk(6 )ulhr3 me +goky,l(say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against 0+uykgb * 3 r,a3eb6likdu.)(mlx whoa piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on x0i;)b kisvb*an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the tem iv0bi)* bxsk;perature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the rela//h2 vzv lpd9i jx.x 1us4qq1stion between average kinetic energy and the abso9 1q/. u1hsqjdp2/ z vxx4islvlute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lu:hm /3g 2l2uikbv3ge rssac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, thqsmi vyh 97l d*ga22z7*2b dvhe ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed anf bmfd )4z9;xa object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due tom dfzx;9b4)fa the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly tx.c2qcyw.qk/jg 5 yh5han water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecg /.hj5ycq5 xw2k.cqyular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid dgw4q*ag8+ je:h plc3kay is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tem c8lqag4h g3pe+kj* :wperature.

Is it possible to boil water at roomsslm: r,n8a) ep6zm 1tkce4(q temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is d 86op zb e4t)/soxkj*sqsu 0/uifferent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at thxus80suktz )j/ p4o qb6s/e*oe same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheatediq*lh5kw 2p 1 tq4es1r automobile eng 54 tkp qeh12wir*lq1sine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–288wqn+ i6gs-emac sj 9wx f4dsf)1d8y2)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper peh4iyrk:xwd5:;*xh vjg 7k q29-r j cocnny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of at 7npf 7:kt1v3vbd,oz eu/az2woms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the samvz/ 71at euwfv z,o3db7p:nk2e mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to bigx 2vo l,w7.hgv) du.e 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?v)uigh,dlo2 7wx g ..v   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tedmjy z f k/kkk.)m0n0-mperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column ha81vc4m8 o* vhq5hphwik7p5yb s length 11.82 cm at 0.wv1 8p*4yhphc5iovq85h7bm k 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m a.4)uovtt7 hy b98xyblong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximatrgd79dr6 x ,ylely 300 m tall.9l,rryd6gxd7 Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets tqb l 26hnviikmlo3(: 3hat are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel riiv3ih 2b:nl6(m qol k3vet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at t1wgp ny,zv2p l-+7b-+l cqcp/da h *m4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What wilh)qi m90h,qlv l be its change in volume if it is heated fr0mq 9 l,ihhvq)om 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL oh/ubu 6hkq e (;9n;(rekjiz+jf water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.. ;ma d qtqe* swg2bx0;z-g;fw50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ringr6uq00 q (mb xu*ytsp9 made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentiay8oml v63ecer z.x 5a7lly one direction only, show thec7me 68a 5zl3vrxy. oat the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in. c tp.kj,z*ox the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of l 2yq2 w2a3x ,wyj6*8cdhnsfwgength l and width w has coefficient of linear expawc3h 62fa2q*dsjww ny8x2y, gnsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropirrkcihe6 ; nh 4epm4-cpv+.2mc solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perffqsd1 tg-t+0m:5gez4 qnaadscu5 d-9ect time at 1fgm+-d0q c sa:91u5dtds g teqaz5-4n7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside di:t6.,9tn y jaxfx -kfkameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volx.:tfjx 69knya -t ,kfume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is b3*wzmh,u xtid/ 2 f.e63am yorotating about its axle on frictionless bearings x3uyme2 hdi6 a fmwb3. zo,/t*with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How mfrvfoq cfa 8ygd.:25tq 4 *d7much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 3t7qyrfgafq* 2 c:8o.v4df5dm 5 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0. pnizdg: q1o .xe5lp9.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 7*lxig zvpg; )20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followinp5lnmyb)f0/( x5tk 1iy/ njneg temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatj0e3mlrm pns6d5 jv,pk -:8ch ure on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior gv:tl;a f a78sof the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure auh w/7qg8cju7nd a temperature of abouj7qcuuwg78 h /t 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using e jrhx6)7 ha* tsxz35 c .l-osqj;)skythe ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitroge +sg:wd9wf vz0n ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP containoj5d,z3; 7v *2 svdap ibpl v4emg3uj9s 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliu g icg)zgkyt jyi9k hi913,+9xm gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas ls ln60uyepe 9v)6so8bgn4zw9xb ) r9at 3v 6seu6e gw9 0oz 4nlnbbyl) 9xsp9r)885 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg p( 7v40o t c-cececfr3of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating td v*24f:5 o y1ndfllrcq4u -zk*hg y;yhe air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppo o5y:gfckn;z**fhr l4udy1l-qy v24 dse the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1gm mxzrb/w q24i/ 7c */fzwjo55 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at nyhzdp45d/b l wwcb 7m*/q9m*18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s handc-rp o j trr*,p4t1)mk at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules jwv;ath ns-xaq+ 3j*7/ $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecle*6qud,/ m)v;k ianvules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ofchi7if juvb rejx-5;f,k:0;s u p,yj - (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume n+e 0ps.baf9 r6rhbo(rg 0yy95.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale tha k1004)jz0d4govcdszkm.aucrf q 9ip7 1:yyf t were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere coic0kkp j1zf1a v d)fru0y dg.yz047ms 9 4q:is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy ofi 9mq5:knqm l+o5+ zbn an oxygen molecule at STP? nk 9zio:5mq 5l+qb+m n   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near t 5yni3aph0e.i*p r(qyhe surface of the Sun at a temperature of abnp .5 ie0yr yh3iaqp*(out 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will th iv;br s1p41bse rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from 0 r1ip b4b;vss1 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the follo.lwv hy1/:tj 6v8 zdcgwing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3dvz61w cygvt /h.lj:8, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecul9(59x ud- olzsx:k rqkes in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volfmnca nar73,oj6 8t;t4er;equme is held constant, by what factor do3ec afrn8mt ,r7t4;6qa e j;noes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecul 9 prrz4 5:)i/sdphm gsj*y-xkcsn3)qes in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperaturle2dwm ir qm -1erw,ge3ex4- .e, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their moleculaem,lr. d 1giwewmqx4-r e-3e2 r masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8 vk +c94,g2ybtn 6mhrq.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms 7q tbkta9.io( speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance b,5y6h,r 7 k z8zyknlbqxbt+p4 etween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecul76t* ydl1kqfstx7yt)0a7gb ,b(wszx ar mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37 ldt,zfs)6q7bwx*gxta1k tb y70ys7( $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gasx i6s+qnbq .j4 can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniu doiz) 32;2uj2ofj)aeet5 kio m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, iy.kbk,p)f:u pk 1*z jon what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tempazwqs l9yr3)-erature is (a) 9r9lyq wzs- a)30 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidtn(+;aanx h, tiya59 lity is 50% on a day when the temperature it;(y,nht+i5 nalxa9as 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water6,l c5y 6,phmtyrf ej5 boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a partic0n8 +g5eh xfy4.isw (;1ot+jybf mqqiular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at mf5fe ;.qg t14b (yj+hiso 0n wyix8q+which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of + cn.7vkja2v b*fbh ,uwater is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 4 ,nb27b+vjcfaku.v *h0%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wxw.cu gzbsbej.vvz9* h z8/5n3hk+w5ater on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boilin9g+pi0, jvj6k kkjcc9g at a temperature of ijc0j+6j9k, 9 kckg pv120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 680hr8 f t:v,m 3q6c-kr/bm,ievj$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dz.hdsinu8cb9pu34 u8 ) v7ym mew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4)j *j) o2,naumg to diffuse a distan,)o 2jgujan m*ce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes u+j0hzm-q;l( ,gwmd)7o 6 p) pvnlxjfcalled thog6 llxn pw-uvdmp7),m+ zj(;)j fq0racheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at :w1 goak*vyq,wp)c( j20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratv1 :o1lh ra kf j7.t.o/v1xrdped at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperaturo9yf+5dzv t+9, jw nyre. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and tr5w, jy n+o d+yv99ztfhe cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylindew 3d9y2m hg2jwkdb p:9r is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been bd3kjg29d 9mwpb2yw h:lown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 )/h7l;heku5o c rn;+frk4xp zm, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m.)4x;e+ o7nfcrk/hp hlzuk r5; Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about on- pm.: o0 ceopk9vapl-e atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniqm*y k( 1xff+pfues is aboutp+*km( fyf x1f $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs/p rdugld/*i * to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lung*gpud* / /rdlis expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of yuas 9oatj q 6pjz./*;about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and a qo;/9z 6 y.tajp*sjuthis is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas izz dc,jlc1 jjg5o--x+s increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770 7*qfc+/*bnmm, tqihnusl (bc9.x/ akm$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of a hwdw7iuryve5 d4 x;6h26c*actmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total numb6d *cxhw y4e w6r7a 25;hvcuider of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecujdpj(5*vg s4t les contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital.caq60z f5 smx has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPaqma .szx5 c0f6) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in ek z u(;f(1 po7wi- k*clyv3uaa bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoliq5u,zxcj0k3 ene at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator a bdh itoe7c4 9s0izie*9yb8b2t 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glas0 *u rhd(dz1mgs jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard*sg+f l ghv hqg +bxea1a2pf4,.; fgy8, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 m9qvyokk1. z+8 ;cx0/qn 74 jqowyzfvatm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth i5:q/v rs9uw2spyei7,d 0w2ag9ae ac hs $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against grav*km) 9 vobsgr.:xep-ntsj ; 8rity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assumsb*r8 gop e9mt):. rkxj;vsn-ing they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a dep6hk8pm q36z ycth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfeqm 3c8pkhy6 6zct gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two days:x j 1dezt 8ke;r0ek.i. .xtd ei81e0e.j ;k krz
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STdbw )6-cs9 pzaP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tempep-6w)9d asczb rature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show:vfrp t wmi9bzkv/cj5f0 4 ,(c that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is eqm0 tpcfkjc:9(4i /wv5rfbvz , ual to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidi d4dt2)qwm/ syfy their cellars to prevent rot and swt4d )/qm2ydmildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg