Does Huygens’ principle apply to sound waves? To waaf6 k7r s ds0f)x1 9fac;/svx2oe7bdnter waves? Explain.

What is the evidence than h.i8cj+v/ tmt light is energy?

Why is light sometimes described as rays andh0v 9wl 2)udsc:8lrhf4s(wd+ /vcckl sometimes as waves?

We can hear sounds around corners, but we cannot see arop2sr5- sl+1 ouwo--d tv la; b:.doaegund corners; yet both sound and light aro;u w-rs-ts-vo1 ol+5le:a .a bdp gd2e waves. Explain the difference.

If Young’s double-slit experiment were submerged in water, how woul 6.ezpfel dn in9zv,,/d the fringe pattern be cha/venz.f9e6p zl nd,,inged?

Monochromatic red light is incident on a double slit, and the interfers,jyl ailw -67 wdcrgb96n)b3ence pattern is viewed on a ,lbs3cbd )g9 raji-n66lyw 7wscreen some distance away. Explain how the fringe pattern would change if the red light source is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from the same source destructively interfere cq.oxvo. .mi;qcx(9x l c+eu)if their path lengths differ bxcolmqeq. 9;x+.uci ( xc). voy how much?

Why was the observation of the double-slitnc w9g- s 8;jcq1fg7bn interference pattern more convincing evidence for the wave theory of light than the ;qsc8 7f jc1g-9wgnbnobservation of diffraction?

Compare a double-slit experiment for sound wavest 1y7gw5s;bldq6l 7f lf0q7zu to that for light waves. Discuss the similarities a77; b wql0 glfy1zfs6 l5tq7dund differences.

Why doesn’t the light from thri;5 bw68;j(id;ncqjfo g y.le two headlights of a distant car produce an interferencqic;6r;lyj bni(j5d g.f8; woe pattern?

Suppose white light falls on the two slits of Fig. 24–7cxs3 g 09w/+*ekvjr0q c bv*rf, but one slit is covered by a red filter (700 nm) and the other by a blue filter (450 nm). Describe the pat+cg09svvbk* j e3 rw 0c/fxqr*tern on the screen.

When white light passes throuzvdm)cu,s 3u4vr:) gs gh a flat piece of window glass, it is not broken down into colors as it is ,vu:mrszvsu gc)3)d4 by a prism. Explain.

For both converging and diverging lenses, disr) sn) )45lll g-e:x,dasg,oyz s u*thcuss how the focal length for red light differs from that for violet liga zg,he4)s nd:ls ),o-)yl*5xtugl rsht.

A ray of light is refrac0aq;q-xxev- s )c3gt zted through three different materials (Fig. 24–55). Rank the materials accordin- q;z03-a)sgtxveqx cg to their index of refraction, least to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your eye and focus on0n0vws sq*y w) a distant light source through a narrow slit between two fingers. (Adjust y *)s0wyqsvn0 wour fingers to obtain the best pattern.) Describe the pattern that you see.

What happens to the diffraction pattern of a single slcq ie4::vyr ol , -,ae),xwt4l ha5cgt6wz3jlit if the whole apparatus is im3ljrwg:4hewcvy5qi-,tz ,4 :ac,eaxl 6t)o lmersed in (a) water, (b) a vacuum, instead of in air.

For diffraction by a siw e0)(rshrd 8pngle slit, what is the effect of increasing (a) the slit width, anwh r )8dp0esr(d (b) the wavelength?

What is the difference in the interfere;hx45i oc7y c )jyxm 6*s8fewjnce patterns formed (a) by two slits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, what is the advantage of (a) many sli( hube0g-g3nmts, (b) closely space-nh(03e gugbm d slits?

White light strikes (a) a diffraction gratin8 mmlr)i 8j3umg, and (b) a prism. A rainbow appears on a wall just below the direction of the horizontal incident beam in each case. What is the color of the top of the rainbow in jm )3mm8lu 8rieach case? Explain.

For light consisting of wavelengths between 46o q*wfy 94d5toeuz 4r00 nm and 700 nm, incident normally on a diffra4 zry odw*5ufo t64e9qction grating, for what orders (if any) would there be overlap in the observed spectrum? Does your answer depend on the slit spacing?

Why are interference fringes noticeableuiyu7 m *uw9p* only for a thin film like a soap bubble and not for a thick p9ywui7uu *p*m iece of glass, say?

When a compact disk (CD) is held at an angle inb;zafapi t;bir//fy /4:tdz))gfz b + white light, the reflected light is a full spectrum (Fig. 24–56). Explain. What would you exzzitay/f/frd4) gb za +t/p);f: ibb ;pect to see if monochromatic light was used?

Why are Newton’s rings mas )vee98;tqji+-mj (Fig. 24–31) closer together farther from the center?

Some coated lenses appear greenish yellow when seen by obpmhx + 2b xf dv-/6ja 1pt+v)h5u*qdreflected light. What wavex 2jbvd- d h q*h/vmfat1)bpxu5+p+6 olengths do you suppose the coating is designed to transmit completely?

A drop of oil on a pond appears bright at its edges, where i4:t/zy oi j;vgts thickness is much less than the wavelengt:tz iv /yj;o4ghs of visible light. What can you say about the index of refraction of the oil?

What does polarization tell3. h(,,z qwzktko +nra us about the nature of light?

Explain the advantage of pola*ctqjdcv vn3k y-ido38s-2j 8rized sunglasses over normal tinted sunglasses.

How can you tell if a pair of sungrc0 )ns-3vk mo73ygat lasses is polarizing or not?

Two polarized sheets rotated a,+on ej x73npnt an angle of 90$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sky if the Earth had no atmn;tssjj*9*2:88yl *p iptu uza.eg nuosphere?

If the Earth’s atmosphere were 50 times denser than it is, whoka,8 m tc;2ptg3l*aould sunlight still be wc*t2lt;a omh8ag ,k3phite, or would it be some other color?

  Monochromatic light falling on two slits 0.016 mm apart produces the fifth-ordevyx9 g,g-r q0dx ao3c*m4iz/i r fringe axm*q -/o0 d493giizr,vgxya ct an 8.8$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe of 610 nm light is ob9d i l:8feqc4xp 3m/paserved at an angle of 18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on two very narrow slits 0.048 mskld 8 +j;7-(tqrosb4x +plyvm apart. Successive fring78r qp4( + dovt-bk l;x+yjlsses on a screen 5.00 m away are 6.5 cm apart near the center of the pattern. Determine the wavelength and frequency of the light.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light,z2k ugp6(9aqup 3sfl from a He-Ne laser, with a wavelength 656 nm, falls on two very p92, z(6gsafqu 3p uklnarrow slits 0.060 mm apart. How far apart are the fringes in the center of the pattern on a screen 3.6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm falls on two slits and produces an interferencyx+loxjwoe8;mt s +ro ) e637pe patterpoj+tee 3xxs ml)8+oryo; 67wn in which the fourth-order fringe is 38 mm from the central fringe on a screen 2.0 m away. What is the separation of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm light passes t qk6,ua rad9rqqm fu*/jl/o5o 0ed.u8hrough two slits 0.58 mm apart, how far apart are tqfru0* aj5mok o,q9u.d6q rdal u 8/e/he second-order fringes for these two wavelengths on a screen 1.0 m away?    mm

  In a double-slit experiment, it /33ixdx.yfqp 53o4ydp zg9ed is found that blue light of wavelength 460 nm gives a second-order maximum at a certain location on the screen. What wavelength of visible light would have a minimum at the s 3o/5gxy.f3ezp d4dqd3y9p ix ame location?    nm

Water waves having parallel crests 2.5my wshp2nqv 6mhl .g2;i 0c54y cm apart pass through two openings 5.0 cm apart in a board. At a point 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angle relative to hn5g c.6y2;l4wm0hvy2psmiq the “straight-through” direction would there be little or no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece o4 u,w-)mofbsrf glass is placed in front of the lower slit in Fig. 24–7 so that the two waveb-s4w ,mr )ofus enter the slits 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experiment, the third-order maximum for li).1r gt29yasza4 dlh nght of wavelength 500 nm is located 12 mm from the central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light of wavelength 650 nm is then projected through the sa4r2 9lgd1aas.zt hy)nme slits. How far from the central bright spot will the second-order maximum of this light be located?    mm

  Two narrow slits separated by 1.0 mm are illuminated by 5e 40txh atg9,i44 nm light. Find the distance between adjacent bright fr4a0eg xth9ti,inges on a screen 5.0 m from the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 480 nm in air fallwsx( -0xoojgy jvcclb) ; g43:s on two slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plastic (n=1.60) coveyzj ;z xjcc2. +y7jpaa 5cv5i2rs one slit of a double-slit apparatus illuminated by 640-nm light. The center point on the screen, instead of being a maximum, is dark. What is az22.c c+ j;czyiy5 avj5x7jp the (minimum) thickness of the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, approximately, does the speed of red light (700 nm) exceed tha (k(fnhic)gevc a.j ( rbm 0b0-7tdjz3t of violet light (400 nm) (jre 03(na.izcj 0-kcbm7) ftvb hgd( in silicate flint glass? (See Fig. 24–14.)    %

  A light beam strikes a pib9 2;al6 ohfgoece of glass at a 60.00$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of light containing two waveypzz l62 ;wxe(t;tu:2k9t0hq* un nkjlengths, $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light falls on a slit 0.0440 mm wide, what is the full angular width ffuwm qb:6s52r *hcrm,1;ppuof the central diffraction psuf2qbwp ch1r, f *:;rpu5m 6meak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light falls on a lc-(wk4qs3 twjah6)j slit that is $ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm falls on a slit tha8stw- iyxm1d9 t is $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm widenuaoq8xx:v; iu77b;i is illuminated by 450-nm light. What is the width of the central maximumxio;uan : i7;7uqv8bx (in cm) in the diffraction pattern on a screen 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of wavelength 653 nm falls on a8j4ev5/u6fh lzj5vgsc7 io o/ slit. If the angle between the first bright 6/cfvj/h uojl z47s5ei gv58o fringes on either side of the central maximum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central diffraction p+c;l6bav f*zleak on a screen 2.30 m behind a 0.0348-mm-wide slit illuminated by 589-nm b+fl zc6la;v* light?    cm

  When blue light of wavelength 440 nm falls on a single slil2 )w 4ossu1fw e9y;x(t 5ftdst, the first dark bands on either side ofs;sw)txd lt(21 4ff5y9suewo center are separated by 55.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of wavelength 415 nm falls on a single sli/p s5;u43lp hrcxn x z*haod4rblw)- 0t, it creates a central diffraction peak that is 9.20 cm wide l45o n-zh;)w3d/ac*hl r x xrpu0s4bp on a screen that is 2.55 m away. How wide is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm light so that the diffraction maximum is 4.0 cm wi pp(*kyg-oy1h de on a screen 1.50 m away, what will be the width of the diffraction maximum fo-1hky op*pgy (r light of wavelength 420 nm?    cm

For a given wavelength acr l 5m3j85* )uhposd$\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm light produce a second66t/hdhvnq/n 75 f3ihpkip e)-order maximum when falling on a grating whose slits are 6 f/tpenvhiq)hhk5/ ip 36n 7d$1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter does a grating hevfd ot(+. l3m1 fu3mzave if the third-order occurs at an 11ff3 ez(d3v+ mtum.ol8.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 589-nm:*ea6zln n3tg light falling on a diffraction grating is observed atn: a3*eglz 6nt a 15.5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction gratingo1h9g: v8i yye has $ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normal(it 9xf*g1hnul(n ocbb )z2,k ly on a $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral order that can be z49lyuo vegr0kg+9a5 seen if a grating with 6000 lines per cm is illuminated with 633-nm laser light? Assa4zr gvlyg09+ 9ok 5euume normal incidence.   

  Two (and only two) full spectral orders can be seen on either side of the centrau9d.z79m zt6llcbh :s l maximum when white light is sent through a diffractium6b 9.7: ltsh9lzzdcon grating. What is the maximum number of lines per cm for the grating?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing wavelengths from aft 9dueczv2t;/lr l9 48wc8 i410 nm to 750 nm falls on a grating with9 t9uar8twli d ; /vc4z8fce2l $8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which produces monochromatic light of a known wavelengthacfxg3eatpj2y,3* o2 o ec(z8 $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum lines are fx(5p3mxoc *hg 0 2abxmeasured by a $9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 nm thick, what wavelength is most strao(c--to0)pl2fr kf r ongly reflected at the center of the outer surface when illumina2 otp-o 0 rr(l-fk)acfted normally by white light? Assume that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the dark fringes in Exal:ydx/ i0d45*u uwye5askhs 5mple 24–8 if the glass plates are each 26.5 cm l5uk0 4/uxewi*al: d55sydy shong?    cm

  What is the smallest thicknu7nb8rr 4mq - auwb3j,ess of a soap film $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenishc;r*c rlyj847d y riqr*p xg): yellow ($\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright and 31 dark Newton’s rings (not counting the darku k3/agdj 6y,q spot at the center) are observed when 550-nm light falls normally on a planoconvex lens resting on a flat glass surface (Fig. 24–31). How much thicker is the center than the edgj,du ka q3g6y/es?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separates one end ofq1s ;t. hrq:vs two pieces of optically flat glass, as in Fig. 24–33. When light of wavelength 670 nm is incident normally, 28 dark lines are obqh.vsq r:s1;t served (with one at each end). How thick is the foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) should the air lay rpqsgz9 -bu7b1;e/dxd1 1 kjher be between two flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear bright when 450-nm light is incident normal-7brjps1hx zd d11kg /b;que9ly?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material, suspected of being a stolen diuaw 5ph.h ,jz 6;bs8gxamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcohowf85 1c1par2zyknfj3jk jh( /l $(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring a7ow-: tahwq jnq c,4b9pparatus (Fig. 24–31) is immersed in a liquid, the diameter of the eighth dark rin qncj :tq 47w-a9,bowhg decreases from 2.92 cm to 2.48 cm. What is the refractive index of the liquid?   

  What is the wavelengtycqv9 my-a 8-qh of the light entering an interferometer if 644 bright fringes are counted wy9 qqc--ym v8ahen the movable mirror moves 0.225 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is connected to the movable mirrorcvz25)*wn 2g clj0rs s of an interferometer. When the micrometer is tightened down on a thin metal foil, thjvw zs cgl2 n*2r50s)ce net number of bright fringes that move, compared to the empty micrometer, is 272. What is the thickness of the foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mirr/k1suy* tvpo pk9 3gl:h-ji+qor $M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of an interferometer (Fig. 24–59) passes through a smalxw7 -0q3tut/d8ljk ,*gx zg m/jvqeu 6 ink0;el glass container containing a cavity 1.30 cm deep. W0 863/jl; qv7w xnkz eq , gjti/tg0duu*-xekmhen a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 236 dark fringes are counted to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 610 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the gas, assuming that the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are oriecop vuzv6.9)o f(ga. snted at 65$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s angle for an air–gs(+ e6q)c dxvk2r 9wcclass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s angle for a diamond submerged in water if the light is hitti thxep 7nfgq pqgp u.m.;y3++8ng the diampng p.+8e 37mp q+h.tguf;x yqond $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligned so that thew8v a l*+(btvh mffb6: light passing through them is a maximum. Atv fba *fm:8vt+b( 6lhw what angle should one of them be placed so that the intensity is subsequently reduced by half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be6irnurc9(u6l;yn - a b placed so as to reduce the intensity ofu(;u-nya irn96blr 6c the incident unpolarized light to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriehzw3c3 o. e9+b1:ec. qqh.cqd-nqentnted at 40$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented ag:0abx9 hctbt- y4 anmu0 op:0t 38.0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s angle besl8o8o5+qu)f.x:rs ; wkto,rou. g g o for reflections off the surface of water for light coming from beneath the surface? Compare to the angle for total internal reflection, and to Brewster’s aw5 fuo: g;+rgssqo,uo8lkt8).xo.r ongle from above the surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes through five successive Polaroi gczot0q*4y,fvpo(0 cd sheets, each of whose axis makef,go0 y4t(z0coq c*vps a 45$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength hyj7818 jy gqf$ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves reflecting from mountains or airplanes can1o m) gyam hggh2cye 0,ajqz59 u25xmfp/s;/ x interfere with the direct signal from the station.saymmg9a uo mx /p)c,e21h0zx/f;gq5g 25 hjy
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate sources passes through a diffraction grating wi /sjrhop f( np/*gt99b/g ini3th 99o bis /pgh3i*pftrg/jn n(/$ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm passes through; 0+vzgqg b21 dihbky+ two narrow slits 0.60 mm apart. The screen is 1.70 m away. A second source of unknown wavelength produces its second-order fringe 1.33 mm closer to the central maxim+kqzgy bvbh+g12i0 ; dum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operi 6w+*tlk zz7aj-5t e:jlc 7ewating at 102.1 MHz broadcasts from two identical antennae at the same elevation but separated by an 8.0-m horizontal distance d, Fig.-:zllz6t wjc+7w7 *k e j5aeti 24–60. A maximum signal is found along the midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and extending horizontally in both directions. If the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands welca84 skg*f-fpl back from an outside doorway 0.88 m wide, and blows a whistle of frequency 750 Hz. Ignoring reflections, estimate at what angle(s) it is not possible to hear the whista gfcfsp48k*- le clearly on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light falls on a single slit of width D at a 30n*cp:,a c ct(mcwbd; 0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain belup-u d/byf;i:eq+a oe.4 dva9 dr 15setle have a series of parallel lines across them. When normally incident 460-nm light is reflected from the wing, the leia/a5+q9y: u pdbfs-v reo d1.4;udwing appears bright when viewed at an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter must a grating have if there vpzrf;w ym8.*is to be no second-order szw*pv;ym fr 8.pectrum for any visible wavelength?   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and third-order spectra of white m nm/jse qlk8h90r7 dy*d4p)l light produced by a diffraction grating always overlap. What wavelengths overlap exa84hrdndyml/7k mp) e0lqj9 s* ctly?

  When yellow sodium lp 9 85l tl:)rzlx78wff oy-du,x o+xmwight, $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on a diffraction grating with7 r0gqox8c gz3m 5g cytnx;;p/ and the pattern is viewed on a screen 2.5 m from the grating. The incident light beam consistp 8t0/z3ny ogcxqmxrcg5g;7;s of two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refraction of a clear material if a minimum 5e65x8db .wbr xczlu: of 150 nm thickness of it, when laid on glass, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light of 600 nm is incident normally upon it? Do you have a choice for an.bdxz ubl8 5ecxw: r65 answer?

  Monochromatic light of variable wavelength is incide wimmqjqj)xqdb-:79 m nyl09 .nt normally on a thin sheet of plastic film in air. The reflected lixby .mqm9:wq q90 n7mj-ldij)ght is a minimum only for $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thickness needed for an a //s vakm4fvd39s)zkrnti-reflective coating $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (noncmqt mdps /xge15cs .p0( )d5e-zero) thickness for the air layer between two flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear dark when 640-nm light is incident normally?ce.g esdp01p x(5sm m) q5t/dc    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed theh nrd0:81j 35s d-4b yud(bw 7kgbkzbg light transmitted through a thin film layered on a flat piece of glass. Draw a diagr8bgz(r:3 547d0nkbjkdbbw1u gsyh d-am, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions required for maxima and minima. Consider all possible values of index of refraction. Discuss the relative size of the minima compared to the maxima and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the horizonezb:pb jx;.t 2mifx2, is the Sun when light reflecting off a smooth lake is polaz:;em,bp i2 2b tfx.jxrized most strongly?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be peqo er/ -q2wx)h7 ly6elaced so as to reduce the intensity of the incident unpolarized light by an additional fox26we/q y- hel)rqe7 actor (after the first Polaroid cuts it in half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light falls on two polarizer sheets whokrv +h nr 0ah:vl*t,m*f: alpd( -6tiyse transmission axes are at right angles. A third polarizer is placed between the first two so that its a:+:v0fptk* r*hymd-al 6hnlr a tv(, ixis makes a 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are placed in succession h 4akx53wckqfg+pn75 with their axes vertical, at 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes through a slit of widm0p j6j-nr z+3zu*) qn2vb zcez-g0ecth 1.0 cm and is pointed at the Moon, which is approximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assume the laser emits waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estimate the width of the beam when it reac0b p )*necgz0uz3 - n-erq62jcmjvzz+ hes the Moon.    km

  A series of polarizers are each plac4ij.oo6a)fnb w4gux9h9a zg+9va2xq ed at a 10$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap 0*pvx: a8ls7) vgcwvt $(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas radiating 6.0-MHz radio waves in 8 o.z3s ac5o,h.pobbhnmh+ 7h phase with each other. They are locateo.sn78hh obpboz3h.h cm5 +a,d at points $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of light containing two wavelengths, t-oxzyvxx.8v)q z30tonn -tgt)9 4k d420 nm and 650 nm, enters a silicate flint glass equilatetvok--qxn89dt3 vo)t04.gy)xtzx znral prism (Fig. 24–58).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens has one flat surxl0v;kkncf o6bzm)k( 9.d s ;zface and one with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm