Does Huygens’ principle apply tod+ebh as6.. mp sound waves? To water waves? Explain.

What is the evidence .5(ai1 xdv53w ytuus jthat light is energy?

Why is light sometimes described as rays and sometimes as mtls-a:tn4o8p:,h k oglf6 w1waves?

We can hear sounds around corners, b,kjs6gup; y9 mut we cannot see around corners; yet both sound and light are waveym,6uk j;s9pgs. Explain the difference.

If Young’s double-slit experiment were submerged in water, hoxtomey6v*z *dkt04s, f:im4 v w would the fringe pattern be changeddm:6 zof0it44ev* ,v*ytsm xk ?

Monochromatic red light is incident on an f7+pl)/// ti+jup n:s sutn w3r-ujx double slit, and the interference pattern is viewed on a screen som/ pftuxs7: j/ -t nnn+3jsu)i/+pwrl ue distance away. Explain how the fringe pattern would change if the red light source is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from the same source destructively interfe e 0l)xk84cslqre if their path lengths difq0s4 8x lleck)fer by how much?

Why was the observation of the double-slit interfemt g57f1s1ql84m2eg8bgaao l 6a fzjq2g1jy9 rence pattern more convincing evidence for the wave theorymgoylefg87 qfab96gq2m1sg5 la4j8t z aj121 of light than the observation of diffraction?

Compare a double-slit experiment for sound waves to that for light wave qc.6 wy:idya xk n648cdt77kes. Discuss the similarities and differencesw7 d.cqyx eyk7:ik n668dt c4a.

Why doesn’t the light from the two headlights of a distant car produce an i u*itfcz9 63b: cs46wnx9gmq fnterf6s bq9tu3:gf9f z *c6imcwx4n erence pattern?

Suppose white light falls on the two slits of Fig. 24–7, 9l w2g7.)z saqx) bz w;,qlfivi5ki8obut one slit is covered by a red filter (700 nm) and the other by a blue filter (450 nm). Descri5l zo .k z2f x))iwqiw7a;viqs,9l 8bgbe the pattern on the screen.

When white light passes through a flat piect9emql 61iq:ut, dcj3 e of window glass, it is not broken down into colors as it is by a prism. Explaiutmd1tq:ic 39j,q el 6n.

For both converging and6 n/)g0wvgcs9eh4 vyd q+co.c diverging lenses, discuss how the focal length for red light differs from that for q 4.wen +cgg/)69d hcv0cvyosviolet light.

A ray of light is refracted trg3+i/h ldv s.hrough three different materials (Fig. 24–55). Rank the matvs+g i./3l rhderials according to their index of refraction, least to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your eye and focus ozm ;4 ln6j y7hm9lesz*n a distant light source through a narrow slit between two fingers. (Adjust m lmy9hnz4s*l;z76e jyour fingers to obtain the best pattern.) Describe the pattern that you see.

What happens to the diffraction pattern of a single /19cbjoq3wufk7 yh q6slit if the whole apparatus is immersed in (a) water, (b) a vacuum, instead oc jqfuh b1ow6y93/q7 kf in air.

For diffraction by a nm 7-23/yma8dvfk/kqht 9aflsingle slit, what is the effect of increasing (a) the slit width, and (b) the wavelength?yk- dt//8nkam93v fmhlf2a7 q

What is the difference in the wrb+45mzgxvjd k aui55 +a2:ginterference patterns formed (a) by two slits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, what is the advantage of (a) many slits, (bzu rpz78 j:c2m) closely spaced slits?: p2mczj7u zr8

White light strikes (a) xt xn06,xaa5tjib0 d* a diffraction grating, and (b) a prism. A rainbow appears on a wall just below the direction of the horizontal incident beam in each case. What is the color of t0it*n0 b,j5xaxa dx 6the top of the rainbow in each case? Explain.

For light consisting of wavelengths between 40u ./r c(g5axba0 nm and 700 nm, incident normally on a diffraction grating, for what orders (if any) would there be overlap in the observed spectrum? Does u/abga r.x5( cyour answer depend on the slit spacing?

Why are interference fringes noticeable rq5qt5:nl+ud;b -j) djrh3 oxonly for a thin film like a soap bubble and not tr 5 3nox:+)-dj;qrq l5jduhbfor a thick piece of glass, say?

When a compact disk (CD) is held at an angle in white light, the rely1 .r..dicodg -y+trlvm*y-flected light is a flcyld gv.-+tmo d*-rr .y1i.yull spectrum (Fig. 24–56). Explain. What would you expect to see if monochromatic light was used?

Why are Newton’s rings (Fig. 24–31) close hcg7;x/tf9u l od38ysr together farther from the center?

Some coated lenses appear *)zej 2a4yvtj greenish yellow when seen by reflected light. What wavelengths do you suppose the coating is designed to transmit comz)av *te 4jjy2pletely?

A drop of oil on a pond appears bright at its edges, where its thickness is muchs+ dqq ht*zr0v,qs ,4p less than the wavelengths of visible light. What can you say about the indez dqsh0vqsp*q +,4,r tx of refraction of the oil?

What does polarization tell us about thef*)xjdt(df stvck0o i9 j8 i:. nature of light?

Explain the advantage of ply*jd ;d o u.)pz*awuc)(q7ioolarized sunglasses over normal tinted sunglasses.

How can you tell if a pair of sunglasses is0/t 0 lvz g.8qs-s4khywbh(rc polarizing or not?

Two polarized sheets rotated at an angle of 90qup5m n,dleyi *x 3:h+$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sky if the Earth had no atmosphere?de7 7cl dop;m*

If the Earth’s atmosphere were 50 times denser than it is, ms mho cdb9vk ,v-r4im7-6t n(would sunlight still be white, ovm4kn ti --r7vb 6dh9(mscm,or would it be some other color?

  Monochromatic light falling on two slits 0.016 mm apb)nl)15 a caaj) ghh4tart produces the fifth-order fringe at a j)5 ngb)aha)ath c41ln 8.8$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe of 610 nm light is observed at an angle w6o-,y k0mc jpbus el,0u.in 1of 18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls mg39yz3tzri +8g qd1bk 2xo+l on two very narrow slits 0.048 mm apart. Successive fringes on a screen 5.00 m away are 6.5 cm apart near the center of the pattern. Determine the wavelength and freq dz+ymk 81zqlgb 39+i2t3rxgo uency of the light.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light from a He-Ne y cxoq :/kx,8jldt 1e-laser, with a wavelength 656 nm, falls on two very narrow slits 0.060 mm apart. How far apart are the fringes in the cent t xjqe,kcx-ody 1:/l8er of the pattern on a screen 3.6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm falls on two slits and produces an iw4btg pq8 q-2cnterference pattern in which the fourt8twq2 pgcb-q4 h-order fringe is 38 mm from the central fringe on a screen 2.0 m away. What is the separation of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm light pas/pxd4lezg/k -ses through two slits 0.58 mm apart, how far apart are the second-order fringes for these two wavelengths on a scree4pz / ekl/-gxdn 1.0 m away?    mm

  In a double-slit experiment, it is found that blue light of war) xyh+ r.ahovz /;tl9velength 460 nm gives a second-order maximum at a certain location on the screen. What wavelength of visible light would have a minimum at the same loahotr/ r +hxvyz9l);. cation?    nm

Water waves having parallel crests 2.5 cm apart pass through t.19mkwu guf/kp p6 kh5wo openings 5.0 cm apart in a board. At a poi6/pkk fhkug 9w5 up.1mnt 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angle relative to the “straight-through” direction would there be little or no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece of glass is placed in front ofakn:jvrrv*b3q5 3 . yr3igrx6 the lower slit in Fig. 24–7 so that the two waveg5*kvrraj n 6r:3ixr q 3b.v3ys enter the slits 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experiment, the third-order maximum for light of wave+shjy )fa/j /ekt62 cmlength 500 nm is located 12 mm from the central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light of wavelength 650 nm is then projje t6ay/j2/+)fhs c kmected through the same slits. How far from the central bright spot will the second-order maximum of this light be located?    mm

  Two narrow slits separated by 1.0 mm are illuminated by 544 nm light. Fd+ ox .zizaj5 g47lt,zwh7w4pind the dist,44x. d5+lo g jz7haipt 7wwzzance between adjacent bright fringes on a screen 5.0 m from the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 480 nm in air ; i mwop+bmj(8falls on two slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plastic (n=1.60) covers one slit of a double-slit apparatf+lw6u thx*.6f9a xqmm,h.i i us illuminated by 640-nm light. The center point on the screen, instead of being a maximum, is dark. What is the (minimum) thickness of the pq.6wfim.u x+i6lafmht xh9*, lastic?    nm

  By what percent, approximately, does the speed of red light (700 nm) exceed 83p bpsv.nw *y upl.e-that of violet lightv.epb-l8 p* nups3yw . (400 nm) in silicate flint glass? (See Fig. 24–14.)    %

  A light beam strikes a piece 5gio:j jx h0 q1zf0;jnof glass at a 60.00$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of light ) szxxl*x(4 (xqfni3pay;hq3containing two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light falls on a slit 0.0440 mm wide, what is t brgus;0vj./ fa 8aig m(9gni)he full angular width of the cent a/.u (grfb )ignmivj89ga; 0sral diffraction peak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light falls on a slit that isqj kzrrv c/9bb2r+be0 .)*29amxhfca $ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm falls on a st72c7+zw pvhhz( yw1 q,jiqr:lit that is $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm wide is illuminated by 450-nm light. What i m:ml -z mbj98 gijp;o+9pada4kx/y0 xs the width of the central maximuo09:k8j bx;pmgali+ ymd/ap m4 z xj-9m (in cm) in the diffraction pattern on a screen 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of wavelength 653 nm falls on a p ,cfl 3kw*ym:xg- tk,k4 xp)tslit. If the angle between the first bright fringes on either side of the central maxip, p tk,ft*:xc4x-w y3)kl kgmmum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central diffraction peak on a screen ny)x 3 trr8iot1 jprx64:oms,2.30 m behind a 0.0348-mm-wide slit s 1yn64t:o,jo pr3r mxr)i8tx illuminated by 589-nm light?    cm

  When blue light of wavelength 440 nm falls on a single slit, the first darpdx,p*lmrp:hzq7o up;4lvc 4d 7x2 nujl9 v;8k bands on either side of center are separated by 557ch:q*;,p4ou xzp; 8lvdup2 lvnjlmp47d9 x r.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of wavelength 415 nm falls y4- ydhk6ttk7on a single slit, it creates a central diffraction peak that is 9.20 cm wide on a screen that is 2.55 m away. Hoh76 -y4dktty kw wide is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm light so that th(yz vwdg/5y)x l87 yuee diffraction maximum is 4.0 cm wide on a screen 1.50 m away, what will be the width of the digduv/8yz)(57y yxw leffraction maximum for light of wavelength 420 nm?    cm

For a given wavelength 5aqs p:.c v;g4r op 4dcqi;;kt$\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm light produce a second-order2rb(t -f,w3x1vy qkia maximum when falling on a grawkxv(,af q2ty- irb13ting whose slits are $1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter does a grating have if the third-orhht 6l 0dxage 1vgh75/der occurs at a5t1gl/ h0 7x hva6hedgn 18.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 589-nm light falling on a diffracti7o ulnm)ol x-qals(ayb 9*01t on grating is observedll*m 9(b)q- a0x ouly7t osa1n at a 15.5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction grating2o*nbpjjf v0 1 has $ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normally-2zl.qnkb 4-8gmt+5 razxp zz on a $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral order that can be s3s;vlgg tq05neen if a grating with 6000 lines per cm is illuminated s0 vqn5lgt;3g with 633-nm laser light? Assume normal incidence.   

  Two (and only two) full spectral orders can be seen on either xhcuu+/ smdx/hu(r x1+7 je3cside of the central maximum when white light is sent through a diffraction grating. What is the mu3hhmxe/r x 17 +scc/xuu j(d+aximum number of lines per cm for the grating?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing wavelengths :cbj(av*bdg yc. wl2a zyd ;4)from 410 nm to 750 nm falls on a grating with v:;ly*(dyzbca) . 4bcdjg 2aw$8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which 5nd0tnw- /v5dz5ar ryproduces monochromatic light of a known wavelength $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum lines are measures vnj-abb 54x pg1dq89d by a $9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 1njy 3;ks *l wlsyz (9crtqx72nm thick, what wavelength is most strongly reflected at the center of the 29ls3c17skx *qwn(z yyj t;rlouter surface when illuminated normally by white light? Assume that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the dark fringes in Example 24–8 if the glass plates are each ypcvxt 85+(f 9pl-ug5dfxdg(26.5 cm longddfp5c9-g(fg 8+ pl5uvyx(xt?    cm

  What is the smallest thickness of a soap film 2vx,0g 5dkny*v f o b0w/zgn,u$(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenish yem,7wz mz * +khdh5n,lillow ($\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright and 31 dark Newton’s rings (not counting the dark spot3 jr9zmlfhaq(f)d3 t 6 at the cenm )l q3d39rj(h fz6tafter) are observed when 550-nm light falls normally on a planoconvex lens resting on a flat glass surface (Fig. 24–31). How much thicker is the center than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separates one end hb 3yo,c3okr7a mjm(7 of two pieces of optically flat glass, as in Fig. 24–33. When light of wavelength 670 nm is incident normally, 28 dark lines are observed (with one at each end). How thbha7j 7 mc ymrk3o(3o,ick is the foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) should the air layer be between two flat glass surfp5 4w.sa*6gash vkirp d1j39 kaces if the glass is to appear bright when 450-nm l5.kpa3*pa r 1ski sdjwhg649vight is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material, suspected of beia. xh,j jklni d)cm)k1+ewutk9r /5v 9ng a stolen diamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcoho. d,bp+2 v mj1mbubyxvlgc;2 1l $(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring apparatus (Fig. 24–31) is immersed in a(*cl:( e tcsti liquid, the diameter of the ei*t:(ics( l cteghth dark ring decreases from 2.92 cm to 2.48 cm. What is the refractive index of the liquid?   

  What is the wavelength of the light ente ay7ecm9(e ob;ring an interferometer if 644 bright fringes are counted when ma9oece(; yb7 the movable mirror moves 0.225 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is connected to the movable mirror k fo *n(u5tdv8of an interferometer. When the micrometer is tightened down on a thin metal foil, the net number of bright fringes that move, compared to the empty micrometer, u (8f*o 5dntvkis 272. What is the thickness of the foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mirroy35kvbg :weu4j:eq7qu w t1i 0r $M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of a 3*khxp8kgn c5t8f, gmg ,ka5sn interferometer (Fig. 24–59) passes through a small glass container containing a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 236 dark fringes are counted to move past a reference line. The light used has gnk,g x*thc spkkm85 8ga 53,fa wavelength of 610 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the gas, assuming that the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are orieg/s638/k/)dzrp bzgbf 2w sdynted at 65$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s angle for an air–g 4rhq 80 8cf6vsa+zwyrlass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s angle for a diamondb: xurm/6 .gd4yd.bmqgy .7skn8*j(cz+ bkty submerged in water if the light is hittinyz(8bm*c. n :qd/. g+rsmk76t ybj. xugkd4b yg the diamond $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligned so that the light pass h --g+rebawg*dd i1:ling through them is a maximum. At what angle should one of them be placed so that the intensity is subsequentbi --e la:wg1g drh*d+ly reduced by half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Pol)dd 9vscjy0i 9 -fr)szaroids be placed so as to reduce the intensity of the inciyv))9 0sdis9 zfrc -jddent unpolarized light to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are ovn64hopz4 q gri 3,:vgjze-90 doi+cfriented at 40$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented at-7;0 c no3cl7o1hbapnmis- zb 38.0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s angle be for reflections off t(dsw1roa.6zpgry;l*ee6 ; u z he surface of water for light coming from beneath the surface? Compare to the angle for total internal reflection, and to Brewster’s angle from above tl6ou;arwezyrp*d(g 6 1;. eszhe surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes through7.csu7txya eo dcj;1o1d gl7f 1*zy2c jj:e 8y five successive Polaroid sheets, each of whose axy1 8:7xy2g7zo;c1o ta7jjl fecc1*s. edudyjis makes a 45$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength awfny+hgbibs7+ 6) c6$ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves reflecting from mountains or airplanxo 1jv5w 7/idbes can interfere with the diodwx1ivjb 57 /rect signal from the station.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate sources passes through a diffraction gratingiy2z0 d9zi+ nk7plxxv)t :rb3 with x y) rb niil7k :+xz390p2dzvt$ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm passes through two narrow slits 0.60 mm apart. Tml5dw mtyi6+; he screen is 1.70 m away. A second source of unknown wavelength produces its second-order fringei5ydl t;mw +m6 1.33 mm closer to the central maximum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating at 102.1 MHz broadcasts fr (bw yb,iix;ry7c.3x9. ol c2ecysn 6rom two identical antennae at the same elevation but separated by an 8.0-m horizontal distance d, Fig. 24–60. A maximum signal is found along the midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and extendinciirx6 2ye .; c9wyobcy,x(s 7b.ln 3rg horizontally in both directions. If the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well back from an outside doorway 0.88 m wicd9e5spj:s (a* ;plmy;s sqt/k-z, uede, and blows a whistle of frequency 750 Hz. Ignoring reflections, estimate at what angle(s) it is not possik se;lmq-5sss(;*9dzjpc p,/ eat u: yble to hear the whistle clearly on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light falls on a single slit of width D at a 30 qt-xdjhjj* 1.gjy/4kqdy ; m:$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain beetle have a series of parallel lines across them. Whenc jy1kr z xt yvb5kv(t*33d9m+ normally incident 460-nm light is reflected from the wing, the wing appea zcy(9v1jktxb 33t+rd5 yvk m*rs bright when viewed at an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter must a grating have-9kputio*) 1qy nqg+ y if there is to be no second-order spectrum for any visible wavelengi-+gt)y1*q9q uynkpo th?   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and third-order spectra of white lightcv +3 xv ltau3;vq+d/ghyh1*bm9p(zb produced by a diffraction grating always overl+ b b p1mgh3(tl;*vhuvxq/v9a3 +zcy dap. What wavelengths overlap exactly?

  When yellow sodium l:f rvph xb72s:ight, $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on 9j3vyz88nn kfq*pl9 k a diffraction grating with and the pattern is viewed on a screen 2.5 l9fv p3*yj n 8qz8n9kkm from the grating. The incident light beam consists of two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of ref;h/qvrw e*f:1y .n sn 4aylvi9raction of a clear material if a minimum of 150 nm thickness of it, when laid on glass, is needed to reduce reflection to nyf;yl nri: sqv*/1a h9 ven4.wearly zero when light of 600 nm is incident normally upon it? Do you have a choice for an answer?

  Monochromatic light of vari9 x/6nj1i9yntq)m s kw d3yegq07rx5e able wavelength is incident normally on a thin sheet of plastic film in air. The reflected light is a minimeqytn3k x5r7)yed1iq jm0 n9xw9/s 6gum only for $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thickness needewt+ .;rc8gtod 8rxty5 ,mu;5beueeq0 d for an anti-reflective coating $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero) thickness for the air laytky +hdx(cw9zgmr ,+1- zouzs* :9pm rer between two flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear dark when 640-nm light ix z or,+(+1 uhkgcm-m :9r s9zwpt*ydzs incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light tra tge a,i )i/:mksbht8-nsmitted through a thin film layered on a flat piece of glass. Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions required for maxima and minima. Consider all possible values of index of refraction. Discuss the relative size of the minima compared to the maxihg/mkt:e8 bis,a)i-t ma and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the horizon is the a 39qz-la)xjaSun when light reflecting off a smooth lake is polarized most 3azxjq-)ala 9 strongly?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be l/m zr df-9n cd.7.j(lxg0yo/sg, ntkplaced so as to reduce the intensity of the incident unpolarized -nykcjtm,(l/x0z gd.d/f7lo r.9gsn light by an additional factor (after the first Polaroid cuts it in half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light fallsrxw7u)b.j8 ke xr4i)n) 0tqsc on two polarizer sheets whose transmission axes are at right angles. A third polarizer is placed between the first two so that itu4qi8) j0b ern)st r7kx). xwcs axis makes a 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are placed ineji19l6ywabyh4m (5ts)edh-h; b-v r succession with their axes vertical, at 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes through ayt 4tuig(p ;7wt,hn36ft qml)ka df( 4 slit of width 1.0 cm and is pointed at the Moon, which is approximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assu;i4)7hwp(t t m43kt( yqf lnfdtug6, ame the laser emits waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estimate the width of the beam when it reaches the Moon.    km

  A series of polarizers are each placed at a v6g:/ed u yq1m10$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap s 4 rnd5zd0xhnlz- )c6 3hj*xs$(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas radiating 6.0-MHz radio wa j(z aodo1veyj-e.0p3 ves in phase with each other. They are located at points (zoe .p1y o0v-a jjde3$S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of light containing two wavelengths, 42rbq,xn-z+ md1kvp;j,0 nm and 650 nm, enters a silicate flixj q;,- mdpn bvk+,z1rnt glass equilateral prism (Fig. 24–58).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens has one flat surfavclipj* t)y4ynh n3.r 5i;k ; kh6w.s;x:uqxkce and one with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm