Does Huygens’ principle apply to sound waves? To wyqqpv (1yke 16ater waves? Explain.

What is the evidence that light is en( 9 1jhlzplt6iergy?

Why is light sometimes described as rays and somrb e0qdxg*uk,x,)i1 a etimes as waves?

We can hear sounds around corners, but wex:bw,*z3)oziph1yqu vz u/a 4 cannot see around corners; yet both sound and light are waz zo,av4) h iu/x:zyw 1qb*up3ves. Explain the difference.

If Young’s double-slit experiment were submerged w(yp :sn5o to6:sy+ u7jl.iafin water, how would the fringe pattern bej .+o7ip(:s y:aulytowsf 65n changed?

Monochromatic red light is incident on a double slit, and the interfere*ud4o7 j cou4qnce pattern is viewed on a screen some distance away. Explain how the fringe pattern would change if the redo*uq 4duj4oc7 light source is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from ths3 b4ba6g9m ure same source destructively interfere if their path lengths differ by 64b9m3 aru sgbhow much?

Why was the observation of the double-slit interference patternmeo/o5 ,o)v-dlqvvm 6 ,doc5q more convincing evidence for the wave theory of limddc,o6olo5q-qvv5/evmo ), ght than the observation of diffraction?

Compare a double-slit jddqkbg 69p5:5zw2oy experiment for sound waves to that for light waves. Discuss the similarities ank5:obgjp y 6ddzw2q59d differences.

Why doesn’t the light from the two headlights of a distant car prohlrld+ -tl 6*yduce an interfer yld-6 r+l*tlhence pattern?

Suppose white light falls on the two slits of Figca(/-em x9qq e. 24–7, but one slit is covered by a red filter (700 nm) and the other by a blue filter (4 e(-mcq9 /xaqe50 nm). Describe the pattern on the screen.

When white light passes through a flat piece of window glass, it is not broks u:c+wmyt zy0,mxh oh j);j*4en doc: m)h;uj yzx+st4owh j,m0*y wn into colors as it is by a prism. Explain.

For both converging and diverging lenses, discuss how the* tykzj;-hwo ml:mh)o2h7y,z focal length for red light differs from that for violet mlo,oh*z)z hj27k-;hyt:mw ylight.

A ray of light is refracted through three different materials 3b g60hmebgj) gw)9ki(Fig. 24–55). Rank the material ge)bg 93km wji6gb0h)s according to their index of refraction, least to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your*)p:7drqpr 3t upni(d eye and focus on a distant light source through a narrow slit betwe7p (rinqtup*r pd:3d) en two fingers. (Adjust your fingers to obtain the best pattern.) Describe the pattern that you see.

What happens to the w6f mcllwip..vm; qd 7;a+kt.diffraction pattern of a single slit if the whole apparatus is immer c;kd pw ifa.qt 6w.mv+l;7ml.sed in (a) water, (b) a vacuum, instead of in air.

For diffraction by a single slit, what is the effect of increasing (a) the sb. o48ztz . lgm1t. 79rtq7yajt0wkfdlit wirt 8qajwb.y. 4 7ktt97ol. z1tmd0f zgdth, and (b) the wavelength?

What is the difference in the interference pattqm c*k4sk( uei qwab yc1g.*k3( vwev7e)r;* berns formed (a) by two slits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grayed: 1oe /xlr3bq5;qk xil 03lting, what is the advantage of (a) many slits, (b) closely spaced slilee3/:l q k qx51bxo; dylr30its?

White light strikes v-:tto-,zb by (a) a diffraction grating, and (b) a prism. A rainbow appears on a wall just below the direction of the horizontal incident beam in eactv ybo: tbz,--h case. What is the color of the top of the rainbow in each case? Explain.

For light consisting of wavelengths between 400 nm and 700 nm, incident no- d3gsi(rws 8s32 /jamarajg7rmally on a diffraction grating, for what orders (if any) a-ajg gjis/ sdw3r2a rms378(would there be overlap in the observed spectrum? Does your answer depend on the slit spacing?

Why are interference fringes noticeable only for a thn t7 s65e3(cc4 chcnjlin film like a soap bubble and not for a thi4cls3 nc67tcc jh5( neck piece of glass, say?

When a compact disk (CD) is held at an angle in w6q ggwx1jxebi9:gkyt3x b 8 u48ag+3jhite light, the reflected light is a full spectrum (Fig. gu3+j 6:b8q8g4tggx9 x1ew ix3kjaby 24–56). Explain. What would you expect to see if monochromatic light was used?

Why are Newton’s rings (Fig. 24–31)mn4.ug+txemoe uv*t(0 t( j)r closer together farther from the center?

Some coated lenses appear greenish yellow when seen6ruls ,hse. t5pxyk73 by reflected light. What wavelengths do you suppose the coating is designed to transmi hlp.y 3e,s675sturxkt completely?

A drop of oil on a pond appears bright at its edges, where its thickness is ,v l tk52am 0+th/tpudmuch less than the wavelengths of visible light. What can you st 2dhutma pl/0 ,5+tvkay about the index of refraction of the oil?

What does polarizationvb:d5ga :. 2mii1ysy;bz zz/g;co 1cc tell us about the nature of light?

Explain the advantage of polarized sunglasses over no6ig9-tsekb+ rrmal tinted sunglasses.

How can you tell if a pair ofdu).l cok vp//8 suni, sunglasses is polarizing or not?

Two polarized sheets romem . kgr:8lqmu0f/ .rb+na/ dd-a+sttated at an angle of 90$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sky if the Earth had no atmos0j5isbi klzxo;i (h50phere?

If the Earth’s atmosphere were 50 times denser than it is, would sunlight stilo h6b-g7;a l;lw m8fui(he8x7t qx r(zl be white, or would it blfx(-;78m6e;ruz qx hto ha8i gb l(w7e some other color?

  Monochromatic light falling on two slits 0.016 mm apart produceswi 2kv(mi8;t f the fifth-order fringe at an 8.8km8t w(ii2fv; $^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe of 610 nm light is ob.x *76pw-it8lnobfq4zbkh- n *r.f crserved at an angle of 18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on t x2;q p9rx;8y 3zlgeivwo very narrow slits 0.048 mm apart. Successive fringes on a screen 5.00 m away are 6.5 cm apart near the center of the pattern. Determine the wavelength and frequency of the light. xgpx9 l ;3ri2z;yv eq8
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light from a He-Ne laser, with a wavelengtwa ztm1vt*qxu8u+if9 w *-di +zr;fc .h 656 nm, falls on two very narrow slits 0.060 mm apart.8uu-i iftwvr qdc*; tw*fz a+zxm+.19 How far apart are the fringes in the center of the pattern on a screen 3.6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm falls on two slits and produces an interference patte3oe8 - pnzd6jyrn in which the fourth-order fri3e -6znod j8ypnge is 38 mm from the central fringe on a screen 2.0 m away. What is the separation of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm light passes through two slitcolkz)()wox 7 s 0.58 mm apart, how far apart are the second-order fringes for these two wavelenl7 ozk)(owx) cgths on a screen 1.0 m away?    mm

  In a double-slit experiment, it is found that blue light of wavel+f978ki5 ysun2 nso dyength 460 nm gives a second-order maximum at a certain location on y sn +isykd8uf529n7o the screen. What wavelength of visible light would have a minimum at the same location?    nm

Water waves having parallel crests 2.5 cm apart pass throu0uu4ay* 8 eko7a00qyt ixe,e igh two openings 5.0 cm apart in a board. At a point 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angle relative to the “straight-through” direction would there be lityu ta yi 0eqi,*oa70u4xe0k 8etle or no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece of glass is placlaiv(uu q-wo4f fw7 x ;b7m;4ked in front of the lower slit in Fig. 24–7 so that the two waves enter the slits k;uawi -o l(q7wv4bux 4f7;f m180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experq an-1j,qfnt:m4r; yhiment, the third-order maximum for light of wavelength 500 nm hn1:f,yqrn4aq t-;jm is located 12 mm from the central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light of wavelength 650 nm is then projected through the same slits. How far from the central bright spot will the second-order maximum of this light be located?    mm

  Two narrow slits separated by 1.0 mm are illuminated by 544 nm light. Find the + vekjrnzn s r)+)jf;9jc;c ;2jsa;fqdistance between adjacent bright fringes on j;kjjzs;9vjnr2s ) ;)++ecrnf ;f caqa screen 5.0 m from the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 480 nm in air falls,vbr+ +0:rmx8n r eisu on two slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plastic (n=1.60) cor5jh4 w+it0l6 ip;kxd vers one slit of a double-slit apparatus illuminated by 640-nm light. The cent6i phjrti+l4 0wd;5xker point on the screen, instead of being a maximum, is dark. What is the (minimum) thickness of the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, approximately, does the speed of red light h +ens 33:ugza(700 nm) exceed that of violet light (400 nm) in silicate flint glass? (See Fig. 2ge3+: h3ansu z4–14.)    %

  A light beam strikes a piece ofpjyt;44e ce. d glass at a 60.00$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of light containing two wavelengths, fm 1 rx*q7ix2i$\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light falls on a slit 0.0440 mm widegm;+ba93ksy6 r (te ds, what is the full angular width ofer;3b 9a ykgs(dmst6+ the central diffraction peak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light fz :nfrw,1zhfv jf;e43alls on a slit that is $ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm w(pt i:.-y dzbfalls on a slit that is $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm wide is illuminated by 450-nm light. What is the wi-c:5c9p4gufnjc7 ccb dth of the central maximum (in cm) in the diffr9cc4cj:-upnbc5fc7 g action pattern on a screen 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of wavelength 653 nm falls2q0 7o5f 6rz o;/osky wuek+yr- ogyb6 on a slit. If the angle between the first bright fringes ongo2ez s6+ bk-fwo u 57orq60ry ;yy/ok either side of the central maximum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central diffractionf bos ut2-*e;o4kav6bes- 5 rd peak on a screen 2.30 m behind a 0.0348-mm-wide slit illuminated by 589-nmb;524-k uro*ee- vdsf as 6tbo light?    cm

  When blue light of wavelength3xdoab o- 80j)rrdjre 63o a)u 440 nm falls on a single slit, the first dark bands on either side of center are sep6dojrx3j o rodu)ba) re-8 03aarated by 55.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of wavelength 415 nm falls on a sin+dwlku5 69 nkagle slit, it creates a central diffraction peak that is 9.20 cm wide on a screen that is 2.55 m away. How kk a5nd6+w9 ulwide is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm light so that the diffracd-( odqi 9+cfe;og zs(tion maximum is 4.0 cm wide on a screen 1.50 m away, what will be the width ofdf +cg- o9;oes iz((qd the diffraction maximum for light of wavelength 420 nm?    cm

For a given waveleng pw)mx19gw 7cqth $\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm light produce a sec,k s ip1e0f.3*r5 avlriyr2qyc*ym s,ond-order maximum when falling on a gratinifs35 *r2y0 yesa.mpr, *l1k ci,yr vqg whose slits are $1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per cent;s oj.a bj d-a(a5.pr+cu*b nmimeter does a grating have if the third-order occurs at an 18.a;acjp rs5d(*.+b uo- jn .amb0$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 58( nq lzm2cz0)p,g x.ql4oc cm.9-nm light falling on a diffraction grating is observed at a )olczm q(q.zgp4nmc0xcl. , 215.5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction grating has h4ybwk4 z+**mc(:dasg/ujl n $ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normall qm+::(qxkz fyj wr;eup;( gh1y on a $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral order that can e,, l zmtdla3nta- ;z8be seen if a grating with 6000 lines nt3 a;-al,z8 ltdme,z per cm is illuminated with 633-nm laser light? Assume normal incidence.   

  Two (and only two) full spectral orders can be see/bomlwn g(* rd:5khjea2- dz8n on either side of the central maximum when white light is sent through a diffraction grating. What is t:znl-gd oh*b2(5erwj/a8dm khe maximum number of lines per cm for the grating?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing wavelengths from 410 nm to 750 nm falls ovr *4.u,uq gg;jeqqxgn1+q 1p ;h:kkfn a grating with 1; fg*kggqq;k+vn.x1 rqquh4 j u,:pe $8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which produces monochromatic light of a known wavele7 xe+a1/ttmq jned43kngth $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum li:4rwsppc;jff ;en,9n nes are measured by a $9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 nm thick, what wavelength is most strongly2x.d z 09a.;dd5ul)qa vpiax s reflected at the center of the outer surface whedxas.5d20 ;iux.qzpd l v)9aan illuminated normally by white light? Assume that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the dark fringes in Example 24–8 iqk8 w-xp+0lcymvcm7ff7) 3cj f the glass plates are each ym7qk) clc xff0vm8wp-7jc +3 26.5 cm long?    cm

  What is the smallest thickn 6iue epwvf52soqu8d 79kt- ;cess of a soap film $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenir.zb(fovlskp5w ho8 9(w3 )6xiejiorsh*: ) ssh yellow ($\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright zjb ma-u2n6 *1b xte/tand 31 dark Newton’s rings (not counting the dark spot at the center) are observed when 550-nm light falls normally on a planoconvex lens restin zt/m6u- 1be*jat bnx2g on a flat glass surface (Fig. 24–31). How much thicker is the center than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separates one end of two pieces of optically flat glass, a68l)g f p0ncirs in Fig. 24–33. Wig f0)6p nc8rlhen light of wavelength 670 nm is incident normally, 28 dark lines are observed (with one at each end). How thick is the foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) should the air layer be between t b11lhc xtry(cxc45e6bkk4t ; wo flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear bright when 450-nm light is inc ek1b5;yc4crt( hx461lb tkxcident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material, suspecj s-qty;6l5joc6dg s- hirl)0 ted of being a stolen diamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcohol r5/ge4:cdyxrm y1v)i $(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring v,0imf b x4;cmapparatus (Fig. 24–31) is immersed in a liquid, the diameter of the eighth dark ring decreases from 2.92 cm to 2.48 cm. Whvf,im 40cb;xm at is the refractive index of the liquid?   

  What is the wavelength of the light ent+ogzb* pdm- cweda52 +ering an interferometer if 644 bright fringes are counted when oade+mg 25 zcw*pd-+bthe movable mirror moves 0.225 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is connec2- wtxs tpz(4hted to the movable mirror of an interferometer. When the micrometer is tightened down on a thin metal foil, the net number of bright fringes that move, compared to the empty micrometer, is 272. What is the thickness of the foil? ttz(h4w px -s2The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mirroryj*fih( cb5sr(9 cmzz(r 498 gjoh( az $M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of an interferometer (Fig. 24–59) passes throuf(h7wjh 6bjfa.mkl um9+ lh*n1;w u5pgh a small glass container containing a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 236 dark fringes are countwu+* n 6m; jlual 5hfwhmj9k 7phf1b.(ed to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 610 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the gas, assuming that the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are oriented at 1 wcx,7 jtbwn7dqu di*o2.k8ozh-:dq65$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s angle forp bfymn9)h8y(v1+l4b r q -zqn an air–glass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s angle for aoklx3z5i/(q dm ,k/zy hk u4v8 diamond submerged in water if the light is hitting the dim3zk/qvk5 8z( hi/ o 4luydk,xamond $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligned so that the light passin8rash yetu4) (talxmc2k t1 02g through them is a maximum. At what angle should one of tcl4x(ar) mhek 1tt2t28u 0asyhem be placed so that the intensity is subsequently reduced by half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polarbxk6 kjs+03ci oids be placed so as to reduce the intensity of the incibki sj03cxk+ 6dent unpolarized light to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are o5p7g(, (j1c bycwzx8yr mh ab0riented at 40$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented at 38hn um0a1i+;a 7byu8 nby fr7,p.0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s angle be for reflections off the surface of wa(i uk)6urgwo2e6 l -cyter for light coming from beneat)ec 6kg26yirolu(-uw h the surface? Compare to the angle for total internal reflection, and to Brewster’s angle from above the surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes through five successive Polaroid sheets, each o;;:tp vr7x2kzve bwd)p jrw.n-gl- /pf whose axirvv;wl :- d7jx2g-e) ;p pb /zknw.rpts makes a 45$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength 5hps,g7u pp8l $ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves reflecting from mountains or airplanes can6(ctw*7ugui8ulx. ; rzjz5 z f interfere with the directc8zwju*7 flruuz z6;xi(.tg5 signal from the station.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate sources passes through aq;zmn8me y2 5lsd5nz5 diffraction grating with z 52y8ne5mlsd;zm 5qn $ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm pafh/d ys7r jj39sses through two narrow slits 0.60 mm apart. The screen is 1.70 m away. A second source of unknown wavelength produces its y3dh9jsj/f7 r second-order fringe 1.33 mm closer to the central maximum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating at 102-,b) 2ush v,:a woekkr.1 MHz broadcasts from two identical antennae at the same elevation but separated by an 8.0-m horizonte oa:s,-w) hkr2buk ,val distance d, Fig. 24–60. A maximum signal is found along the midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and extending horizontally in both directions. If the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well back from an outside doorway 0.88 m wide, and blom*0ssz aj0x.). akmyd1mwthg1j+-wvws a whistle of frequency 750 Hz. Imjs +0*gzx)a w0vt1m.hay.w 1jmks-dgnoring reflections, estimate at what angle(s) it is not possible to hear the whistle clearly on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light falls on a single +*b an9dyeo1 islit of width D at a 30$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain beetle haveq e*)te(+vqsk a series of parallel lines across them. When normally incident 46kst *+e qv(eq)0-nm light is reflected from the wing, the wing appears bright when viewed at an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter must a grating have ifz:r4z o 3jd)w rfaxu c18.oi3x h9lx9b there is to be no second-order spectruml: wxzxz)41 3.oc rfbhar9i3uxd9 8oj for any visible wavelength?   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and thirf5p.1srz1.x- cja 1t mrxckw2d-order spectra of white light produced by a diffraction grating always overlap. What waveleng p.a51cwxs-xjr. 1 zr2cmkt1 fths overlap exactly?

  When yellow sodium lys4 /b osa-u;qight, $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on a diffraction grating with and the patter gm/ul4 j6be:zg tfvo y9yc103e2n0q un is viewed on a screen 2.5 m from the grating. The incident light beam consists ofvf /l6guont 24uqeyyc jz01geb:9m03 two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refraction of a clear material if a mia hv8 w3 ky/bk1k xj1-8flms9rnimum of 150 nm thickness of it, when laid on glass, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light of 600 nm is ikl8jvbmka -w1 hk31/ys8 xf 9rncident normally upon it? Do you have a choice for an answer?

  Monochromatic light of variable wavelength is incident normally on a th2 j)0ot.lupcf in sheet of plastic film in air. The reflected light is a minimum only for.ptu0 oj2fcl ) $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thickness needed for a7vjai5 t z8rfj60 n6g sq/az/in anti-reflective coating $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero) thickness for the air layer between two flat glbrfj 7n0zg5 1 nsi4q;vass surfaces if the glass is to appear dark when 640q5n4sfi; 1rj7g z bvn0-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light transmitted throug ur )6j.rvlt8lpt5m x)4k9k hth a thin film layered on a flat piece of glass. Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the c6) 8jt khrl u)459lvtrtmxk.ponditions required for maxima and minima. Consider all possible values of index of refraction. Discuss the relative size of the minima compared to the maxima and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the horizon is the Sun when light reflecting off akvw-e n* .gpc, smooth lake isgpe. ,n*ckv -w polarized most strongly?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placed so as to reftjinz7zn3 8v.w2 h(utjae qu3tj/5je1: n8fduce the intensity of8/ .v z haw3 2j8n(uzf 1en7in eujj:tt3jt5qf the incident unpolarized light by an additional factor (after the first Polaroid cuts it in half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light falls on two polarizer sheets whose transmission axes are at r7xj1 c,ec4tv5duztve)2ll 3h ight angles. d7jt2)luc5elv vz3ce1x 4t ,h A third polarizer is placed between the first two so that its axis makes a 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are placed in succession with their axes vertical, at 4t3t0a.e.etys,h )d pow7s : yboh9va30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes through a slit oslp95j : wnca3yb: )qzm9co1qf width 1.0 cm and is pointed at the Moon, which is approximately 380,000 km fromn o)13 9y5slacz :wqpqj9b :cm the Earth. Assume the laser emits waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estimate the width of the beam when it reaches the Moon.    km

  A series of polarizers are each placed at a 10/4mblxs 8: j4y-lv tav$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap 2ozfbgc l-o2d2-y hhx. 1me8ha2jtd-sr48 wb $(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas radiating 6.0-MHz radio waves in phase withjg:u qb aq 06u38el9jq each other. They are located at l3 90u8b6juqeq:gj aqpoints $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of light containing7zw.x w6dho )e two wavelengths, 420 nm and 650 nm, enters a silicate flx)dw6 zwh7o .eint glass equilateral prism (Fig. 24–58).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens has 5; xwhlc)),lvg:w wcfzon76n one flat surface and one with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm