Does Huygens’ principle apply 5y (rhy,wmg..werd ) 6a jrw7vto sound waves? To water waves? Explain.

What is the evidence that qn:e;we r)ez:p, d k(tc4t s5hlight is energy?

Why is light sometimes described as rays ay)q( *ct-hn*mamg;i q7 u2pha nd sometimes as waves?

We can hear sounds around corners, but we cannot see around corne.k d4-aw)v*usex pp- urs; yet both sound and light are waves. Explain the .pudv*4k -xs)w p-uae difference.

If Young’s double-slit experiment were submerged in water, how woulamg*aua4* id )d the fringe pattern baud a*a)4*mige changed?

Monochromatic red light is incident on a double vj q3a02rjkzcei7q5 1slit, and the interference pattern is viewed on a screen some distance away. Expla3c 0akjv i27z15r qqejin how the fringe pattern would change if the red light source is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from the same source destructively interfere if the 6.g:-zessa c yr26socl*;e k-o wz1ryir path lengths diffe g6orear*1l2-.z ko-c;: wsysc ey6zsr by how much?

Why was the observation of the double-slit interference pattern i i d*3m mc kgo;vsq-.kh4ww49more convincing evidence for thkw -*k 4w9 vd iisqo3m;c.4gmhe wave theory of light than the observation of diffraction?

Compare a double-slit 3 pns;wbx-jxhfev) qo5.wj 2(experiment for sound waves to that for light waves. Discuss the similarities and differencojf;x) wbv(-hwn2j epq5x . s3es.

Why doesn’t the ligh flyz-tr.3ix s:mdd::t from the two headlights of a distant car produce an interferencefx:yzsr.i3t-d:ldm : pattern?

Suppose white light falls on the two slitxid8jg13fi* k gi5)aes of Fig. 24–7, but one slit is covered by a red filter (700 nm) and the other by a blue filter (450 nm). Describe the pattern on81i*g x5k)i3gjfedi a the screen.

When white light passes through a flat piece of window glass, it is not brokxmasr3um x7;f8ue: )z en down into colors as it is)u :r mxe 3zmfsux;78a by a prism. Explain.

For both converging and diverging lenses, discuss how the focal lens vi,o9 wzdn7s+ur 1h3gth for red light differs from that for violet light.inz7,uo+s3h9v1 s w dr

A ray of light is refra/ek mv jktjkd5n85s)s1 d)nf8cted through three different materials (Fig. 24–55). Ranknd5e/k)d88 ms1nf) ktjjvk5s the materials according to their index of refraction, least to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your eye and focus on a dis8vb, ebhbncy)d) vet t6h +9p,tant light source through a narrow slit between two fingers. (Adjust your fingers to obtain the best pattern.) Descr)nbtvvp y8,h69)et dh,eb +bcibe the pattern that you see.

What happens to the diffraction pattern of a single6k9e-8 ;gs- is wsg8bmb bfo/f slit if the whole apparatus is immersed in (a) water, (b) a vacuum, insgff;6sb9e i/8 k 8m-gowss-bbtead of in air.

For diffraction by a single sliqs;t 65 +y6jb 8emg9jsctagg)t, what is the effect of increasing (a) the slit w6 s ctg6g8q j9;s)tj5abg +emyidth, and (b) the wavelength?

What is the difference in the interx8jm l :*oi:dsekps2 ;ference patterns formed (a) by two slits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, what is )oaqyoy 1v: ylj(4dy;(g +yyrjx fp ;+the advantage of (a) many slits, (b) closely spaced slits?o y;r(yyy +x4jd(f+ y;g1vlp)j ao:y q

White light strikes (a) a diffraction grating, and (b) a prism. A ran7.e ; d.nhx0ebqba66u)vzhz inbow appears on a wall just below the direction of the horizontal incident beam in each case. What is the color of the top of the rainbow in each case? Explain.na 6n;hb )v he07de6zu b.zq.x

For light consisting of i u:vn;5ej ru4wavelengths between 400 nm and 700 nm, incident normally on a diffraction gratineunr:iv; 4u j5g, for what orders (if any) would there be overlap in the observed spectrum? Does your answer depend on the slit spacing?

Why are interference fringes nq ,tsj5bt/xv* )bu)z/aless1 0( fnjaoticeable only for a thin film like a soap bubble and not for a thick piecebl5a0s)xjvf1z, st b //snt*a( e)qj u of glass, say?

When a compact disk (CD) is held at an angle in white light, the56 4fdvn5 lcom /8rspx reflected light is a full spectrum (Fig. 24–56). Explain. What would you expect to see if monochms/ 5lfop45n xcd 86vrromatic light was used?

Why are Newton’s rings (Fig. 24–31) closer together farther from the center? t cy0hp9 .86qucpak h0w ,r, gpf-;ltf

Some coated lenses appear greenish yellow when seen by reflected light.b +j f-*a+vjx :ys2 phd2)*1vhn hj qpfi.c(wx What wavelengths bqvfd2+sp - hf jp*n:yj)x*w a2+j1.iv hhx (cdo you suppose the coating is designed to transmit completely?

A drop of oil on a pon .qc; m u1;cgbogz-)/4vzy ;hlvzo0nad appears bright at its edges, where its thickness is much less than the wavelengths of visible light. What can you say about the index of uvca)v ;oyzzzl0m.n;- 4o g1b cg;hq/ refraction of the oil?

What does polarization tell us about the natuyvk s loby0r90kb:.6x re of light?

Explain the advantage of polarized sunglasses over normal tinted sunglascb+ 67k ytj.asi4,w cyses.

How can you tell if a pair ofr3g14fk4kui7(pilo h sunglasses is polarizing or not?

Two polarized sheetsxzm* 6oenj./2is*411,m o gdityaxye rotated at an angle of 90$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sky if the Earth had no 7d 1h. lgwwsluag-5gc8u6b /u atmosphere?

If the Earth’s atmosphere were 50 times denser than it is, would sunlight8zsg 5 +hk/3ivf4sbqg still be white, or would it be some oth+gqhsgs3k 4i8v fz b5/er color?

  Monochromatic light falling on two mw48, wap39 hdc+ogg lslits 0.016 mm apart produces the fifth-order fringe at an 8.89h3, wc4godmpal+w8g$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe of 610 nm light is observed at anxop9h ):xm s)v65kr7omd y0no angle of 18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on two very narrow slits 0.048 mm apart. Successive :vmxaol; k.lm: 1bv7vfringes on a screen 5.00 m away are 6.5 cm apart near the center ofmovx va :1.;mvl7b:k l the pattern. Determine the wavelength and frequency of the light.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light from a He-Ne la:nnesq inrv.7 xb )ve,kc1*1jser, with a wavelength 656 nm, falls on two very narrow slits 0.060 mm apart. How 1 k,sv)nqncnj.xi:* e brv 7e1far apart are the fringes in the center of the pattern on a screen 3.6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm falls on two slits and producesp4lugb4)jig d8eu 5 9v an interference pattern in which the fourth-order fringe is 38 mm from the central fringe on a screen 2.0 m away. What is the separatio5v4u9p) bglugi4 je8dn of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm light passes through twj0ou9 zwt49+7/*/ puct tavbcfus n,go slits 0.58 mm apart, how far apart wz co,tgp9/ usfjt4u auv0*+97tn /cbare the second-order fringes for these two wavelengths on a screen 1.0 m away?    mm

  In a double-slit experiment, it is fo) cbu6)2xr4x +lt7kt*ksqp lbbm:/lg und that blue light of wavelength 460 nm gives a second-order maximum at a certain location on the screen. Whatb sb :+6x42l)gpkl uqt/tm7lxbrc)k* wavelength of visible light would have a minimum at the same location?    nm

Water waves having parallel crests 2.5 cm a)dbqm0q tie;0(nq6;qof xmm5 7/wu p, aogq/fpart pass through two openings 5.0 cm apart in a board. At a point 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angle relativx6m;tq;,dq 0/fq bu ga 0mnmf7)e(poqo q i/w5e to the “straight-through” direction would there be little or no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece of glass is placed in front of the lower slit in F+ xh-;w*ehjg,*59wxm: yokn bl fj f-mig. 24–7 so that the twox mj+:mwxh*9 f n, hlofey;5*kg--jwb waves enter the slits 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experiment, the thirx nu 1:xmi:ybd)apc ;2d-order maximum for light of wavelength 500 nm is located 12 mm from the central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light of wavepx:d 1m uicbxn:y2;a)length 650 nm is then projected through the same slits. How far from the central bright spot will the second-order maximum of this light be located?    mm

  Two narrow slits separated by 1.0 mm are illuminated by 54w+; ka(qs dfdnffhx)5hym 680oq la/ 44 nm light. Find the distance between adjacent bright fringes on a screen 5.0 m from the slits8 + (qsx0mffy ak)wh 54fnaqlh;6ddo/ .    mm

  Light of wavelength 480 nm in air fallhc:.fl pqo2,z s on two slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plastic (n=1.60) covers one slit of a double-slit apt+bm1jxtx ;3vhqq 1+pj (ta g+paratus illuminated by 640-nm light. The center point on the screen, instead of being a max ;q(hjq m+tgt+vaxpxt11bj3 +imum, is dark. What is the (minimum) thickness of the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, approximately, does the speed of red light (70028 q39qirta.amzr/ b-j lb oh7z/ 7jnz nm) exceed that of violet light (400 nm) in silicate flint glass? (Seen9 -m3/jjbzhr2 ia7bt.o a rqlz8q7z / Fig. 24–14.)    %

  A light beam strikes a piece of glass / ;4lajcrj ve wsm5.-sat a 60.00$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of light containin2zix+et5hz4 5ob(jf s g two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light falls on a slit 0.0440 mm wide, what is the full angular wid /ep;np 3 gt6l;cermpzh6)*m cth of the central di3rph*z e n cm);gpl6t6ce;/mpffraction peak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light falls o0ec; k ;4ahrkjn a slit that is $ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm falls on a slit that 9o h12g4o76vnd waz2jsyu4cd is $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm wide is illzql;s/:bvm 45q)/mhd z5vtb0 jge+usuminated by 450-nm light. What is the width of the central maximum (in cm) in the diffraction pattern on a screen 5.0 m awa/h5udes+jm) ;szqtg zb/0 :lv4qv b5my?    cm

  Monochromatic light of wavelength 653)2 x- ;yy lkdvyu+scp /cw(d9.iele0m nm falls on a slit. If the angle between the first bright fringes on either side of the c -msv90ccpy; y(iudekdx2e+w ).l y/lentral maximum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central diffraction peak8dljp,iq ; p8k on a screen 2.30 m behind a 0.0348-mm-wide ,jqpki l8d; 8pslit illuminated by 589-nm light?    cm

  When blue light of wavelength 440 nm falls on a single slit, the firs-*gsx t*xl)*alwy n4/r jyil2t dark bands on either side of center are separated by 55.i4jyl/lx nl-*ra2 t*) sygx*w0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of wavelength 415 nm falls on oc 0u8tt-fp mrtmvrlh *g2060 a single slit, it creates a central diffraction peak that is 9.20 cmprv2r00-tm 6* m 80tugochlft wide on a screen that is 2.55 m away. How wide is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm light so thaf)3w flpnu u:wfwk25*t the diffraction maximum is 4.0 cm wide on a screen 1.50 m away, what will be the width of the diffraction maximum for u ww2l53n) *fkffpu w:light of wavelength 420 nm?    cm

For a given waveleng gxcbqxy+bw;via+57 *ybkt.,th $\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm light produce a second-o h9/n a7i:ji22l gqkxprder maximum when falling on a grating whose slits are 2j ixp2q/7l:ahigkn 9$1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter doj-yihe) y / c1+4ay4kc yj3djxes a grating have if the third-order occurs at aydxak+4yy hj c3ije j-4)cy 1/n 18.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 589-nm light falling on a ditebseis+wlt* 3u* 2w ;ffraction grating is observed at asw3ie2u*t;e* w tbl s+ 15.5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction gratingfog/ 23.nwy ;vjlpzxn6 vqgua6d/ 76v has $ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normally on s+gfl.u ws; w:a $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral order that can be seen if a grating with 65g-wq1y v o/lntw *vpf8n7fs 43-nw we000 lines per cm is illuminated with 633-nm laser lighwwq5 e/73wgnn -*81oy f-lptvfsv 4 wnt? Assume normal incidence.   

  Two (and only two) full spectral orders can be seen on either side of the c4j dj2wqodqru u16x*4q)2ifrg :)eeh1sr s*w entral maximum when white light is sent through a diffraction grating. Whatr xeu*jh 1qwr dj6rs2og* 2) )suqif:ew dq441 is the maximum number of lines per cm for the grating?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing wavelengths from 410 nm to 750 nm fallshv.;v 1u4 pgfb on a grating with h1f.b;g vupv4$8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which produces monochromat -;gc2rfborr+ ic light of a known wavelength $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum lines are measured by a 2p v)lslq*g r0c2j q+p$9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 nm thick, what wave(y/llgx-w)o0 x1rwjtfu c+k /length is most strongly reflected at the center of the outer surface when illuminated normally by white logk //f(lc1x)0trulww j +y- xight? Assume that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the dark fringes in Example 24–8 stmm(xcj 68 9jif the glass plates are each 26.5 cm l6jmctx9 j( 8msong?    cm

  What is the smallest thickness of a lr )4:cvpp.i /k8wpd,so ;wth soap film $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenish yefny 4;c kvol+3p4a+6xo2 aa3g xket z*llow ($\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 brightpx i,hm46 /92negmad5rfd::) liht dj and 31 dark Newton’s rings (not counting the dark spot at the center) are observed when 550-nm light falls normally on a planoconvex lens resting on a flat glass surfid)dx : 59,md6m4 hi/lgenj 2hpta:rface (Fig. 24–31). How much thicker is the center than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separates one end of two pieces of mp*,p wtyz nhh yygzhv*csq6177m3 20optically flat glass, as in Fig. 24–33. When light of wavelength 670 nm is incident normally, s1cy7yv0twm26yh ph3 z7gp,m z**nhq28 dark lines are observed (with one at each end). How thick is the foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) should the air laywfoc xhx8/32cj* + jjj7d g8kqer be between two flat glass surfaces if the glass i7/jxwo8+8g xjd * hcjcj 3q2fks to appear bright when 450-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material, suspected of being a stolen diamon6p s+g)(pwn q: g/r8 zgceoi)ed $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcohol 8r/m+s/. db x dneqrq0$(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring apparatus.rgk*6y*4xe i vla9 rer.fr2j (Fig. 24–31) is immersed in a liquid, the diameter of the eighth dark ring decreases from 2.92 cm to 2.48 cm. 62ea.j vrl ygx9rf rri.e*k4*What is the refractive index of the liquid?   

  What is the wavelength of the light entering an interferometerfw u/:t5wlmu8 *5lsljp 0s /ll if 644 bright fringes are cou/spfw ls5u5j8* l/u llwm0t:lnted when the movable mirror moves 0.225 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is connected to the mo ff/o hh,a6ofr3 ajpihb8j du4;:.u9ivable mirror of an interferometer. When the micrometer is tightened down on a thin metal foil, the net number of bright fringes that move, compared to the empty micrometer, is 272. What is the thickness ofp jfri,f: 8o4 dujh ah6hb.3o 9/i;auf the foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mirror ;p sg+xo9ycbk3x7m(q $M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of an i)d5x5ejh6k conterferometer (Fig. 24–59) passes through a small glass container containing a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 236 dark fringes are counted to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 610 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the gah ej 6o5dkc5)xs, assuming that the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are oriented at 65z 40i hjf wj 1ziwya2oh*9q7i($^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s angle for an azn :e630ijht jir–glass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s angle for a diamond submerged in water*;ix;vq 4od6zjg3 f rc if the light is hitting the diamof;v rd6gj o;q 4zix*c3nd $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are alig,yq+h0djnxnnedz6y,+mj+tgk o 0*8p lb,eq 5ned so that the light passing through them is a maximum. At what angle should one of th, n,8h dl*6demqyb0n0qkj z+yj,xp e+5 ntg+ oem be placed so that the intensity is subsequently reduced by half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should zi+m i.g:a5)jb0 c m(bncj7owacn)f : the axes of two Polaroids be placed so as to reduce the intensity of the incident u cow+z :f.im0jc 5mj)n(7) :banbaicg npolarized light to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are or p77rjo4pk p2yiented at 40$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented afhv) +i 9ij /t ryz;:5hmdztx:t 38.0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s angle be for reflections off the surface lo f;mz fn89162/fsd2zwc qeyof water for light coming from beneath the su6mf/sfc292 w 8zyloze nd;f1qrface? Compare to the angle for total internal reflection, and to Brewster’s angle from above the surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes througqp nqkp ) a9 p+)c3aqd48kvn6dq b7l:nh five successive Polaroid sheets, each of whose qba7p dqnnpkqcql6 k)a):v3n4p89+daxis makes a 45$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength dgpajo .w3882p-viri /nv2 vn$ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves rqr 4wgbgh )o(0eflecting from mountains or airplanes can interfere with the direct sigoh4w0ggq( )brnal from the station.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate sources passes 9n/( q3)esqx(lrhfi qc /lbp2through a diffraction grating with /qp9l3(bx/ s(ief2 qnrh q)cl$ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 59f 7bvj 3h-o;vt0ia. hs0 nm passes through two narrow slits 0.60 mm apart. The screen is 1.70 m away. A second source of unknown wavelength produces its second-order fringe 1.33 mm closer to the central maximum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelengtv jahs3;0f.i7-vbho t h of the unknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating atsal *f+ c/zfu /hyds.; 102.1 MHz broadcasts from two identical antennae at the same elevation but separated by an 8.0-m horizontal distance d, Fig. 24–60. A maximum signal is found along the midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and extending horizontally in both directions. If the midliney/ s*u l;s d./fhac+zf is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands welu/u p h*d7ci3iy5v.bcl back from an outside doorway 0.88 m wide, and blows a whistle of frequency 750 Hz. Ignoring reflections, estimate at whhi*db yc3/uuv.ic5 7p at angle(s) it is not possible to hear the whistle clearly on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light falls on a single:imc2 /(z-s12cq ,plaooh exe slit of width D at a 30$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain beetle have pq bg.dm4a5g 1e7kkd 1a series of parallel lines across them. When normally incident 460-nm light is reflected from the wing, the wing appears bright when viewed at4dqkbg7ak.ge1mp d1 5 an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per cencsqq.*p5v8va bw( fl 1;ytn6btimeter must a grating have if there is to be no second-orderw1 l6f. vbsc t;8p(5any bq*vq spectrum for any visible wavelength?   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and third-order spectra of white light produced by a ruuji+qo97 7v diffraction grating always overlap. What wavelengt9quiv7r7j+ o uhs overlap exactly?

  When yellow sodium lia ll/5eg:vw m 5kv*0kkght, $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on a diffraction grating with and the pattern is vie/tjkb /zw 2q+twed on a screen 2.5 m from the grating. The incident light beam//jt wzqkb+ t2 consists of two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refraction of a clear material if a minimum of 150 nm tmdaz1*s*nvl6j3oz *t 9hz tg ;hickness of it, when laid on glass, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light of 600 nm is incident normally upon j1ldtno9 g**z*6;3z sh aztmv it? Do you have a choice for an answer?

  Monochromatic light nbt/pw 2xn9 b/of variable wavelength is incident normally on a thin sheet of plastic film tp/bn b29xw/ nin air. The reflected light is a minimum only for $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thickness needed for an anti-reflective coad mu k1ntbgc6a ,)b2s.ting $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero) thickness for the air layer betweennjsk4rk7v*w-n s 7yu. two flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear dark when 640-y nj wuk-4n7rkvs.7 s*nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed tns*0yasl; fa 3x(w2ep,td t.veg f-u7he light transmitted through a thin film layered on a flat piece ofg n7a(fw tats,l; x*u-2dy.v fe0p 3es glass. Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions required for maxima and minima. Consider all possible values of index of refraction. Discuss the relative size of the minima compared to the maxima and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the horizon is the Sun when light reflecting mwrvv):nq ;e5o8g a/njym/z l-i gc61 off a smooth lake is 6 5 -i gol) :1gy;z/ avncrn8qmv/jwempolarized most strongly?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two:pk+ z+tf6mof ky)lr; Polaroids be placed so as to reduce the intensity of the incident unpolarized ligh+okr y: fkt6z;pm )+flt by an additional factor (after the first Polaroid cuts it in half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light falls on two polarizer sheets whose transmission axestxq9o3l.ky1 l v j7ye/ are at right angles. A third polarizer is placed between the first o3txj 9v.lylqy/e 1 7ktwo so that its axis makes a 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are placed in succe,y7ch zpp69 / hb*hoiyssion with their axes vertical, at 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes throu20i)) xlthbyh gh a slit of width 1.0 cm and is pointed at the Moon, which is approximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assume the laser emits waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser)xhi )y)2 lbh0t. Estimate the width of the beam when it reaches the Moon.    km

  A series of polarizers are each placed :ogl +lt8su 5wckyr(5s9 v0tfl 49qpr at a 10$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap eu;ksp) wzgedl,8(le;7mo 6 u$(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas radiating 6.0-MHz radio waves in phase with each othercut/2 e qxb30.g:itro. They are located at poingt/ bc3o.2:i0x qt eruts $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of light containing -:0pdb af) nuttwo wavelengths, 420 nm and 650 nm, enters a silicate flint glass equil -ut0nd :b)fapateral prism (Fig. 24–58).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens has one flat surface and o b;a1k rk,+ukz f3a)zwne with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm