Does Huygens’ principle apply to sound waves? To water wavesall l6r/n; 3qa? Explain.

What is the evidence that lisb mc. h8j34qtght is energy?

Why is light sometimes described as rayxxc+* b9qqe loew (6d1s and sometimes as waves?

We can hear sounds around corners, but we cannot see around corners; yet both sosmo g5 am(i:x jex6l((und and light are(x a:6(jsil5x(emo mg waves. Explain the difference.

If Young’s double-slit experiment were subme;nt*o1rxt6pqs xapv ); e *kq/rged in water, how would the fringe pattern be cp; qxt sre1xv;*6 qka/*pn)othanged?

Monochromatic red light is incident on a double slit, anh d jmzb)ikr.x/oo1iwl*397 3 gg-x bvd the interference pattern is viewed on a screen some distance away. Explain how l* xw/9g mbii d3k1 bg3ozorj.7- hv)xthe fringe pattern would change if the red light source is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from the same source destructivent n; an.wr1q5ly interfere if their path lengths dif1n tw .;raq5nnfer by how much?

Why was the observation of the double-slit interference pattern mqwo: hjbb./g6ore convincing evidence for the wave theory of light than the observation6bg:h/wj. qob of diffraction?

Compare a double-slit experiment for sound waves to that for s* -;v sbj,w a+cmy;ymlight waves. Discuss thejs-saw,+;*vy ;mybcm similarities and differences.

Why doesn’t the light from the two headlitp aotqt 2*fkm(.+*os ghts of a distant car produce an interfmato o*kpsq(tf* +. 2terence pattern?

Suppose white light falls on the two slits of Fign19 1iy xva;mh. 24–7, but one slit is covered by a red filter (700 nm) and the other by a blue filter (450 nvm; yxna11hi9m). Describe the pattern on the screen.

When white light passes ty9adnmg6y 1.e +hgcwzm6m)2ihrough a flat piece of window glass, it is not broken down into colors asgy6ham n ygw+) d2m e91i.mcz6 it is by a prism. Explain.

For both converging and divxmade4 ewb hq oa-6n ;*cvd,80erging lenses, discuss how the focal length for red light diffe n ddxb e-cm;w*ea0h68v4 ,aqors from that for violet light.

A ray of light is refracted through three different k/r2ro wo4zn8materials (Fig. 24–55). Rank the matero4 2o/ krrzn8wials according to their index of refraction, least to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your eye and focus on a distant light souryst6x9.d+oiqd 9 huo/ce through a narrow slit between two fingers. (Adjust your fingers to obtain the best pattern.) Describe i odto /9y6hu+qs.9xd the pattern that you see.

What happens to the diffraction pattern of a single slit if the fdd 5j 07x8twqwhole apparatus is immersed in (a) water, (b) a vdqd7jfx580 tw acuum, instead of in air.

For diffraction by a singles*oxqm90n 2p p slit, what is the effect of increasing (a) the slit width, osppqx0*2 9mnand (b) the wavelength?

What is the difference in the interference patterns formed (a) bysdaff)7h 9j-v two slits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, what is the advantage*4qamn z4 i9c3tpjvu, of (a) many slits, (b) closely spaceunmq 3v a,i pj*449tczd slits?

White light strikes (a) a diffraction grating, and (b) a prism. A rainbo/ea i -js8ipddg+-d o-w appears on a wall just below the direction of the horizontal incident beam in each cas+ e/d-is-i j8dd- gaope. What is the color of the top of the rainbow in each case? Explain.

For light consisting of wavelengths between 400 nm and 700 nm, incident nmepqgc p8 o938ormally on a diffraction grating, for what orders (if any) would there be overlap in the observ c38qp o8eg9pmed spectrum? Does your answer depend on the slit spacing?

Why are interference fringes noticeable only for puj3cz l (uhz ,1n+z+za thin film like a soap bubble and not for a thick piece of glasju 3nzz+,(1 upz chzl+s, say?

When a compact disk (CD) is held at an angle in white light, the reflecslg.(5lw9p() 4joq cfy py b)kted light is a full spectrum (Fig. 24–56). Explain. What would you expect to see if monochromatic light was . ( kjy(s)w5)q94pbolgfplcy used?

Why are Newton’s rings (Fig. 24–31) closer.(do3 d5xusx4ux 8wa;o gkh9j together farther from the center?

Some coated lenses appear greenis:-qp7bhjot fvv . pj416a h d;-hgsi(nh yellow when seen by reflected light. What wavelengths do you suppose the coating is designed to tvbph4ji 7g.h- hv-dj f ;asp6:t(o1nqransmit completely?

A drop of oil on a pond appears bright at its edges, where its thihbdgg w 3(+3muckness is much less than the wm3u3+w dh (ggbavelengths of visible light. What can you say about the index of refraction of the oil?

What does polarization te(gne(ho 43pww,x g( dyll us about the nature of light?

Explain the advantage of polarized sunglasses over normal tinted sunglazg.28ma m 74yxb .nqmcsses.

How can you tell if a pair of sunglasses is polarizing or not? 7y5dqmt:arj1eq+ka -ye6r g 9

Two polarized sheets rotated at an ah4;sl , fjah:cngle of 90$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sky if the Earth had no 2ay lw e40w9:brih4hpatmosphere?

If the Earth’s atmospher cio3u6q4v+x ck/cf(u6.lvzq e were 50 times denser than it is, would sunlight still be white, or would it be some other col+3 z6cu iu6oc vqfv( .xkclq/4or?

  Monochromatic light falli l z1 1cssrl.y59ogw.*z yvxh1ng on two slits 0.016 mm apart produces the fifth-order fringe at an 5zrzlo.ys*x 1l1sy1hwc. gv9 8.8$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe on22nw g9qu o6sf 610 nm light is observed at an angle of 18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on two very narrow k-0wzh./bic p slits 0.048 mm apart. Successive fringes onw pic 0-z.kbh/ a screen 5.00 m away are 6.5 cm apart near the center of the pattern. Determine the wavelength and frequency of the light.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light from a He-Ne laser, with a wavg* kb/v5p km*qelength 656 nm, falls on two very narrow slits 0.060 mm apart. How far apart are the fringes in the center of the pattern on a screen 3*5vmb qp*kg/k .6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm falls on two slits and produces an interf wm*qwgt z-/b5erence pattern in which the fourth-order fringe iswm * /bq5gwtz- 38 mm from the central fringe on a screen 2.0 m away. What is the separation of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm light passes through two slits 0.58 mm apart, how far 44d+3gb uh0e d/my2h nmk:igp apart are the second-order fringes for these two wavelengths on a scrdkyhd/mhg:3 me20piu4 g bn4+een 1.0 m away?    mm

  In a double-slit experiment2mm)9 h/pad1i:4 7cfu /e wu tc0mjdxo, it is found that blue light of wavelength 460 nm gives a second-ordercxhtdm 4p md ou7i wu1fc/aj0me/)29: maximum at a certain location on the screen. What wavelength of visible light would have a minimum at the same location?    nm

Water waves having parallel crks/byaow3z z 1--ids 6ests 2.5 cm apart pass through two openings 5.0 cm apart in a board. At a point 2.0 m beyond y-z-wi baz1d/3s6so kthe board, at what angle relative to the “straight-through” direction would there be little or no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece of glass is placed in fron ph7bswr1*1 aot of the lower slit in Fig. 24–7 so that the two waves enter th1 1bopsw*h ar7e slits 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experiment, the third-order. trvr txa0h r 7g(f+j6s+lnp1 maximum for light of wavelength 500 nm is located 12 mm from the central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light of wavelength 650 nm is then projected through the same slits. How far from the central bright spot will the +x6 ps0farh.n t vtg7r1jr+l(second-order maximum of this light be located?    mm

  Two narrow slits separated by 6go hdky9x0 ,u1.0 mm are illuminated by 544 nm light. Find the distance between adjacy,9hk o 6dx0ugent bright fringes on a screen 5.0 m from the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 480 nm in air falls on two1 :hc4nlrmm k0)s.mio slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plastic (n=1.60) covers one slit of a double-slit appan u8m3tfds6 f02xnq2 idjkk.4ratus illuminated by 640-nm light. The center point on the screen, instead of being a6d2xu sj2.kf 8n4 3imqf0nd kt maximum, is dark. What is the (minimum) thickness of the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, approximately, does the speed of red light (700 nm) ex*3s/yhm i:e ysceed that of violet light (400 nm) in silicate fli:*hs yseyim3/ nt glass? (See Fig. 24–14.)    %

  A light beam strikes a piece of glass at a )x8d 6od gdh)f60.00$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of light containing two wavelengthsuy v1 1u*aq6*f:;pgz 19u)jasp -qdyivkby 4e , $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light falls on a slit 0.y81 vplt, hrbgsu,e64g 1ugg /0440 mm wide, what is the full angular width of the central diffracti1r hvbp46gg,ugu 1/e s8t lg,yon peak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light faldi gp2w0kev6)m1q cp6 ls on a slit that is $ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm fall68e 9lgdm m(nls on a slit that is $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm wide is6cslu gy,;d2 f illuminated by 450-nm light. What is the width of the central maximum (in cm) in the diffraction pattern on a 26guy, dfl;scscreen 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of wavelengt1wmn r878qudrrwm4 fjy 7y5 -qh 653 nm falls on a slit. If the angle between the first bright fringes on either side of the central maximum is 3yqqr7fwdym8-n 4m jw17r ru 852$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central diffraction peak on a screen 2.30 m behind a 0.0348*t7dq:efb z9l l8nefr0 3f kta(;d-xcq3yv2 z-mm-wide slit l-072yt;dq 8azxld9: n3(rf3zekffc bt*e vqilluminated by 589-nm light?    cm

  When blue light of wavelength 440 nm fi uom 7(haw42z5wx)xtalls on a single slit, the first dark bands on4w w2 ou(75x)h axzmti either side of center are separated by 55.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of waveleng+d5 kw3m(awi cth 415 nm falls on a single slit, it creates a central diffraction peak that is 9.20 cm wide on a scrmca5(wdw 3k+ieen that is 2.55 m away. How wide is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm light so that the diffraction maximum is 4.0 cxsw .. (3;whsaoqrzemaorr:*c*pj*4 m wide on a screen 1.50 m away, what will be the width of the diffractioxw. jeo4z q3m a; cwrr ass*:hro*.p(*n maximum for light of wavelength 420 nm?    cm

For a given wavelengt tqn8hljk 9p:pe7 tl8(h $\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm light produce a uc 0c- j0b.knc:1tl/ly5be.f.irrm mmht0 u 4second-order maximum when falling on a grating whos h-u5b0kiy c .:1llr /en.4cj00fmmtmuc b.tre slits are $1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centimetert / fj(r/ls8aa does a grating have if the third-order occurs at an 18.0l r(8 a/tf/jsa$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 589-nm a-ch)*ioo )b4xj 8u jvlight falling on a diffraction grating is observed at a 1*x ) bjo a-i8)vhj4cou5.5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction grating d: ;u5;ngyjqi(i+qa3w:4 wb ggdg( cxbisq3 9has $ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normally on ug b)b q6:7hrw 0qkdv;a $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral orde-w6xdn: a5hd sr that can be seen if a grating with 6000 lines per cm is illuminated with 633--ws:xd ndha56 nm laser light? Assume normal incidence.   

  Two (and only two) full x0df5 jfugi:s7g1j:espectral orders can be seen on either side of the central maximum when white light is sent through a diffraction grating. What is the maximum number of lines per cm for :si51:uf7eg g 0xjjdfthe grating?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing wavelengths from 410 k l)z-/-cl fbcsk96tvr, b3 rj0(dzm u-yyz0p nm to 750 nm falls on a grating with kb r6(t uzlrbyp0cm -c0vky/)sfd9,zjl --3z$8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which produces monochro(/yvcy mb+1akk.d j e6matic light of a known wavelength $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum lines arers-t,wgwm0 t,0xvqxe 0c3l ( 4a1fjry measured by a $9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 nm thick, what wavelength is most strongly reflecteii,:bp8a : i k2hdi.du.mfqa-d at the center of the outer surface when illuminated normally by white light? As2i:qb-apuif, i.dk:8 mh d ai.sume that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the dark fringes in Example gvf-17*lhngim.y d( j24–8 if the glass plates are each 26.5 cm lo7gl*iyh 1g-mn( .d jfvng?    cm

  What is the smallest thickness of a ssq1y efy:+.+q0oxewcoap film $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenish yellow (nj 2 ejv8mj.9r$\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright and 31 dark Newton’s rings (not counting the dark spot at tcn;h 0y; i t5haa,b)w x5vkv7bhe c)vcnyib5 a5hx,t;;0 bk 7 hvwaenter) are observed when 550-nm light falls normally on a planoconvex lens resting on a flat glass surface (Fig. 24–31). How much thicker is the center than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separates one end of two pieces of optically flat glass, aso/;qpk;rf(jigrw( g ;y6 r s6z in Fig. 24–33. When light of wavelength 670 nm is incident normally, 28 dark lines arzq (fr g/oki66;;(wjs ; gpyrre observed (with one at each end). How thick is the foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) d00kxsbzbfv :a) 98y (m tipn4should the air layer be between two flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear bright when 450-nm light is incident normally? sfm0z ayn0xv d b :)p4(b8ikt9   nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material, suspecd0 eejvo+tfd-4v (iwacb1h+*ted of being a stolen diamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcohopr,:q d/s)jk (a 4b do1crjpt(lc3i l:l $(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring apparatus (Fig. 24–31) is immersed in a liquid, thmq :zxk6 )ask6ya5,ege diameter of theky :q) ma5ks6xzg,ea 6 eighth dark ring decreases from 2.92 cm to 2.48 cm. What is the refractive index of the liquid?   

  What is the wavelength of ty*sf.*f,4mi-hxyid 2 r0xa r l;hvmn)he light entering an interferometer if 644 bright fringes are counted when the movable mirro;hsirdhxi04m. lmfx v- *2fan ry* ,y)r moves 0.225 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is connected to the movable mirror of an interferomeyfvu7 x uaxs2m0;9,qtter. When the micrometer is tightened down on a thin metal foil, the net number of bright fringes that move, compared to the tus 0 ;ma2ux7f y,vxq9empty micrometer, is 272. What is the thickness of the foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mirror ( c:g3w8q:(brhn 1tjkr0n f dc$M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of an interfefj b wbvcc:g* )qysbc+*v *kj me:b2l*er/3q 3rometer (Fig. 24–59) passes through a small glass con*m* q +kq)eyscw bg bj3:b:le2 rc/f*3*vvbjctainer containing a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 236 dark fringes are counted to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 610 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the gas, assuming that the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are orien fm x*kx9 ppoy9ztu ;/5db b3(:chfp1uted at 65$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s angle for an air–gmjv b+lmp-ff,p ,z- ;yl;ov i3lass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s angle for a diamonk;gc w.1ffal80*rif dd submerged in water if the light is hitting the diamondd;f1w*.8 l agk f0rcif $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligned so that the light passingpf-qrs 0. rn-b through them is a maximum. At what angle should one q- .frrsbp-n0 of them be placed so that the intensity is subsequently reduced by half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placed so as to rr0 7qt/*yp yg8g lku.dlc) c:oeduce the intensity of the inclyd /octrqg7) 0 ky.*gu8lp c:ident unpolarized light to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented at 3kasvy;j2u ,ult8m4o 40$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented at 38 fto m8av* mp49zj;yw*sr8 z9j.0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s angle be for reflections off the sue*h.li 1ft3r+ )8u lbyaz) kghrface of water for light coming from beneath the surface? Compare to the angle for total internal reflection, and to Brewster’s angle from above the surface. ) athzh 83k)el.fiu g+rl b*1y
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes through five successive Polaroid sheets, eovqje:q8o /09wev (l qach of whose axis make qoj:wvev(9l qeq/o 08s a 45$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength w7 t01ma9niccs8c 0xp$ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves r j ixh2:n;sumx to7*n/eflecting from mountains or airplanes can interfere with the direct signa st7x;jnu m: ni*/2xhol from the station.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate sources passes txm 48suq4 n,4wzijdev67o +.oo53sv *zyyo t khrough a diffraction grating with 84 6.,xz*s sookde uto yi7n4y+5z3oqwmjvv4 $ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm passes througso89ugeu9j1 orhkw 5 5h two narrow slits 0.60 mm apart. The screen is 1.70 m away. A second source of unknown wavelength produces its second-order fringe 1.33 mm closer to the central maximum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unk9 oje98r 5uoh15s wugknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operatin8-ryf)z h4v(lrvms z :h0k3 rng at 102.1 MHz broadcasts from two identical antennae at the same elevation but separated by an 8.0-m horizontal distance d, Fig. 24–60. A maximum signal is found along trv:m) hs l3 fhvrkrz04 8(-yznhe midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and extending horizontally in both directions. If the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well back from an outside dyhvb,)5b/p g2/ oounu oorway 0.88 m wide, and blows a whistle of frequency 750 Hz. Ignoring reflections, estimate po/ 2b),ub5 hgvoyn/u at what angle(s) it is not possible to hear the whistle clearly on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light falls on a single slit of width D ate g 1ztgfdn; 3i*w.x:w a 30$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain beetle have a series of parallel linbm3o-b *;q gaa:x8syn es across them. When normally incident 460-nm light is reflected from the wing, the wing appears bright when; ba3*y8ngsbm xoqa:- viewed at an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter must a grating have if therq3 .t/cldit2ms*4zh5aixcl, e is to be no second-order spe3*,xzsdch2 t ic ./qlma54i ltctrum for any visible wavelength?   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and third-order spectra o6.1g 5t wteqspf white light produced by a diffraction grating always overlap. What wavelengths overlap exactt6w51 sgp .qetly?

  When yellow sodium lighpq4gcj1j:ztu.2z(4a mhy,j wt d ae 52t, $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on a diffraction grating with and the pattern is viewed gem3v j2 igp3bbu a g,-y78sz:on a pagi-y3u mb e8jzgb2s,v:g 7 3screen 2.5 m from the grating. The incident light beam consists of two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refraction ofh 8fs,1)n kvmr a clear material if a minimum of 150 nm thickness of it, when laid on glass, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zsmh fv,81r kn)ero when light of 600 nm is incident normally upon it? Do you have a choice for an answer?

  Monochromatic light of varip1aen;uacdl) to*n b rc-3s2fg 1( +kxable wavelength is incident normally on a thin sheet of plastic film in air. The reflectedusp ab( t+ 21ergcok-ncl xf*)3 n;d1a light is a minimum only for $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thickness nebq9qhz 9o 9;ij(t8pvddu vi. +eded for an anti-reflective coating $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero) thiczpharj 3:fr- +o0 ;ksjkness for the air layer between two flat glass surface + jpro0k;fj-ra3zh s:s if the glass is to appear dark when 640-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light trq z8gqsf f 1i,w -:6exrbi,/pxansmitted through a thin film layered on a flat piece of glass. Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions required for maxima and minima. Consider all possible values of index of refraction. Discuss the relative size of the minima compared to the maxima and tofzixp qbq6:,gwi/8 r,e1 s x-f zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the horizon i5oj /2fdpt,5r7qi iess the Sun when light reflecting off a smooth lake is pol5j5f,q7r osiid t e/p2arized most strongly?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placbu 9sb qiqo6z 1)i4r(01jicmhed so as to reduce the intensity of the incident unpolarized light by an additional factor (after the first Polaroid cuts it imbohq6q1 c0z sb(ji1uiir4)9n half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light fal:nc*+ lx1 joe6gaz8 lwls on two polarizer sheets whose transmission axes are at right angles. A third polarizer is placed between the first two so t 6*egljcl :+18xwznoa hat its axis makes a 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are placed in succession with their axes vertical, mkyum6 5y 1r0a(o69 k4kxrg ohat 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes through a slit of width 1.0 cm and is pointed at the Moon, w otco3y/ *(*mxyq;hzg hich is approximately y;hot* mz (q/*oyc3x g380,000 km from the Earth. Assume the laser emits waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estimate the width of the beam when it reaches the Moon.    km

  A series of polarizers are each placed at axh r3z ej;dx++ 10$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap +vfi (o9x e7dc p.)d-937ihxjhmfapr$(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antenna5s*3ieedziqi*) * ,dj z;fcgbs radiating 6.0-MHz radio waves in phase with each other. Theydeidc ji*5b) *q, zs;e*3i zfg are located at points $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of light coq *i -l ;umt5(t67 t2eui1n wdlc2tkanntaining two wavelengths, 420 nm and 650 nm, enters a silicate flint glass equilateni 7*t 2(a d; e6q1cktt-25uuwi nmtllral prism (Fig. 24–58).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex 2j yugbiv;1c- lens has one flat surface and one with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm