The process shown on the Tguqe fb0o s0d5t2.t2t-V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, there is no change )b4-tigs v/main

  When the first law of thermod k,:cx0cj6 xihmzs4 *eynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with xmm,bz+ 9*o 8-fo kx/ul sr+kzno change in its temperature. Thisb,z+rk zomokxx8 f m -lu+/s*9 process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermal ,zusgkn+ep*t 9emg-4ly from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this 9+-gmkzsue e*4 ,ntpggas?

  An ideal gas is compressed 8 eoz3:0qn3)jbvcy7xjhvx l( to one-half its original volume during an isothermal process. The final pr nqhj3b0x7): jo3(8zvlex c vyessure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6bnz+jx y7zk n) -gcx nfmb4 524akwv99 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is ck 4m7bxn)kzv4jgfnwaxnbz9 2 y c+5 9-orrect?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. During thry8;gkjf ul ;3a) j0lpe event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surrounl38fuj;ayrkj)g p; 0ldings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynamigq h9fctys6 81anxh1guk 8 86ocs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-halah/j+vq 4jp (tf its original volume during an adiabatic process. The final pressure of the gas avhp qj+/tj4(

  Consider two cylinders of gas identg) *5ecafawt6(l mq/wical in all respects except that one contains lq)6f mgaec t /wa5(*w$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all. f;cv 5ru6sfq respects except that one contains r ;sffcuq.v5 6$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the Pwd3pe8zib,d 0,ycf- hV diagram is an

  In an isobaric process, there84nltv4 9vl (ztzw0dd is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynam 3aqg)2eng2 gpgko7d0 ics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as h yp,w08 edz;t), bupuneat is added to it. This processubt,n;yed) ,0 8pw pzu is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sam9e m3a3 uzaxzcrx;12bple of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the intb;2ae9azrm c3x 3xzu 1ernal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV diagram is cg3u1ehh5ru:qxf b dp57 .a;f

  In an isochoric process, there is nqm(--zw 7,ot ech*lrjqedn 2 9o change in

  When the first law of thermod-w7jxv bk;utsd : /5,a lbhkf:ynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand as heat energy is add;5 5o 5amkmykkb xg :/dpv)cj14;omyyed to it. This p; om/;xd5ao 5kpmkcy1vbyk5 4g )j:ymrocess is

  Ten joules of heat enerb yn huo;3n1u )61biyrgy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volumo6ihuby3nr u ;1 )y1nbe. As a result, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodws58+z a bqex6,ax- lhynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to a cbvbn7o h1 ab+d0it5:hold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoijlezh6 6z43t vr?

State the second law of thermodynamics accordinwuw(q9ny 1gs j:e0et5 p .f,alg to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrat1z, a n-o.2dn+ dj5o0tt2 / uvqkzcsqz,osf/m ed here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine fa/s z/djo5no tudq ot02z m- z1+,q,snkcv.2operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat en5f(oz 0 f l5 ;zzg9qdof5mw6bfgine is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heheznbj5: 3, bvat sink musn 5 h:zev,jbb3t be

  A Carnot cycle consists.ta- / q*3o;a ue se8geqd4axhr)+hvg of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statemeq14osv m;3 mfjnt of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is deyz51rb41a fgg fined as the ratio o1 4azbgrfy5g 1f

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is dipk6v ua6pmc 0x3+s4/k.if kwefined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of the wd*. lm-svmi(:ccl6 vv/iaf,/y26jk-shm d s cater

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any procescz m qy/-hvd(-d.jg 3ds that may occur within an isol3 gd-zq(hjdm./vdc-y ated system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of nu/t;j+u c1 sithe second law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to p -y,96wbkotpconclude that

  During an isothermal procesva9po5 pvg,wnl*zqce -ak 3 8bvm2t9;s, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the change in intqen-v*b tg85vp9 vlap o w,329ckzma; ernal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is i0 38)xf s9 ehkbe1nbjremoved from an ideal gas. What is the work done in k)ej exn8 91f0hs3ib bthe process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in ag9w0iji7(mn*sp q/ vjn7m*dcp fr 5t0lkbg 2;n isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change frn wb */jkmpn (ic7i vp0m;lg*95qds07g t j2in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas ars d:21u*gpgediabatically. What is the change in i*pg 1ser2dg: unternal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. a 0)dghl m;v:cWhat is the c c:l)a;vmd0hghange in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 5wdz )s+d.k/gr0 J. What is thed. w)/rd szg+k work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internaldgf5x(v8 u/hk 6 zu:hb1/,,xnoa eo rz energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What isbg ,oz5 k6nz1 hxhf (8/xer/du:u,v oa the heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constans4v : o+zei.1fwvcd;qt volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of enerdv4v1;cwif+ q.zes:ogy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled b/;v5+- u ef+apdfow+mu.k uv:ab1 ywi y 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. w5m-uouw a;v+af1ukyf p/e: .v+ bi+ dHow many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists ofnh, b+0/qmdty328ksg w*qi oh 3.0 kg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cy6m6pibo77v9mx9 pv o acle. What is the efficoaboxv6 mi m97v7p6p9 iency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 Je mr+o 8+qwf4k of heat per cycle. How much work does it perform4efr+oq+m 8 kw in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0%2r)v;juj +s6qq iw8ae and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much he j + u;e8wjvs6r)iqaq2at does it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exn2p k ,jljvub 84 dy90cmof--phausts 42 kcal. Calculate thek0,- m9c4l b uf-d8vpo2 jjpny efficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat eac8bqyi v)2*urcrk0x-v h cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work don vk*)b0iu8-c2y rrxq ve each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engi2lu t l7vhkg ps*a *x7temu0mx2 v56,jnes built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperature = ,7lv mv2u2 hx* k pttg7xs*am06uelj5$1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so farwwtihp2 kl- )18 7txbg has the following characteristics: combustion chamber tem ihxl -tg12bw)pwt k78perature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the fo 6ebd-hta-u* +/f /r9mxlyxpmllowing characteristics: combustion chamber tempera ylx *xdmb6+hmr9aup- -e/f/ tture = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of elecmj + 4rcmb9j8j1 nhec-tric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of el bi40m0ls mia-*dxy az,5pzj9ectric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electr/kcpc y:l,qqrz n5ivgg k*1*ex r47s*ic power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot effiiz4qy/vnx: :9oki ;q/es,f8 llkjqu6ciency of an engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible forvga837,9 imgeo3j w vo an engine operating betwe,gg 9mwjo 37o3 ive8aven $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the tempcq7 jnk*kkn,; erature of the cold reservoir if the temknc*qj n;k7 ,kperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating betwzzh.m d0;6g5nvoehz. -0elpw(n 6weween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the fre s8fzdbbt*f2kzscqd g u *.,v89ir 0c.ezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into.sqb ifb r2d *.v0z9 8g*kfcutcs8dz, a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartmeoeivt fob: g9a)rk 6/+nt at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of poa vtig9e/ +ok) b:6rferformance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the f8s rlfqtr7 +corfgpv + q+71x1reezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input 1c17vf+8+f +x7r rltpg qrso qis required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of ice me7qyf wftnv e9 :88evi.lt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change i*+i 0w6ocy*i wzlq*rs2f.c sk n entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expans,q:wq yvlqe) q*he/ 3qion and its entropy wl/:yvqqe,qhq e * 3q)changes by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at q;d7 byp3j v8b3d9vep$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.