Does Huygens’ principle apply to sound waves?j0,te:jan( *o i eqvx)wa52tt To water waves? Explain.

What is the evidencelwr(9 yq bqpx:cxbqtp+--;w vw;z2nqm* 7;tc that light is energy?

Why is light sometimes dq ;i(6g2atl2zl4 j5 cclpukr-escribed as rays and sometimes as waves?

We can hear sounds around co,r g sb jsivo jl-nk,13y*83csrners, but we cannot see around corners; yet both sound and light are waves. -s3bcl jy1o8vkgss,j,n 3 *irExplain the difference.

If Young’s double-slit experimih5mgpz-iv s fo/ )b4.lsr 2-ment were submerged in water, how would the fringe pattern be changed?)i mfo- sl.s i/rz-4vh2 pbm5g

Monochromatic red light is incident on*z40 p)y i 9jaakl4jqb a double slit, and the interference pattern is viewed on a screen some distance away. Explain how the fringe pattern would change if the red light source is replaced by a blue light b4lp ajz0q9a)ij yk4*source.

Two rays of light from the same source destructively interfe6h ;ys uwfxbr2pk*-2are if their path lengths dikuhby2 2 psr6*;x-fawffer by how much?

Why was the observation of the double-slit interference pattern moreccg.1,gj5nono e 7 *sf-,lwhw convincing evidence for o,c h1os7wlgfn-nc, e5*.gjwthe wave theory of light than the observation of diffraction?

Compare a double-slit experiment for sound waves to that b lgpo+t*gh14ja5s h83m2pru-wj9pp for light waves. Discuss the similaritie 8 l5 th*msru41bagopjg2ppph-39+ jws and differences.

Why doesn’t the light from the two headlights of a il bxl-olm1t j:b0 dukzzd a4,.s:6h* xrm0*idistant car produce an interference bs:um.j 0ld1 bx6:dmzo0 z, hira*li4*tlk-xpattern?

Suppose white light falls on the ttra 8m7 k5p -qkpnce;,wo slits of Fig. 24–7, but one slit is covered by a re;, naeqk7p k8-mtpr5c d filter (700 nm) and the other by a blue filter (450 nm). Describe the pattern on the screen.

When white light passes through a fla0tmz/u.bx.*u v, dc(db0qkqe t piece of window glass, it is not broken down into colors as it is*0udzeb,v.u b(ct0k / qqm .dx by a prism. Explain.

For both converging and diverging lenses, discuss how the focal lengt hiq2z865bbbd33ewbj h for red light differs from tha 26 3ib8hqedbbbz53w jt for violet light.

A ray of light is refracted througm ,0+t 1re92q2, slmv*2stgea opxv hah three different materials (Fig. 24–55). Rank the materials according to their index of refraction, leas,aal2g 2 t esxevtmm9p ,sorh20+qv1* t to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your eye and focus on a dy;76krnp ke w6+: 9kz;jut xbdistant light source through a narrow slit between two fingers. (Adjust your fingers to obtain the best pattr:jp k9kdz +;neb 6t6yw;xk7u ern.) Describe the pattern that you see.

What happens to the diffraction pattern of a single slit if the whole apparmoh +i:xxpy09 atus is immersed in (a) water,90 oi+xmhp :yx (b) a vacuum, instead of in air.

For diffraction by a single slit, what is the effect of increasing (a) the slit vb,6oa h4yz5 wwidth, and (b)h5zy6ob 4a ,vw the wavelength?

What is the difference in the interference patterns formed (a) by two slits /aa/iq6rop ,s9on h*m$^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, what is thpquhy6.o 5n 2qwr6.if+aa14 cbvxj7se advantage of (a) many slits, (b) closely spaced slit nab+6 6v 15h .xquya 7pc24qsrw.fiojs?

White light strikes (a) a di7 m3e nzi+.sh-ya(vso 4gwvq. ffraction grating, and (b) a prism. A rainbow appears on a wall just below the direction of the horiz 4.-qa nw7.oizhyve+ss3mg v(ontal incident beam in each case. What is the color of the top of the rainbow in each case? Explain.

For light consisting of wa4nyw/wz 3 niz6q7so7h velengths between 400 nm and 700 nm, incident normally on a diffraction grating, for what orders (if any) would there be overlap in the observed spectrum? Does your answer depend on the 3hz7 z/ wnq swin74yo6slit spacing?

Why are interference fringes noticeaedffz(f n8ye xvtsx*42 -8sv3ble only for a thin film like a soap bubble and not fo3fxz fvtvfnsd2x8y8 * 4e-(ser a thick piece of glass, say?

When a compact disk (CD) is held at an angle in white light, thea a c8sopw:.5s reflected light is a full spectrum (Fig. 24–56) .cpao:s was85. Explain. What would you expect to see if monochromatic light was used?

Why are Newton’s rings (Fig. 24–31) closer together farther from the cej0s0ik d 7*kipj6o2v fnter?

Some coated lenses appe 3gj 4)p8g6 *hbfn izzmq7hvq,jn9o+v ar greenish yellow when seen by reflected light. What wavelengths do you suppog) ,n* vbjp3hnqvhij9gfz z6+o m487qse the coating is designed to transmit completely?

A drop of oil on a pond appears bright at its edges, where its thickne*zx8ws;ko oem*- +tmdmm tw0)ss is much less than the wavelengths of visible light. What can mmeww* z+to;m k*m)-0 x 8stodyou say about the index of refraction of the oil?

What does polarization tell u 9cw-sltlsq64 s about the nature of light?

Explain the advantage of polarized sunglasses over norm +y -r :s.zaypht05xjaal tinted sunglasses.

How can you tell if a pair of sunglasses is polari km ac:z0w:y3 f8tv8l5 4pinumzing or not?

Two polarized sheets rotated at an a 5wkr48g:ic0t sjl6a)jtep8 angle of 90$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sky if the Earth had +/6n 4:mtxu rg0omlso no atmosphere?

If the Earth’s atmosphere were 50 (dwmse)( 9mt:2 mre4yyhd- k otimes denser than it is, would sunlight still be white, or would)y- yeem m2kd(sd9: rth4 mw(o it be some other color?

  Monochromatic light falling on two slitc grdjhu 1 :b-;/xd+yhs 0.016 mm apart produces the fifth-order fy; bgc :1jxd+dru-/hhringe at an 8.8$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringfw i:s;.4 hasye of 610 nm light is observed at an angle of 18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on two very narrow slits 0.048 mm apartrfok(),x2rbed5 z,:2 i y w9d6zdghtb. Successive fringes on a screen 5.00 m away are 6.5 cm apart near the center of the pati f) d 6eg:xz,2ztk,wydh o 9b2r5r(bdtern. Determine the wavelength and frequency of the light.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light from a He-Ne laser, with a wavelenb10+/sj/o x pavtb6.7bpl jqpgth 656 nm, falls on two very narrow slits 0.060 mm apart. How far apart apq /xj/bbpvt061.j 7sbaolp+ re the fringes in the center of the pattern on a screen 3.6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm falls on two slits and produces an interft(8h*a1d 1ndqf3nxrbl5sfc. erence pattern in which the fourth-orlndf 8dqnr.xt5a(1b*1 3cshf der fringe is 38 mm from the central fringe on a screen 2.0 m away. What is the separation of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm light passes through two slits 0.58 mm apart, how far k yt2:jydszqpj:(5a0 apart are the secjt0k dyy:5:j s2 azq(pond-order fringes for these two wavelengths on a screen 1.0 m away?    mm

  In a double-slit exp: wpg*q9i ./nq7,6ge3 rqpfpqmb,vmx eriment, it is found that blue light of wavelength 460 nm gives a second-order maximum at a certain location on the screen. What wavelength of visible light would have a minimum at the same location/*qp v,:pexgn i mgrwp fqmq79.b6q 3,?    nm

Water waves having parallel crests 2.5 cm apart pass through two openings 5.0 cmj:eyp3 h/r 6ze apart in a board. At a point 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angle relative to the “6:eehr/3j pyz straight-through” direction would there be little or no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece of glass 4p3h lu /s.ainodw5 a5y 4n(niis placed in front of the lower slit in Fig. 24–7 so that the two waves y/pd 5l u sio.h4n 4a(nw5ani3enter the slits 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experiment, the third-order maximum for li msy m3z+v*(nu),oy vfght of wavelength 500 nm is located 12 mm from the central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light of wavelength 650 nm is then projected through the same slits. How far from n)zmmf*o ,usyv (3y+vthe central bright spot will the second-order maximum of this light be located?    mm

  Two narrow slits separated by 1.0 mm are* :vj bt7 jbp3sl5pdz-dzxs: 8 illuminated by 544 nm light. Find the distance between adjacent bright fringes on a screen 5.0 m from the slixsb8lsb 35t*:z:dp-dzjp 7v jts.    mm

  Light of wavelength 480 mr qj1l1laqx5)+gx/ gu85a jfnm in air falls on two slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plastic (n=1.60) covers one slit of a double-slit apparie stndg jjy0b0d 8wg6 o.q*,8atus ibi8jog 8 g,sy e dq0.tdw0j*n6lluminated by 640-nm light. The center point on the screen, instead of being a maximum, is dark. What is the (minimum) thickness of the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, approximately, does ton cs z7kd:5f0z;rg z+he speed of red light (700 nm) exceed that of violet light (400 nm) in silicate flint glassz zz dnsg c0+5f7k;:ro? (See Fig. 24–14.)    %

  A light beam strikes a piece of glass a+uo5 txiv9*5j7h)r1ykq;+qe qr bg uc t a 60.00$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of light containing tw-bi0r ,mk zg9ho wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light falls on a slit 0.0440 mm g vmf2.1av+pbzc h/w;l ,udum,gb40p wide, what is the full angular width of the central diffractionz;v+b/vulpmh. 2f c,0ubdgm,1w a4gp peak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light falls ovf4q (( l2os /6cmpykmn a slit that is $ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm falls on a slit that is im x2cw/ljb3sym,(w)$ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm wide is illuminated (nv; d5mqhge/ by 450-nm light. What is the width of the central maximum (in cm) in the diffraction pattern on a scr5 n; vedg/m(qheen 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of wavy,r(v8kx*p uo in2.hhelength 653 nm falls on a slit. If the angle between the r* hxukpi28o ( n,vy.hfirst bright fringes on either side of the central maximum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central diffraction peak on a screen 2.30 m behind a 0.0bib .ej3a7ow 5348-mm-wide slit illuminated by 589-35jbebw. io7 anm light?    cm

  When blue light of wavelength 440 nm falls on a single slit, the first dar3.d lv i( ptfue(y4oe)k bands on ei oei4)l (3.fd pevy(tuther side of center are separated by 55.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of waveleng*rfev rv4.wu; th 415 nm falls on a single slit, it creates a central diffraction peak that is 9.20 cm wide on a screen w .r;4vf ver*uthat is 2.55 m away. How wide is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm light so that the diffractionvmgy07a - 7znf2tbv g; maximum is 4.0 cm wide on a screen 1.50 m away, what will be the width of the diffraction maximum for light of wavelength 4207n g zt;my2 -f0g7vvba nm?    cm

For a given wavelengt+.xb+0whe2i -5rmwd5h )i7 lbm sxnjeh $\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm light producec 18;ydwbm523kxl 9u)a kff bs/vev:r a second-order maximum when falling on a grating whose slits are9 k 5m/esurxwfv)1bf82c lvk; : abdy3 $1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter do l-2eb 9vmdl;4zh/hgu es a grating have if the third-order occurs at anlhg;vz h4uembl -9d/2 18.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 589-nm light falling on a diffracu:m)qed ,o 4pftion grating is observed at po) d:q,fm ue4a 15.5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction gratinjhb;)-jyq (gqg has $ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normally on a j)g52jlyx5 c iyat23 s$9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral order that can be seen if a grating with rqj6mq -;4nz494wy akzw c7.:ctl 2 rbh5axtl 6000 lines per cm i2rzq4ty hzb9:7cq4-;a6 kj .xlant wl4c5w rms illuminated with 633-nm laser light? Assume normal incidence.   

  Two (and only two) full spectral orders can be seen on e4qnl0 iwd 4lpgok779.zznyg( ither side of the central maximum when white light is sent through a diffraction grating. What7k4gni (wy 9oqp0dl4zl7z. gn is the maximum number of lines per cm for the grating?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing wavelengths from 410 nm to 750 nm falls on bu ib4,9y)rvla grating with)4,ir uy9bblv $8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which produces monochromatic light ofg x85e z2mvnd4 a known wavelength $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum linp4r/ fpdz/a5sj ,zq.res are measured by a $9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 nm thick, what wavelength is most strongly reflecter5bxly4l/w * cw, xi1sq-*spjd at the center of the ou *xllqxc1 ji4 wwsysbp 5*/,r-ter surface when illuminated normally by white light? Assume that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the hb u1,x1da0fwy:,vd zyti7o3av cs:. gd4b 3idark fringes in Example 24–8 if the glass plates are each 26.5 cm longas vfy:dx,,az1w0:g 7db1hbod.3u4 vyti i3 c ?    cm

  What is the smallest thickne8quh4x k/io83x b*uayss of a soap film $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenish yea-*(ok3*qp 6a vku ala47rdfb llow ($\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright and 31 dark Newton’s ring2 ia fkw: .oq3eocj.cwgc7,3 hs (not counting the dark spot at the center) are observed when 550-nm light falls normally on a planoconvex lens resting on a flat glass surface (Fig. 24–31). How much thicker is the center than the edge,7ihgwajk3wc :2qe f.oc. 3oc s?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separates one end of two pieces of optically flat glass, as in ,)5ncsw cpnef)3 0msf Fig. 24–33. When light of wavelength 670 nm is incident normally, 28 dark lines are obse5npc,3e0n))mf sf wcsrved (with one at each end). How thick is the foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) should the air law +y(jcg 4)orq3p6ldxyer be between two flat glass surfaces if t+g lpxoj4 )ycwq3(r6d he glass is to appear bright when 450-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material, suspected of b4)4uyt*aa s nveing a stolen diamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcohol bb/*w )n(u exo$(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring apparatus (Fig. 24–31) is imm4xnep ro g1t97ersed in a liquid, the diameter of the eighth dark ring decreases from 2go4n1 t9 7perx.92 cm to 2.48 cm. What is the refractive index of the liquid?   

  What is the wavelength of the light entering an interferomet7osqrc9ff 6 l1s+,i dgmw5q w(er if 644 bright fringes are counsi7l(qm, g1qf9drwc wf o+s 56ted when the movable mirror moves 0.225 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is connes(e:,-bxx: o yq qe okrp32)sncted to the movable mirror of an interferometer. When the micrometer is tightened down on a thin metal foil, the net number of brig :rq:s2 xe-soe)oxy3kb p ,nq(ht fringes that move, compared to the empty micrometer, is 272. What is the thickness of the foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mir0yra/dsaf4e0( u b 2ueror $M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of a/-, *fug3i*jaxxia6:qqv x7vxxsk 7dn interferometer (Fig. 24–59) passes through a small glass container containing a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 236 dark fringes are counted to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 610 nm. Calculaax6xx/v -3u*xd k:vf*,s7gqxqji 7i a te the index of refraction of the gas, assuming that the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are oriented at 65jns 0i zk egya/ ccufih:g9 *j1asj77*++a b6j$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s an0ir u31xhdn*jgle for an air–glass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s angle for a 9 fazumbr0dj. vn h(s c)-q8)ps6b*qr diamond submerged in water if the light is hitting thcmp. fbbdq*rz s -squn9va())68 0jhre diamond $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligned so that the light passing through t*dugz ++n ideiyvmbv 2: (c)w c(7g)rzxbz7 9jhem is a maximum. At what angle should one of them be placg9d+czb ezi7)7(g:ywibmdu* c 2z)xnv jr( +ved so that the intensity is subsequently reduced by half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaro/.slj1 kvps ux3:m2e nas3u ,mids be placed so as to reduce the intensity of the i pe u2u3s/n3,.s: sam1 lvkmxjncident unpolarized light to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented at w w/ l5cb)ol 7jbhowpk5r976 m40$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented at 38by0h.6, rbe:.aq;q cwvge n.s.0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s angle be for reflections off the surface of wate/;wdybk)*9g wwiz:c t r for ligh gz c)9/;w:kw*yw btdit coming from beneath the surface? Compare to the angle for total internal reflection, and to Brewster’s angle from above the surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes through five successive Po /arc67 d1jj9ml rccb.laroid sheets, each of whose axis makes acd9 6cm1 rj 7/rjb.cal 45$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength l w26)sotx 56aal ord9$ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves reflecting from mountain a2 (2hqglbbztx*z6 3is or airplanes can interfere with the dig*h t63( bzqxa2 lzib2rect signal from the station.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate sources passes throhn75on iz*mu- vnbon5k 08ph 6ugh a diffraction grating with 5u0n*pnzhmo ivok 8-nn65bh7$ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm passes through two narrow slits 0.60 mm apartvv.lyu19n5(t) vm csvf qtw-3. The screen is 1.70 m away. A second source of unknown wavelength produces its se 19 v mcvvvtlswt f.nuq(y53-)cond-order fringe 1.33 mm closer to the central maximum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating at 102.1 MHz broadcasts from two identical antennae a 4 s(axv,+h4co*l gskyt the same elevation but separated by an 8.0-m horizontal distance d, Fig. 24–60. A maximum signal is found along the midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and extending horizontally in both directions. If the midline is takens,ghy x s*c( 4o4v+alk as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well back from an outside doorway 0.88 m wwd e-xu2:vvn w,)cn(side, and blows a whistle of frequency 750 Hz. Ignoring reflections, estimate at what angle(s) it is not possible to hear the whistle clearly o:nvxw ) dveu,cw(s2-n n the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light falls on a single slit of width D at/u wcpeu3+li8 a 30$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain beetle have a series of parallel linexctq0z zzqv .+q )hvd7qnhw4p-6tj.6s across them. When normally incident 460-nm light is reflected from the wing, the wing appears bright when vied6qvjtcqtp w6)z.nq x+z-qh.z4 v70hwed at an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter must a grating haoer)xm7; rq a4ve if there is to be no second-ord7)4 q a;orrmexer spectrum for any visible wavelength?   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and third-order spectra of white light producedssi(pqk( ni3y (wmay6cn + 04t by a diffraction grating alwayn6p(0ansk3iyi (y (+cwqt m s4s overlap. What wavelengths overlap exactly?

  When yellow sodium l c1/sz,luu,v/vo cih 0ight, $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on a diffrac-b6hauxf oh uc9,t2 0)- khd,6x4c4iy hbbxbktion grating with and the pattern is viewed on a screen 2.5 m from the grating. The incident light beam consi06d f4b4h9x6 aoc2-xuu-ht),hybhbk x,k i c bsts of two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refracti ffm6dxo.ummyjp ,o*:9w;9fl.td 3zm on of a clear material if a minimum of 150 nm thickness of it, when laid on :*, dmx69f 9.ow3jof mpluyz fm.m;dtglass, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light of 600 nm is incident normally upon it? Do you have a choice for an answer?

  Monochromatic light of v7ze/0xmwr 7v8:wub 88lz m tjjariable wavelength is incident normally on a thin sheet of plastic film in air. The reflected light is a minm/zwxw87rzju 80 v8et:7jbl mimum only for $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thickness needed for an anti-re 8c -/13gduc;rbuzhwiflective coating $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero) thickness for the air layer between ,c 4( wqfxsk26e m2jzptwo flat glass surfaces if the glass is to sqxkw26fm, p( cj4z2e appear dark when 640-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light transmitted through a thin film layered on7um 6b;kewzjg8 . z1y;k9nhw b a flat piece of glass. Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 24k9w whm8e1bz zg 7 .b;u6;nkyj–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions required for maxima and minima. Consider all possible values of index of refraction. Discuss the relative size of the minima compared to the maxima and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the horizon is the Sun when light reflecting off a-g;4bg3cadxk(9qk lr smooth lake is polarized most stroc3kxbr 4dgk -9(gaq ;lngly?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placed so as to reducehyawmab)6 f n-6yl*;w the intensity of the incident unpolarized light by an additionh ;lam)a6ywfnwy 6*b-al factor (after the first Polaroid cuts it in half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light falls on two polarizer sheets whose transmission lv;s nxfw)6;fk4 e6s /xvbcw o9jm44caxes are at right angles. A third polarizer is placed between the first two so thatk w) le6nfs v;v4c6bwfjom4x9 ;/xs 4c its axis makes a 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are placed iiwv.6 jdti-j 0n succession with their axes vertical, at 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes through a sliti1-e v r;)yuuz of width 1.0 cm and is pointed at the Moon, which is uu ;evz-1)ryiapproximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assume the laser emits waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estimate the width of the beam when it reaches the Moon.    km

  A series of polarizers are each placed at a 10s7uo:-i3dp m q$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap 4hg oj9dwc,5 rg) hg)v$(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas radiating 6.0-MHz radio waves in phase with e+ afeo ltbw;njm0d/pp1n cg7 3sg 184hach other. The+j;31ho8cne bgft a4 7d1snpp0w/lmg y are located at points $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of light containint1jx yrc 3 pypd7ys+n7:8q pj(g two wavelengths, 420 nm and 650 nm, enters a silicayjty8qy1d (7 cpx: rjnp p3+7ste flint glass equilateral prism (Fig. 24–58).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens has one zp9fq/0:aik*swwr w4 0oh gt.) ywe2yflat surface and one with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm