Does Huygens’ principle apply to sound waves? To water waves? E -kbzkn ty2xea8s-sgu /8 ev h:;rt* w6kch14nxplain.

What is the evidence t:hm0 v sevd4,f j 0hytf6n*hq1hat light is energy?

Why is light sometimes described as rays and sometimes as wav/j s --zfw+(h mem7tf9r9tzswes?

We can hear sounds around corners, but we cannot see a zk*zypt5./z9s( nq y7*lduudround corners; yet both sound and light are waves. Expldn / zult.zku* 9zpd sy(q75*yain the difference.

If Young’s double-slit experiment were submerged in water, h,d8o vm k5-hcgow would the fringe pattern be c8o,cvh 5kdm g-hanged?

Monochromatic red ligh86*iae v+is5 5vagrp yt is incident on a double slit, and the interference pattern is viewed on a screen some distance away. Explain how the fringe pattern would change if the red light source is replaced by a blue v5vpiysgeia6 * 8ra5 +light source.

Two rays of light from the y zl 77;xeeuycg;9.ek+;wbq/ qj sqp( same source destructively interfere if their path lengths di7wqqe kg;czx97l;e.;uyp y/(bsq +ejffer by how much?

Why was the observation of the double-slit inte ab*u e,2d;nvwi-nx 3lrference pattern more convincing evidence for the wave theory of light than thn*u3 -d;l,vxbnaw ie2 e observation of diffraction?

Compare a double-slit experiment for sound waven,vg.uz gbw.c 4z,g9is to that for light waves. Discuss thvg.9cg,znbw.iz gu4,e similarities and differences.

Why doesn’t the light from the two headlights of a )lt2g1b2 ks( kt1pxuu distant car produce an interferenck2b2kuut 1(t s1x) lgpe pattern?

Suppose white light falls on the two slits of Fig. 24–7, but one slit is cove,adlhg o: u1n8red by a red filter (700 nm) and the :aguhl8,od n1 other by a blue filter (450 nm). Describe the pattern on the screen.

When white light passes throxd3 yi8 )l fq(weo*,leugh a flat piece of window glass, it is not broken down into colors as it is by a l( *3oiy,qw xed 8le)fprism. Explain.

For both converging and diverging lenses, discuss ho. rt fmp8jdl78 b;xh/bw the focal length for red light differs from t b;l.pfxr88dh/t bj7m hat for violet light.

A ray of light is refracted through three dig5cozil 2*z w:fferent materials (Fig. 24–55). Rank the materials according to their index of refg 5o:2z *iwzlcraction, least to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your eye and focus on a distant light soysk(i mbj8 d4tibdl26:jl0q0/ mql1qurce through a narrow slit between two fingerss/ltqb0: 6qk408m1y2l(jij dq bl dmi . (Adjust your fingers to obtain the best pattern.) Describe the pattern that you see.

What happens to the difh)z sl6;; -r2ksc 2bceq-ukjafraction pattern of a single slit if the whole apparatus is immersed in (a) water, (b) a vacuum, instead-c q-;lhk c2s6ab;j s2r)kez u of in air.

For diffraction by a single slit, what is the effect of increasinlr0py:d(u8 dc gb+ngk hm:7x+g (a) the slit width, and (b) trhx: ygcpl0d+nb :8(+kg umd7he wavelength?

What is the difference in the ini xm80(;uxrex terference patterns formed (a) by two slits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, what e *zf4to0yrc*is the advantage of (a) many slits, (b) closely spaced f 4eocrz*0y *tslits?

White light strikes (a) a diffraction grating, and (b) a prism. A rainbow appear-ik)0t- zrui7it sk( ns on a wall just below the direction of the horizontal incident beam in each case. What is the 0 itui rk--k )tnsi7z(color of the top of the rainbow in each case? Explain.

For light consisting of wavelengths 05nbe3;zmebkz lv -lek 4-.mp between 400 nm and 700 nm, incident normally on a diffraction grating, for what orders (if any) would there be overlap in the observed spectrum0-n z.eem-bl;e k4k v5zp3lbm? Does your answer depend on the slit spacing?

Why are interference fringes noticeoto0 (hlhg cam:q8;c* gm:1mtable only for a thin film like a soap bubble and not for a thick piece of glass, sam(;m0c o:t81olga ch h:mg*qty?

When a compact disk (CD) is held at an angle in white light, the rcsjg,6 xjhg( 9 g3*q) ktc7gxxeflected light is a full spectrum (Fig. 24–56). Explain. What would you expect to 96ccx( 3*ghs 7qgj g )kxjt,gxsee if monochromatic light was used?

Why are Newton’s rings (Fig4 -m1dh6o s6*npb l9mjx juhkvc*:/lk. 24–31) closer together farther from the center?

Some coated lenses appear greenish yellow when seen by re5zen2mtsbzk-+ +)/x/ -sd dlzr*ycxu 3veq7b flected light. What wavelengths do you suppose the coating is designed to transmit coe*us3ntxbd bzqcxs )+e7k2my /z v-lr5z+- d/mpletely?

A drop of oil on a pond appears brightw jx(/w y/ak -fmgzwz+8: a0ol at its edges, where its thickness is much less than the wavelengths of visible light. What can you say about the in/w8l y fw :gamkz(ox-0j/a z+wdex of refraction of the oil?

What does polarization tell us about th6tljxgq o16n,b 5dl:pe nature of light?

Explain the advantage of polarized sunglasses over normal tint:rk0p. ac9wn ted sunglasses.

How can you tell if a pair of sunglassq 7z)7l)dh* b-07sa f6zxtcu4 zfx7bg9aqwmoes is polarizing or not?

Two polarized sheets rotated at an angy- g*v nyoixl*l9:z p2l32 vhxle of 90$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sky -:degge76qi)ohxh czh-4mxp1a i t - 8if the Earth had no atmosphere?

If the Earth’s atmosphere were 50 times denser than it is, would sunli(bcs4q 0z:qaf ght still be white, or would it be (b4z0sq cfaq: some other color?

  Monochromatic light falling on two slits 0.016 mm apart producpra 5pai+tn8 -bg1f pe h6t;w6es the fifth-order fringe prbep; 6 gw5tt1hi6np +f-8aaat an 8.8$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order frinalp cs ih7m*si.6deg* x-mf95 ge of 610 nm light is observed at an angle of 18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on two very narrow slits 0.0481- xh9t gayjz:+r6 qwa mm apart. Successive fringes on a screen 5.00 m away are 6.5 cm aparta ty gz:h 6ajq+1w-9xr near the center of the pattern. Determine the wavelength and frequency of the light.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light from a He-Ne rcv 62ce;h /p 7eeq-tt s,j1exk :orj)laser, with a wavelength 656 nm, falls on two very narrow slits 0.060 mm apart. How far apart are the fringes in the center of the pattern on a scjrek c2/1 e67ceh:tjqo ;x)vpe,-ts rreen 3.6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm falls on two slits and produce9 u;j9mt3,fgaomv 0mqs an interference pattern in whicv9jm m0f;m,9q3guato h the fourth-order fringe is 38 mm from the central fringe on a screen 2.0 m away. What is the separation of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm light passes thl9a0sk3*7s m lnba ldb jzy/2+rough two slits 0.58 mm apart, how far apart are the bsky3alj/s*zm+2l ln0da79 b second-order fringes for these two wavelengths on a screen 1.0 m away?    mm

  In a double-slit experiment, it *yxp;qfl f,(v is found that blue light of wavelength 460 nm gives a second-order maximum at a certain location on the screen. What wavelyfl, xv;pqf *(ength of visible light would have a minimum at the same location?    nm

Water waves having parallel crests 2u;0t 8wm nveucnwop.ig ).:-e .5 cm apart pass through two openings 5.0 cm apar w;uutcm-.p giw.oe0 :nvne8)t in a board. At a point 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angle relative to the “straight-through” direction would there be little or no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece of glass is placed in front o f1f lbcfjqa0.ss 0ms7z1gvma9: p+,ef the lower slit in Fig. 24–7 so that the two waves enterz07a1pml+9.gsb , fcs1:asq0mvjf ef the slits 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experiment, the third-order maximum for lightfbmc0ui5-f- 1z ao *jznr45e t of wavelength 500 nm is located 12 mm from the central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light of wavelength 650 nm is then projected through the same slitsi-jt5r fca4f o*m- uzben01 z5. How far from the central bright spot will the second-order maximum of this light be located?    mm

  Two narrow slits separat zusczqy1n 46n51fh6f ,xncg 7ed by 1.0 mm are illuminated by 544 nm light. Find the distance between adjacent bright fringes u sffxc7n46nz56n z q,cg11yhon a screen 5.0 m from the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 480 nm in air falls on two slii9vx,u sv7 os hodi/7/ iemy0*ts $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of p13/55 lddrfhlvhc scf2f95awlastic (n=1.60) covers one slit of a double-slit apparatus illuminated by 640-nm light. The center point on the screen, instead of being a maximum, is dark. What is the (minimum) thickness of the plastic?cw5rd hcd3f59h2a/ 1s vlfl5f    nm

  By what percent, approximately, does tx6 pvz:z *ptd:he speed of red light (700 nm) exceed that of violet light (400 nm) in silicate flint glass? (See Fig. 24–14.):tz: dp*vp6xz    %

  A light beam strikes a piece of glalm1cdy*i 4x t0ss at a 60.00$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of light containing two wavelenk1ap gj2qs6z74uo47 upb- utcqz22qco t/i d8gths, $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light falls on a slit 0.0440 mm wide,s6hdv:v p5z.a,kh4 ua what is the full angular width of the hauvh5p v:6.zdka4, s central diffraction peak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light falls on a slit: :6rrg cxk2os4.acgryiqu7x kg*g)0 that is $ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm falls on a +0mzb2rscq wi 38sd3b slit that is $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm wide is illuminated by 450-nm light. What is t( wd8p1f7g vhv.dcmc(he width of the central maximum (in cm) in the dif7(m(d1vcd fvg .pc8h wfraction pattern on a screen 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of wavelength 653 nm falls on a slit. If the atbqh (0:a(j2vmi 1 shp/f w3+y cq*dlzejde,9 ngle between the first bright fringes on ie9( d(medb 0/+a*3 sv,w fzyqtj1hcl2 jpqh:either side of the central maximum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central diffraction peak okkkkw vl5nj047c-0 nrn a screen 2.30 m behind a 0.0348-mm-wide slit illuminated by 58nkkvwnkc07 rk05jl 4 -9-nm light?    cm

  When blue light of wavelength 440 nm falls on a single slit, the fzh i kmq())6su i +yp+4l8vsguirst dark bands on either side8)kip ( yu uq4v)mgzis ++ls6h of center are separated by 55.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of wavelength o9. x/u6yhd fu415 nm falls on a single slit, it creates a central diffraction peak that is 9.20 cm wide on dfx.69 ho/uy ua screen that is 2.55 m away. How wide is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm light so that the diffraction maximum is 4.0 cm wide u;sc - zqqu31don a screen 1.50 m away, what will be the dszqq3;-c1uu width of the diffraction maximum for light of wavelength 420 nm?    cm

For a given wavelength7y q4rsn.c*j u $\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm light producw0o3lk 5r)q05 fcil kre a second-order maximum when falling on a grating whose slitsr 35wkc0)f l5kri lq0o are $1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter does a grating have if t;5d m+dwj/j 0mfxh7 069lf6:(w pzv nizzzhbthe third-order occurs at a/ff h:0z 0d 9d6zh6zw(5 n+wpxlvi7;mjzjbtm n 18.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 589-nm ligh2u61wd*vlf6 prvil +tt falling on a diffraction grating is observed at a 6dvtv *fpu+1i lr 2w6l15.5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction gratinv)9, sdhkem.(zzl -9w-yzwj5qa+ v icg has $ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normally on g* vwjy;n5oe 2a $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectra xtlb wx9sb/ +(qj*9+keocqx1l order that can be seen if a grating with 6000 lines per cm is illum9oc+(1q9s +w qx*bketb/ lxjxinated with 633-nm laser light? Assume normal incidence.   

  Two (and only two) full spectral orders can be seen o,23 wp+8:yc tvvmkwwm5nn0k q q*mk (an either side of the central maximum when white light is sent through a diffraction grating. What is the maximum number of line p*k2vt3kw5n0qk8yq, caw + :mvmwmn(s per cm for the grating?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing wavelengv eb:) dyq4d(sths from 410 nm to 750 nm falls on a grating with(esyv db: )4dq $8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which produces monochromatic light of.xee t+muidt4zd r( -)q:uk2b a known wavelength $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum lines are measured by asd3 it.6o,yy0vb 3ioc $9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 nm t 0c9crqujeh4 6pv)e2mhick, what wavelength is most strongly reflected at the center of the outer surface whj9 chr04pmc2 )6qeevuen illuminated normally by white light? Assume that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the dark fringes in Example 24–8 if the glass plates are each qqxm+g lkdm- ,mvy37j1; m. vm26.5 cm lon+klm3-m , y7 mdgm1x;q vv.qmjg?    cm

  What is the smallest thickness of a soap8sd ;jknb;rf 6ryyr fp6-9ji+ film $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenish yellow (,onrk5hy a 75u$\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright and 31 dark Newton’s rings (not counti c-vy6/iljc(uanv 4;qx)yi/hng the dark spot at the center) are observed when 550-nm light falls normally on a planoconvex lens restijl6y -a/ xu vci/v)q( ic;h4nyng on a flat glass surface (Fig. 24–31). How much thicker is the center than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separates one end of two pieces of optically hz7zk55td o2 pge wt0:yh. ls k9v:5jcflat glass, as in Fig. 24–33. When ligh57cwdt2 v5 h:yz 5k0 9s gleohpzt:.jkt of wavelength 670 nm is incident normally, 28 dark lines are observed (with one at each end). How thick is the foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) shou cb)wmjcp)0:rld the air layer be between two flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear bright when 450-nm light is incident normalbcmr0c)j:w) p ly?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material, suspected of being a stolen d+r :bgijro4n 0j bz(4vxgm8: br8ht1xiamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcoholb/+qrjylvxi6 pe t:8 . $(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring apparatus (Fig. 24–31) is immersed in a liquidl86+bwhct538vc dvmpajv*q3 , the diameter of the eight6 lvvaqpv *j 8d5b3m+3c8twch h dark ring decreases from 2.92 cm to 2.48 cm. What is the refractive index of the liquid?   

  What is the wavelength of the light entering an interferometer if 64xisp )k4g5 nzjbqrg:t8. wx1 04 bright fringes are counted whixk zbpg80 rg:s wj4 xn1t).5qen the movable mirror moves 0.225 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is connected to the movable mirror o( se68cvr yhx+f an interferometer. When the micrometer is tightened down on a thin metal foil, the net numr+ v6(8c yehsxber of bright fringes that move, compared to the empty micrometer, is 272. What is the thickness of the foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mirror; gkhqxi.*yr3 $M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of an interferoi.nel7mj-s- tbt /gk +meter (Fig. 24–59) passes through a small glass container containing a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 236 dark fringes are counted to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 610 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the tj tlbi.ksg /+nm-7-e gas, assuming that the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are orientea nwm)0 cdw;bwkt4s(8d at 65$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s angl.2ps 2kmfo4j8t-qmvd e for an air–glass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s angle for a diamond submerged in water if the ligl (ru*o1wlaplb7crcwi, 7 3l .ht is hitting tu7r*cwlb7o3 i,a(r .1 lcl plwhe diamond $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligned s:1bt kig(*r)bqs wqj/o that the light passing through them is a maximum. At what angle should one of them be placed so that the intensity is subsequently reduced*)qqtbg(:bw sr ijk/1 by half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placed so as to m ngxr8wt a9 41ps.au52x7ygk65yzy breduce the intensity of th7a8 b nr5gw6zxpu mx9yya5y2s1.4tgke incident unpolarized light to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are om* wtt m-(ky2x3* yfwsriented at 40$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented at j( ho:yt6vz)k38.0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s anglmtf7zia :y3hb.e:jd.6 ne4r m e be for reflections off the surface of water for light coming from beneath the surface? Compare to the angle for total internal reflection, and to Brewster’s angle from.6. m3:ehna dz7 :f4 jeirytmb above the surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes :z aypc ufut65/ja+ugiq0 l;;k0 g /pcthrough five successive Polaroid sheets, each of whose axis makes aj0au 5gti0 kl ;uaqz/c 6cpu+/gp;f:y 45$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength su70r3 aya.nb bs/-d v$ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves reflecting from mountainsiu:r4mg v(9zgc/ ao2h or airplanes can interfere with the direct sioc4(a:rugh9i vz g/m 2gnal from the station.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate sources jnrz 8tadp.pd))-.-hs3ac; arysv d,d55 lrm passes through a diffraction grating with a.r);v55 ajt mn-p3,8)csd d rdylh- szda.rp$ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm passes through two narrow slits 0.60 mm apar4j;ttz2a:r: zei w4/hm( hadpg8 b 9grt. The screen is 1.70 m away. A second source of unknown wavelength produces its second-order fringe 1.33 mm closer to the centrap ia4j/ rzgdwm2 :t;hra(8bz9: gteh 4l maximum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating at 102.1 MHz broadcasts 0--ru, p7 sowb2dt6gymi9 fwyfrom two identical antennae at the same elevation but separated by an 8.0-m horizontal distansyy gr9, t- d2pb6fwuiw-0 m7oce d, Fig. 24–60. A maximum signal is found along the midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and extending horizontally in both directions. If the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well back from an outside doorway 0.88 m wide,rwc(qr o9fcm.urz+ 3 9 and blows a whistle of frequency 750 Hz. Ignoring reflections, estimate at what angle(s) it is not possible to hear the whistle clearly on the playground outside the wrqm+zc ( 9cor3.r9 ufdoorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light fa1sii2k g:7uyea t*5vvlls on a single slit of width D at a 30$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain beetl7 be.ehk8 a(sse have a series of parallel lines across them. When normally incident 460-nm light is reflebkah7.se 8(e scted from the wing, the wing appears bright when viewed at an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per centimeteinuok29py(f j8+en/ mg 7qly2r must a grating have if there is to be no second-order spectrum for anynjop9 2k /iu87en +l(gmyy2fq visible wavelength?   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and t3x+ no:lmkay):zv a ou (h+tb,hird-order spectra of white light produced by a diffraction gramyl(:vzn xo u++3, tbh:kao)a ting always overlap. What wavelengths overlap exactly?

  When yellow sodium light,5:w0r1 tdpt lc $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on a diffraction grating with and the patternvnx cwa3t4wq nqp( ,kf)4 2pb/ is viewed on a screen 2.5 m from the grating. The incident light beam consists of two wavelenpnwn4 b f/qtcp ,3ax2q()vkw4 gths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refraction of a cle rep y2ewd3(0hoo 1b8mar material if a minimum of 150 nm thickness of it, when laid on glass, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light of 600 nm is incident norma23 bwp8 eemyho(1r0d olly upon it? Do you have a choice for an answer?

  Monochromatic light of variable wavelen9xh;v*8spll:8 s gzcw( yvw u1gth is incident normally on a thin sheet of plastic film in air. The reflected light is a minimum onlg wlpx8h(:w lzs*uv9;sy8cv1 y for $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thickness needed for an anti-r:kadt75a;ac gy h-q 2xeflective coating $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero) thickness for the air layer betwe xebux5ih4 f/9.prvs0en two flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear dark when 640-nm light is incid4e.5r/phi uv sxfb9 x0ent normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light trankzy2d j3eq*3hsmitted through a thin film layered on a flat piece of glass. Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions required for maxima and minima. Consider all possible values3 hj y23qke*zd of index of refraction. Discuss the relative size of the minima compared to the maxima and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the horizon is the Sun when light reflecting off a smr,*dyrh 2a0d0mml dg.ooth lake is polarized lmd r,rd0ya.2md hg*0 most strongly?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should tk2ozh./ blzxcr6 p(6c ay( zr0he axes of two Polaroids be placed so as to reduce the intensity of the incident unpolalz2 cz6p(z /( hyo.c6a0 bxrkrrized light by an additional factor (after the first Polaroid cuts it in half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light falls ogq; u 5,1jgs +hbbf 1mzpyi,(e37fgfyn two polarizer sheets whose transmission axes are at right angles. A third polarizer is placed between the firmb y i, f(h5,g+j1ube3zgy7sffq; pg1st two so that its axis makes a 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are placed in succession with their-snmr;h 1avf-z z8 lm( axes vertical, at 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes through a slit of widto lbhbo( 7vjp ,sq,n(/h 1.0 cm and is pointed at the Moon, which is approximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assume the laser emits waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser).jp(,on( 7b / lq,sohvb Estimate the width of the beam when it reaches the Moon.    km

  A series of polarizers are each placedbqahf)2jyp8zhdbc6-* 2g1e2y iz /qv at a 10$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap j kx4+a *q*v+oy2xltbb 3h lr5$(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas radiating 6.0-MHz radio waves in phase with each -bfoi m8q j -8nhkf.r:other. They are located at pointno-mfk :j 8fhr.b-8i qs $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of light containing two wavelengths, 420 nm and 7) owohlgl90p650 nm, enters a silicate flint glass equilateral prism (Fig. 24–5) 09g7lohol pw8).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens has one flat surfacexg m;akc*1 1 :orhyv:e and one with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm