Does Huygens’ principle zu0 2 k)7oh4yukj p(lfapply to sound waves? To water waves? Explain.

What is the evidence that light is en5 sae0p4 e/tliergy?

Why is light sometimes described as rays and sometigsln j-x0e3p6mes as waves?

We can hear sounds around cj,/z4kxee03emh(k 6x qj nl26h im-ororners, but we cannot see around corners; yet both sound a oq rjhn-6e(2xmm3,e hjk/46e lxi0kznd light are waves. Explain the difference.

If Young’s double-slit experiment were submergeogcac 8yqh8 l)un)a* ,d in water, how would the fringe pattern h* ,nca qluyca)o8)8gbe changed?

Monochromatic red light is incident on a double slit, and thq*r,51/ t ztqn3bn ;oracv5*rt hre0q e interference pattern is viewed on a screen some distance away.b*3*tczto 51r,5aq nnrq0q/ ;rh terv Explain how the fringe pattern would change if the red light source is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from the same source destructivelyo3w ciy4 vq+v )5uni0er+ig* a6t7 mfy interfere if their path lengths differ by h y+v34iw artq5fvc07u6ion*+gyme)i ow much?

Why was the observation of the double-slit( je(up zf.lz9 interference pattern more convincing evidence for the wave theory f9pujzez(( l .of light than the observation of diffraction?

Compare a double-slit experiment for sound wb9 rqxqcl c9g 6z0*juh:x yi.8aves to that for light waves. Discuss the similarities xq 9c8hz qbuirj :.9*gx0cly6 and differences.

Why doesn’t the light from the two headt( omsr3e zpwpnk(3i**-mh +x5 -qvldlights of a distant car produce an interference pattern-m emqlpwt3s d3oir*n5+khv(z- x *p (?

Suppose white light falls on the two slits of Fig. 24–7, but one slit j5; ;adf a4kskis covered by a red filter (700 nm) and the other by a blue filter (450k; k5sj ad;a4f nm). Describe the pattern on the screen.

When white light passes through a flat piece of window glass, it is notnhq8 1b6u 9l m,ih5jtt broken down into colors as it is by a prism. Explain. 6,hnhi9mltujt5q 8b1

For both converging and diverging lenses, discuss how the focal lenq s a/ad; we+b5lju(9mgth for red light differs from that for violet light+;5bsldu9e wa (maqj/ .

A ray of light is refracted through tmat0hx ilz+nk.z m :) l,:zs:whree different materials (Fig. 24–55). Rankxk 0hl::w , satmzz):z+mli n. the materials according to their index of refraction, least to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your eye and focus on:q6 uwigjq- f. a distant light source through a narrow slit between two fingers. (Adjust yjw.ugfiq:-q 6our fingers to obtain the best pattern.) Describe the pattern that you see.

What happens to the diffraction pattern of a single slit if thf.prw nh ibtl7+z) 74ce whole apparatus is immersed in (a) water, (b .ilhcrb t7zp7f+ w)4n) a vacuum, instead of in air.

For diffraction by a single slit, what is t469jpm(j (9pk2t x8hratrvja z2u 2xqhe effect of increasing (a) the slit wi( ka pt 84h2rx2(pm2jqrjzj9v tuax6 9dth, and (b) the wavelength?

What is the difference in the interference patterns formed (a)iw(iel hn47jvf )j;n) by two slits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, what igy, ).d mdnr1cs the advantage of (a) many slits, (b) closely sp )mgc1.d ry,ndaced slits?

White light strikes (a) a diffraction grating, and (b) xcrju474qlr.ygd *7b a prism. A rainbow appears on a wall just below the direction of the horizontal incident beam in each case. What is the color of the top of the 447 b*7r xjqd c.yrulgrainbow in each case? Explain.

For light consisting of wavelengths between 400 nm and 700 nm, inciav4 y(cw u9f52pvx +)oyy)uuident normally on a diffraction grating, for what orders (if any) would there be overlap in the observed spectrum? Does your answer depend on the sxuyu)vyo2vycafu9(+ i 5)4wplit spacing?

Why are interference fringes *74 r/ g *gtv8 gtgujge4gjm5znoticeable only for a thin film like a soap bubble antt /g84 gjgrgg7 j*ugv5zm 4*ed not for a thick piece of glass, say?

When a compact disk (CD) is held at an angle in white light, the reflectedjyxm:thm-5 /u(bqvhm 7l c91v 2vl8w q light is a full spectrum (Fig. 24–56). Explain. What would you expect to see if monochromatb(q: 1qlx ml/7hw2vmyh mvtj8c -uv95ic light was used?

Why are Newton’s rings (Fig. 24–31) closer t8ehdm ljv) ;xjj88car 8qvu*/ogether farther from the center?

Some coated lenses appear greenish yellojdt2a n:+ pn.bmdgjp kq1 +/b/w when seen by reflected light. What wavelengths do you snjd1pj+tbb:.2m/ndkq a gp+/ uppose the coating is designed to transmit completely?

A drop of oil on a pond appears brige r51:o rdew5e;m cqv-ht at its edges, where its thickness is much less than the wavelengths of visible light. What can you say about the index of refraction of the oiledrm 1w;q5v e-o5 e:cr?

What does polarization telq)4c1nn:ka gnc.s*oq l us about the nature of light?

Explain the advantage 8(-gbbtqq dhde9 bxn0zdy) *0of polarized sunglasses over normal tinted sunglasses.

How can you tell if a pair of sunglasses iy )coyvh54b :gs polarizing or not?

Two polarized sheets rotated at s zb4z0s ; v hn/l7nsfkay1/+ean angle of 90$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sky if the Earth had no an9b c2z0jbw- kq,mdu4tmosphere?

If the Earth’s atmosphere were 50 times denser than it is, wo0/4xs tw7isl)hj4kwt 9 rlxi7uld sunlight still be white, or woultiki xsj/wlt0 w4 )r9hsl774xd it be some other color?

  Monochromatic light falling on two s + c5ty yuwr5y*igvd4- n3e9uflits 0.016 mm apart produces the fifth-order fringe at anuiy 5wg y5+e v4c9ny*-uft3dr 8.8$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe of 610 nm ligh;m rr,wd4-x let is observed at an angle of 18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on two very narrow slitm:q1vesv8x +a4e 3dm s/b2 6hfrbwyv1s 0.048 mm apart. Successive fringes on a screen 5.00 m away are 6.5 cm apart near the center of the pattern. Determine the wavelength andy:d q/8mr6v4mhavw 1+ vf1xebsbes32 frequency of the light.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light frv - 4he5wekpkh4rt . e.bt9.wnom a He-Ne laser, with a wavelength 656 nm, falls on two very n.w pt 54k-tn.ebvh.e9rk hwe4arrow slits 0.060 mm apart. How far apart are the fringes in the center of the pattern on a screen 3.6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm falls on ta:uf o/dy t*c.lm+ /qqwo slits and produces an interference pattern in which the fourth-order fringe is 38 mm from the central friq*//dtcfo+m .l:ya qunge on a screen 2.0 m away. What is the separation of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm light passes pg a/n j.*g3pu.iv 4em,(xr epthrough two slits 0.58 mm apart, how far apart are the second-order fringes for these tvg.x *i4p/3g( e enu,mr.ppajwo wavelengths on a screen 1.0 m away?    mm

  In a double-slit experiment, it is .u0e rvn6nr9 4dlzvgwo /(m9jfound that blue light of wavelength 460 nm gives a second-order maximum at a certain location on the screen. What wavelength of visible light would have a minimum at the samen9r4d v(ng6rm j/ 9loz0. uwve location?    nm

Water waves having parallel crests 2.5 cm apart pass *w- o 0i ut-val:)7i vzssf odvv9r53ithrough two openings 5.0 cm apart in a board. At a point 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angle relative to the “straight-through” direction would there be *o-t0vard sv53 isv:)owf-9 iuz7villittle or no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece of glass is placed in fronty7qqufy30is -ly*)+nxu ,fq m of the lower slit in Fig. 24–7 so that the two waves enxq3 *ynysfq0- m)q u+u7f, lyiter the slits 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experiment, the third-order maximum for light of w/qenffnt e*dhmk6wm1-5xp3 /avelength 500 nm is located 12 mm from the central bright spot on a screenn3t6dwexqm* - m1nkp f5//hef 1.6 m from the slits. Light of wavelength 650 nm is then projected through the same slits. How far from the central bright spot will the second-order maximum of this light be located?    mm

  Two narrow slits separated by 1.0 mm are illuminated w;;xtg)kh+kxl 8 5uik by 544 nm light. Find the distance between 8 )g+kukk x;xtwli5h;adjacent bright fringes on a screen 5.0 m from the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 480zqj(ve gr9s/ 3yj s: v;;qywi5 nm in air falls on two slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plastic (n=1.60) covers one slit of a double-b, ptna-gk 1k9slit apparatus illuminated by 640-nmg9kpn1-t k ,ab light. The center point on the screen, instead of being a maximum, is dark. What is the (minimum) thickness of the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, approximately, does the speed of red light (700 nm) zhjj.- aa(y 4bo 2f- mwigrc,w;t(m.v exceed that of violet light (400 nm) in silicate flint glass? (See Fig. 24–14o(w.2-;4(.c -w yr gfvata mzijjmb,h.)    %

  A light beam strikes a piece of glass at arv 8 q;gfx36wi,dv 01dxt8efn 60.00$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of light containing two wavelengt -nod4j6 )px7adhus y,hs, $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light falls on a slit 0.0440 mmw4lm2v3n2iu shk0 l2d wide, what is the full angular width of hv20l nu i4w232dsk mlthe central diffraction peak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light fallsfpw-m cb.x 9/9v9y9ux)uo6 ysyg6kag on a slit that is $ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm fab4 kbyjb3x+;slls on a slit that is $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm wide is illuminated by 450-nm l-:0 ccf g+zdqmight. What is the width of the cenzgmdc 0-:c qf+tral maximum (in cm) in the diffraction pattern on a screen 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of wavelength 653 nm falls on a slit. If the angle betweimqi-6 90vul+*yobygen the first bright fringes on either side of the central maximu -*y9 lyvb6+igiuom 0qm is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central diffraction peak on a scr9f0no ki, mjphbdvv3:)jq )1jeen 2.30 m behind a 0.0348-mm-wide slit illuminated bmb)31j pn jv,ok9q h:ji)v0dfy 589-nm light?    cm

  When blue light of wavelengh sqjyc/ ew53a) ;m.mtth 440 nm falls on a single slit, the first dark bands on either side of center are semtj;. 3weh/as5 qmy )cparated by 55.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of wav9)p3u * w; aps38lixirats8opd+j qn5 0/nwfkelength 415 nm falls on a single slit, it creates a central diffraction peak that is 9.20 cm wide on a screen that is 2.5tslpuo w53 *a8j n;0skxdp/rn afi39pqw) +8 i5 m away. How wide is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm light so that the,.(dl l he6dpgftxq4tqw1 /n3 diffraction maximum is 4.0 cm wide on a screen 1.50 m away, what will be the width of the diflddw.g3nqhtte 6q(/x fp1l ,4fraction maximum for light of wavelength 420 nm?    cm

For a given wavelengti90zy- ayt(efn(*g9rmg m9w 6st. dqxh $\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm light produce aw x/s 0mss9mfist r w*vj-8-x+ second-order maximum when falling on a grating whose slit0 t *9j-8 rm-xw/+ssxswsmfivs are $1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter does a grating have if the third-order occu/b kqf.*weh 2nr;oq ,v8hp7sors at an 1fwn 2qoo.k rh ;qes ,78/b*vph8.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 589-nm light falling on a diffraction grating is obs as i/ie8) u2m0mmerv)erved atia80 )/)2mvmeeim sur a 15.5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction grating hap0gpklp(: b4joz 15ax s $ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normally f1n 5syv ,5qpt*b9ct bxq(c* von a $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral order that can be seenfp.+(ej7 3uhr yyf os9 if a grating with 6000 lines per cm is illuminated with 633-nm laser light? Ayyuep.f3s9f +( rj7 hossume normal incidence.   

  Two (and only two) full spectral orders can be see6;ekgko0k(7jb5x df k n on either side of the central maximum when white light is sent through a diffraction grating. What is thekk5k(;g dfxob70 e6j k maximum number of lines per cm for the grating?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing wavelengths fromev 41eiy*rdtl nz0s;- 410 nm to 750 nm falls on a grating with04- e dl;*et syznvri1 $8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which produces monochromatic light of a known wavele b gzf45ww+ 7h-k4n ermd6-zldngth $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum li(hx/pbi v5ye *nes are measured by a $9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 nm(v ;7uw 5g h3v c c0v/rdedbd),5p zc2t,cgwzr thick, what wavelength is most strongly reflected at the center of the outer surface when illuminated normally by white light? Assume th3c5v 0w, gdcb2p/,vu5 ezrvddz cwgh( )7trc;at $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the dark fringes in Example 24–8 if the gli*vw 7 oldr0 ,nj.x(eql+g ge.ass plates are each 26.5 cm longr dgxqo 7ne0* .wjlg, .v(lie+?    cm

  What is the smallest thickness of a soa( t/eyo45o7xch bhitx; (th u4p film $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenish yellow bvgze2sd/(krtoq dq6+e r . 48($\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright and 3vnaxg(wd.q5 :1 dark Newton’s rings (not counting the dark spot at the center) are observed when 550-nm light falls normally on a planoconvex lens resting on a flat glass surface (Fig. 24–31). How much thicker is the(vn gw5q.dxa: center than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separates one end of two pd l se8 7yqsu(c0u 7fykfg0,w+ieces of optically flat glass, as in Fig. 24–33. Wheny0gfsud7qf08s+ ycw, ( lek7u light of wavelength 670 nm is incident normally, 28 dark lines are observed (with one at each end). How thick is the foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) should the air layer be between two flat glass su2w7v(c ii:- rmq;h1w3gef bj urfaces if the glass is to appear brightr;j:-q g cemwbhfi(1u3v2iw 7 when 450-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material, suspected of being a stolen 5lj3if6.;va p0 o 7bm7mfkqyrdiamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcohi1 ne7rd 8i cb8f)awm,ol $(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring apph(l i4 ojdf;d* 4pyu4,w(mscvaratus (Fig. 24–31) is immersed in a liquid, the diameter of the eighth dark ring decreases from 2.92 cm to 2.48 cm.v44 d(;o wmi(ps, *4cyhd ujlf What is the refractive index of the liquid?   

  What is the wavelength of the light entering an interferometer if 644 bright fk:)7e , j3jvmeddm8 mzringes are counted when the movable mirror moves mz8 d:3mjj,7vdme)ke0.225 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is connectedppdpu;*n;k +f 29:jwgzspx)c 1zgw/s to the movable mirror of an interferometer. When the micrometer is tightened down on a thin metal foil, the net number of bright fringes that move, compared to the empty micrometer, is 272. What is the thickness onzu pp+g;w jc ;zksp1x/*)s2 wd9g fp:f the foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mirlya*qg* vhcm,v5 u.bn, yir33ror $M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of an interferometer (Fig. 24–59) passes thb8:f.givpzt t 9(k /vp.cjhc1rough a small glass container containing a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container,p.jfbv(h9zc:t.v gp / kt1ci8 a total of 236 dark fringes are counted to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 610 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the gas, assuming that the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are oriented jdnj7 8q0ep4 fat 65$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s angle mtjc;dy+ o/txh)a va ,m2yu 9(for an air–glass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s angle for a diamond submerged in water if thsk.7 cxo7uaa azk6ci r;l((/ae light is hitting ouiaxka(a76.c 7l;crsz/( k a the diamond $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligned so th,yg :v:lz8s shat the light passing through them is a maximum. At what angle should one of them be placed so that the intensity is subsequeny, zv:l:shsg8 tly reduced by half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placed sw oz9nwl )p1+4 +9 lxqwbd4mqyo as to reduce the inte4)opb+qlnz+ dw xy 9 ww9ql14mnsity of the incident unpolarized light to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented ataukkx: a gl9a20 8lvj9 40$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are orie9qb 4:5k6eii1 aaj 75kewffyknted at 38.0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s angle be for r m z4d:8ni+dwjhoo-qzm6)k( weflections off the surface of water for light coming from beneath the surfa6 (k 4m-)dzo8dim:j onw +zqwhce? Compare to the angle for total internal reflection, and to Brewster’s angle from above the surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes through five successive Polaroid 9flo5 lodwv6) sheets, each of whose axis makes a 4)fw9vll 5oo d65$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength mr1;2udj2d ivwk: 4e *yg0dy w$ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves reflecting from mountains or airplanes cantvye6u8i6bos90.z g9k27 covc( mgsl interfere with the direct signal from (76g 9bo9evyt um8go6k0i .slcsc 2zvthe station.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate sources passes through a diffraced o24g hb 4 +yubnj9uh6gge0:tion grating with y9ed+ h4u egjb0g4b:6n g2o hu$ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm passei i6o wq893lygs through two narrow slits 0.60 mm apart. The screen is 1.70 m away. qw6i 3 goyl98iA second source of unknown wavelength produces its second-order fringe 1.33 mm closer to the central maximum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating at 102.1 M mu -9) eqa 69-psl-kdei9lrjxHz broadcasts from two identical antennae at the same elevation but separated by an 8.0-m horizontal distance d, Fig. 24–60. A maximum signal is found along the midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and 6apku )9sm-qlj ex9rdle9-i-extending horizontally in both directions. If the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well back fhbt;(q k 7a,fnrom an outside doorway 0.88 m wide, and blows a whistle of frequency 750 Hz. Ignoring reflections, estimate at what angle(s) it fbhaq;,tnk(7 is not possible to hear the whistle clearly on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light falls on a s xjm-qv9 avxgji-v:(:x ;dxb1 ingle slit of width D at a 30$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain beetle have a series of paralle2-i.lysm wu 1n-q+rwu l lines across them. When normally incident 460-nm light is reflected from the wing,n y.w1qusr2wmu + l--i the wing appears bright when viewed at an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter must a grating have if there is to be no ll7 1-aztn7lktx2c 1l second-order spectrum for any vi1 n1cxk alzt-7lll2t7 sible wavelength?   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and third-order spectra of whit q 7qirfu/z0hfvlq:m ,2w,cg8e light produced by a diffracti0zqr2 lfvcu mqq, : hwi/,7g8fon grating always overlap. What wavelengths overlap exactly?

  When yellow sodium liglhu,lf()f nmva +:j;jht, $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on t h(wl;b*etjy +eu9y/ a diffraction grating with and the pattern is viewed on a screen 2.5 m from the grating. Thhbj*wt e+y( /tyl9ue;e incident light beam consists of two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refraction of a clear material if a minimum of 15-myohm s tt8w+j 3vl;70 nm thickness of it, when laid on glass, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light of 600 nm is inciytls7o8wv3 +;jmh- t mdent normally upon it? Do you have a choice for an answer?

  Monochromatic light of variable wavelength i*xr/3bgm i i bt4n-jc0s incident normally on a thin sheet of plastic film in ai cgm *x-itni34bjb /r0r. The reflected light is a minimum only for $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thickness needed for an anti-reflective coaioqje;d hbo1z5 4- y*qting $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero) thicknessb h2l2 b;/c-zil:ct, idzgu sr02m ,ul for the air layer between two flat glass surfaces if the glasi2-:i0tbl2 ;2muzlsdbgcr,u,c / h zls is to appear dark when 640-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light transmitted through a thin film layered on a fla(zzxl-nc7+v 9thyhfq 4t4bl( t piece of glass. Draw a diagram,zlhcq(-lzbnv(4ttf h7+ y4x 9 similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions required for maxima and minima. Consider all possible values of index of refraction. Discuss the relative size of the minima compared to the maxima and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the horizon is the Sun wher6q d ,q1)sxuv x9aqim-nc12tn light reflecting off a smooth lake is polarized most stron xv1a),r 2mcq9 ut1s-xi6dqnqgly?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polar7x*g ffzdc.kvyi0.e3 oids be placed so as to reduce the intensity of the incident unpolarized light by an additional factor 7 cy.fv.d0eik xz3g* f(after the first Polaroid cuts it in half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light falls on two polarizer sf (7x7ja nc26+xmosijeq-- leq/3 tc h36uylhheets whose transmission axes are at right angles. A third polarizer is placed betynlex7ulh(s-c63e6j7 +/2j txf q hqimac3o-ween the first two so that its axis makes a 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are placed 7 -c,a4r/eq9 ,ngs jtvyaut,h3m xw3cin succession with their axes vertical, at 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes throur8pu;0qp*eicoz. v0y gh a slit of width 1.0 cm and is pointed at the Moon, which is approximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assum ;oecr0piy u8z0 *vpq.e the laser emits waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estimate the width of the beam when it reaches the Moon.    km

  A series of polarizers are each placed acz6w ,v(fdt 0gng: 5kb;gybl9t a 10$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap a hu*(+6uauj 19khvvn $(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas radiating 6.0-MHz radio waves in phase with eac tf9 rjt,ny3/m8vrzh t8i7 qh/h other. They are located at poin3 rv 8hjftzyqrt/8n79im,h t/ts $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of light containing two wavelengths, 420 nm an3hyks f+9* i9cwb)s6jr rf)dzd 650 nm, enters a silicate flint glass equilateral prism (Fig.f*rs yd9)r+kf6 w3)zh bjsci9 24–58).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens has one flat surface and one wi zwb8; tbhx98fyo7 xer ovy1(/ o )rg8;fnoz2xth $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm