Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periozt1x4v4on8z;k3air*xnxwtp n /1 k/m* gl dc,dic table or nat4/zn z dg lc;3n*4*k 8okm,xrwi t11/xp xvAppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be ex8 lla f5e3gi *x; r9q0cqmv/jzploited to make a thermometerram;8eq9*gl jxi0qlcvf5 z3/.

Which is larger, 1 Cw 9+ *nzq;-hokn wt(ki $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not iz 6wm) 2z+lqvdugr 2.wn thermal equilibrium wit dw2vgq z)um+l 2.rw6zh system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminu1x2vndzd, 2gd, a l;d *ipst(bm riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will be, dz(n aiglbxsd;,t2dd2p 1* vnd. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefg jqe+g5: a*cgficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnaceax-tj ek- * k 84xyzb9w/qapq( (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercurq(/p*x8x 4ak k-j-bt e9awz yqy that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a sn j y:gyjsw1,3ection in the shape of a U. Whyw:j 1,y3jsy ng?

A flat, uniform cylinder kno )4; tp47p kbx vqnx2v01/lf1nrqk of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first ui0o*c mgs 1 kzq4wj,+placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Ekmzw 4*i0 gcoqj+su1, xplain.

A glass container may b c,2xdhel ldll;z57p; zpd7:l reak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parl,5h; ddx2lldzl; p7p c:l 7ezts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion f+p s94;6hd jscb w;apis much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why ta;;f6spw +d9jbp sc4h his gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cldg:f*vay);t8leibj *no8s 8lock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badv;7) n8,u nn giful9rcly the can will not suni vu;,8gnl97)nrfc tand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly 8qhls p)q,+nf f :*d(d(l;2wtmkx c lrcompressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain t*8 l2lw+q t,smk( )cr(xlp;f:d fnhqdhese changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force o7p;,x x:ev)xgut, ;ac7 rrun)km: shzn an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the tema, vcnuzhmr: kr7):) p7eu,s;;gxx txperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic thej4 d2)d 31rcsqd(3q r9grjvyu ory and the relation between average kinetic eu3jq)dc3v1 r( 9rjd4ydr2q s gnergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussafj mhf b0xh 7,a8,nte4c’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratiop 6 xx7 r//e: 4)xvah1hetgamo of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have topxmj cb(h(:;8i ht7l2k;d yds leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth7xmc(;y 2ild:pks ;8bh dj(th due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What ca w-kkq zozm 6a-e6wk*)n you infer aboo ew azmzq 6kk*6-)kw-ut the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry d ls. ylm(v( 8lmtz7 pgro,)y;uay at the same temperatu ltlyr.v,7o (pszmmuy8 (gl) ;re.

Is it possible to boil .)g(rve-poh vrgn4q , water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is tci;dti0o k- t96* qmjor.tw+nhe same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the hqr m*+t tn .;ki oc-jto06iwd9umid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated autw -wjs87ovo1 fomobile enginev-wf j81o7w os.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the w2udn, k+ grtd0inter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coqh 2o4g/ *b(ac b5 masale+bg,pper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a f2l*h:;)p i-sin ))u k*zjxkz ct,oih26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a jlx*k :,zi o-c ihn) *sk)tzf phi2;)usilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scalejbt88nehn +1 rr+sn e1?r+1 bn8s+ jn8eenr1th   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 136 (yvj1lp v qc:cnsl2(a) c qyo (df-e4-$^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lengtij oes*i) -q3mh 11.82 cm at 0.im)s 3j-*iqoe0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lk 831. efndexs2mvfp7ong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approxima kd:+2 pt-g+s(p0 sknkk;um cately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes betwee:-gkk (sa+munk2+;tp0s c k pdn July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole ar1rvql -gi0/ citq8y (fe often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in g8 lq-1 y0 fitqvrc(i/diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 u xp-1cs+ka (ve;xb-k $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What wil1itfb 8:gvo*n6pgv n* l be its change in volume if it is heated fro *f:v6 b1*nnggtivo8p m 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 11eyny;y4t5na3 *ypj n00.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wate,sp: lwur .mn5r at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a xhcsgbv8 bj.0q,q0/o ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essen*oargg0m 75yck 29gdyagr99i tially one direodr799a5akgig*9 gy gm r2c0yction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in t0d *x64 g5k wb5)v-osyxl8dlbukulh ; he density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficien4a)gkf6ccyzb/md68p l z0 r;kt of linear expansion)mpa6l c kk rz/dg8fz6by;40c $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic 92qb vioe0+ ug:wvps. solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect 6ot ; 6xc,xm7xw+i r.tcmweqx5a-6qf time at 1 -m.,mwexx6t6qaq6cotxf75 rw;+xi c7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer sgefb13w); yfhas an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volu;eff3w1bg )y sme of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotatingndp lot0.jg7+ about its axle on frictionless bearings.l+j ng7d0tpo with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress i*lc0cxw,:z5 ,swxy y0c+ -mjhqtvh- is required to keep it at this length if tcz,0i:y-xwy5lm h*-+,vjctcq x 0swh he temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area v *g 0-/*tdky gof;o1kj2k v7qyz0 mrk0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at su,/q.39h p* uhjptc,i walq)20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatu ac pwd)(7pzaxqpzj1 9i/6 9gxres on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature oqf dp b*p5kbvzu.x8-7n the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of thd)*oa,xnd 9j) 6h wfjke Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmosph 0vidlbu.+qkta+2bv8cb 2f p *eric pressure and a temperature 2t bv*i u bv++8kalpcfbd0q2. of about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the6 fhopc96-zhp ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.; hjzcj-g eqynj *r6:tmlo*k3 b3j/ :m6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kggxx g*-q7gn ,v of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10 wk: r95/uo0jso6wgep.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L coinjd1-., yt ztntainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K1dtj yin .,zt-?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 f7p, mtdrrtomdo:85,r cos: 0kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating theldh)giih2p s qb) 2r:) air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the a q ilbd)2ri:g)hh )s2pir outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at.mrx9x-11*s9cwts: n cseqr e 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18., d n5x lcxeslb7m98.c0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapbxmsq7hgjz20)wsv2c b o ,/)e es a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of,f:aavo8 y7y/e aqec.e- -s nkf6c mt0 molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are therey0rakwlsm /y1.,pm (g in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number or zxvar (3;n dorofv;c .-2.wkf (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume ts79q rng mq+95.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breatq 14rcey:fp d6h you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took.4p ecy:f6d q1r [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translspakg-lo9rluvk0fi3)c+.3 o ational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?lp 0fkcig)o9+ruk-s v3a.l o 3    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speem mjg,3t z818aw/qng1pa5 uj kd of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K,/n 1m zag8gkqjup 1w5amtj 83.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas ;0qn t)im5 lmx5bp6 :s,alnhn molecules increase if the temperature istp;xan 5nlhql0m ,6:n) ib ms5 increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4p9vyau51pur 7, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8y5r7ppu 1vu 9a. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0kkf.gfyny*wgm ( ) c;0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while iuv 7y oe532shhts volume is held constant, by what fvhhse25 uyo 73actor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given by9bmhu.n /nxm1h0v*la c2b qr1 $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases a6 //pl,o gmbhbuiq9( npl/ o.nt the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the i muh/qp, i6ll o o/g./(bpnbn9nverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5 2** 2 x.zqhql4knxq4 xncer-m$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of o b.23x/u8fn*g7 ujmc:zcky ian oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP? z2l2.: qo(omzw3ra.1 rjqke g   $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms v/y9wj*z*y0b.o qfb.w cww3t speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cc 30.b9yy*bt.wwqwow zf*/jv ell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P oc 7*z-y 4xcumd+iubu(f a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,z 7afsw3z: a;k $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can-fq;cj.rjjeh+k-b3nqqlpw w1 m yg5792k - hp $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the te4gj cl vb; ,x(i,ofh6smperature is (a)o 6fj,c ,lvhgbi xs;(4 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% o) xvnhm dn3h*j g8p n.n()07sh:po(x9v ymtcdn a day when the tempera8vpnt.*))jg9v:(0 x yn3h mo7 dh hmx(dnpscnture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressureqy/2-hw,hg,ed rhp*yz8x 9)+-vua s rdh*gj j at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, eg +vzznf3azn1e. 6zl3stimate the temperature at which water b+ .zg v3l nzzfzn63e1aoils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partia u/iu7x 2mj0:ndcw 3lm rzl7(ml pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative x2:iwlmcjnm(d 7ul/30 mu7z r humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when thepsu,fnf +x gl p6h(5qqlf e 3s/he4r3) temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if 1fk 4+9f 1/q.p,(dejw q3y fhcwkbinathe water is boiling at a t dhwfpceq ayf + 4j3,k(f1/ iw.k1b9qnemperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of v2m57hzit/ nos c10nh iolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew p:/vt bqry 1t0loint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for q.lpqv 4hj:5 l g9rnw1a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of l1pgw nq45:hv .rjlq9 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior througi/vd-39vkfy0vdn: e8)j6wyt )qfl nph tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is aboutyjkfvy)9l d60 3fpn -d: vi)q/envw8 t 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure ha 3k5 rx ecg;il0d9tss2s been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated t9t4tix-/dyy at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much erroq 1.j rh:/f9u1oun q-gpb 1xfkr will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are pofqg11 fqk1unbu-xj/:r h9. hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm.7s-zg+3 owjli h+efv* After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the jo-zf* ++wlvhe 7s3 igcylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of le,e q j)*yx,kubngth 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and heighbykj,qu, x*e )t 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is a2xmhq f cho5gc,f lp;1u 7fjta3vy9:2 bout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is ad1i 14pf3klh4cl0 s ubs)qj9 vbout)1i 3s1ks l4vfb9qld 4j c0puh $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills hi(iqt p2gts2 g /*ygwy+s lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if hespytwgy g(*/q 2 2gi+t quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle retu.o cc7t 2 ofuw;l7cw3frning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this spet; 3wf7wccof7uc.ol 2ed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased wv 9s15i-i*yqqs5yc;bo brqz+ o3w u9from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7 wj y8:2tcqz kp6t1cv670m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosphersp-+v(h 1mh q1az-qe gic pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total+gqqesz v -(m1 pah-h1 number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules cont0neq t;j 3 jg*flfa4d)ained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2) lpu1x. zids//+xnrh 000 psi (13,800 nzxhs u/1 pi+)lxr /.dkPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercu4 v9z-umda tb:ry at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli3xz/ (s.sd6s ;a1lbhupnw lf9ne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Eartv0eoje .ytk;06pn lhpv 8 v5p5h’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto4sj* qa28yfv,(lu cxr a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptedboa+4gk-r.yzvt)l 9 p in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully cha-j f-u8qmsue-wij+mh ;al )g/cg 5:ylrged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the 1ckx5 ipu+i+n xnl/j s:65 gll2jxmd+Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by ten39j jnx hd;yqq 1)z+wbnis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elasb 3x )z9wyjn1d;qj+ qhtically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (z24 4u y)qwzgxt7*pp+g6 ktuespherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is const6* ke)+y g4w pt24 ugqztxp7zuant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the q.pdkvj2ia) k+ a:;rkfollowing two days: k+vqjiaka 2d;r.kp :)
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent d c/0rf)ou9tg)3d rssvae,n br y *16qsifference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperatus br9 sgvr36q/to)y)c ,1 d0sua*rnefre is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pj-6y u9whml y- lw1:glressure, the coefficiejyu glh:l m-1y -wwl96nt of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify theiy e4j fk y qb3tu.w*k/6ytof4vm; 1du5r cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (q4 wk d;1kmj b3o u*ut56yfe 4y/v.ftykept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg