Does Huygens’ principleq*o1qq h tegl6495 ci )eu*cun apply to sound waves? To water waves? Explain.

What is the evidence that light is eneu rqx d8fycnz6 / ()ib3,oa kqf(.y1swrgy?

Why is light sometimes described as rays and somezir1qaiq065o mgo;r:j gry2ls ,q-3 ftimes as waves?

We can hear sounds around corners,;7 h *3y .gtwfiwrdce3-h1 r75xcd v*t prknm2 but we cannot see around corners; yet both soun7 riyte-r 71cr2k g* c*h w3dwm3pvd5h;ftn.xd and light are waves. Explain the difference.

If Young’s double-slit experiment were submerged in/yq j-w / )8jqfywk9nz water, how would the fringe pattern be chy/)8qnyj- /k 9 qjzfwwanged?

Monochromatic red light is incident on a double sl6 h*l+n ucla .s7stp(tjp p:d1it, and the interference pattern is viewed on a screen some distance away. Explain how the fringe pattern would change if the red lig(l1j tu* ls7.ppc hspa:d+t6nht source is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from the same source destructively interfere if ths6zq)f h *kly+eir path lengths differ by how z *s6q+l)fykhmuch?

Why was the observation of the double-slit interference pattern more conpn n0b ltb(4m 6wlrfh-e26q+qvincing evidence for the wave theory of light than the observation of diffractil( q0m6nbn bw4tfh+eq- 26lrpon?

Compare a double-sli/4kd9ze,s (qftbl rh1t experiment for sound waves to that for light waves. Discuss the simil (9eft /s4lh1q,bkdz rarities and differences.

Why doesn’t the light from the two headlights of a distant car produce an i-d5;u1lqbe) 7vtrw sq ms we)1nterference patter1m;sqews7 rt1 evw 5d)qb-ul)n?

Suppose white light falls ownoi4w 82se h; nb08eon the two slits of Fig. 24–7, but one slit is covered by a red filter (700 nm) and the ow;oow 4n0ene 8 b8hi2sther by a blue filter (450 nm). Describe the pattern on the screen.

When white light passes through a flat piece of window glass, it is not broken w7w .lqk0f .lbdown into colors as it is by a prif.qwkwl70 bl.sm. Explain.

For both converging and diverging lenses, 3w(n )opvyh8jdiscuss how the focal length for red light di j(hwy 3p)8nvoffers from that for violet light.

A ray of light is refracted through three di(fk- j*ht k+hnk/ st9dfferent materials (Fig. 24–55). Rank the mat(hkhkt j9s/n +k t-d*ferials according to their index of refraction, least to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your eye and focus on a distant light source through a nahgiyh7felh 8of;x6)wqibv 54/cl)j) rrow slh li;6 ef/w8hhvg4 yc5l))box)7qj i fit between two fingers. (Adjust your fingers to obtain the best pattern.) Describe the pattern that you see.

What happens to the diffrav i56tiw(f:t,0uhkkz ction pattern of a single slit if the whole apparatus is immersed in (a) water, (b) a vacuum, instead okvh 6(: 5izwtfu, itk0f in air.

For diffraction by a single slit, what is the xulu:3cvrr04xs):fh* nmb5 n effect of increasing (a) the slit width, and (b) the w vnchfn):l5 b4s3r* xrum:x0u avelength?

What is the difference in the interference patterns formed (a) by two sc-rn(cfi5qp7 r( kpo3 lits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, what is the advantagozp: 9cdl erd;3ox.c8e of (a) many slits, (b) closely spacedod3 9;ce.ozpl8 x:cdr slits?

White light strikes (a) a diffraction,r/w)vz us(v n grating, and (b) a prism. A rainbow appears on a wall just below the direction of the horizontal incident beam in each case. What is the color of the top of the rainbow in each case? Expw/uvr( n), zvslain.

For light consisting og (hy:c*va(c8 +cl, sjn*y*/v04b waxqilajgf wavelengths between 400 nm and 700 nm, incident normally on a diffraction grating, for what orders (if any) would there be overlap in the ob(a80b qwj gnj: * i*c(,sl+avcxyhay/vg*4clserved spectrum? Does your answer depend on the slit spacing?

Why are interference fringek.rybp 9(c;v:sw lcb1s noticeable only for a thin film like a soap bubble and not for a thick piece of glasbsw:; k vyl.(pr1bcc 9s, say?

When a compact disk (CD) is held at an an1f uz* l tpqx*. xr7,rwz4r+aagle in white light, the reflected light is a full spectrum (Fig. 24–56). Explain. Wha*z+ lu7w4afxpratr r.q,1 z*xt would you expect to see if monochromatic light was used?

Why are Newton’s rings (Fig. 24–31) closer together f z*6ac*v4apwhu4/r tuk - ugj2arther from the center?

Some coated lenses appear greenish yello)w4uci b1/,pyc v jqdm/30ecs w when seen by reflected light. What wavelength p 0)ic 4wbuy/qed,j1svc c3m/s do you suppose the coating is designed to transmit completely?

A drop of oil on a pond appears bright at icstuoklvzvt+ 96 )uvk 0xa)-/n 4 v2 cyu49poets edges, where its thickness is much less than the wavelengths of visible light. What can you say about the index of refrac)kttk6vz4x suc9 ve +-lo9u /a2)n c0yuvovp4tion of the oil?

What does polarization tell us about the nature of li4p98ops5y;8ghqj +ukcq jn1m ght?

Explain the advantage of polarized su6 1:agylqq w,vnglasses over normal tinted sunglasses.

How can you tell if a pair of sunglasses is polarizing or(r6 / j+tcdw nv0cy/g d9bf4qz1rpbb; not?

Two polarized sheets rotated at an angle of v(8 ge6(5(n mfo nph,r0ag cma90$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sky if the Egrj,4o:*v sjaw3- l yqarth had no atmosphere?

If the Earth’s atmosphere i zjxkug 7ex3mkt.-5 hko;w38 were 50 times denser than it is, would sunlight still be white, or would it be somekto; j3kh3 8.5k-xx zugmew7i other color?

  Monochromatic light falling on two slits 0.016 mm apart ph i2 .n0wampv/roduces the fifth-order fringe at an 8/i w pa2hv.m0n.8$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe of 610 nm light is observed at an angle of 1 -qs6cgj*8u oy8$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on two very narrow slits 0.048 mm q0c frus+i;cs 4-k .m0v55 b0xpwkudgapart. Successive fringes on a screen 5.00 m away are 6.5 cm apart near the center of the pattern. Determine the wavelength and frequency of mcq5d 5u0 +40.ur0gs-b kkv;xfp ws icthe light.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light from a He2r 14 u1cxsidz-Ne laser, with a wavelength 656 nm, falls on two very narrow slits 0.060 mm apart. How far apart are 2sz4r c1 uxid1the fringes in the center of the pattern on a screen 3.6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm falls on two slith4 gvknze8s. c7pygm+q-0) rls and produces an interference pattern in which the fourth-order fringe is 38 mm from the central fringe on a screen 2.0 m away. vcs)yz.rkhl 8e gm-q+p7 4n g0What is the separation of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm lil8e0u./ bjmp6bwpt ,5k :nhmr)(nhga ght passes through two slits 0.58 mm apart, how far apart are the second-order fringes for these two wavelengths on a screen 1.0 m pwlb nng e5kh68 :p/mmb ajtu0hr)(. ,away?    mm

  In a double-slit experiment, it is found thsu 1/up5b1pgivs1xg3*7nbkk, // lxvhhz ui3at blue light of wavelength 460 nm gives a second-order maximum at a certain location on the screen. What wavelength of vis/g kklp vsu1hixh/s u1bb31g7/u v ip5x ,n3*zible light would have a minimum at the same location?    nm

Water waves having parallel crests 2.5 cm apart pass through two openinzgsp8- ;xai 9 mr6ll+igs 5.0 cm apart in a board. At a point 2.0 m beyond the bmg; 8pr-zs 9xli6 a+lioard, at what angle relative to the “straight-through” direction would there be little or no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece of glass is placed inj342 aacvwwbbx *w5 d( front of the lower slit in Fig. 24–7 so that the two wa( axjwawd3cb5 *2wb4 vves enter the slits 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experiment, the th,ndw( qgkig:dq 9/6/te q bwo/;v o7taird-order maximum for light of wavelength 500 nm is located 12 mm from the central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light of wavelength 650 nm is then projected through the same slits. How far from the central bright spot will the second-order maximum of this lighoi/ndgq7 tb,;/6egtw (qv :waod/ 9q kt be located?    mm

  Two narrow slits separated by 1.0 mm -u4m 8.dun zk yxv/f;vare illuminated by 544 nm light. Find the distance between adjacent bry nm.vz;8- v/u uk4fxdight fringes on a screen 5.0 m from the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 2uzkj9 9kls9/d4,phxccn dc- 480 nm in air falls on two slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plastic (n=1.60) covers o6 ,c:tlt zk 2x1lii.aone slit of a double-slit apparatus illuminated by 640-nm light. Thz xoia ilctlk:.62t1, e center point on the screen, instead of being a maximum, is dark. What is the (minimum) thickness of the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, approximately, does x7py ff255 4tka+w vkzthe speed of red light (700 nm) exceed that of violet li+ tpx55zyaw24f v7fkkght (400 nm) in silicate flint glass? (See Fig. 24–14.)    %

  A light beam strikes a pit5 bl1zbe) rdsve 7c./wwcyu lu5g/1.ece of glass at a 60.00$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of light containing two wavelengthcy tu8odf a 7u0z,wthu m62;4gs, $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light falls on a slit 0.0440 mm wide, what is the full angular wid v/pleg0i4q8 m,x2eb 5z/je vcth of thepe //lxz b2c0m j45eqe vvg8i, central diffraction peak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light falls on a slit that is )rcyrp4z1 e3)h i(u*p0mphg d h0yh: v$ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm falls on a slit twgg hr5lc2*a: hat is $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm wide is illuminated by 450-a d8mj*e 0hb0wnm light. What is the width of the central maximum (in cm) in the diffractionm8dwa0j0b h *e pattern on a screen 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of wavel(wn5jrf)-p3o7lf4wf . olr i.s8uvorength 653 nm falls on a slit. If the angle between the first bright fringes on either side ouf.w-io8)3f lfjwo r4r7srpno.5 l v(f the central maximum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central diffraction peak on a screen 2.30 m behind a 0.0348-mm-rb whiys0w-jn;e i6n8hu4 2l9wide slit illuminated by 589-nm light?;n4ri-s 2jn 9 hhi wyube60lw8    cm

  When blue light of wavelength 440 nm falls on a single slit, the51 h hq9i djf,t:w +t+ uaqlepu(,3our first dark bands on either side of center are separated by a:ruuut,+5fjqh q(oid+,9tpwh3l e1 55.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of wavelength 415 nm falls on a single slit, it crean7o/uhpv5+ j ztes a central diffraction peak that is 9.20 cm uojp/ vzh+n 57wide on a screen that is 2.55 m away. How wide is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm light,x: jr7gl-k k0xg)sxx so that the diffraction maximum is 4.0 cm wide on a screen 1.50 m away, what will be the width of the diffraction maximum for light of wavelength 420 sxlk:gjxr- k0, xx) 7gnm?    cm

For a given wavelengthp o)r2s n;)c1pekzq* b 78ynaf $\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm light produce a second-order mat n2k7fokz/h m56d9iyximum when falling on a grating whose slits ayzik/ n2 56t9mdf7kho re $1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter does a grating have jec 17 w-4big; votb1hif the third-order occurs at an 1i ;c47vte -ow bjh1bg18.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 589-nm light falling on a diffractic i wgsui/h v:*+.im ao5l 1s.j)uu8hfon grating is observed at a *8/vucuwlug.5) ii:f j .ho + iamss1h15.5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction gratingv .uiboe,d6j n f0y(4x has $ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normally bhza0 p*+wl)rn.q2i1 no8sci4 b1cao on a $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral order that can be seen if a * wnpm/, ko+tbgrating with 6000 lines ow tb/+m,k* npper cm is illuminated with 633-nm laser light? Assume normal incidence.   

  Two (and only two) full sp7v4 yg bl+ wyqy5;fk*hectral orders can be seen on either side of the central maximum when white light is sent through a diffraction gra f;wh 5+gq* y7vylbyk4ting. What is the maximum number of lines per cm for the grating?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing wavelengths from 410 nm to 750 nm falls on a e-zyhes2cg3um5jp q2(li86s d jvy;- grating with eh;-j (y uj5y8se3zl2p q26id vgc-sm$8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which produces monochromatic light of a knolwh2 5 izm2(siy whl/bc c2b07wn wavelength $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum lines are measuredqc46qdoz.n42z9y 8yng4tamjw:b o7d by a $9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 nm thick, what wavelength is most strong/6sxe avp9gujmpal1 p6zjtp27 t/2* o ly reflected at the cente/ v/at67xpmaue2jzlp2g6js pp91o *tr of the outer surface when illuminated normally by white light? Assume that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the dark fringes in Example 24–8 if yso:q9vr 92z2r t*ukh b4zy/ pthe glass plates are each 26.5 cm lon o/vsq42rk yrh:9p9y *zztu2bg?    cm

  What is the smallest thickness of a soap fx y2a :6/gwgqoilm $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenish yelp4tg6uq 3ww7vjq v tyc8q+s71low ($\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright and 31 dark Newton’s rings (not cou1bqctijq(*tkax /k4(nting the dark spot at the center) are observed when 550-nm ligh bqqi1xtc*( akk4 (tj/t falls normally on a planoconvex lens resting on a flat glass surface (Fig. 24–31). How much thicker is the center than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separates one end of two*o8w2 nrm)es z b5ck1zhy35 iw pieces of optically flat glass, as in Fig. 24–33. When light of wavelength 670 nm is incident normally, 28 dark lines are observed (with one at zk*nmcsr )2wyh15 85 woebz3ieach end). How thick is the foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) should the air layer be between two flat glass surfa9868sltfwrrc5 gi r-qces if the glass is to appear brighl6ft- 8irs9w 5cqr 8rgt when 450-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material, suspecta: 9bwnv s d7o9fcis)1ed of being a stolen diamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcoholgc3n9ws m;edkq );er0 $(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring apparatus (Fig. 24–31) is imme6 n i0rr3b9mayl5x:cl rsed in a liquid, the diameter o5n r bl a3yx0li:6c9mrf the eighth dark ring decreases from 2.92 cm to 2.48 cm. What is the refractive index of the liquid?   

  What is the wavelength of the light entering an interferoml6-p*mu+jvh b eter if 644 bright fringes are counted when the movable mirror moves 0.225 mm-bjl+pv*6 umh ?    nm

  A micrometer is connected to the mppm6 .g +oycwi.1e2mt ovable mirror of an interferometer. When the micrometer is tightened down on a thin metal foil, the net number of bright fringes that mov.weo itcmmp2 6y1p+. ge, compared to the empty micrometer, is 272. What is the thickness of the foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mirrhn( uxht1::x ior $M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of an interferometer (Fig. 24–59) passes throug/,55iq51jv xct i /hv)luxfxjh a small glass container containing a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 236 dark fringes are counted to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 610 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the gas, assuming that the interferometer ilc 5hvvj/j)/ 1 xtqix55,xfi us in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are orienme+.s-)vq gow ted at 65$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s angle vfl255x v/ whafor an air–glass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s angle for a diamond submerged in water if the light is hitti .vrqw b az2l1)h.ttc4ngv 4q2)wt 1.lah b.tczr the diamond $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligned so that the light passing through them is a maximum :wlpa 9m4 .gu2ws94aam;dx vp. Auw924wadpa4g. ;xvlsmp:9am t what angle should one of them be placed so that the intensity is subsequently reduced by half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placed so as to rfrwl1umn*o j8xgjb.oy(0rj 25d *.pkeduce the intensity ly (8r*2 .pkog jfwu xb.o5j01njrmd*of the incident unpolarized light to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented at 40d7 xp e1dt96 6yxxue 6bos3,xj$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented at 38.0jy ngdl43*a +qe.8jldy,bjp)$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s 8sso)+6ig r9eu, v0jyuwe(ks angle be for reflections off the surface of water for light coming from beneath the surface? Compare to the angle for total internal reflectusj(sey,o 08gs+ vwk9ie6 )ru ion, and to Brewster’s angle from above the surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes to 3gog75c+ +mzg1b/7wdxj m5jkz8owyhrough five successive Polaroid sheets, each of whose axis makes ao3d7zx 851/gm jygmc5wkz wog+jo +b 7 45$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength 2zlp27; vhl-mszy/ umhv(f+i$ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves reflecting from mountains or airplanes can interfe-t.kvcr/ n *(*bylevcre with the direct signal from th nr*l c.vkby*( ectv-/e station.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate source31 ;vcdoil4 fb )m1giys passes through a diffraction grating with od;1f cmlg3 4b )y1ivi$ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm passes through two narrow slits 0.60 mm -y. z9gt.5no;vhs kylmt t 0z1apart. The scre.-m tkygon5; 90v1zts.zthly en is 1.70 m away. A second source of unknown wavelength produces its second-order fringe 1.33 mm closer to the central maximum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating at 102.1 MHz broayr5b kq*,+*udbo:0pb0zl(mgc2 :3ntks nqa rdcasts from two identical antennae at the same elevation but seb gobl qq+0tudr2 bp: ,z*35 sc*:nmr0aynkk(parated by an 8.0-m horizontal distance d, Fig. 24–60. A maximum signal is found along the midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and extending horizontally in both directions. If the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well back fr6 dx3 jnqf)k4b+ldgw5om an outside doorway 0.88 m wide, and blows a whistle of frequency 750 Hz. Ignoring reflections, e4)5 jgf+dldq xknw36 bstimate at what angle(s) it is not possible to hear the whistle clearly on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light falls ow iex/dlp((2rn a single slit of width D at a 30$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain beetle have a series of parallel lines across thchisx4b 0m9*-f.gg4 oxt1lkz8*c j5fmq ,s ja em. When normally incident 460-nm light is reflected from the wing, the wing appears bright when viewf*, t40-sgjzm4 scbk9icjx oghl mx.8q*1af5 ed at an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter must a grating have if there is to be no iev+ v2+ntoy (second-order spectrum+y o2+tv( vine for any visible wavelength?   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and third-orde*(at/ e-ilhear spectra of white light produced by a diffraction grating always overlap. What wav ei a(h*-l/aetelengths overlap exactly?

  When yellow sodium lizmk6:h-/sc k7 bgdjm:ght, $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on a diffrh n6e zy)*pb2iaction grating with and the pattern is viewed on a screen 2bip2)z ny*e6h.5 m from the grating. The incident light beam consists of two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refractiou 0ul iorg+;yqxb*. 6mn of a clear material if a minimum of 150 nm thickness of it, when laid on glass, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when i 0;6*rxyumqu. +golblight of 600 nm is incident normally upon it? Do you have a choice for an answer?

  Monochromatic light of -jsk 1f9 op*e uc( yh.jokwx-hqd*/6 cvariable wavelength is incident normally on a thin sheet of plastic film in air. The reflected light is a minimum only foc whx-ckh o qd9sfy.1/6j-(e upo* j*kr $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thickness needed for an anti-reflectiv i o83m.p0wcacn0i 4vce coating $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero) thickness for the air layer between two . kl4j -awpj1gflat glass surfaces if the glass is tokja 1.w-jl4p g appear dark when 640-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light transmitted through a thin filmiqn3s).q bnwon9 tl;; layered on a flat piece of glass. Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions required for maxima and minima. Consider all possible values of index of refraction. Discuss the relative size of the minima compared to the maxima and )iqn;s3onqn;b l. t w9to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the horizon is the Sun when light reflecting off a smooth lae ;egj apw emm.8/9(mlca,7)ywuu7bdke is polarized most st)pgjlw.a 7 e/m8cyd, 7 be; wea(umum9rongly?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placed so as to reduce the intld/ff6t + :gm b)v2vry07kfwgensity of the incident unpolarized light by an additional factor (agv f t0dv76ryw/:b lf )kmf2g+fter the first Polaroid cuts it in half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light falls on two polarizer sheets whose yol h y:z1,4aqtransmission axes are at right angles. A third polarizer is placed betwe:yzq4ao yl,1hen the first two so that its axis makes a 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are placed in succession with their axes verticala9,. vxyas:iol vk+ v3, at 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes through a slip0p-j; i hp s,82yg5ff h8lz8pv f.jaxt of width 1.0 cm and is pointed at the Moon, which is approximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assume the laser emits waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estimate the width of the beag8 h825v0y f8j.zfpaj isl ph;pp-,xfm when it reaches the Moon.    km

  A series of polarizers arub/7eh8sia m(v5 kle: ns45ize each placed at a 10$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap ;nm4 k k pvj1,emjnz4u r38rn/$(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas radiating)3v 9,idoe0m ohr w,vo 6.0-MHz radio waves in phase with each other. They are located at poiivr ,,3v09d) woo eomhnts $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of light containing two wavelengtqbrkv.1gcs2u1 wv ,she) v;i0hs, 420 nm and 650 nm, enters a silicate flint glass equilatera,11sgb2.qw0v hu ik evsr);cvl prism (Fig. 24–58).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens has one f .16sa4;mgtk y:tmjlsjyq ,+ ulat surface and one with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm