Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 124.5gfjj a*aq p,5t c ximp8xz kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or q jizam5*2ax,jgp .ftp48x 5c Appendix B.

Name several properties o+r /w*x1qyr(+(faa dh h9zhxrf materials that could be exploited to make a thermomete1 h hardrwza*xrh(+9f+(/ xyqr.

Which is larger, 1 Czxooqv-f )b8 i 8g8c:u $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibriu f;bpqf4xu-4xbj1 0gv/bl2 /jf suy 4jm with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, ag/4j-b b;bj vj 0yff lupq21sxux4f 4/nd C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminu7 98ethy c m93eu(lpmsgfk j-:m riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint 9g :8keu3mjp(sc y-7hfm9et l: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficienql, f:q6 q)gkgt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used liu-zy4of vi3u;m( c :to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts el:mvufzu4l3;(oyci i- ectricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes tha9axozepqe) oi* 8pv6 +t are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of avie9p)+o6 a*qezp o 8x U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead+0i3.ak3 c+wp e eycpn floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer/qsw;tk ja e4gjb8-(tmxu.58 l tvkf5 is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. /a8;t5m8w fj.jq4tskvek u(tb5 x -lgExplain.

A glass container mayuk tk24 e4bu5gvi (;qd break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent paruk t4vd;2eqbui5gk(4 ts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyr1 hrfagvp;3 l2np 3nke (tot*/ex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordiftp h1klr2;3ntvp( * o3gn/aenary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cpdbbqbo:.jr; wa m fear3gc) x+l.9,/lock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its b*5c m ymj2ce2ebl)va l2x q477r*xvugottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not st774xv2j 2blg arq2 eyucv*5cxm e*)mland up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pusxzt7t nya hyn;:0i0a2hing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, i 2 atax 0tn0yznh:;yi7t cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increa4icjomvz7/f:s- fm/ pse or decrease if the temperature is increasef4/v7jm:m/soicz -fp d from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relatio3bdlhgg6v-g 9n bet h3bd-lgg 69vgween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Luhyq6-*zcl3 wlt5e 4 nissac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earp7dfh 02zkt +ui/s21/z v )bb jrlccf9th’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum7 )yt1 sdp8;r wi 1bg/0byoe y:5acyyr speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon r0wceo15brd apy1)ys8 yi b;g/:y7tyis about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than wazy9r 6 z kzi:c+ rub8i8ath6d3ter at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of on+9 d868iukay r:z3i6rzb htc ze relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is7 /)cn1pig gxq far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same i7c)q /1pxgn gtemperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatu : xvtmx0*ya0bfp. 5fsre (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humxz zr 7sw b arh4o6bc)rsrr6(p) j(*ai,7wy/d idity is different. Which is more dense, the dry ai*y)crwr4 d7ho/j rza w)szbx ra,b6s(( 6ir7pr or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous +6pna;2,hzeeq: dshc to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine:dne; 6e,h2h +cp qzas.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the wd:uw9m b 6vgs3inter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pen cs t*+p*9yominy?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gu, k 36a)mdi8tr+,hoe( ucfg/tr v vdw(k .vs)ram gold ring compare to the number in a 68ohedru.tc+fi k/3 d,a )gv(kt(v,urw m)svsilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be d0lt3abj-v h, x(l 5r *:mfjap68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?frpax(3tl*j:, 0d-hb m jval5   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are q .,b,kd9nu )uj gf2t6tjad+f136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol4vj ap g:w/v2(lv ,2x: s0zyzl)f dlxr column has length 11.82 cm at 0.d2x y ( 0v)l2r ,z4sl/xpv:jgwavzlf: 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long mx*4k*g seh xei5pqbt+(/ul5 (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 my8kw:bclj4 +;c p k2lw tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperatur wckkw:yj+; b lp2l84ce of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets tha)m kp+), .dc ohz+bdegd .-hxht are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet d + pxocdeh h+ -mzkg),h.d.b)1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4fb 5q1n 492eh vblov5x $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm inr7f*f *blw mc* diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated *rlcwbf 7* f*mfrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the)dabfhj9sdj ,*u )el ibu(95 j brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL5liu;-;upnfx d 03ujc of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring mr7 e)lj j8+twmekfb+2 ade of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so id m2, /gj :6ket4fqeya7m(tyvt can expand in essentially one direcma4g/tm y d(,t7fe6evk j2qy:tion only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the den/-+bbk ud fd *15qu0u 6 tcz,jtrdut5osity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of l8u;k0tmq e4wqa2o.q minear expanmqm 204u etq8koaq.;wsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropx-4w7 m,,ddasxrh sy1 ic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keepk7uwlsdud 3(z wdie.c)3b0 dx.o*h5ws perfect time at 17 ewx wc. )s0i(o bu5d3lz7d*ukw.h3dd$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a meiuv/;k0)r9 w po4hen vrcury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume0 hw)k4 prn9u o/vev;i of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindr6h6 -2o2.gtqunoi tpx ical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionleh np 2tq6 oxug.iot-62ss bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length w1*mw bw3kl 939mup *rachy5l when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperatub 1k* c 9p3a9wu5lwlwym h*mr3re increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam ofcbghx* xm4 df+-++alc cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at ir w7ucz(;fusyomu3d3g9 v +5 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin(kd(11 zie/jc i5j xzp scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperaturv iwkv6v iv/op;d/r7k(0es8te on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures i2zrj e ,,k+ uznell6d4n the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion eng38lt: ak3idwo ine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 2tk l:w83i oa3d0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas xqy /ahse87mb0m 24sz 9t8n dzlaw.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen2m/m(. j jcbjq hvsi;1 ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP containl gi a;nf)a7 kom*jzr)ia:-7l s 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helius74aj)+ fmma6 gzb5qcm gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0/4 v:anet(+qixn gf;e -L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K(+enf qe: xganiv 4/t;?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of o,x8lvid4o5p h s,na 1$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balp(zs0. :xpe75 oxfsic s sn(-iloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppo7 z pf( -xsx(si. oi:se5ncs0pse the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15l(rn//bd, --: lsofy h 9gaiqcg)tcl1 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atlv; (pi64qhxsn3(i hh 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon dww+cg+ vj07kescapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number o -;z0y/;euugjksvq+ uf molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many s.1.a8h g1et, .4am1bn lyxnpm,ebi rmolecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of-sfdfrk x fi-18+ual- (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1 jcj; rlz0-1ca/er kp-$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L nr-,eh7v4b 6-l9i fd qomdo,n breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took 6--no,rbnhm7q v,9 iod4dfle. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average transla03 eqk( 1 i2wk2ale wy(z-esuvtional kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? (2ei lu 0zwe- vkksa3 1w(2qye   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at e;8qwn t.bexf.g7b01vp 2 hot a temperature o2b g.p 1nx;70b8hftoeqe wtv. f about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules inw zt;nhg6cr3j25vz8 vb9 wid.crease if the temperature i z;w3t9czhgji56vn. 82w vdbrs increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followukv p:l v0c::hing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculath:ul :kvpv: c0e the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas atibk29ou)ip m z qy,-*r 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant,me gdv+ b7-is4 by what fac- gsdmv 7bi+4etor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecub0q rc j69mfv5z uf*f1les in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the yqbiu+(yyahax b ;nt9e();h. same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots(y)yht9+.q( x eabau;iyhn;b of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitroga lea7a-5bv,lsz/ 8uien molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxyge+lbyp5 n ex+wahsb.9nl1;7s xn molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen mopdy+e f/b4m w3p4yw /qryl)k+a ;v y;olecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid qyvtd+v8ms:/h78 )s zibek; kwhose molecular mass is 89 u in a living celm7h vzbtq 8sk8;sk+e:dyv)i/ l at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can b xc3c23g nut.se written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranizb 1y*a62dro5 a 1eeaaum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, ivy:5z nqlko,( n what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressyubyba7 -ji 7,8gq0f vure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) v-7gjyay8i b b,qf70 u90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humiqv,ft)g v)ii (1xk-gkdity is 50% on a day when the temperature is i)- v ikxfqvg(g1k)t, 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure a63ydn.q(j)d2iz :btkjz gwl ;t a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm/3s4 6x)cfephqe8oii , estimate the temperature at which water c hxq/4 s6f3ei8)peioboils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure7z,(e-.f y sak/ yhnqxdw9 ri. of water is 530 Pa and the relative humide/f r7-ksdyq.(z9 i .a xw,hynity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature np-zaxehsgr8obl 3/aq/ /00x is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximayik/)/occ7zle b rs : uu)1ch(+oqn-ste pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a i1 /c+q7 -u)lo r(hbsycc/:osuenzk )temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room o)i;i ug(ef 9*elp-o ii;7pld of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dewb*b:1(aeh ifizw 9qk3 1 1lpad point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine mn+.nwlc0 1tm 1hpz zl0olecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dis+z 1lmwnp1n0 ct h.0zltance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to thm;hz0 cs:j-,k 4a+gjmcgdcl 3 e interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea cs-zg4g3c; ,hjm+cam lk:0dj is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been c/1sjjw j2v ;bgalibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape m*0mgiw7v)trzr, 5v +9i esjzoeasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was caljr3 9fc-e 2ii0t m)vtaibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe ci0rtc2-3fvaei t j )m9alling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinde- suabf5txjb 4903q(mk1 kxyqj4 fw:dr is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. Ww9qu 4kyqk5bft3x d-ajxms4 b f1 0(j:hat fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules q6cxpg4u ryg3q axc), f0j.m5 in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the teqjp.rmfg g5x ca yq,4)03xc 6umperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the denaa )j w*pu4*mtsity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure ag0+jgf6 y, 0dseq/ ot/ofusb8ttainable using the best available vacuum techniques is abogtfb0d 8u/sgo0q/ s+o ef,y6j ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lp,y7ouuyi q4;u7 sy:g0 i5ykc ungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand i7yyq5ckis,p74gyyuuu:i;o 0 f he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere wk28:dy vuy4t2lg6gs f/*rdrbp* s. wat a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high tempeg:k6f/rg.lu2ybd2 dw s pr*8 st4wyv*rature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an id+6z w ax+7yq*3cbficweal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770m 6nd;.ag+v9o2mg 0- coybqav b$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric presstov4a 5n:m7lwspqsg41r - j:l, 4spexure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmospherr e4-sq,g4 :xto ps1vl5sj4ln amwp7:e.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen m99okd) g8syh colecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pr z6tz7 4fs8msbessure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pres 78zs4mt6sz bfsure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercxh s)opghd*cu s.i4t7 )ep0*gury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline ams3(l- 4 gsu0)kr cmwpt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equato3g-je;jsbk/ak/ m.ebt8ot1 rr at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly on.;vs k ./ris:agrq/i vto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in/ml* :o:c0ieh +iggr n the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chtgtq +.sgag go, 6.i1barged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from tpy 4u:cm80d fb;b.t cvhe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is su8*6y r,uwm-g aq4ie d lqo3x2wspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. Haw6ql*re wg8xqi u y 3m,42-doow many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a 19pxu;c:8wpejec , ju a28arz*m z6lndepth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the 8za 2c8eucj*, ajnw e:1prpmlz6;ux 9temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total watedgjhnx*g0q 5)r vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: 0x*5n) ghj dgq
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and 2:tup:b5lodw when it is a solid deep in the p owbl25::tu dEarth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an g9* .rur p4klpideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion .u94rp p*lkr gis equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehj q6b* ds1x6t8a/vfdu 1qi1 d 9c8wdbnumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildeidqc91dq6* bwd8ajnt b u1 6/d1fxs8 vw. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg