Does Huygens’ principle apply to sound waves? To wal148 o2 aksxfccx9uc h,(twx/ ter waves? Explain.

What is the evidence tt q*/kj xygkoq,zk/5: hat light is energy?

Why is light sometimes described as rays aq kkrj6qf(/w+cv; pf.6 + fnaxnd sometimes as waves?

We can hear sounds around corners, but we cannot see around corners; yet bof 4:d ,5h;cwj1da5c ny/vkjjesa5i7dth sound and light are waves. Expw:jys1h fj,5 4aja dc;/5k7nc edvi5dlain the difference.

If Young’s double-slit e4/- x7sm d+ .csqrmntoxperiment were submerged in water, how would the fringe pattern be chann -q rs4mtox./+d7smcged?

Monochromatic red light is incident on a double slit, and the interfv1tl bz0vug+dlx1 qx-5.rw (derence pattern is viewed on a screen some distance away. Explain how the fringe pattern w0g 1(zudqvv-dw. +rlb5 xxtl1ould change if the red light source is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from the same source destr.dpoysg53yhkfwp/ 2 o13 e5ul uctively interfere if their path lengthsu es5o2 3oywh lpg.k /f3ydp51 differ by how much?

Why was the observat9c8q:(n zkh zrion of the double-slit interference pattern more convincing evidence for the wave theory of light than the observation of diffra zrcz:h 8knq(9ction?

Compare a double-slit experiment for sound waves to that for light waves. D rcq,m d:6x,1ca yf3i-lxih( 8ze+tbiiscuss th( ,i 8d-c: +3xyhblre,6mxi qt1 iafzce similarities and differences.

Why doesn’t the light fr- p*8rxg+to4hx kxo:v om the two headlights of a distant car produce an interference patterk 8 +vh*o:4tg-o xxrpxn?

Suppose white light falls on the two slits of Fig. 24–7, bp//s2 lkycsmv30 n:p cut one slit is covered by a red filter (70k 30/ :ppc clvn/sysm20 nm) and the other by a blue filter (450 nm). Describe the pattern on the screen.

When white light passes through a flat piece of windr: mu1ormm ka o4ms.g ge9,g+iw18du: ow glass, it is not broken down into colwgo9m.m148:r:1g rugiae ,msu +mokdors as it is by a prism. Explain.

For both converging and diverging lenses, discusrydxytp)x,4-b2v 4 eps how the focal length for red light differs from that for violet lighpr p4dxx4 ebv,t)y y-2t.

A ray of light is refracted through three differentn/c ,udo rm ;x47yxqeh )6uyk1 materials (Fig. 24–55). Rank the materials according to their index of refraction, leex/6qn m)1dk4 ; xyyo,cr huu7ast to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your eyeb ;naof8:gh,b and focus on a distant light source through a narrow slit between two fingers. (Adjust your fingers to ,hfba;n8 gb:o obtain the best pattern.) Describe the pattern that you see.

What happens to the diffraction pattern ofjw4r o:qkq3zz-uv4 /nu:a h03 ytf9h ei47iow a single slit if the whole apparatus is immersed in (a) water, (b) a vacoorn9 h0vu4 3e4/:7fa i4y3k-w qwuhtzji:qz uum, instead of in air.

For diffraction by a single slit, what is t2x qdr/.s,;7cxucedc he effect of increasing (a) the slit widtqr27 cxd.c /;,uec sxdh, and (b) the wavelength?

What is the difference in thej k3)kkc1mk;+vob j pw:,s+km interference patterns formed (a) by two slits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, what is the advantagn itlq, b+6 pjivba*,+ty6 2hde of (a) many slits, (b) closely spaced sliibpnhv 2bt, y,l+it*aq6d 6 +jts?

White light strikes (a) a diffractionvepb q))ik/+xv o8gi 6b)5mc*-jlwb u grating, and (b) a prism. A rainbow appears on a wall just below the direction of the horizontal incident beam in each case. What is thec 8-k /6jbxoe)l wuipg)5bqv +) mv*bi color of the top of the rainbow in each case? Explain.

For light consisting of wavelengths between 400 nm and 700 nm, a.pb-hnf9 3wx incident normally on a diffraction grating, for what orders (- ab.fp 3hnwx9if any) would there be overlap in the observed spectrum? Does your answer depend on the slit spacing?

Why are interference fringes noticeable only for a thin filols2 te9d,7olm like a soap bubble and not for a thick piece of ol9slo ,7 e2dtglass, say?

When a compact disk (CD) is held at ans:d0m zq, 3cb+k/ v 9jeebjqp- angle in white light, the reflected light is a full spectrum (Fig. 24–56). Explain. Wha-9zdjpe03 +kc /qbvs ,j:e mqbt would you expect to see if monochromatic light was used?

Why are Newton’s rings (Fig. 24–31) closer together farther from the cent0c*d rg* oegqa k46zd-2k1k xler?

Some coated lenses appear greenishqq* iao5 n7+;+f v1-xaqtwhyu yellow when seen by reflected light. What wavelengths do you su f-twqu*ai+q;5n x o17hvya+qppose the coating is designed to transmit completely?

A drop of oil on a pond appears bright a nznmp*k1 ,5id bm7m-pt its edges, where its thickness is much -dp1mp,zbk 7n m5nim* less than the wavelengths of visible light. What can you say about the index of refraction of the oil?

What does polarization tell us5gv ctsb2*q9 v about the nature of light?

Explain the advantage of polarized sunglasses ovetdox7 um k3,7: ni nnh,3ti+ifr normal tinted sunglasses.

How can you tell if a pair of sunglass* 8ce +hph7oqws. yq0ges is polarizing or not?

Two polarized sheets rotated at an ang sh8)wh1wrmbu5x 0 q5mle of 90$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sky if the Earth ha78z16xik x8vce:2rjtixd(k e d no atmosphere?

If the Earth’s atmospherc-q. 4.:fjvot qpz0) 9p lgmefe were 50 times denser than it is, would sunlight still be pg9ez.jc)ovq:.l4-pm t f f0qwhite, or would it be some other color?

  Monochromatic light falling on twov.pvwvtd(q ,p8ii- pm3 si.1xb*inpb.ej5 ( c slits 0.016 mm apart produces the fifth-order fringe at an 8.8pv*,vvmj8 n.p-i pse(i.p(1bw3xq ti. 5c di b$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe of 610a.*x7 b;r q z .))k*pbwkcn msx3f3uvi nm light is observed at an angle of 18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on twu9p :d)v5a gp9 (( qpn0z3ebcet3emk go very narrow slits 0.048 mm apart. Successive fringes on a screen 5.00 m away are 6.5 cm apart near the center of the pattern. Determine the wavelength and frequency of the lighpm a 95e:3eve3 t)nq z(d9kgcb(upgp0t.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light from a He-Ne laser, with a w rro mlo 58sxul).(t0wavelength 656 nm, falls on two very narrow slits 0.060 mm apart. How far apart are tx(t85o) ol swr0lurm.he fringes in the center of the pattern on a screen 3.6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm falls on1e2 r.,(iqqboaswiv d(64fs d two slits and produces an interference pattern in which the fourth-order fringe is 38 mm from the central 1(ar ,eobd dqss(4i6.i2v wqffringe on a screen 2.0 m away. What is the separation of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm light passes through two slitbtstj6/h;x 0(r w*k6dbr) e1 omyuaw mpz)90is 0.58 mm apart, how far apart are the second-order fringes for these two wavehbw mb )yp s/k06 ir z d1(6wo;9tmurta0ejx)*lengths on a screen 1.0 m away?    mm

  In a double-slit experiment, it is found that blue light of wav6 lkiaj,:n n :5ph/xpkelength 460 nm gives a second-order mai kl :/a:p6j, npxnk5hximum at a certain location on the screen. What wavelength of visible light would have a minimum at the same location?    nm

Water waves having parallel crests 2.5 cm apart/2mzdjt j.v) g pass through two openings 5.0 cm apart in a board. At a point 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angle relative to the “straimgz/)2dj t.jv ght-through” direction would there be little or no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece of g2w hx**sfk5 qzlass is placed in front of the lower slit in Fig. 24–7 so that the two waves enth*2*qfzxw 5k ser the slits 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experi/o7s dp4y g.2074gq( zt y, ihawibzlxment, the third-order maximum for light of wavelength 500 nm is located 12 mm from the central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light of wavelength 650 nm is then projected through the same slits. How far from the central bright spot will the second-order maximum of this light be l7bwyq 4z(i7aiz.tsg,g 42 xylhdp0 /oocated?    mm

  Two narrow slits separated by 1.0 mm are illuminated by 544 nm lightrlndw7f/y41v3iv2 uv. Find the distance between ay u72w14rnvi/v3 l dfvdjacent bright fringes on a screen 5.0 m from the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 480 nm in a/fx zm6/ie,0z 8ewn hng:y bmll o)94air falls on two slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plastic (n=1.60) covers one slit of a double-slixr,5 8n6jra5dtvia/ c t apparatus illuminated by 640-nm light. The center point on the screen, instead of being a maximum, is dark. What is the (minimum) thicrav5x5 6njrt/,id c8 akness of the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, approximately, does the speed of red light (703avatck9 -;yaaz4.to c0k x8w0 nm) exceed that of violet ligh4ok- aw;3.atk08zccy9tvax at (400 nm) in silicate flint glass? (See Fig. 24–14.)    %

  A light beam strikes a piece of gl4hzvi4fzfq2 e6orz h4q81c( sass at a 60.00$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of light containi 7 ,9n4nzhkqr1bha vd)ng two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light falls on a slit 0.0440 mm wide, what is the full angular widtvy p wnu/m9d zj ):b/8/ijkl3eh of the cenj jvl b3 i)mk/w8u9/z/ednpy :tral diffraction peak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light fauv zpd -t9qlm8y7i(: clls on a slit that is $ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm falls o(drc d5qyhfd h,1q 56jn a slit that is $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm wide is illuminated by 450-nm light. What is the widy)p y +z+ot8rkth of the central maximum (in cm) in the diffraction pattern on a screen 5.0 m away? +rykpo)yz 8t +   cm

  Monochromatic light of wavelength 653 nm falls on a slit. If the angle betqmu1-41rin m5olhp - xween the first bright fringes on either sid1 5 mrmho- -q4pniu1lxe of the central maximum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central diffraction peak on a screen 2.30 m bocd6(f-/ (zuzgrihm:v s 8t4 sehind a 0.0348-mm-wide slit illuminated by 589-nm lighdr/(tcoi:vz-8m 46fhus zs(g t?    cm

  When blue light of wavelength 440 nm falls on wm(u*um8no9uo b bxsn+;,a2c a single slit, the first dark bands on either side of center are separate2un ms co(*9,aobwx8 +uumbn;d by 55.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of wavelength 415 nm falls on a single slit, it creates a ceb vtdvfcvda;c.8t31s-g2zro 3 7iv 4sntral diffraction peak that is 9.20 cm wide on a screen that is 2.55 m away. How wide is tt t b asc-vi 3rd;ovz8f42.7gdv 3vc1she slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm ligmx( 8p1 6jvt7pvku 6r ,ggid 1*uxo9gbht so that the diffraction maximum is 4.0 cm wide on a screen 1.50 m away, what will be the width of the diffraction t66 7 j8*r9b vgpx, imxud(pgv o11ugkmaximum for light of wavelength 420 nm?    cm

For a given wavelengt3.uf q kljg):fdus *(6xbr zj iu*ux76h $\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nmv2 p (twv4br-,wxt(xa ij b52mtt1 s/s light produce a second-order maximum when falling on a grating whose sli/xv ap 4 iw2(51mt s2t( v-x,tbtjsrwbts are $1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter does a grating have if the th*tc e,j -v ppupmpz9 6t6n+(giird-order occurs at an m tgz*j t9p6p,vcneu ip(p-+618.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 589-nm light falling on az z;u ey709qsx diffraction grating is observed at a 15suy7 zqz0ex9;.5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction grating hasl0jp8 hfm6b u sv2bnq-dw/2d3 $ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normally on a4tu9*zyzo j:l $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral oylamker5s b2+y+4wd 0 2ur9i hrder that can be seen if a grating with 6000 lines per cm is illumina yb5 w sr4myuhei+ 0l2+9ak2drted with 633-nm laser light? Assume normal incidence.   

  Two (and only two) full spectral orders can be seen on either side ofe9f ;k3+a iq,ybka ;be the central maximum when white light is sent through a diffraction grating. What is the maximum numbqb +3;akbe;eya i9f,ker of lines per cm for the grating?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing wavelengths from 410 nm to 750 nm falls on a grating jbefhc b5,g ,(j;k 0fusnq,73cntjc5 with g,e5ns7tf 5fkc , chb0jq3bjnu(;c,j$8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which produces monochromatic lixp(2/wpa/ ev 1cjd5: r xuo:bcght of a known wavelength $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum lines are measured ko)r .7.mj6q 9ufd1xiiisq-n by a $9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 nm thick, what wavelength is most stronglyu6 (v;i3cvf i; ehpau: reflected at the center of the outer surface when illuminated normally by white light? Assume that:cuf (iv6;a;ei pv3 uh $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the dark fringes in Example 24–8 if t;q u7zohp0; pr2 yhn4che glass plates are each 26.5 cm 2;zqhp yoru7h4 p;0cnlong?    cm

  What is the smallest thickness of a3g xe0jrzs+ (5 lbxz9e3v gdnu cb6c31 soap film $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greeni/e7t,dqwo+ e4d bpp9ssh yellow ($\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright and 31 dark Newton’s rings (not counting the dark sp fstlom8v(2jxii, q*7ot at the center) are observed when 550-nm light falls normally on a planoconvex lens resting on a flat glass surface (Fig. 24–31). How xtismi27(jf*q l8v, o much thicker is the center than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separates one-f43ot3fl:3i*yu* xc wzncdrg q c (y5 end of two pieces of optically flat glass, as in Fig. 24–33. When light of wavelength 670 nm is incident normally, 28 dark lines are observed3r3zcc*quy5td -o4wfny ci:*(xgl f3 (with one at each end). How thick is the foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) should the air layer be between two flat glass surf -ie 1zekg-(qzaces if the glass is to appear bright when 450-nm lighq--(zg1iek z et is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material, suspected of being a 18o55px ux.ry wpyf7 gstolen diamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcohol6,wmy n-mcm,o $(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring apparatus (Fig. 24–31) is immersed in a liquid, the diametcph;q /1gpig zzgk9- smz255uer of the eighth dark ring decreases from 2.92 cm to 2.4hmp zugckgg12zp q; 9 i/z55s-8 cm. What is the refractive index of the liquid?   

  What is the wavelength of tcceu 1oa0cjd8 b- z,-j8m,pe mhe light entering an interferometer if 644 bright friu1jd0 bmze,- ec8,jo8m-cc p anges are counted when the movable mirror moves 0.225 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is connected to the movable mirror of an interferometer. Wheo83h wp2y zh-du 3ci.nn the micrometer is tightened down on a thin metal foil, the net number of bright fringes that move, compared to the empty micrometer, is 272. What is the thickness of the w- dpynoi.3u8cz2hh3 foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mirrorbn 5alj4hi.s, $M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of an interferometer (Fig. 24–59) passes through a g wl.lgnsuup32x46(9 md+e nc small glass container containing a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 236 dark fringes are el nn6dcpu9.3m(xgw4s l 2+gucounted to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 610 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the gas, assuming that the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are o st/awzr.8i+p riented at 65$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s angle fgq.1xx2 f2yzda( 5awxv a-x rd.,(qysor an air–glass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s angle for a diamond submerged in water if the light is hit n4*xi+o2yo pfting the diamond +o*2oy4ipn fx $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligned so that the light passing through0 bhb5 fwd1vawqqh+ 3( them is a maximum. At qa5 0hb dq1w +3vhwfb(what angle should one of them be placed so that the intensity is subsequently reduced by half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids (skmm30 4tf gtq)8mi5 yjur4kbe placed so as to reduce the intensity of the incident unpolarized light to (km458ms)kuyjtit3f40qrmg
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented av8q8, k;ld acm5w4 p mizm4bl)t 40$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented at 38.+8kj zt gaq1+h snwe4jed5s8+0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s angle be for r 1.)dxab1cr2les hlq, vq4a*ueflections off the surface of water for light coming from beneath the surface? Compare to the angle for total q2d1a) ev ,*l lhsca4.qb uxr1internal reflection, and to Brewster’s angle from above the surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes through five successive Pologl:.cf -zd28am m0f9 1nb .qbhzpx:caroid sheets, each of whose axis mabnz:-mo1:lcc .m0xzqd bg8h .2a9 ffp kes a 45$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength h, q+8o7ii 3jrj s3fhq 3-vgdf$ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves reflecting from mountair 1zczo9n xf)2ns or airplanes can interfere with zxoc2rz9 )1fnthe direct signal from the station.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate sources passes through a diffraw fbtwp (wf 0v*rh07t x++gp*iction grating with *( fr++p* pf wthx0iwbg tw07v$ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 e.(80:uw9 e8wh pt l j83jxavr(fo xcenm passes through two narrow slits 0.60 mm apart. The screen is 1.70 m away. A second source of unknown wavelength produces its second-order fringe 1.33 mm closer to l8 xaef8ve: ohw3(x8cwjp0 tr .j9u(ethe central maximum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating at 102.1 MHz broadcasts from two id 7zj-js3 eed6nentical antennae at the same elevation but separated by an 8.0-m horizontal distance d, Fig. 24–60. A maximum signal is found along the midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and extending horizontajese -63 jnd7zlly in both directions. If the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well back from an outside doorway 0.88 m wide, and blows h f.jp2. z4 om-x o(34g5 terltqqn4yma whistle of frequency 5 te4qtgrl4yo23zh-. mn4 p.(mox qfj750 Hz. Ignoring reflections, estimate at what angle(s) it is not possible to hear the whistle clearly on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light falls hcvl6x v7 iy:de( --ndon a single slit of width D at a 30$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain beetle have a series of parallel x rv;931fiul79u 0 trrc 8qncnlines across them. When normally incident 460-nm light is reflected from the wing, the wing appears bruc9 ;qn r8xrtiulcr31n7f90vight when viewed at an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per cent p+*poj y/6s.1.s7upd+ mj npy8icd ztimeter must a grating have if there is to be no second-order spectrum for any visible wavelengi.p8s nmpz tdjp.ydj/+6s*1oyp c+ 7uth?   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and third-order spectra of white light produced byzrci/o,zys ;4,i1 afi a diffraction grating always overlap. What wavelengths overlap exac, zsz;1/ai4 ioy fi,crtly?

  When yellow sodium light, r*+ czja-e(c.8 axyxt$\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on a diffractio/h 5p wrs-q)nbn grating with and the pattern is viewed on a screen 2.5 m from the grati-hsrq5) /wb npng. The incident light beam consists of two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refraction of a clear magwmtk;0db5p,tc l/ 4rtf.h-x ;c sme/terial if a minimum of 150 nm thickness of it, when laid on glass, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light of 600 nm is xh4m tc cpe 0f, /s; k-t5r;wbmtl.d/gincident normally upon it? Do you have a choice for an answer?

  Monochromatic light of variable wavelength is incident norm5rvxb- d awe3*ally on a thin sheet of plastirw5* baxev d-3c film in air. The reflected light is a minimum only for $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thickness needed for an anti-reflective coating; jb jgfr/ akr+b76o ,h4wd 72+v:frrr nvcuu0 $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero) thickness for the air layer between two fla,xy or.5as hi*4u.dp u,a*e gmt glass surfaces if the glass is to appear dark when 640-nm light ihay.. aprmg,xu4 ,*ou es 5di*s incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light transmitted through a thin film ly,ygfs/o/ut :i vz+ :,3drwgb -xi,m fayered on a flat piece of glass. Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions required for maxima and minima. Consider all possible values of index of refraction. Discuss the relative size of the minima compared tovwsri gboft:-x3yg,, yi, /u mf/d:+z the maxima and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the horizon is the Sun wheqsd)ohn:x0zyz /s 99xn light reflecting off a smooth lake is polarized9 s0nx qd:s)y9zhzo/ x most strongly?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of twon )*qrv *8jd(eq ptvr4 Polaroids be placed so as to reduce the intern **qjd( q)epv84r vtnsity of the incident unpolarized light by an additional factor (after the first Polaroid cuts it in half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light falls on two polarizer shek ;( nxq37g sek)diza0ets whose transmission axes are at right angles. A third polarizer is placed between the first two so that its axis makes (d ;n0ekig)7kxsz q3a a 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are placed in succession with their axes vertical, at pvpoj-o0/be,phbyt4ei ,(z:mcsyt9s r1;2u 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes through 5nqmbza (o5wa/pjc:t0a)i 5 ma slit of width 1.0 cm and is pointed at the Moon, which is approximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assume the laser emits waves of wavelwai ma5nzp5:) /c amo(tb05jqength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estimate the width of the beam when it reaches the Moon.    km

  A series of polarizers are each e y mv(d:)d0awuwx6- nwvi37 kplaced at a 10$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap i yquw6 mc )zk8sq26y,$(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas radiating 6.0-MHz radio waves in phase with each other. vk.:3 u1y)ud6t m8 nl9zie8bsj*7bx bx.koq hThey are located at poiotql7m . i.bksujh 6bn8xzbevu) k1d3 :*y98xnts $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of light v-elbf2hfj*3(. a3ybm-vzdl; liyz8 go6q4j containing two wavelengths, 420 nm and 650 nm, enters a silicate flint glass equilateral 8 b-q2z3dl -(o3j j amyg y.*vvl ff4;lbiehz6prism (Fig. 24–58).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens has one flat s* .azgs15luh0p8 t) uvp(qpuj bm h(v7urface and one with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm